高中英语人教版 (2019)选择性必修 第二册Unit 1 Science and Scientists导学案

这是一份高中英语人教版 (2019)选择性必修 第二册Unit 1 Science and Scientists导学案，共17页。
表语从句
[观察例句]
1.One thery was that bad air caused the disease.
2.The questin is wh will be the successful applicant fr the summer jb at the law firm.
3.Her cnfusin is whether she shuld stick t her wn way f life r fllw the American way.
4.What Jhn Snw was determined t find ut was why the 1854 utbreak f chlera in Lndn culd have caused ver 500 deaths within ten days.
5.Taking a year ff frm schl t travel abrad is what is generally called a gap year.
[归纳用法]
1.所有例句中的黑体部分都位于系动词be后，作表语，故都是表语从句，这些表语从句在词性上相当于一个名词。
2.例1由从属连词that引导；例2由连接代词wh引导；例3由从属连词whether引导；例4由连接副词why引导；例5由连接代词what引导。
表语从句放在连系动词之后，充当复合句中的表语。表语从句就是指一个句子作为表语，说明主语是什么或者怎么样。
一般结构为“主语＋系动词＋表语从句”。可接表语从句的连系动词有be，lk，remain，seem等。
1.从属连词that引导的表语从句
从属连词that的用法：①无意义 ②不充当成分
③不可省略
The reasn fr his absence is that he hasn't been infrmed.
他缺席的原因是他没接到通知。
My suggestin is that we shuld tell him.
我的建议是我们应该告诉他。
2.从属连词whether引导的表语从句
The pint is whether we shuld lend him the mney.
关键在于我们是否应该借钱给他。
[名师点津] if不能引导表语从句。
3.连接代词和连接副词引导的表语从句
The prblem is wh is really fit fr the hard jb.
问题是谁才真正适合做这份艰苦的工作。
This is what I am interested in.
这就是我所感兴趣的。
That's where I first met her.
那就是我第一次遇见她的地方。
4.because，as if/thugh等引导的表语从句
It's just because he desn't knw her.
这仅仅是因为他不认识她。
Nw it seems as thugh she had knwn Millie fr years.
现在好像她认识米莉已有好多年了似的。
It sunds as if smene is kncking at the dr.
听起来好像有人在敲门。
5.why和because引导的表语从句的区别
I didn't phne her，and that's why she gt angry with me.(强调“没打电话”这一结果)
我没有给她打电话。那就是她对我生气的原因。
I didn't phne her，and that's because I gt angry with her.(强调“生气”这一原因)
我没有给她打电话。那是因为我生她的气了。
[名师点津]
reasn作主语时，后面的表语从句表示原因时要用that引导，不宜用because。
6.表语从句中的虚拟语气
在表语从句中，表示间接的命令、要求、请求、建议、决定等，主句中的主语通常是：advice，suggestin，prpsal，request，rder，idea等，从句谓语形式是“shuld＋动词原形”(shuld可以省略)。
My advice is that yu (shuld) practise speaking English as ften as pssible.
我的建议是你应该尽可能经常地练习说英语。
Ⅰ.单句填空
1.He gt caught in the heavy traffic.That was he was late.
2.Energy is makes things wrk.
3.We didn't set ut；it was we wanted t wait until ur mther came back.
4.The mst pleasant thing f the rainy seasn is ne can be entirely free frm dust.
5.A ship in harbr is safe，but that's nt ships are built fr.
6.The truble is I can't find my way.
7.What he wants t knw is r we can finish ur wrk by tmrrw mrning.
8.The reasn why I was sad was he didn't understand me.
9.That is we are lking frward t.
10.D nt let any failures discurage yu，fr yu can never tell clse yu may be t victry.
答案：1.why 2. what 3.because 4.that 5. what 6.that 7.whether 8.that 9.what 10.hw
Ⅱ.完成句子
1.简再也不是十年前的那个样子了。
Jane is n lnger ten years ag.
2.我获悉了你对英语校报的改革方案，那就是为什么我写信发表我自己观点的原因。
I read abut yur refrm f the schl English newspaper，and that's .
3.问题是他们是否能帮我们。
The questin is .
4.那是因为他没有理解我。
That was .
5.事实就是我们队已经赢得了比赛。
The fact is .
答案：
1.what she was
2.why I'm writing t vice my pinin
3.whether they will be able t help us
4.because he didn't understand me
5.that ur team has wn the game
一、阅读选择
1
Species f all types have evlved ver the centuries t be just the right height fr their need.
S whether it's a giraffe r an elephant, these land animals stand just as tall as they need t.
N ther land mammal (哺乳动物) has quite the view like the giraffe. Standing between 14 and 19 feet, giraffes are the tallest land mammal in the wrld. Their height is an advantage.
Because f the height, their gd eyesight and strng kicks, giraffes aren't ften brught dwn, even by lins. Still, giraffes face threats frm humans fr their skin and meat.
The strich (鸵鸟), a large flightless bird, is amng the mst recgnizable f birds. Their lng necks are matched by their lng legs, and this gives them an average height f 6.6 feet. With their legs, they can reach up t0 64km per hur. These birds have a reputatin fr sticking their heads in the sand, but in fact, they're digging hles t bury their eggs. Frm far away, it lks as if they're putting their heads in the sand. Nw, mst f their living areas have been taken up by man, which has greatly reduced their number.
Cming up behind the giraffe in the height cmpetitin is the African bush elephant. They weigh abut 6,100 kilgrams — they're even mre difficult t be caught than giraffes. Lins try their best t catch yunger elephants, but ften with little success. Still, the species is cnsidered endangered due t the lss f their hmes.
Arabian camels are the tallest f the camel species. Males can reach abut 6.6 feet. Despite their impressive size, Arabian camels disappear in the wild due t man's illegal hunting.
1. Why d striches dig hles in the sand?
A. T build hmes.B. T cver their eggs.
C. T hide themselves.D. T bury their heads.
2. Which land animals are the secnd highest?
A. Giraffes.
B. Ostriches.
C. African bush elephants.
D. Arabian camels.
3. What might be a cmmn threat t these animals?
A. Human activities.B. Natural enemies.
C. Agricultural develpment.D. Lack f living areas.
4. What is mainly talked abut in the text?
A. The right height fr wild animals.B. Reasns fr the height f animals.
C. The strngest mammals in the wrld.D. The tallest land animals n the earth.
【答案】
1. B
2. C
3. A
4. D
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了，几个最高的陆地哺乳动物。
1.
细节理解题。由第五段中的“These birds have a reputatin fr sticking their heads in the sand, but in fact, they're digging hles t bury their eggs.”（这些鸟以把头埋在沙子里而出名，但事实上，它们是在挖洞埋蛋。），可知鸵鸟在沙子里挖洞是为了盖住他们的蛋。故选B项。
2.
细节理解题。由第三段中的“N ther land mammal (哺乳动物) has quite the view like the giraffe.”（没有其他的陆地哺乳动物能像长颈鹿那样有这样的视野。）和倒数第二段中的“Cming up behind the giraffe in the height cmpetitin is the African bush elephant.”（在身高竞赛中，排在长颈鹿后面的是非洲丛林象。），可知长颈鹿是陆地最高的动物，陆地动物第二高的是非洲丛林象。故选C项。
3.
推理判断题。由第四段中的“Still, giraffes face threats frm humans fr their skin and meat.”（尽管如此，长颈鹿因它的皮肤和肉面临着来自人类的威胁。），第五段中的“Nw, mst f their living areas have been taken up by man, which has greatly reduced their number.”（现在，它们的大部分生活区已经被人类占据，这大大减少了他们的数量。），倒数第二段中的“Still, the species is cnsidered endangered due t the lss f their hmes.”（尽管如此，由于失去家园，这种物种仍被视为濒危物种。）和最后一段中的“Despite their impressive size, Arabian camels disappear in the wild due t man's illegal hunting.”（尽管阿拉伯骆驼体型惊人，但由于人类的非法狩猎，它们在野外消失了。），可知由于人类活动，这些动物或数量减少或消失了，可得出人类活动是这些动物的共同威胁。故选A项。
4.
主旨大意题。第一二段讲“所有种类的物种都进化到了适合它们需要的高度，例如陆地动物”，第三四段介绍了“陆地最高的动物长颈鹿”，第五段介绍了“平均身高为6.6英尺的鸵鸟”，第六段介绍了“陆地动物第二高的非洲丛林象”，最后一段介绍了“骆驼中最高的阿拉伯骆驼”，可知文章主要讲地球上最高的陆地动物。故选D项。
2
The health benefits f staying active are already well-knwn. It can help yu manage weight, keep bld sugar levels dwn and reduce risk factrs fr heart disease.
Nw, a new study suggests that regularly playing sprts, especially badmintn r tennis, is nt nly healthy but als reduces yur risk f death, at any age, by apprximately 50%. This is a big scale ppulatin study t explre the health benefits f sprts in terms f death rate. The study evaluated respnses frm 80, 306 adults aged 30 and abve in England and Sctland, wh were surveyed abut their health, lifestyle and exercise patterns.
After adjusting factrs such as age, sex, weight, smking habits, alchl use, educatin and ther frms f exercise besides the named sprts, the researchers cmpared the risk f death amng peple wh tk part in a sprt t thse wh didn’t. The percentage f reduced risk f death was fund t be: 47% fr racket（球拍）sprts, 28% fr swimming and 15% fr cycling.
In additin t this, the study didn’t find any significant reductin in the risk fr sprts like running and ftball. The findings als expsed that ver 44% f the participants met the guidelines fr the recmmended exercise levels t stay fit and healthy, which amunts t 150 minutes f mderate(适度的) physical activity in a week.
Des this mean yu stp running r playing ftball and switch t tennis instead? Every kind f sprt and physical activity has different physical, scial and mental benefits attached t it. The apparent lack f benefits f running and ftball culd result frm several variables that were nt taken int accunt.
Being active helps yu feel happier and live lnger. S, the mst imprtant step is t take part in any kind f sprt that yu are likely t enjy and fllw in the lng term.
5. Hw is the study cnducted?
A. By ding cmparative experiments.B. By analyzing previus data.
C. By evaluating survey infrmatin.D. By tracking participants fr a lng time.
6. What des the underlined part “the named sprts” refer t?
A. Ball sprts.B. Racket sprts.
C. Individual sprts.D. Traditinal sprts.
7. What can we infer frm paragraph 5?
A. Few peple will play ftball.B. Tennis will becme mre ppular.
C. The result f this study is wrng.D. The study needs t be further imprved.
8. What des the authr advise peple t d?
A. Stick t any sprt that yu like.B. Play badmintn and tennis nly.
C. Stp running and playing ftball.D. D any sprt accrding t guidelines.
【答案】
5. C
6. B
7. D
8. A
【分析】
本文为说明文。研究表明，羽毛球和网球这样的球拍类运动最有助于减少死亡率，只要长期坚持喜欢的运动，保持积极心态，都会使你感到幸福。
5.
推理判断题。根据第二段中“The study evaluated respnses frm 80,306 adults aged 30 and abve in England and Sctland, wh were surveyed abut their health, lifestyle and exercise patterns.”（这项研究评估了英格兰和苏格兰80306名30岁及以上成年人关于他们的健康，生活方式和运动模式的调查反馈。）由此可知，这个研究是通过评估调查问卷来进行的。故选C。
6.
词义猜测题。第二段开头提到打羽毛球和网球对减少死亡率的巨大作用，接下来的介绍用调查研究来证明这个结论。根据“ After adjusting factrs such as age, sex, weight, smking habits, alchl use, educatin and ther frms f exercise ”可知，研究中评估了参与实验人员的年龄、性别、体重、吸烟习惯、饮酒、受教育程度以及包括指定运动在内的其他运动形式等因素。由此可知指的是段首提到的羽毛球和网球，再根据下文“47% fr racket sprts,”可知，the named sprts指的就是羽毛球和网球。故选B。
7.
推理判断题。根据第五段中“The apparent lack f benefits f running and ftball culd result frm several variables that were nt taken int accunt.”（跑步和足球明显缺乏益处可能是由于没有考虑到几个变量造成的。）可知，这个研究没有发现跑步和足球明显的好处，可能是由于几个没有考虑到的变量造成的。这说明，这个研究还是有不足之处的地方，研究需要进一步改善。故选D。
8.
细节理解题。根据最后一段中“the mst imprtant step is t take part in any kind f sprt that yu are likely t enjy and fllw in the lng term”（最重要的一步是参加任何一种你可能喜欢并长期追随的运动。）可知，作者建议人们喜欢什么运动项目就参与什么项目，只要长期坚持就好。故选A。
二、完形填空
A scientist 9 several mnkeys in rder t study animal psychlgy. He tk a glass bttle, 10 its crk (瓶塞) and put tw peanuts inside it. The peanuts drpped t the bttm and were easily seen frm the utside. He then passed the bttle t a mnkey, wh shk it 11 fr a lng while and was able t get the peanuts when they 12 fell ut. The scientist then put sme peanuts int the bttle again 13 he had dne befre and shwed the mnkey that it nly needed t turn the bttle upside dwn fr the peanuts t drp ut. 14 the mnkey always ignred his 15 . Each time it just shk the bttle frantically, with great 16 but withut necessarily achieving 17 result.
Nw the questin is why the mnkey was unable t understand 18 the scientist instructs. 19 because all its attentins was fcused n the peanuts. Instead, it must take its eyes ff the peanuts and quickly 20 its attentin t the 21 mvement f the scientist and the way the bttle was turned upside dwn. T achieve this, it had t calm dwn and nt be 22 by the impulse (诱惑) f its appetite. Yet the mnkey was nt able t understand this. It is the instance like this that reveals the mnkey’s sme psychlgy is just like 23 f human beings.
9. A. keptB. rseC. fedD. caught
10. A. mvingB. remvedC. discveredD. cvered
11. A. happilyB. anxiuslyC. hurriedlyD. instantly
12. A. suddenlyB. accidentallyC. ccasinallyD. quickly
13. A. asB. thatC. whatD. until
14. A. ButB. WhenC. TherefreD. Thus
15. A. directinsB. explanatinsC. perfrmancesD. instructins
16. A. effrtB. strengthC. pwerD. frce
17. A. expectingB. interestingC. satisfyingD. desired
18. A. whatB. hwC. whyD. which
19. A. PrbablyB. LikelyC. SimplyD. Nearly
20. A. putB. sendC. payD. shift
21. A. gestureB. muthC. handD. eye
22. A. taken awayB. taken ffC. taken verD. taken n
23. A. thatB. theC. thseD. this
【答案】
9. A
10. B
11. B
12. B
13. A
14. A
15. D
16. A
17. D
18. A
19. C
20. D
21. C
22. C
23. A
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文。为了研究动物心理学，一位科学家养了几只猴子做实验，发现猴子与人类的一些心理有相似之处。
9. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：为了研究动物心理学，一位科学家养了几只猴子。A. kept饲养；B. rse上升；C. fed喂养；D. caught抓到。既然是搞研究，自然是要长期的饲养，故A项正确。
10. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：他拿起一个玻璃瓶，取出瓶塞，放了两颗花生进去。A. mving移动；B. remved移除，去掉；C. discvered发现；D. cvered覆盖。根据空后的put tw peanuts inside it.可知，他放了两颗花生进去，这说明他拔掉了瓶塞，故B项正确。
11. 考查副词词义辨析。句意：然后把瓶子递给一只猴子，猴子焦急地摇晃了很久，当花生意外掉下来的时候，它能得到花生。A. happily高兴地；B. anxiusly焦急地；C. hurriedly匆匆；D. instantly立即。猴子想要吃瓶子里的花生，自然是焦急地晃动瓶子，故B项正确。
12. 考查副词词义辨析。句意：然后把瓶子递给一只猴子，猴子焦急地摇晃了很久，当花生意外掉下来的时候，它能得到花生。A. suddenly突然；B. accidentally意外地；C. ccasinally偶尔；D. quickly很快。然后他把瓶子递给一只猴子，上文说 花生掉到了瓶子的底部，正常情况下是很难晃出来的，只能是在意外情况下掉出来，故B项正确。
13. 考查连接词辨析。句意：科学家像之前一样又往瓶子里放了一些花生，向猴子展示只需要把瓶子倒过来花生就可以掉出来。A. as像；B. that那个；C. what什么；D. until直到。根据空后的he had dne befre可知，科学家像之前一样又往瓶子里放了一些花生，用as引导方式状语从句，故A项正确。
14. 考查连词辨析。句意：但是猴子总是无视他的指示。A. But但是；B. When当；C. Therefre因此；D. Thus因此。科学家向猴子展示只需要把瓶子倒过来花生就可以掉出来，猴子却总是无视他的指示，前后是转折关系，故A项正确。
15. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：但是猴子总是无视他的指示。A. directin说明；B. explanatins解释；C. perfrmances表演；D. instructins指示。上文说科学家向猴子展示只需要把瓶子倒过来花生就可以掉出来，这是他给猴子的指示，下文的instructs也是提示，故D项正确。
16. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：每次它只是疯狂地摇瓶子，努力地摇，但不一定能达到它想要的效果。A. effrt努力；B. strength力量；C. pwer权力；D. frce武力。根据空前的it just shk the bttle frantically可知，猴子很努力地摇瓶子，故A项正确。
17. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：每次它只是疯狂地摇瓶子，努力地摇，但不一定能达到它想要的效果。A. expecting期待的；B. interesting有趣的；C. satisfying令人满意；D. desired想要的。猴子努力地药瓶子是想让里面的花生掉出来，这是它想要的结果，故D项正确。
18. 考查宾语从句。句意：现在的问题是为什么猴子不能理解科学家的指示。understand后的部分为宾语从句，从句中的instructs缺少宾语，应该用what引导这个宾语从句，故A项正确。
19. 考查副词词义辨析。句意：只是因为它所有的注意力都集中在花生上。A. Prbably可能；B. Likely可能；C. Simply简单地；D. Nearly几乎。此处解释猴子不能理解科学家的指示的原因——只是因为它所有的注意力都集中在花生上，故C项正确。
20. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：相反，它必须把目光从花生上移开，迅速地将注意力转移到科学家的手部动作上。A. put放置；B. send发送；C. pay支付；D. shift转移。根据空后的its attentin t the ___13___ mvement f the scientist可知，它必须将注意力转移到科学家的手部动作上，故D项正确。
21. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：相反，它必须把目光从花生上移开，迅速地将注意力转移到科学家的手部动作上。A. gesture手势；B. muth嘴；C. hand手；D. eye眼睛。根据上文的介绍可知科学家是通过手来向猴子演示把瓶子倒过来花生就会掉出来的，故C项正确。
22. 考查动词短语辨析。句意：它必须冷静下来，不要被它的食欲所控。A. taken away带走；B. taken ff 起飞；C. taken ver接管；D. taken n承担。根据空后的by the impulse (诱惑) f its appetite.可知，它必须冷静下来，不要被食欲所控（接管），故选C项正确。
23. 考查代词词义辨析。句意：正是这样的例子，揭示了猴子的某些心理与人类的相似之处。A. that那个（指代与前面提到的同一类人或物，表单数）；B. the定冠词，表特指；C. thse那些；D. this这个。此处指代与前面的sme psychlgy同一类事物，故A项正确。
三、语法填空
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Many scientists believe ur lve f sugar may 24. (actual) be an addictin. When we eat r drink sugary fds, the sugar enters ur bld and affects parts f ur brain 25. make us feel gd. Then the gd feeling ges away, 26. (leave) us wanting mre. All tasty fds d this, but sugar has a particularly strng effect. In this way, 27. is in fact an addictive drug, ne that dctrs recmmend we all cut dwn n.
“It seems like every time I study 28. illness and trace a path t the first cause, I find my way back t sugar,” says scientist Richard Jhnsn. One-third f adults wrldwide have high bld pressure, and up 29. 347 millin have diabetes(糖尿病). Why? “Sugar, we believe, is ne f the 30. (reasn), if nt the majr ne,” says Jhnsn.
Our bdies 31. (design) t survive n very little sugar. Early humans ften had very little fd. In this way, we had energy stred fr when there was n fd. 32. tday, mst peple have mre than enugh. S the very thing that nce 33. (save) us may nw be killing us.
【答案】
24. actually
25. that/which
26. leaving
27. it
28. an
29. t
30. reasns
31. are designed
32. But
33. saved
【分析】
本文是说明文。科学家指出我们对糖的喜爱实际上是一种上瘾，糖还是多种疾病的诱因。医生建议我们减少食用糖。
24.
考查副词。句意：许多科学家认为，我们对糖的喜爱实际上可能是一种上瘾。此处修饰be动词用副词，表示“实际上”，故填actually。
25.
考查定语从句。句意：当我们吃或喝含糖食物时，糖进入我们的血液，影响我们大脑中使我们感觉良好的部分。分析句子可知，句中包含定语从句，先行词是指物的parts，在定语从句中作主语，用关系代词that/which引导定语从句。故填that/which。
26.
考查非谓语动词。句意：然后美好的感觉消失了，让我们想要更多。句中已有谓语动词，此处用非谓语。句中主语the gd feeling和动词leave是主动关系，用现在分词作结果状语。故填leaving。
27.
考查代词。句意：从这方面来说，它实际上是一种让人上瘾的药物，是一种医生建议我们都要减少服用的药物。此处指代上文提到的sugar，和is一致，故填it。
28.
考查冠词。句意：科学家Richard Jhnsn说：“似乎每次我研究一种疾病，并找出主要病因时，我都会归到糖的问题上。”illness是单数可数名词，此处表示“一种疾病”，又illness开头是元音因素，故填an。
29.
考查固定短语。句意：全世界三分之一的成年人患有高血压，高达3.47亿人患有糖尿病。表示“数量上达到某个程度，多达”是固定短语up t，故填t。
30.
考查名词复数。句意：“我们相信，糖即使不是主要原因，也是其中一个原因，” Jhnsn说。ne f结构中名词要用复数，故填reasns。
31.
考查时态和语态。句意：我们的身体生来就能靠极少量的糖生存。此处表示客观事实，主语Our bdies和动词design是被动关系，所以用一般现在时的被动语态在句中作谓语，和Our bdies一致，故填are designed。
32.
考查连词。句意：通过这种方式，我们储存了能量，以备没有食物时使用。但是今天，大多数人拥有的已经绰绰有余。前后句是转折关系，故填But。
33.
考查动词时态。句意：所以，曾经救过我们的东西现在可能要了我们的命。根据nce可知动作发生在过去，表示“曾经救过我们的东西”，在定语从句中作谓语，用一般过去时。故填saved。
That's why...
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That's because...
意为“那是因为……”，强调原因