专题一 四选一阅读 第8讲　体裁微解——议论文 课件-2024年高考英语二轮复习

这是一份专题一 四选一阅读 第8讲　体裁微解——议论文 课件-2024年高考英语二轮复习，共35页。PPT课件主要包含了第8讲，体裁微解议论文等内容，欢迎下载使用。
议论文，也叫说理文，是一种剖析事物、论述事理、发表意见、提出主张的文体。作者通过摆事实、讲道理、辨是非等方法，来确定其观点的正确或错误，树立或否定某种主张。议论文的三要素是论点、论据和论证。论点是一篇文章的灵魂、统帅；论据是支撑论点的材料；论证是用论据来证明论点的方法和过程。主要具有以下特点：
高考英语议论文设题广泛，细节理解题、推理判断题、词句猜测题、主旨大意题、观点态度题都有可能出现，因此，在阅读议论文时，应该从结构和内容两方面同时入手，先通读原文，再区分事实和观点，明确论点、论证和论据，明了作者最后得出的结论。具体答题策略如下：
If yu want t tell the histry f the whle wrld，a histry that des nt privilege ne part f humanity，yu cannt d it thrugh texts alne，because nly sme f the wrld has ever had texts，while mst f the wrld，fr mst f the time，has nt.Writing is ne f humanity’s later achievements，and until fairly recently even many literate(有文字的) scieties recrded their cncerns nt nly in writing but in things.
本文是一篇议论文。本文讨论了仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史的局限性，并强调了将物品纳入历史叙事以更好地了解无文字社会的重要性。
Ideally a histry wuld bring tgether texts and bjects，and sme chapters f this bk are able t d just that，but in many cases we simply can’t.The clearest example f this between literate and nn-literate histry is perhaps the first cnflict，at Btany Bay，between Captain Ck’s vyage and the Australian Abriginals.Frm the English side，we have scientific reprts and the captain’s recrd f that terrible day.Frm the Australian side，we have nly a wden shield(盾) drpped by a man in flight after his first experience f gunsht.If we want t recnstruct what was actually ging n that day，the shield must be questined and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reprts.
In additin t the prblem f miscmprehensin frm bth sides，there are victries accidentally r deliberately twisted，especially when nly the victrs knw hw t write.Thse wh are n the lsing side ften have nly their things t tell their stries.The Caribbean Tain，the Australian Abriginals，the African peple f Benin and the Incas，all f whm appear in this bk，can speak t us nw f their past achievements mst pwerfully thrugh the bjects they made: a histry tld thrugh things gives them back a vice.When we cnsider cntact(联系) between literate and nn-literate scieties such as these，all ur first-hand accunts are necessarily twisted，nly ne half f a dialgue.If we are t find the ther half f that cnversatin，we have t read nt just the texts，but the bjects.
32.What is the first paragraph mainly abut?A.Hw past events shuld be humanity is cncerned facts speak luder than written language is reliable.
段落大意题。根据第一段的内容可知，第一段主要讲述的是历史应该如何呈现给我们。故选A。
33.What des the authr indicate by mentining Captain Ck in paragraph 2?A.His reprt was represented the lcal ruled ver Btany recrd was ne-sided.
推理判断题。根据第二段首句可推断，作者认为历史应该是文本和物品相结合的产物，但是很多情况下，我们做不到。再根据所举例子的下文“Frm the English side，we have scientific reprts and the captain’s recrd f that terrible day.Frm the Australian side，we have nly a wden shield(盾) drpped by a man in flight after his first experience f gunsht.”可知，作者提到库克船长是为了说明他的记录是片面的，只从自己的角度描述了问题。故选D。
34.What des the underlined wrd “cnversatin” in paragraph 3 refer t?A.Prblem. D.Sciety.
词义猜测题。根据文章第一段可知，不能仅仅通过文本讲述历史，再根据画线单词上文可知，物品同样能讲述历史，文字描述只能说明一半的历史。画线句“If we are t find the ther half f that cnversatin，we have t read nt just the texts，but the bjects.”强调解读物品来了解历史的另一半。所以cnversatin指的是“历史”。故选B。
35.Which f the fllwing bks is the text mst likely selected frm?A.Hw Maps Tell Stries f the WrldB.A Shrt Histry f AustraliaC.A Histry f the Wrld in 100 ObjectsD.Hw Art Wrks Tell Stries
文章出处题。根据第一段、第二段最后一句以及最后一段的第二、三句和最后一句可知，本文讲述仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史有局限性，想要更好地了解历史就要将文本和物品结合在一起。从而推断文章最有可能选自《100件物品中的世界史》。故选C。
AThe tw terms nature and nurture have been subjects f cmparisn since the 16th century.The argument is centered n the questin as t whether it is nature r nurture that makes us wh we are.
本文是一篇议论文。先天和后天这两个术语自16世纪以来一直是比较的主题。文章论述了究竟是先天还是后天造就了我们。
Nature prvides the starting pint fr an rganism that will interact with nurture，the envirnment，during the rganism’s life.Nature des nt just affect an rganism during its lifetime，but it als can directly affect the expressin f genes in ffspring(后代).Fr the geneticists，they believe that ur lives are entirely determined by genetics，which is nature.An ppsing view is that there is n indicatin that genes(基因) determines ne’s persnality，rather there is grwing evidence that nurture serves as the determining factr in persnality develpment.
Nurture refers t the cnditins under which living things grw and develp after birth.When applied t human beings，it means hw the persn is raised，which includes nutritin，educatin，care，as well as the kind f surrundings，such as cultural influence，family and friends.The argument f nature and nurture as t which is mre imprtant is necessitated by an attempt t differentiate hw much effect genetics has n a persn’s develpment against hw easily humans are influenced by ne’s envirnment.
While nurture undeniably plays its part n the grwth and develpment f ne’s persnality，nature dramatically utweighs nurture，fr nature can be likened t a fundatin.The impact f nurture n the develpment f persns cannt be ttally denied.Hwever，nature is regarded as being f mst imprtance because f the fact that it affrds an pprtunity and creates a fundatin and the basis fr the questin f nurture t arise at the very first instance.Even withut nurture，the nature impact can still stand independently withut necessarily causing destructin.Mre s，even when the nurture impact is successfully effected，it des nt remve the genetic characteristics f a persn.It therefre stands crrectly that nature is that which determines the substance f a persn.
1.What can we learn frm paragraph 2?A.Nature’s rle is supprted by additinal develpment is determined by impacts gene expressin in later shapes persnality mre than genetics.
细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Nature des nt just directly affect the expressin f genes in ffspring(后代).”可知，先天影响后代的基因表达。故选C。
2.What des paragraph 3 mainly talk abut?A.What nurture means t human living things develp after nurture shapes human surrundings influence human beings.
段落大意题。根据第三段“Nurture refers t the applied t human beings，it means...”可知，第三段主要讨论了后天对人类意味着什么。故选A。
3.Hw des the authr stress the greater imprtance f nature?A.By giving examples.B.By making cnducting experiments.D.By citing research data.
推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“While nurture undeniably plays its dramatically utweighs ，nature is regarded as being f mst a fundatin and the basis fr the questin f nurture t arise at the very first instance.”可推知，作者通过对比强调了先天的重要性。故选B。
4.What is the best title fr the text?A.A Lng Stry f Nature and NurtureB.A New Research n Nature and NurtureC.Wh Can Tell What Makes Wh We Are?D.Which Is Mre Imprtant，Nature r Nurture?
标题归纳题。根据第一段及下文探讨可知，文章主要论述了究竟是先天还是后天造就了我们。由此可知，D项“哪个更重要，先天还是后天？”最适合作文章标题。故选D。
B(2023·福建南平三模)A recent paper describes bees rlling tiny wden balls，nt fr a reward，but apparently just fr fun.This discvery emphasizes a lng-standing cnflict in ur view f animals.On the ne hand，we want t find the features that distinguish humans frm ther animals：tls，language and a thery f mind.On the ther hand，we delight in finding animals that break thse bundaries：chimps，crws and nw bees that use tls，dlphins with signature whistles.But what d thse bundaries mean?
本文是一篇议论文。作者认为在科学研究中，一旦我们摆脱了动物必须像人类一样具有人类动机和情感的假设，我们就可以自由地考虑动物行为背后的机制。
As a bilgist wh studies animal behaviur，I am puzzled by this effrt t rank animals by their capabilities.I applaud the desire t shw that animals are like us，but we can recgnize animals fr what they are，and be amazed at their abilities，withut having t make their behaviur mirrr that f humans.
Once we get ut frm the assumptin that animals have t be like peple with human mtivatins and feelings，we are freed up t cnsider the mechanisms(机理) behind the behaviurs.Fr example，the same sertnin(血清素) influences anxiety in humans and mazes(迷惑) explratin in crayfish.In a tank divided int well-lit and shadwy areas，crayfish explre bth，but prefer the darker areas，cnsistent with their night lifestyle.
Des this mean crayfish experience anxiety？N.In the bees’ case，they might be exhibiting sme very interesting behaviur that has nthing t d with wanting t “have fun” —but we will never examine it if we simply assume they are playing just like peple.I am nt disparaging the bee researchers’ cnclusins，and I am nt trying t be a killjy，but there is smething abut all this humanizing that prevents explratin，instead f encuraging it.
5.What’s the purpse f paragraph 1?A.T list ut facts.B.T raise an aruse readers’ interest.D.T explain a cncept.
推理判断题。根据第一段的“A recent paper describes bees rlling tiny wden balls，nt fr a reward，but apparently just fr fun.This discvery emphasizes a lng-standing cnflict in ur view f animals.”可推知，第一段的目的是提出论点——在我们对动物的看法中有一个长期存在的冲突。故选B。
6.What can we learn frm paragraph 3?A.Behaviur mechanisms prefer the light assumptin prves are similar t human in mind.
细节理解题。根据第三段的“Once we get ut frm the assumptin that animals have t be like peple with human mtivatins and feelings，we are freed up t cnsider the mechanisms(机理) behind the behaviurs.Fr example...”可知，第三段提到行为机制起作用。故选A。
7.What des the underlined wrd “disparaging” mean in paragraph 4?A.Criticizing. D.Acknwledging.
词义猜测题。根据本段前三句可知，作者不认同文章开头提到的某些研究人员描述的蜜蜂滚动小木球是为了娱乐的观点，作者认为蜜蜂的这种行为可能在展示某个有趣行为，而不是像人一样为了消遣寻乐。因此可推断，作者在此声明的是自己并不是在贬低蜜蜂研究人员的结论，也不是想要扫兴，因此画线词disparaging的意思是“贬低”，和criticizing意思相近，故选A。
8.Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the text?A.Feelings：Guiding Human BeingB.Bundaries：Making N SenseC.Humanizing：Cvering the TruthD.Animals：Mirrring Human Behaviurs
标题归纳题。通读全文可知，本文主要讲的是作者认为在科学研究中，一旦我们摆脱了动物必须像人类一样具有人类动机和情感的假设，我们就可以自由地考虑动物行为背后的机制，也就是说人类将动物的行为人性化掩盖了动物行为机制的真相，故选C。