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2021学年Unit 4 Natural disasters教案及反思
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这是一份2021学年Unit 4 Natural disasters教案及反思，共14页。教案主要包含了词汇，阅读，语法，定语从句解题思路分解，写作——新闻报道小结等内容，欢迎下载使用。
人教版高中英语（2019）必修第一册
Unit 4 Natural Disaster
一、词汇
1、识记
disaster, tornado, drought, landslide, tsunami, flood, volcano, rescue, damage, destroy, evacuate, helicopter, death, affect, shelter, crack, percent, brick, metal, shock, electricity, trap, bury, breathe, revive, effort, unify, wisdom, context, suffer, hurricane, survive, power, pipe, whistle, emergency, calm, aid, crash, sweep, wave, strike, deliver, summary, length, *release, *deadly
2、词形变化
destroy v. 毁灭，破坏
à destroyer n. 破坏者
destruction n. 毁灭，破坏
destructive adj. 毁灭性的，引起破坏的
affect vt. 影响，假装，（感情上）深深打动，使悲伤（或怜悯等）
à affection n. 假装
affected adj. 假装的，做作的
affecting adj. 深深打动人的
affectively adv.
effect n. 影响
effective adj. 有效的
percent n. 百分之……
à percentage n. 百分比，百分率
shock vt. 感到震惊
à shocked adj. 感到震惊的
shocking adj. 令人震惊的
electricity n. 电
à electric/ electrical adj. 用电的，电动的
electronic adj. 电子的
electronically adv.
electrically adv.
breathe v. 呼吸
à breath n. 呼吸
unify v. 同意，使成一体
à unification n.
wise adj. 明智的，充满智慧的
à wisely adv.
wisdom n. 智慧，明智
suffer v. （因疾病、痛苦、悲伤等）受苦，受难，受折磨
à sufferer n. 受苦者，受难者
suffering n. 痛苦，苦难
sufferance n. 经勉强同意，由于（某人的）宽容
power n. 能力，权力，能量 v. 驱动，带动
à powerful adj. 有权势的，有影响力的，强有力的
powerfully adv. 强有力地，激动人心地
powerless adj. 无权的，无影响力的
powerlessness n.
survive v. 存货，生存，幸免于难
à survival n. 存活，幸存，残存物
survivor n. 幸存者
emergency n. 突发事件，紧急情况
à emergent adj. 新兴的，处于发展初期的
sum n. 总数，（数字的）简单计算 v. 总结，概括
à summary n. 总结，概括，概要 adj. 总结性的，概要的
summarily adv.
summarize vt. 总结，概括，概述
length n. 长度
à long adj. 长的，长时间的，长久的，长期的 adv. 长期地
lengthen v. （使）边长
3、应用
1. 辨析：damage, destroy, ruin, break, spoil
这些动词均有“破坏，损坏”之意。
break：普通用词，指某物因被打破或撕破而受到破坏，可指有形或无形的破坏。
destroy：多指彻底地、毁灭性地破坏，含导致无用、不能或很难再修复的意味。可用于比喻意义。
ruin：多指因外部原因而受到严重破坏或毁灭，或因长期不用而荒废，侧重破坏的彻底性，也可用于引申意义。
wreck：侧重指船只、车辆、房屋等受到严重破坏或完全毁坏，也可指计划、健康受到损害。
damage：多指对无生命物体的损害，造成降低价值、破坏功能等后果。
spoil：强调不仅会削弱力量、精力或价值，而且会导致不可避免的毁灭。还可以理解为“宠溺、宠坏了”。
(2013辽宁，23) The accident caused some ______ to my car, but it’s nothing.
A. harm B. injury C. ruin D. damage
2. 辨析：survive, save, rescue
rescue：多指营救某人脱离紧迫的危险。
save：含义广泛，既可指营救某人使脱离危险，也可指精神或道德上的拯救。
survive: 不及物动词，“幸存，幸免于难”。
3. suffer v.（因疾病、痛苦、悲伤等）受苦、受累、受折磨；遭受，蒙受
suffer from sth. | suffer for sth.
Many company are suffering from a shortage of skilled staff.
许多公司苦于缺乏熟练员工。
The company suffered huge losses in the financial year.
公司在上一财政年度出现巨额亏损。
拓展：
sufferance n.
on sufferance 经勉强同意，由于（某人的）宽容
He’s only staying here on sufferance.
他是经人面前同意待在这儿的。
sufferer n.患病者，受苦者，受难者
She received many letters of support from fellow sufferers.
许多和她有共同遭遇的人给她来信，对她表示支持。
suffering Un. 疼痛，痛苦，折磨，苦难
Death finally brought an end to her suffering.
死亡终于结束了她的痛苦。
(sufferings)痛苦，苦恼
The hospice aims to ease the sufferings of the dying.
临终关怀医院旨在减轻临终者的痛苦。
二、阅读
I 课文词块翻译
rise and fall
jump out of water
cause damage
tens of thousands of
with strong support from the government
rebuild for a brighter future
II 课文解构
1 during 2 water 3 lights 4 shake 5 survivors
III 判断正误(T/F) TFTFF
1. When the Tangshan earthquake took place, most people didn’t notice it.
2. Two thirds of the people living in Tangshan were killed in the earthquake.
3. It was hard for survivors to be saved.
4. About 90 percent of the city’s factories and buildings were destroyed and gone.
5. The city of Tangshan has revived itself without the government’s support.
IV 表格填空
Warning signs before the earthquake
Strange things were happening.
l There were 1. ______that appeared in the well walls.
l Animals behaved abnormally.
l At later night, bright lights were seen in the sly outside the city of Tangshan and loud noises were heard while the city’s one million people were 2. ______ that night.
Damages caused by the earthquake
At 3:42 a.m., everything began to shake. It seemed as if the world were 3. ______! In less than one minute, a large city lay in ruins. 4. ______ people who were killed or badly injured in the quake was more than 40, 000.
Nearly everything in the city was 5. ______, including factories, buildings, hospitals and almost all traffic facilities were unavailable. People were 6. ______. Water, food, and electricity were hard to get.
Rescue and rebuilding after the earthquake
Soon after the quakes, 150, 000 soldiers were sent there to dig out those who were trapped and to 7. ______. 10, 000 doctors and nurses came to provide medical care. Workers built shelters for 8. ______ whose homes had been destroyed.
The city started to revive itself and get back up 9. ______. With strong support from the government and the 10. ______ of the city’s people, a new Tangshan was built upon the earthquake ruins.
1 deep cracks 2 asleep as usual 3 coming to an end 4 The number of 5 destroyed 6 in shock 7 bury the dead 8 survivors 9 on its feet 10 tireless efforts
V 根据课文内容选择正确答案BCCB
1. What does the first paragraph mainly talk about?
A. Animals’ activities before the earthquake.
B. Warnign signs before the earthquake.
C. Detailed descriptions of the earthquake.
D. Natural phenomena during the earthquake.
2. Which of the following statements is right?
A. Half of the nation felt the Tangshan earthquake.
B. One third of the people in Tangshan were dead or injured.
C. The Tangshan earthquake took place when people were sleeping.
D. The Tangshan earthquake also caused serious damage to Beijing.
3. Which of the following was NOT mentioned in Paragragph 3?
A. Buildings were destroyed badly.
B. Transports were cut off.
C. Rivers were filled with dirt and sands.
D. Water, food and electricity were difficult to get.
4. What should we do in times of disaster according to the last paragraph?
A. Get back up on our own feet only.
B. Unify and be positive.
C. Wait for outside rescue.
D. Move to other places to rebuild homes.
VI 课文语法填空
Strange things were happening in the countryside of northeastern Hebei. At about 3:00 a.m. on 28 July 1976, bright lights 1. ______ (see) in the sky outside the city of Tangshan and loud noises were heard. But the city’s one million people were 2. ______ (sleep) as usual that night. At 3:42 a.m., everything began to shake. It seemed as if the world were coming to 3. ______ end! In less than one minute, a large city 4. ______ (lie) in ruins. Two thirds of the people who lived there were dead or 5. ______ (injure). Everywhere survivors looked, there was nothing 6. ______ ruins. Nearly everything in the city was destroyed. But soon 7. ______the quake, many soldiers and doctors were sent to Tangshan to help those 8. ______ were trapped and lost homes. Slowly, the city began 9. ______ (breathe) again. The city began to revive itself and get back up 10. ______ its feet.
1 were seen 2 asleep/sleeping 3 an 4 lay 5 injured 6 but 7 after 8 who 9 to breathe 10 on
三、语法
（一）语音
清辅音和浊辅音
（二）限制性定语从句：关系代词
一、定语从句的定语及分类
（什么样的从句是定语从句？定语从句有哪几类？如何区分？）
教学目标：通过定语，引入定语从句的定义，要求学生：
①理解定语从句的定义；②明白掌握定语从句定义的用处，并学会判别一个从句是否为定语从句。
定语
定语从句
定义
什么是定语？
（1）对名词起描绘、修饰、限定作用的结构。
（2）（完整版）放在一个名词前或名词后，对该名词起描绘、修饰、限定作用的结构。
（被修饰的名词，叫名次中心词）
什么是定语从句？
（1）作定语的从句，叫定语从句。
（2）（完整版）放在先行词（名词、代词、或一句话）后面，对该先行词起描绘、修饰、限定作用的从句，叫定语从句。
（被修饰的名词、代词或一句话，叫先行词）
（3）放在先行词后，起描绘、修饰、限定作用的从句，叫定语从句。
词性
定语，一般由形容词来充当。
（名词、地点副词、介词短语、非谓语动词也可以修饰名词，充当定语）
a good book （形容词）
the people present （地点副词）
the boy in the classroom （介词短语）
falling leaves （非谓语动词 –ing分词）
fallen leaves （非谓语动词 –ed分词）
leaves fallen to the ground（非谓语动词 –ed分词）
the coming day（非谓语，-ing分词）
the day to come（非谓语动词，-to do不定式）
定语从句又被叫做形容词性从句。
位置
根据定语与被修饰名词之间的先后顺序，分为：
（1）前置定语：
a good book
falling leaves
fallen leaves
the coming day
（2）后置定语：
the people present
the boy in the classroom
the day to come
leaves fallen to the ground
leaves, fallen to the ground
根据定语从句的定义，可知：定语从句一般要放在被修饰的先行词的后面：
The book that/ which he bought yesterday is interesting.
先行词（名词） 定语从句
There was nobody who she could turn to for help.
先行词（代词） 定语从句
He always sings highly of his part in the project(,) which makes others unhappy.
先行词（一句话） 定语从句
特例：
as引导的定语从句可以放在句首。
As we know, the earth goes around the sun.
分类
限制性定语：
a good book lling leaves
fallen leaves the coming day
the people present
the boy in the classroom
leaves fallen to the ground
the day to come
非限制性定语
leaves, fallen to the ground
限制性定语从句
The book that/ which he bought yesterday is interesting.
She has a sister who is a lawyer.
非限制性定语从句
The book, that/ which he bought yesterday is interesting.
She has a sister, who is a lawyer.
13.2.1陈述定语从句的定义，并找出下列划线部分中的定语从句。
1. I don’t’ know who he is.
2. Do you know that he is going to Beijing tomorrow?
3. It’s said that he is a scientist.
4. It’s in this factory that he once worked.
5. This is the factory where he once worked.
6. He is the man that we’re looking for.
7. We’ll never forget the days we spent together.
8. I have no idea when he will arrive.
9. What he said is puzzling.
10. It’s where you lived.
11. Where there is a will, there is a way.
12. As he is ill, he can’t go to school today.
13. As we all know, the earth goes around the sun.
14. He went to the station early in order that he could catch the early train.
二、定语从句引导词（即：先行词）的分类、句法功能（即：关系词在句子中所作的成分）
（关系词分哪几类？关系词在从句中可以作什么成分？）
教学目标：通过特殊疑问词，引入定语从句关系词，要求学生：
①理解关系代词、关系副词的作用；②借助关系代词的十句话，以及两组关系，达到数量判断、正确选用核实的关系词。③两组关系为：1）谓语动词个数—1=连词个数；2）看从句中少不少成分。
④关系代词的十句话：
l 只用that不用which的三句话：
u （定语从句中），先行词既指人又指物；
u 先行词由指物的复合不定代词充当；
u 先行词前有序数词、最高级、the very, the only, the last以及some, any,no等数量限定词修饰。
l 只用which不用that的三句话
u 先行词由一句话充当；
u 先行词指物的非限制行定语从句；
u 先行词指物，关系词前有介词。
l 只能用who/whom不能用that的三句话：
u 先行词由指人的复合不定代词充当；
u 先行词指人的非限制性定语从句；
u 先行词指人，关系词前有介词。
l 只用as的一句话：
u 先行词前有the same, as, so, such修饰。
总结以上10句话，可以得出下面的结论：
在选择定语从句的关系代词时，我们只用看三点就可以啦：
①先行词由谁来充当；
②先行词由谁来修饰；
③关系词前有无逗号或介词。
特殊疑问词
关系词
1、疑问代词——在句中作主、宾、表、定
Who are you? 表语
What are you doing? 宾语
Who(m) are you looking for? 宾语
Which do you like best? 宾语
Who broke the window? 主语
Whose book is this? 定语
1、关系代词——
①conj. 连接主从句；②在从句中作主、宾、表、定
This is the book which/that I bought yesterday. 宾语
This is the man who is Tom. 主语
This is the man that/who/whom I am looking for.宾语
The man whose leg is broken is Tom. 定语
2、疑问副词——在句中作状语
When will you leave? 时间状语
Where do you live? 地点状语
Why are you late again? 原因状语
How do you go to school every day? 方式状语
2、关系副词——
①conj. 连接主从句；②在从句中作状语
The days when we lived there are unforgettable. 时间状语
This is the factory where we once worked. 地点状语
We don’t believe the reasons why he was absent. 原因状语
注意：how不能引导定语从句
题解题做
关系代词——
①conj. 连接主从句；②在从句中作主、宾、表、定
which 指物、一句话 主、宾、表
that 指人、物 主、宾、表
who 指人 主、宾、表
whom 指人 宾、表
as 指人、物、一句话 主、宾、表
知识点学习
whose 指人、物 定
关系副词——
①conj. 连接主从句；②在从句中作状语
when 先行词指时间 时间状语
where 先行词指地点 地点状语
why 先行词指原因 原因状语
结题三大步：
1、看谓语个数与连词个数
à是否存在从句？
2、是否是定语从句？
2、从句中少不少成分
à用关系代词？还是用关系副词？
先行词指人？指物？指时间？指地点？指原因？有无特殊情况存在？
三、 关系代词的正确选用（方法：看从句中少不少成分+先行词后移）
（如何正确地选用合适的关系词？）
四、定语从句解题思路分解
第一步、是否为定语从句
² 不是定语从句à按相应从句的方法、步骤解题。
² 是定语从句à按下列方法、步骤结题。
第二步、从句中是否缺少成分（主宾表定）
² 不少成分à应选用关系副词
² 先行词指时间à关系副词选用when;
² 先行词指地点à关系副词选用where;
² 先行词指原因à关系副词选用why。
² 少成分（定语）à关系代词选用whose;
² 少成分（主宾表）à按照以下步骤进行选择关系代词：
第三步、先行词指人还是指物
² 先行词既指人又指物à关系词选用that
² 先行词指人à关系词选用that, who, whom
² 先行词指物à关系词选用that, which
第四步、限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句
That不能引导非限制性定语从句。
第五步、是否有特殊情况
² 先行词既指人又指物à关系词选用that
² 先行词由指物的不定代词(everything, something, nothing, those, all…)充当à关系词选用that
² 先行词前有序数词、最高级，以及the very ,the only修饰à关系词选用that
² 先行词由指人的不定代词(somebody, anybody, everybody, someone, anyone, everyone, those, all…)充当à关系词选用who或whom
² 先行词指人，关系词前有介词时à关系词选用whom
² 先行词指人的非限制性定语从句à关系词选用who或whom
² 先行词由一句话充当à关系词选用which
² 先行词指物，关系词前有介词时à关系词选用which
² 先行词指物的非限制性定语从句à关系词选用which
² 先行词前有the same, as, so, such修饰时à关系词选用as
第六步、检验……先行词后移
注意：区分定语从句与主语从句、同位语从句、结果状语从句和强调句
五、写作——新闻报道小结
写作储备
阅读教材P.55Summary，提炼概要写作的写作方法。
I. 文体特点
概要写作具备说明重点和简短这两个特点。要求考生能够抓住原文的关键信息，抓住文章的主旨大意，并用高尖端凝练的语言将其概括表达出来。
II. 写作四部曲
1. 确定体裁，明确主题和结构。
体裁
结构
记叙文
人物+时间+地点+事件（起因+发展+结果）
说明文
事物的性质功能：对象+性质功能+利好
问题的解决方法和措施：文体+解决方法
现象类：现象+原因+结果
议论文
主题+补充论据+（结论
2. 确定主题句，找关键信息
划出每一段的主题句，抓住关键信息，忽略次要信息。
3.改写关键信息，的出要点。
使用意义相同或相近的单词、短语或句式，或使用不同的句子结构表达同一意思，如：改变时态、肯定变否定等，避免抄袭原文句子。
4.添加连接词，使行文连贯。
要牢记各段落要点之间的逻辑关系和自然衔接，用恰当的关联词去连贯全文。常用的关联词有：however, besides, in addition, therefore, instead等。
典例剖析
（2018年11月份浙江高考）阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
It’s a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply because their websites can all start to look and sound the same. Nothing will give you the sense of what it will actually be like to live on a college campus like visiting and seeing for yourself the dorms, classrooms and athletic equipment and, of course, the students. It seems a little crazy once senior year hits to find the time to visit college campuses, and it can also be pricey if the schools you are applying to happen to be more than a car ride away. But keep in mind that you are making a decision about the next four years of your life, and do all the research you can to make sure you are making the right one.
There’s no excuse not to vusit the schools in your local area. In fact, a lot of college applications even ask if you have visited campus, and obviously, if you live across the country that won’t be as much of a possiblility, but if you live nearby, go check it out!
If campus visits aren’t going to happen before you apply, at the very least you should find some timebetqeen applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the school you’d like to attend. It can save you a lot of heartache if you rule out now the things that you don’t like about certain campuses, things that you wouldn’t know uless you actually visit.
Now, if time and money are making it impossible, then check out the online college fairs at CollegeWeekLive. It’s a chance to chat online with admissions officers, students, and college counselors (顾问), and it won’t cost you a penny! You can register for its online college fair at CollegeWeekLive. com. While visiting an online college fair dcan’t take the place of an actual campus visit, it can be a very useful tool that along with all your other research will help you make an informed decision about which colleges or universities you’d like to attend.
审题谋篇
1、定框架—— 好的开始，成功的一半
体裁
议论文
主题
探访申请大学
框架
主题+补充论据1、2、3
2、划主题句，找关键信息à 打造一篇要点全面、用词准确的极优作文
Para. 1
主题句：It is a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply because their websites can all start to look and sound the same.
关键信息：a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply
Para. 2
主题句：There’s no exscuse not to visit the schools in you rlocal area.
关键信息：visit the schools in your local area
Para. 3
主题句：If campus visits aren’t going to happen before you apply, at the very least you should find some time between applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools you’d like to attend.
关键信息：at the very least you should find some time between applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools you’d like to attend.
Para. 4
主题句：Now, if time and money are making it impossible, then check out the online college fairs at CollegeWeekLive.
关键信息：check out the online fairs
3、词汇、句式升级——创造极优作文的倩词靓句
Para. 1
1. 写出下列词语的同义词
（1）good ideaàworthwhile
（2）visitàpay a visit to
2. 改写关键信息
It’s really worthwhile to pay a visit to your desired colleges personally before applying.
Para. 2
1.将后置定语改为前置定语
The school in your local area à your local colleges
2. 改写关键信息
Undoubtedly, you should visit your local colleges.
Para. 3
1. 写出下列词语的同义表达
（1）at the very leastàat least
（2）would like to attendà want to go
2.改写关键信息
At least, you should visit the school you want to go to.
Para. 4
1.同义转换
（1）if time and money are making it impossible … à if you are short of time and money
（2）check out of the online college fairs à visit the online college fairs
2.改写关键信息
It you are short of time and money, visiting the online college faris is a good alternative to help you better understand schools.
IV 添加连接词，组建极优作文à水到渠成的成就感：动力的源泉
即学即练
It’s really worthwhile to pay a visit to your desired colleges personally before applying. Undoubtedly, you should visit your local colleges. At least, you should visit the school you want ot go to and know its real conditions in advance. If you are short of time and money, visiting the online college fairs is a good alternative to help you better understand schools.
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的概要。
We shouldn’t judge a person by his appearance but we do. In fact, the experts say that when we meet someone for the first time we make a decision about what that person is like in three seconds. But what do we look at? One of the most important things is clothes, but it isn’t the brand of clothes that people wear that is important. The important thing is to wear the right clothes for the occasion.
Schools have always understood this and a lot of them ask their students to wear a uniform. Why? A lot of teachers think a uniform makes students feel that they are part of their school and that their uniform helps them to be srious abot their studies. Teachres say that uniforms can help in other ways too. If all the students wear uniforms, they can’t judge each other because of their clothes. It also voids arguments about who or what is fashionable.
Howeve, it is not only schools that want people to dress in a certain way. We all have fixed ideas about what the people in a certain profession should wear. If we visit a doctor, we expect to see respectable clothes under the doctor’s white coat. When we go into a bank we expect the staff to wear suits or dresses. Police officers wear uniforms to deter crime by establishing visible presence while on patrol, to make themselves easily identifiable to non-police officers or their colleagues who requie assistance, and to quickly identify each other at crime acenes for ease of coordination. In fact, a lot of companies have dress codes for their staff because they know that the customers expect to see them dressed in certain types of clothes.
But can our clothes really tell people what we are like? Maybe not, but they can show our attitude to what we are doing at the moment. When peole see us in the right clothes, they think we are serious about what we are doing. Furthermore, if we are clean, smart and polite, people will have confidence in us.
Wearing proper clothes is important for first impressions. （要点1）For example, schools ask studetns to wear a uniform because it benefits them in various ways, such as being seriour about their study. （要点2）Besides schools, other places, like hospitals, banks, police stations and some companies also want their staff to dress in uniforms because of convenience. （要点3） Inconclusion, our clothes can show our attitude and win trust from others. （要点4）
定语从句知识点汇总
1、（定语从句的定义）放在先行词后起修饰限定作用的从句。
①先行词由名词或代词充当。
②名词或代词后的从句往往是定语从句。
③定语从前必定有名词或代词充当先行词。
2、定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。形式上的区别在于关系词前有无逗号与先行词隔开。
3、实际做题中，若从句引导词前有逗号隔开，且之前有名词或代词，则此从句往往是非限制性定语从句。
4、定语从句的引导词分为关系代词和关系副词。
5、关系代词有which, that, who, whom, whose, 其中，指人的有who(m)，that，whose；指物的有that，which，whose。
6、关系代词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语或定语。
7、关系副词有when，where，why。
8、关系副词在从句中作状语，when作时间状语，where作地点状语，why作原因状语。
9、when引导的定语从句的先行词是指时间的名词或代词。
where引导的定语从句的先行词是指地点的名词或代词。
why引导的定语从句的先行词是指原因的名词或代词。
10、what，how，whether，if不能引导定语从句。
11、先行词由既指人又指物的名词或代词充当，且从句中缺少成分时，定语从句的引导词只能用that。
12、先行词由既指物的复合不定代词充当，且从句中缺少成分时，定语从句的引导词只能用that。
13、先行词由最高级、序数词，the very, the only, the last以及some, any, few, little, no等数量词修饰，且从句中缺少主语、宾语、表语时，定语从句的引导词只能用that。
14、先行词指物，且从句中缺少主语或宾语的非限制性定语从句的引导词用which。
15、先行词由一句话充当的定语从句用which引导。
16、先行词指物，且关系词前有介词的定语从句用which引导。
17、先行词指人，且从句中缺少主语或宾语的非限制性定语从句的引导词用who(m)。
18、先行词由既指人的复合不定代词充当时，定语从句的引导词只能用who(m)。
19、先行词指人，且关系词前有介词的定语从句用whom引导。
20、选择关系词时，要留意以下三点：
①先行词由谁来充当。
②先行词由谁来修饰。
③关系词前有无逗号或介词。
21、that、why不能引导非限制性定语从句。
22、that引导定语从句时，前不出现介词。
23、当定语从句以前面没有限定词的名词开始（该名词往往作主语），且与先行词之间有所属关系，关系词往往是whose。
24、whose n.= the n. of which/whom或of whom/which the n.。
25、关系副词可替换为介词+which。
26、解答定语从句，尤其判断有无介词或需要什么介词的题目时，比较有效的方式就是先行词后移。
①后移的是充当先行词的名词或代词，不包含其前的介词。
②后移是指将先行词后移到从句中组成一句话，看新句子中是否缺少主语、宾语、表语。
27、关系代词代替先行词在从句中作主语，从句谓语的单复数由先行词来决定。
There are ten people who like sports.
This is the man who likes sports.
28、定语从句的先行词由最高级修饰时，从句谓语动词用完成时态。
This is/was the first time that I have/ had been here.
This is/was the best film that I have/ had ever seen.
29、定语从句的先行词被one of修饰时，从句谓语用复数形式。
He is one of the students who like sports.
定语从句先行词为the (only) one时，从句谓语用单数形式。
He is (the) only one of the students who likes sports.
30、做从句题目时，一定要分析谓语个数与连接词个数之间的平衡。
31、做从句题目时，一定要分析从句中是否缺少主语、宾语或表语。
32、注意问题、考查方式及对策。
①定语从句的定义。
②成分重复或残缺。（先行词后移）
③区分引导词that, what。
④区分并列句与定语从句。（连词个数与谓语个数）
⑤介词+which/whom。（先行词后移）
⑥拆动词短语。（牢记常见的动词短语）
⑦与其他从句的混合考查。（牢记各类从句的定义；看从句中少不少成分）
33、way作定语从句的先行词时，关系词在从句中作状语或从句中不少成分时，引导词为in which/that/省略。
34、先行词前有the same, as, such, so修饰时，关系词用as。
35、在限制性定语从句中充当宾语的关系代词可以省略。
36、以case, situation, position, imagination等名词充当定语从句的先行词，且从句中不缺少成分时，从句的引导词选用where或介词+which。
37、以occasion充当定语从句的先行词，且从句中不缺少成分时，从句的引导词选用when或介词+which。
38、以point充当定语从句的先行词，且从句中不缺少成分时，要根据point在从句中具体的意思来判断从句的引导词选用when和介词+which，或是where和介词+which。
39、若定语从句中的主语与主句的主语一样，则从句可以省略为to do形式。
I have saved quite a lot of money with which I’d like to buy a new car for myself.
=I have saved quite a lot of money with which to buy a new car for myself.
人教版高中英语（2019）必修第一册
Unit 4 Natural Disaster
一、词汇
1、识记
disaster, tornado, drought, landslide, tsunami, flood, volcano, rescue, damage, destroy, evacuate, helicopter, death, affect, shelter, crack, percent, brick, metal, shock, electricity, trap, bury, breathe, revive, effort, unify, wisdom, context, suffer, hurricane, survive, power, pipe, whistle, emergency, calm, aid, crash, sweep, wave, strike, deliver, summary, length, *release, *deadly
2、词形变化
destroy v. 毁灭，破坏
à destroyer n. 破坏者
destruction n. 毁灭，破坏
destructive adj. 毁灭性的，引起破坏的
affect vt. 影响，假装，（感情上）深深打动，使悲伤（或怜悯等）
à affection n. 假装
affected adj. 假装的，做作的
affecting adj. 深深打动人的
affectively adv.
effect n. 影响
effective adj. 有效的
percent n. 百分之……
à percentage n. 百分比，百分率
shock vt. 感到震惊
à shocked adj. 感到震惊的
shocking adj. 令人震惊的
electricity n. 电
à electric/ electrical adj. 用电的，电动的
electronic adj. 电子的
electronically adv.
electrically adv.
breathe v. 呼吸
à breath n. 呼吸
unify v. 同意，使成一体
à unification n.
wise adj. 明智的，充满智慧的
à wisely adv.
wisdom n. 智慧，明智
suffer v. （因疾病、痛苦、悲伤等）受苦，受难，受折磨
à sufferer n. 受苦者，受难者
suffering n. 痛苦，苦难
sufferance n. 经勉强同意，由于（某人的）宽容
power n. 能力，权力，能量 v. 驱动，带动
à powerful adj. 有权势的，有影响力的，强有力的
powerfully adv. 强有力地，激动人心地
powerless adj. 无权的，无影响力的
powerlessness n.
survive v. 存货，生存，幸免于难
à survival n. 存活，幸存，残存物
survivor n. 幸存者
emergency n. 突发事件，紧急情况
à emergent adj. 新兴的，处于发展初期的
sum n. 总数，（数字的）简单计算 v. 总结，概括
à summary n. 总结，概括，概要 adj. 总结性的，概要的
summarily adv.
summarize vt. 总结，概括，概述
length n. 长度
à long adj. 长的，长时间的，长久的，长期的 adv. 长期地
lengthen v. （使）边长
3、应用
1. 辨析：damage, destroy, ruin, break, spoil
这些动词均有“破坏，损坏”之意。
break：普通用词，指某物因被打破或撕破而受到破坏，可指有形或无形的破坏。
destroy：多指彻底地、毁灭性地破坏，含导致无用、不能或很难再修复的意味。可用于比喻意义。
ruin：多指因外部原因而受到严重破坏或毁灭，或因长期不用而荒废，侧重破坏的彻底性，也可用于引申意义。
wreck：侧重指船只、车辆、房屋等受到严重破坏或完全毁坏，也可指计划、健康受到损害。
damage：多指对无生命物体的损害，造成降低价值、破坏功能等后果。
spoil：强调不仅会削弱力量、精力或价值，而且会导致不可避免的毁灭。还可以理解为“宠溺、宠坏了”。
(2013辽宁，23) The accident caused some ______ to my car, but it’s nothing.
A. harm B. injury C. ruin D. damage
2. 辨析：survive, save, rescue
rescue：多指营救某人脱离紧迫的危险。
save：含义广泛，既可指营救某人使脱离危险，也可指精神或道德上的拯救。
survive: 不及物动词，“幸存，幸免于难”。
3. suffer v.（因疾病、痛苦、悲伤等）受苦、受累、受折磨；遭受，蒙受
suffer from sth. | suffer for sth.
Many company are suffering from a shortage of skilled staff.
许多公司苦于缺乏熟练员工。
The company suffered huge losses in the financial year.
公司在上一财政年度出现巨额亏损。
拓展：
sufferance n.
on sufferance 经勉强同意，由于（某人的）宽容
He’s only staying here on sufferance.
他是经人面前同意待在这儿的。
sufferer n.患病者，受苦者，受难者
She received many letters of support from fellow sufferers.
许多和她有共同遭遇的人给她来信，对她表示支持。
suffering Un. 疼痛，痛苦，折磨，苦难
Death finally brought an end to her suffering.
死亡终于结束了她的痛苦。
(sufferings)痛苦，苦恼
The hospice aims to ease the sufferings of the dying.
临终关怀医院旨在减轻临终者的痛苦。
二、阅读
I 课文词块翻译
rise and fall
jump out of water
cause damage
tens of thousands of
with strong support from the government
rebuild for a brighter future
II 课文解构
1 during 2 water 3 lights 4 shake 5 survivors
III 判断正误(T/F) TFTFF
1. When the Tangshan earthquake took place, most people didn’t notice it.
2. Two thirds of the people living in Tangshan were killed in the earthquake.
3. It was hard for survivors to be saved.
4. About 90 percent of the city’s factories and buildings were destroyed and gone.
5. The city of Tangshan has revived itself without the government’s support.
IV 表格填空
Warning signs before the earthquake
Strange things were happening.
l There were 1. ______that appeared in the well walls.
l Animals behaved abnormally.
l At later night, bright lights were seen in the sly outside the city of Tangshan and loud noises were heard while the city’s one million people were 2. ______ that night.
Damages caused by the earthquake
At 3:42 a.m., everything began to shake. It seemed as if the world were 3. ______! In less than one minute, a large city lay in ruins. 4. ______ people who were killed or badly injured in the quake was more than 40, 000.
Nearly everything in the city was 5. ______, including factories, buildings, hospitals and almost all traffic facilities were unavailable. People were 6. ______. Water, food, and electricity were hard to get.
Rescue and rebuilding after the earthquake
Soon after the quakes, 150, 000 soldiers were sent there to dig out those who were trapped and to 7. ______. 10, 000 doctors and nurses came to provide medical care. Workers built shelters for 8. ______ whose homes had been destroyed.
The city started to revive itself and get back up 9. ______. With strong support from the government and the 10. ______ of the city’s people, a new Tangshan was built upon the earthquake ruins.
1 deep cracks 2 asleep as usual 3 coming to an end 4 The number of 5 destroyed 6 in shock 7 bury the dead 8 survivors 9 on its feet 10 tireless efforts
V 根据课文内容选择正确答案BCCB
1. What does the first paragraph mainly talk about?
A. Animals’ activities before the earthquake.
B. Warnign signs before the earthquake.
C. Detailed descriptions of the earthquake.
D. Natural phenomena during the earthquake.
2. Which of the following statements is right?
A. Half of the nation felt the Tangshan earthquake.
B. One third of the people in Tangshan were dead or injured.
C. The Tangshan earthquake took place when people were sleeping.
D. The Tangshan earthquake also caused serious damage to Beijing.
3. Which of the following was NOT mentioned in Paragragph 3?
A. Buildings were destroyed badly.
B. Transports were cut off.
C. Rivers were filled with dirt and sands.
D. Water, food and electricity were difficult to get.
4. What should we do in times of disaster according to the last paragraph?
A. Get back up on our own feet only.
B. Unify and be positive.
C. Wait for outside rescue.
D. Move to other places to rebuild homes.
VI 课文语法填空
Strange things were happening in the countryside of northeastern Hebei. At about 3:00 a.m. on 28 July 1976, bright lights 1. ______ (see) in the sky outside the city of Tangshan and loud noises were heard. But the city’s one million people were 2. ______ (sleep) as usual that night. At 3:42 a.m., everything began to shake. It seemed as if the world were coming to 3. ______ end! In less than one minute, a large city 4. ______ (lie) in ruins. Two thirds of the people who lived there were dead or 5. ______ (injure). Everywhere survivors looked, there was nothing 6. ______ ruins. Nearly everything in the city was destroyed. But soon 7. ______the quake, many soldiers and doctors were sent to Tangshan to help those 8. ______ were trapped and lost homes. Slowly, the city began 9. ______ (breathe) again. The city began to revive itself and get back up 10. ______ its feet.
1 were seen 2 asleep/sleeping 3 an 4 lay 5 injured 6 but 7 after 8 who 9 to breathe 10 on
三、语法
（一）语音
清辅音和浊辅音
（二）限制性定语从句：关系代词
一、定语从句的定语及分类
（什么样的从句是定语从句？定语从句有哪几类？如何区分？）
教学目标：通过定语，引入定语从句的定义，要求学生：
①理解定语从句的定义；②明白掌握定语从句定义的用处，并学会判别一个从句是否为定语从句。
定语
定语从句
定义
什么是定语？
（1）对名词起描绘、修饰、限定作用的结构。
（2）（完整版）放在一个名词前或名词后，对该名词起描绘、修饰、限定作用的结构。
（被修饰的名词，叫名次中心词）
什么是定语从句？
（1）作定语的从句，叫定语从句。
（2）（完整版）放在先行词（名词、代词、或一句话）后面，对该先行词起描绘、修饰、限定作用的从句，叫定语从句。
（被修饰的名词、代词或一句话，叫先行词）
（3）放在先行词后，起描绘、修饰、限定作用的从句，叫定语从句。
词性
定语，一般由形容词来充当。
（名词、地点副词、介词短语、非谓语动词也可以修饰名词，充当定语）
a good book （形容词）
the people present （地点副词）
the boy in the classroom （介词短语）
falling leaves （非谓语动词 –ing分词）
fallen leaves （非谓语动词 –ed分词）
leaves fallen to the ground（非谓语动词 –ed分词）
the coming day（非谓语，-ing分词）
the day to come（非谓语动词，-to do不定式）
定语从句又被叫做形容词性从句。
位置
根据定语与被修饰名词之间的先后顺序，分为：
（1）前置定语：
a good book
falling leaves
fallen leaves
the coming day
（2）后置定语：
the people present
the boy in the classroom
the day to come
leaves fallen to the ground
leaves, fallen to the ground
根据定语从句的定义，可知：定语从句一般要放在被修饰的先行词的后面：
The book that/ which he bought yesterday is interesting.
先行词（名词） 定语从句
There was nobody who she could turn to for help.
先行词（代词） 定语从句
He always sings highly of his part in the project(,) which makes others unhappy.
先行词（一句话） 定语从句
特例：
as引导的定语从句可以放在句首。
As we know, the earth goes around the sun.
分类
限制性定语：
a good book lling leaves
fallen leaves the coming day
the people present
the boy in the classroom
leaves fallen to the ground
the day to come
非限制性定语
leaves, fallen to the ground
限制性定语从句
The book that/ which he bought yesterday is interesting.
She has a sister who is a lawyer.
非限制性定语从句
The book, that/ which he bought yesterday is interesting.
She has a sister, who is a lawyer.
13.2.1陈述定语从句的定义，并找出下列划线部分中的定语从句。
1. I don’t’ know who he is.
2. Do you know that he is going to Beijing tomorrow?
3. It’s said that he is a scientist.
4. It’s in this factory that he once worked.
5. This is the factory where he once worked.
6. He is the man that we’re looking for.
7. We’ll never forget the days we spent together.
8. I have no idea when he will arrive.
9. What he said is puzzling.
10. It’s where you lived.
11. Where there is a will, there is a way.
12. As he is ill, he can’t go to school today.
13. As we all know, the earth goes around the sun.
14. He went to the station early in order that he could catch the early train.
二、定语从句引导词（即：先行词）的分类、句法功能（即：关系词在句子中所作的成分）
（关系词分哪几类？关系词在从句中可以作什么成分？）
教学目标：通过特殊疑问词，引入定语从句关系词，要求学生：
①理解关系代词、关系副词的作用；②借助关系代词的十句话，以及两组关系，达到数量判断、正确选用核实的关系词。③两组关系为：1）谓语动词个数—1=连词个数；2）看从句中少不少成分。
④关系代词的十句话：
l 只用that不用which的三句话：
u （定语从句中），先行词既指人又指物；
u 先行词由指物的复合不定代词充当；
u 先行词前有序数词、最高级、the very, the only, the last以及some, any,no等数量限定词修饰。
l 只用which不用that的三句话
u 先行词由一句话充当；
u 先行词指物的非限制行定语从句；
u 先行词指物，关系词前有介词。
l 只能用who/whom不能用that的三句话：
u 先行词由指人的复合不定代词充当；
u 先行词指人的非限制性定语从句；
u 先行词指人，关系词前有介词。
l 只用as的一句话：
u 先行词前有the same, as, so, such修饰。
总结以上10句话，可以得出下面的结论：
在选择定语从句的关系代词时，我们只用看三点就可以啦：
①先行词由谁来充当；
②先行词由谁来修饰；
③关系词前有无逗号或介词。
特殊疑问词
关系词
1、疑问代词——在句中作主、宾、表、定
Who are you? 表语
What are you doing? 宾语
Who(m) are you looking for? 宾语
Which do you like best? 宾语
Who broke the window? 主语
Whose book is this? 定语
1、关系代词——
①conj. 连接主从句；②在从句中作主、宾、表、定
This is the book which/that I bought yesterday. 宾语
This is the man who is Tom. 主语
This is the man that/who/whom I am looking for.宾语
The man whose leg is broken is Tom. 定语
2、疑问副词——在句中作状语
When will you leave? 时间状语
Where do you live? 地点状语
Why are you late again? 原因状语
How do you go to school every day? 方式状语
2、关系副词——
①conj. 连接主从句；②在从句中作状语
The days when we lived there are unforgettable. 时间状语
This is the factory where we once worked. 地点状语
We don’t believe the reasons why he was absent. 原因状语
注意：how不能引导定语从句
题解题做
关系代词——
①conj. 连接主从句；②在从句中作主、宾、表、定
which 指物、一句话 主、宾、表
that 指人、物 主、宾、表
who 指人 主、宾、表
whom 指人 宾、表
as 指人、物、一句话 主、宾、表
知识点学习
whose 指人、物 定
关系副词——
①conj. 连接主从句；②在从句中作状语
when 先行词指时间 时间状语
where 先行词指地点 地点状语
why 先行词指原因 原因状语
结题三大步：
1、看谓语个数与连词个数
à是否存在从句？
2、是否是定语从句？
2、从句中少不少成分
à用关系代词？还是用关系副词？
先行词指人？指物？指时间？指地点？指原因？有无特殊情况存在？
三、 关系代词的正确选用（方法：看从句中少不少成分+先行词后移）
（如何正确地选用合适的关系词？）
四、定语从句解题思路分解
第一步、是否为定语从句
² 不是定语从句à按相应从句的方法、步骤解题。
² 是定语从句à按下列方法、步骤结题。
第二步、从句中是否缺少成分（主宾表定）
² 不少成分à应选用关系副词
² 先行词指时间à关系副词选用when;
² 先行词指地点à关系副词选用where;
² 先行词指原因à关系副词选用why。
² 少成分（定语）à关系代词选用whose;
² 少成分（主宾表）à按照以下步骤进行选择关系代词：
第三步、先行词指人还是指物
² 先行词既指人又指物à关系词选用that
² 先行词指人à关系词选用that, who, whom
² 先行词指物à关系词选用that, which
第四步、限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句
That不能引导非限制性定语从句。
第五步、是否有特殊情况
² 先行词既指人又指物à关系词选用that
² 先行词由指物的不定代词(everything, something, nothing, those, all…)充当à关系词选用that
² 先行词前有序数词、最高级，以及the very ,the only修饰à关系词选用that
² 先行词由指人的不定代词(somebody, anybody, everybody, someone, anyone, everyone, those, all…)充当à关系词选用who或whom
² 先行词指人，关系词前有介词时à关系词选用whom
² 先行词指人的非限制性定语从句à关系词选用who或whom
² 先行词由一句话充当à关系词选用which
² 先行词指物，关系词前有介词时à关系词选用which
² 先行词指物的非限制性定语从句à关系词选用which
² 先行词前有the same, as, so, such修饰时à关系词选用as
第六步、检验……先行词后移
注意：区分定语从句与主语从句、同位语从句、结果状语从句和强调句
五、写作——新闻报道小结
写作储备
阅读教材P.55Summary，提炼概要写作的写作方法。
I. 文体特点
概要写作具备说明重点和简短这两个特点。要求考生能够抓住原文的关键信息，抓住文章的主旨大意，并用高尖端凝练的语言将其概括表达出来。
II. 写作四部曲
1. 确定体裁，明确主题和结构。
体裁
结构
记叙文
人物+时间+地点+事件（起因+发展+结果）
说明文
事物的性质功能：对象+性质功能+利好
问题的解决方法和措施：文体+解决方法
现象类：现象+原因+结果
议论文
主题+补充论据+（结论
2. 确定主题句，找关键信息
划出每一段的主题句，抓住关键信息，忽略次要信息。
3.改写关键信息，的出要点。
使用意义相同或相近的单词、短语或句式，或使用不同的句子结构表达同一意思，如：改变时态、肯定变否定等，避免抄袭原文句子。
4.添加连接词，使行文连贯。
要牢记各段落要点之间的逻辑关系和自然衔接，用恰当的关联词去连贯全文。常用的关联词有：however, besides, in addition, therefore, instead等。
典例剖析
（2018年11月份浙江高考）阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
It’s a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply because their websites can all start to look and sound the same. Nothing will give you the sense of what it will actually be like to live on a college campus like visiting and seeing for yourself the dorms, classrooms and athletic equipment and, of course, the students. It seems a little crazy once senior year hits to find the time to visit college campuses, and it can also be pricey if the schools you are applying to happen to be more than a car ride away. But keep in mind that you are making a decision about the next four years of your life, and do all the research you can to make sure you are making the right one.
There’s no excuse not to vusit the schools in your local area. In fact, a lot of college applications even ask if you have visited campus, and obviously, if you live across the country that won’t be as much of a possiblility, but if you live nearby, go check it out!
If campus visits aren’t going to happen before you apply, at the very least you should find some timebetqeen applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the school you’d like to attend. It can save you a lot of heartache if you rule out now the things that you don’t like about certain campuses, things that you wouldn’t know uless you actually visit.
Now, if time and money are making it impossible, then check out the online college fairs at CollegeWeekLive. It’s a chance to chat online with admissions officers, students, and college counselors (顾问), and it won’t cost you a penny! You can register for its online college fair at CollegeWeekLive. com. While visiting an online college fair dcan’t take the place of an actual campus visit, it can be a very useful tool that along with all your other research will help you make an informed decision about which colleges or universities you’d like to attend.
审题谋篇
1、定框架—— 好的开始，成功的一半
体裁
议论文
主题
探访申请大学
框架
主题+补充论据1、2、3
2、划主题句，找关键信息à 打造一篇要点全面、用词准确的极优作文
Para. 1
主题句：It is a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply because their websites can all start to look and sound the same.
关键信息：a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply
Para. 2
主题句：There’s no exscuse not to visit the schools in you rlocal area.
关键信息：visit the schools in your local area
Para. 3
主题句：If campus visits aren’t going to happen before you apply, at the very least you should find some time between applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools you’d like to attend.
关键信息：at the very least you should find some time between applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools you’d like to attend.
Para. 4
主题句：Now, if time and money are making it impossible, then check out the online college fairs at CollegeWeekLive.
关键信息：check out the online fairs
3、词汇、句式升级——创造极优作文的倩词靓句
Para. 1
1. 写出下列词语的同义词
（1）good ideaàworthwhile
（2）visitàpay a visit to
2. 改写关键信息
It’s really worthwhile to pay a visit to your desired colleges personally before applying.
Para. 2
1.将后置定语改为前置定语
The school in your local area à your local colleges
2. 改写关键信息
Undoubtedly, you should visit your local colleges.
Para. 3
1. 写出下列词语的同义表达
（1）at the very leastàat least
（2）would like to attendà want to go
2.改写关键信息
At least, you should visit the school you want to go to.
Para. 4
1.同义转换
（1）if time and money are making it impossible … à if you are short of time and money
（2）check out of the online college fairs à visit the online college fairs
2.改写关键信息
It you are short of time and money, visiting the online college faris is a good alternative to help you better understand schools.
IV 添加连接词，组建极优作文à水到渠成的成就感：动力的源泉
即学即练
It’s really worthwhile to pay a visit to your desired colleges personally before applying. Undoubtedly, you should visit your local colleges. At least, you should visit the school you want ot go to and know its real conditions in advance. If you are short of time and money, visiting the online college fairs is a good alternative to help you better understand schools.
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的概要。
We shouldn’t judge a person by his appearance but we do. In fact, the experts say that when we meet someone for the first time we make a decision about what that person is like in three seconds. But what do we look at? One of the most important things is clothes, but it isn’t the brand of clothes that people wear that is important. The important thing is to wear the right clothes for the occasion.
Schools have always understood this and a lot of them ask their students to wear a uniform. Why? A lot of teachers think a uniform makes students feel that they are part of their school and that their uniform helps them to be srious abot their studies. Teachres say that uniforms can help in other ways too. If all the students wear uniforms, they can’t judge each other because of their clothes. It also voids arguments about who or what is fashionable.
Howeve, it is not only schools that want people to dress in a certain way. We all have fixed ideas about what the people in a certain profession should wear. If we visit a doctor, we expect to see respectable clothes under the doctor’s white coat. When we go into a bank we expect the staff to wear suits or dresses. Police officers wear uniforms to deter crime by establishing visible presence while on patrol, to make themselves easily identifiable to non-police officers or their colleagues who requie assistance, and to quickly identify each other at crime acenes for ease of coordination. In fact, a lot of companies have dress codes for their staff because they know that the customers expect to see them dressed in certain types of clothes.
But can our clothes really tell people what we are like? Maybe not, but they can show our attitude to what we are doing at the moment. When peole see us in the right clothes, they think we are serious about what we are doing. Furthermore, if we are clean, smart and polite, people will have confidence in us.
Wearing proper clothes is important for first impressions. （要点1）For example, schools ask studetns to wear a uniform because it benefits them in various ways, such as being seriour about their study. （要点2）Besides schools, other places, like hospitals, banks, police stations and some companies also want their staff to dress in uniforms because of convenience. （要点3） Inconclusion, our clothes can show our attitude and win trust from others. （要点4）
定语从句知识点汇总
1、（定语从句的定义）放在先行词后起修饰限定作用的从句。
①先行词由名词或代词充当。
②名词或代词后的从句往往是定语从句。
③定语从前必定有名词或代词充当先行词。
2、定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。形式上的区别在于关系词前有无逗号与先行词隔开。
3、实际做题中，若从句引导词前有逗号隔开，且之前有名词或代词，则此从句往往是非限制性定语从句。
4、定语从句的引导词分为关系代词和关系副词。
5、关系代词有which, that, who, whom, whose, 其中，指人的有who(m)，that，whose；指物的有that，which，whose。
6、关系代词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语或定语。
7、关系副词有when，where，why。
8、关系副词在从句中作状语，when作时间状语，where作地点状语，why作原因状语。
9、when引导的定语从句的先行词是指时间的名词或代词。
where引导的定语从句的先行词是指地点的名词或代词。
why引导的定语从句的先行词是指原因的名词或代词。
10、what，how，whether，if不能引导定语从句。
11、先行词由既指人又指物的名词或代词充当，且从句中缺少成分时，定语从句的引导词只能用that。
12、先行词由既指物的复合不定代词充当，且从句中缺少成分时，定语从句的引导词只能用that。
13、先行词由最高级、序数词，the very, the only, the last以及some, any, few, little, no等数量词修饰，且从句中缺少主语、宾语、表语时，定语从句的引导词只能用that。
14、先行词指物，且从句中缺少主语或宾语的非限制性定语从句的引导词用which。
15、先行词由一句话充当的定语从句用which引导。
16、先行词指物，且关系词前有介词的定语从句用which引导。
17、先行词指人，且从句中缺少主语或宾语的非限制性定语从句的引导词用who(m)。
18、先行词由既指人的复合不定代词充当时，定语从句的引导词只能用who(m)。
19、先行词指人，且关系词前有介词的定语从句用whom引导。
20、选择关系词时，要留意以下三点：
①先行词由谁来充当。
②先行词由谁来修饰。
③关系词前有无逗号或介词。
21、that、why不能引导非限制性定语从句。
22、that引导定语从句时，前不出现介词。
23、当定语从句以前面没有限定词的名词开始（该名词往往作主语），且与先行词之间有所属关系，关系词往往是whose。
24、whose n.= the n. of which/whom或of whom/which the n.。
25、关系副词可替换为介词+which。
26、解答定语从句，尤其判断有无介词或需要什么介词的题目时，比较有效的方式就是先行词后移。
①后移的是充当先行词的名词或代词，不包含其前的介词。
②后移是指将先行词后移到从句中组成一句话，看新句子中是否缺少主语、宾语、表语。
27、关系代词代替先行词在从句中作主语，从句谓语的单复数由先行词来决定。
There are ten people who like sports.
This is the man who likes sports.
28、定语从句的先行词由最高级修饰时，从句谓语动词用完成时态。
This is/was the first time that I have/ had been here.
This is/was the best film that I have/ had ever seen.
29、定语从句的先行词被one of修饰时，从句谓语用复数形式。
He is one of the students who like sports.
定语从句先行词为the (only) one时，从句谓语用单数形式。
He is (the) only one of the students who likes sports.
30、做从句题目时，一定要分析谓语个数与连接词个数之间的平衡。
31、做从句题目时，一定要分析从句中是否缺少主语、宾语或表语。
32、注意问题、考查方式及对策。
①定语从句的定义。
②成分重复或残缺。（先行词后移）
③区分引导词that, what。
④区分并列句与定语从句。（连词个数与谓语个数）
⑤介词+which/whom。（先行词后移）
⑥拆动词短语。（牢记常见的动词短语）
⑦与其他从句的混合考查。（牢记各类从句的定义；看从句中少不少成分）
33、way作定语从句的先行词时，关系词在从句中作状语或从句中不少成分时，引导词为in which/that/省略。
34、先行词前有the same, as, such, so修饰时，关系词用as。
35、在限制性定语从句中充当宾语的关系代词可以省略。
36、以case, situation, position, imagination等名词充当定语从句的先行词，且从句中不缺少成分时，从句的引导词选用where或介词+which。
37、以occasion充当定语从句的先行词，且从句中不缺少成分时，从句的引导词选用when或介词+which。
38、以point充当定语从句的先行词，且从句中不缺少成分时，要根据point在从句中具体的意思来判断从句的引导词选用when和介词+which，或是where和介词+which。
39、若定语从句中的主语与主句的主语一样，则从句可以省略为to do形式。
I have saved quite a lot of money with which I’d like to buy a new car for myself.
=I have saved quite a lot of money with which to buy a new car for myself.
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