高中英语人教版 (2019)必修 第一册Unit 4 Natural disasters课文内容课件ppt

定语从句(Ⅰ)

在复合句中，修饰某一名词、代词或整个主句的从句叫作定语从句。

从句修饰的名词或代词叫作先行词，连接先行词和定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词的主要作用是连接主句和从句，同时指代先行词，并在从句中充当一定的句子成分。关系词分为关系代词和关系副词两种，关系代词有that，which，who，whom，whose等；关系副词有when，where，why。

[观察例句]

1. There were deep cracks that/which appeared in the well walls.

2．Two thirds of the people who lived there were dead or injured.

3．The number of people who were killed or badly injured in the quake was more than 400,000.

4．Soon after the quakes，the army sent 150,000 soldiers to Tangshan to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead.

5．Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed.

6．A doctor with whom James used to work died in the 2016 earthquake in Ecuador.

7．Mr.Li is an architect whose designs for the new town of Wenchuan have won praise.

8．The supplies which were provided to the disaster area were collected from around the country.

[归纳用法]

一、关系代词的基本用法

1．who指人，在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略。

The man who is talking with my father is a teacher.

正在和我父亲说话的那个人是个老师。

The girl (who) I met yesterday was his sister.

我昨天见到的那个女孩是他的妹妹。

2．whom指人，在从句中作宾语，常可省略，不能作主语。

The boy(whom)the teacher often praises is their monitor.

老师经常表扬的那个男孩是他们的班长。

[名师点津]　(1)关系代词whom在口语或非正式文体中常可用who来代替。

The boy(who/whom/that)we saw yesterday was John's brother.

昨天我们看到的那个男孩是约翰的哥哥。

(2)在从句中作介词的宾语且直接跟在介词后时，用whom，不用who。

He is a man from whom we are all ready to learn.

他是我们大家都愿意学习的人。

[即学即练1]

用关系代词填空

①Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?

②Those who want to see the film set down your names，please.

③This is the person who/whom you should thank for helping your son.

3．which只指物，不指人，可作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略。

Guilin is a city which has a history of 2,000 years.

桂林是一个有2 000年历史的城市。

The young man was very happy to get back the gold ring (which) he had lost on the train.

那个年轻人找回了在火车上丢失的金戒指，非常高兴。

4．whose既可指人，也可指物。其后接名词，与先行词构成从属关系，在从句中作定语。

This is the scientist whose name is known all over the country.

这就是那位闻名全国的科学家。

Nobody wants the house whose roof has fallen in.

没有人想要这个屋顶已坍塌的房子。

5．that指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略。

The woman that I read about in the newspaper has just won a gold medal.

我在报纸上读过那位妇女的相关报道，她刚刚夺得一枚金牌。

The report (that)Mr.Turner handed in was about the motor race.

特纳先生递交的报告是关于摩托车比赛的。

[即学即练2]

用关系代词填空

①Look，here are some people who/whom/that I want you to meet.

②Any student whose family is too poor to go to school can get help from the government.

③The picture that/which was about the accident was terrible.

二、用that不用which的情况

1．当先行词为all，everything，nothing，anything，little，much等不定代词或先行词被这些词修饰时。

All that can be done has been done.

一切能做的都已经做了。

2．当先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。

This is the most delicious food that I have ever had.

这是我吃过的最美味的食品。

3．当先行词被the only，the very，the last修饰时。

Chatting was the only thing that interested her most.聊天是她唯一感兴趣的事。

4．当先行词既指人，又指物时。

She took photographs of the things and people that she was interested in.

她把她感兴趣的人和物都拍摄了下来。

5．当主语是以who或which开头的疑问句时，为避免重复用that。

Who is the person that is standing at the gate?

站在门口的那个人是谁？

6．当先行词在定语从句中作表语时。

Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.

上海已不是过去那个样子了。

[即学即练3]

完成句子

①This is the most beautiful park that_I_have_visited.

这是我参观过的最漂亮的公园。

②We often talk about the persons and things that_we_remember.

我们常常谈起我们记得的那些人和事。

③I have found the pen that_I_lost yesterday.

我已找到昨天丢的钢笔。

三、用which不用that的情况

1．在定语从句中作介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词前时。

This is the room in which he lives.

这是他住的房间。

2．引导非限制性定语从句时。

Tom came back，which made us very happy.

汤姆回来了，这使我们很高兴。

3．在限制性定语从句中，如果有两个定语从句，其中前一句的关系代词是that，那么后一句的关系代词就要用which。

Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open.

让我给你看这本从新开的图书馆里借来的小说。

[即学即练4]

用关系代词填空

①The house in which I used to live has become a shoe shop.

②Have you ever read the book，which was written by a young girl?

四、使用定语从句的注意事项

1．关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句的谓语动词要和先行词的数保持一致。“one of＋复数名词”作先行词，谓语动词用复数形式；“the only one of＋复数名词”作先行词，谓语动词用单数形式。

This is one of the books which were written by Charles Dickens.

这是查理斯·狄更斯所写的书中的一本。

He is the only one of the boys in our class who has learned French.

他是我们班里唯一一个学过法语的男孩。

[名师点津]　

which引导非限制性定语从句时，往往代表前面所说的整个情况。这时which被看作单数，其后的谓语动词应用单数形式。

He said he was a Frenchman，which was not true.

他说他是一个法国人，这不是真的。

2．为避免关系词的重复，被关系代词所代替的成分不可在从句中重复出现。

This is the factory which we visited last Sunday.(visited后不可加it)

这就是我们上星期天参观过的工厂。

3．关系代词的省略。

(1)关系代词作主语时不能省略。

(2)作动词宾语的关系代词，可以省略；作介词宾语的关系代词，如果不直接位于介词后，可省略，如果直接作介词的宾语，不能省略。

(3)关系代词which在非限制性定语从句中不能省略。

[即学即练5]

单句语法填空

①The car that I had (have) in 1990 was blue.

②The student you should learn from is the one who works hard and studies hard.

③He is one of the students who know Spanish.

Ⅰ.单句语法填空

1．The boy who/that broke the window is called Tom.

2．How medicine works in a human body is a question which/that not everyone can understand fully.

3．He was the only one of the boys who was late for class.

4．Please go through the text and underline the words  whose meanings you don't know.

5．—Do you know everybody who came to the party?

—No. I don't know the one who/whom you had a long talk  with.

6．I have seen most of the greatest buildings in the world that are famous on the  Internet.

7．We'll reach the sales targets in  a month that/which we set at the beginning of the year.

8．The writer and his novel  that you have just talked about are really well­known.

9．This novel is popular with those who were born in the 1980s.

10．There is no success without hard work; success is something that is only earned after much labor.

Ⅱ.短文语法填空

Have you ever asked yourself why children go to school？You will probably say 1.that they go to learn languages，arithmetic，history，science and some other knowledge.That is quite true，2.but why do they learn these things?

We send our children to school to prepare them for the time 3.when they will be big and will have to work for themselves.Nearly everything 4.that they study at school has some practical use in their life.But is that the only reason 5.why they go to school?

There is more in education than just learning facts.We go to school to learn how to learn，so 6.that when we have left school we can continue to learn.

A man 7.who/that really knows how to learn will always be successful，8.because  when he has to do something new，he will not only be able to do it well himself，he will also be able to teach others how to do it in the best way.The person 9.who/that is uneducated，on the other hand，is either unable to do something new，or just does it badly.The purpose of schools，10.therefore，is not to teach languages，arithmetic，history，science，etc.，but to teach pupils the way to learn.