上海高考英语专项突破：概要写作

概要写作

一、Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.

Unshellfish love

Amid a slump in tourism, one national park in Thailand has seen a dramatic rise in visitors. So numerous are the hermit crabs thronging the otherwise empty beaches of Koh Lanta that shells for them to live in have become a scarce commodity. The Thai government moved quickly to ease the housing shortage, launching a public appeal for empty shells that netted over 200 kg. On December 5th these were distributed around the park in a ceremony marking the birthday of the late king, Bhumibol Adulyadej.

Hermit crabs rely on discarded shells to protect their soft bodies, moving to larger shells as they grow. On Koh Lanta and the surrounding smaller islands, their rapid increase seems to be a natural phenomenon, rather than directly related to the absence of tourists. But the shortage of shells may be man-made; pretty ones have long been gathered to be sold as souvenirs. Crabs had begun to make do with potential death-traps such as plastic caps and bottles.

The shell drive was part of a government initiative to “restore the balance of nature”. “I have instructed all national parks to do whatever it takes,” says Varawut Silpa-archa, the minister for natural resources. His inspiration comes from the hiatus (间歇、空隙) in tourism brought on by covid-19. A ban on international visitors and the closure of national parks have helped nature rebound, bringing black-tipped reef sharks back into Thai waters and endangered leatherback turtles back onto Thai beaches. In the coastal provinces of Phang Nga and Phuket, turtles have laid the largest number of eggs for 20 years.

The government has decided to try to mimic the respite (暂缓、休息) forced on it by the coronavirus in future. From now on, all national parks will be required to close for part of the off-season and to limit the number of tourists through a reservation system when they are open. Although such restrictions mean reduced earnings from tourism in the short term, in the longer run more pristine (原始的、未开发的) parks may help to keep the tourists coming.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

参考答案：

A decline in tourism and human activity has led to a sh

ortage of the shells which the hermit crabs depend on. To address the problem, the Thai government helps homeless hermit crabs find homes. The Thai government has decided to replicate this policy in the future to restore the ecology.

解析：

1.要点摘录

①Amid a slump in tourism, one national park in Thailand has seen a dramatic rise in visitors.

②The Thai government moved quickly to ease the housing shortage, launching a public appeal for empty shells that netted over 200 kg.

③But the shortage of shells may be man-made; pretty ones have long been gathered to be sold as souvenirs.

④His inspiration comes from the hiatus in tourism brought on by covid-19.

⑤The government has decided to try to mimic the respite (暂缓、休息) forced on it by the coronavirus in future. From now on, all national parks will be required to close for part of the off-season and to limit the number of tourists through a reservation system when they are open.

2.缜密构思

将第1、2、3三个要点进行重组，将第4、5两个要点进行整合。

3.遣词造句

A decline in tourism and human activity has led to a shortage of the shells which the hermit crabs depend on.

To address the problem, the Thai government helps homeless hermit crabs find homes. The Thai government has decided to replicate this policy in the future to restore the ecology.

二、Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point（s） of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.

Ann Grand: a visual thinker

Ann Grand is a visual thinker. When somebody speaks to her, the words are instantly translated into pictures. like a video in her head. Unlike most people, her thoughts move from ideo-like images to generalizations and concepts. Furthermore, her memories usually appear in her imagination in order of time. and the image visualized are always specific. For example. if she thinks about a chimney, she sees detailed pictures. like the one in her old house. and then those in her hometown. That one word can turn into a full-length video in her head. Grand's mind works like the Internet search engine which produces dozens of images of an object a user is searching for.

Visual thinking has enabled Grand to build entire systems in her imagination, which works similarly to a computer program because it can produce three-dimensional design simulations. This was important to her as an equipment designer for the livestock industry. Before she started construction on her designs, she would test-run the equipment in her mind. She formed mental pictures of her designs in every possible situation, with different sizes and breeds of cattle and in different weather conditions. This process made it possible for her to correct mistakes before construction started.

Grand's mind is also sensitive to details, which was important in her work with cattle. Her sharp awareness of the visual world led to noteworthy observations about animals. She noticed many little things that most people would not consider that scared the cattle. For example, a coat on a fence or a pipe on the floor would frighten them away. Grand's visualization abilities have also helped her understand the animals she has worked with. This led her to create designs ranging from sweeping, curved fences intended to reduce the stress experienced by animals that were going to be killed to systems for handling sick cattle and pigs.

82．Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.

How Setting a Schedule Can Make You Less Productive

It can seem like there’s never enough time - not enough for sleep and not enough for play, and not enough for exercise.

There’s a relatively new term to describe this feeling: time famine, or the sensation of having too much to do without enough time to do it.

To structure what little time we feel we have, one strategy is scheduling. The idea is that scheduling will make us more efficient. But scheduling can sometimes backfire and actually make us less productive. In one study, attendees of an academic conference were asked whether they would go to the presidential address taking place about an hour later. Some said they would, and others said they wouldn’t. Those who planned to attend the address reported the hour leading up to it felt shorter. So the presence of an upcoming activity seems to have shrunk how much time people felt they had.

Why might this happen? It’s believed that when there’s an appointment coming, we direct our attention to it, whether it’s mentally preparing for it or simply dreading it. This makes the future appointment feel more substantial (重大的); as a result, the time interval leading up to the scheduled activity feels limited and insufficient. Time famine may partly lies in our own perception of what we feel can be done with the time we have.

But you still have the same amount of time leading up to a scheduled event, so time famine shouldn’t really matter, right? But it does. This feeling by itself can influence what people decide to do. When something is scarce, people consider it more valuable and are less willing to part with it. The same is true for time. If time feels limited, people are less likely to use it - even when it’s in their best interest.

If you love scheduling and planning out your days, a trick could be to schedule events or tasks back-to-back (连续地), which leaves you with larger amounts of unscheduled time. Several uninterrupted hours of unscheduled time will feel longer, especially if there’s nothing scheduled coming.

参考答案：

Ann Grand is a visual thinker，whose mind works like the Internet search engine. Therefore she can build entire systems in her imagination through producing three-dimensional design simulations. Grand's mind is so sensitive to details that she could notice many little things that most people would not consider that scared the cattle. This led her to create kinds of designs.

解析：

1 要点摘录

①Ann Grand is a visual thinker. Grand's mind works like the Internet search engine which produces dozens of images of an object a user is searching for.

②Visual thinking has enabled Grand to build entire systems in her imagination, which works similarly to a computer program because it can produce three-dimensional design simulations.

③Grand's mind is also sensitive to details, which was important in her work with cattle. This led her to create kinds of designs.

2.缜密构思将第1、2两个要点进行重组，将第3段要点进行整合。

3.遣词造句

Ann Grand is a visual thinker，whose mind works like the Internet search engine. Therefore she can build entire systems in her imagination through producing three-dimensional design simulations.

Grand's mind is so sensitive to details that she could notice many little things that most people would not consider that scared the cattle.

三、Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.

Super Size Me

Fast food, otherwise known as junk food, is a huge passion for a large number of people across the Western world. But what would happen if you ate lots of junk food, every day? Would it seriously damage your health? These were the questions which led Morgan Spurlock, an independent film-maker, to do an experiment, which he made into a documentary film entitled Super Size Mc.

The main basis of his experiment was that Spurlock promised to cat three McDonald’s meals a day, every day, for a month. He could only eat food from McDonald’s and every time an employee asked if he would like to “super size” the meal, he had to agree. “Super sizing” refers in to fact that with this type of meal you get a considerable larger portion of everything.

Spurlock knew that by eating three McDonald’s meals a day, he would consume a lot of fat and great deal of salt and sugar in each meal - much more than he needed. Although Spurlock knew he would put on a bit of weight, and that this diet was unhealthy, he wasn’t quite prepared for just how unhealthy it turned out to be. The changes in this body were horrifying in the first week, he put on 4.5 kilos and by the end of the thirty days he had gained nearly 14 kilos, bringing his total weight to a massive 98kg.

Spurlock says “I’d love people to walk out of the movie and say, ‘Next time I’m not going to “super size”. Maybe I’m not going have any junk food at all. I’m going to sit down and eat dinner with my kids, with the TV off, so that we can eat healthy food, talk about what we’re eating and have a relationship with each other.” Food for though indeed.

参考答案：

We may have experienced the feeling that we don’t have enough time for what we would like to do. It is generally thought that scheduling is a good strategy, but sometimes we find scheduling makes us less productive. What is it that leads to the fact? Time famine may be the result of our own perception of what we feel can be done with the time we have to deal with time famine. It is highly recommended that you can schedule events or tasks back to back, thus leaving you with large amounts of unscheduled time.

解析：

1 要点摘录

①It can seem like there’s never enough time - not enough for sleep and not enough for play, and not enough for exercise.

②There’s a relatively new term to describe this feeling: time famine, or the sensation of having too much to do without enough time to do it.

③The idea is that scheduling will make us more efficient. But scheduling can sometimes backfire and actually make us less productive.

④Why might this happen? It’s believed that when there’s an appointment coming, we direct our attention to it, whether it’s mentally preparing for it or simply dreading it.

⑤ If you love scheduling and planning out your days, a trick could be to schedule events or tasks back-to-back (连续地), which leaves you with larger amounts of unscheduled time.

2.缜密构思

将第1、3两个要点进行重组，将第2、3两个要点进行整合，第4、5要点整合得出结论。

3.遣词造句     

We may have experienced the feeling that we don't have enough time for what we would like to do.

It is generally thought that scheduling is a good strategy, but sometimes we find scheduling makes us less productive.

What is it that leads to the fact? time famine may be the result of our own perception of what we feel can be done with the time we have to deal with time famine.

It is highly recommended that you can schedule events or tasks back to back,thus leaving you with large amounts of unscheduled time.

四、Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.

Is Student-loan Forgiveness Unforgivable?

Roughly 45 million Americans currently hold $1.6 trillion in student debt, with the average student-loan receiver owing between $20,000 and $25,000, according to the Federal Reserve. Among those actively making payments on their debt, the average monthly installment is between $200 and $300. And with 5.3 million more people unemployed than in February, right before the U.S. fell into the economic depression caused by pandemic (流行病), some people say that student-debt forgiveness could be beneficial to the economy.

“Student-debt cancellation feels like one of the most accessible executive actions to stimulate the economy at the moment,” says Suzanne Kahn, director of the Education. Kahn says the move would also help close the wealth gap between white Americans and people of color. Some 90% of Black students and 72% of Latino students take out loans for college versus just 66% of white students, according to an analysis from the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.

But others argue that sweeping student-loan forgiveness doesn’t help the people who need aid most. Americans with college degrees, as a whole, have been less influenced by the economic effects of COVID-19 than their non-college-educated counterparts. Besides, they raise concerns that if the government wipes out current student loans, future college students may have a motivator to take on debts, hoping they will also be forgiven. Colleges may in turn tend to raise their prices further.

What’s clear, according to the both sides of the aisle (过道), is that economic crises worsen the problem of student debt. The last time the U.S. dipped into a recession, state governments cut their investments in colleges and universities—which, in turn, raised their tuition prices and forced students to take on ever larger loans.

In recent weeks, the government has walked a fine line on the issue, offering support for a bill calling for $10,000 worth of student-loan forgiveness but turning down anything close to a plan to issue $50,000 per borrower through executive action.

That’s not sustainable in the long run. It remains to be seen if the government can arrive at a political solution that is.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

参考答案：

Spurlock made an experiment to test the damage of eating lots of junk food and made a documentary film later. In the one-month experiment, Spurlock ate three super size McDonald’s meals every day if required, thus causing terrible increase in his weight. Spurlock hopes the film can help people establish a healthy eating habit.

解析：

1 要点摘录①Would it seriously damage your health? These were the questions which led Morgan Spurlock, an independent film-maker, to do an experiment, which he made into a documentary film entitled Super Size Mc.

②The main basis of his experiment was that Spurlock promised to cat three McDonald’s meals a day, every day, for a month. He could only eat food from McDonald’s and every time an employee asked if he would like to “super size” the meal, he had to agree.

③The changes in this body were horrifying in the first week, he put on 4.5 kilos and by the end of the thirty days he had gained nearly 14 kilos, bringing his total weight to a massive 98kg.

④Spurlock says “I’d love people to walk out of the movie and say, ‘Next time I’m not going to “super size”.

⑤I’m going to sit down and eat dinner with my kids, with the TV off, so that we can eat healthy food, talk about what we’re eating and have a relationship with each other.” Food for though indeed.

2.缜密构思

将第2、3和4、5几个要点进行重组，将第1个要点进行整合。

3.遣词造句

Spurlock made an experiment to test the damage of eating lots of junk food and made a documentary film later.

In the one-month experiment, Spurlock ate three super size McDonald’s meals every day if required, thus causing terrible increase in his weight.

Spurlock hopes the film can help people establish a healthy eating habit.

五、Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point (s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.

Life On Venus?

Cats Make for Ideal Human Companions

Cats have a reputation for being colder and less cuddly (令人想拥抱的) than their counterparts—dogs. In reality, they form close bonds with their owners and provide a sense of companionship, particularly for women. In fact, the findings of one Austrian study show that owning a cat is the emotional equivalent of being in a romantic relationship.

Some people feel silly talking to their pets, since, of course, they can’t respond. But interacting with your feline (猫科的) companions has proven health benefits. Not only does talking to your cat improve your bond, but it’s also said to be beneficial to your mental health by helping to improve your mood, lower your stress levels, and reduce our feelings of loneliness.

Cats are experts at sleeping, so it’s perhaps no surprise that they can help improve your sleep, too. A Mayo Clinic study found that people who slept with their pets in the same room were almost twice as likely to get a good night’s rest, with only 20 percent saying that they found their pets’ presence destructive.

Cats may not be able to help with the housekeeping, but they can assist in keeping your house free of mice. It turns out there’s some truth behind the cartoon cat-and-mouse chase. When mice smell certain proteins in cat saliva (唾液), they become tearful and therefore avoid the area.

It’s important for children to learn to care for and look after a living thing, just as their parents take care of them. Cats can help children develop social skills as they learn to approach the feline carefully and gently. Looking after a cat also encourages a sense of responsibility.

In addition to filling your heart with love, cats can contribute to keeping your heart healthy. Numerous studies have shown that owning a cat can help reduce your blood pressure and heart rate, as well as lowering your triglyceride (甘油三酸酯) and cholesterol levels, thereby reducing your risk of having a heart attack or stroke.

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

参考答案：

With the problem of student loan worsened by pandemic-induced recession, people hold diverse attitudes towards student-debt forgiveness. Some argue it serves to stimulate economy and bridge the wealth gap while others maintain it can’t help those most in need and show the concern about setting the precedent. Despite the efforts made by the government, a sustainable solution hasn’t been reached.

解析：

1.要点摘录

①Is Student-loan Forgiveness Unforgivable?

②Student-debt cancellation feels like one of the most accessible executive actions to stimulate the economy at the moment.

③But others argue that sweeping student-loan forgiveness doesn’t help the people who need aid most.

④What’s clear, according to the both sides of the aisle (过道), is that economic crises worsen the problem of student debt.

2.缜密构思

将第1、2两个要点进行归纳，将第3、4两个要点进行整合。

3.遣词造句

When the problem of student loan is worsened by pandemic-induced recession, people hold diverse attitudes towards student-debt forgiveness.

Some firmly hold the belief that it serves to stimulate economy and bridge the wealth gap while others think that it can’t help those most in need and show the concern about setting the precedent.

In spite of the efforts made by the government, a sustainable solution hasn’t been reached.