2022上海市七宝中学高一下学期5月月考英语试卷含解析

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高一英语5月考试
满分：150分 考试时间：120分钟
I. Listening Comprehension (30’)
Section A (10’)
Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.
1. A. Curious. B. Satisfied. C. Disappointed. D. Puzzled.
2. A. It has gone wrong.
B. It is out of fashion.
C. A new one will replace it.
D. There isn’t enough time to fix it.
3. A. 50 cents. B. 10 cents. C. 40 cents. D. 60 cents.
4. A. They are dissatisfied with its recent changes.
B. They are unhappy with the prices of its food.
C. They are excited to meet its new manager.
D. They are delighted at its Italian food.
5. A. It has gained 15 minutes. B. It has gained 30 minutes.
C. It has lost 15 minutes. D. It has lost 30 minutes.
6. A. It might be sunny. B. It might be warmer.
C. It might be rainy. D. It might be better.
7. A. Helen’s neighborhood is too far away.
B. They don’t actually need a new apartment.
C. Helen should have told them how much the rent is.
D. They can’t afford the apartment Helen recommended.
8. A. They live on Huachuan Street.
B. They are unfamiliar with the town.
C. They forgot to take a map with them.
D. They asked the policeman for direction.
9. A. How to clean off the dirt.
B. Where to look for water.
C. Where to dig out the seed.
D. How to plant something.
10. A. Ask Mary when the exhibit will begin.
B. Invite someone else to the museum.
C. Tell her more about the exhibit.
D. Take a course in art history.
Section B
Directions: In Section B, you will hear two short passages and one longer conversation, and you will be asked several questions on each of the passages and the conversation. The passages and the conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.
Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.
11. A. It films what he sees. B. It helps him see better.
C. It connects him to a doctor. D. It takes photos of everything.
12. A. An operation went wrong. B. He had an accident with a gun.
C. He was born with an eye problem. D. His grandfather accidentally shot him.
13. A. Dr Mann was a specialist in building tiny cameras.
B. Dr Mann had experience in working with eye devices.
C. Dr Mann was an expert in technology which connects humans with man-made devices.
D. Dr Mann had been described by Time magazine as one of the best inventors of the year.
Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following talk.
14. A. They are the highest waterfall in the world.
B. They are the widest waterfall in the world.
C. They are the biggest waterfall in the world.
D. They are the fastest waterfall in the world.
15. A. Their water is decreasing. B. They have parallel streams.
C. There are many rocks in them. D. The Zambezi River ends in them.
16. A. Visitors can enjoy them at a short distance.
B. They have many tree-covered islands.
C. Visitors find them accessible by boat.
D. They are just 60 metres in width.
Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.
17. A. She felt embarrassed while meeting her mother’s friends.
B. She felt happy that she could do what other kids couldn’t do.
C. She often dreamed about being like her mother.
D. She got more birthday gifts than other kids.
18. A. Supportive. B. Negative. C. Neutral. D. Vague.
19. A. Being practical. B. Being honest.
C. Being diligent. D. Being organized.
20. A. She once learned to deliver speeches.
B. She used to work for a theatre.
C. She has a little accent.
D. She speaks very loudly.
II. Grammar andVocabulary (32’) Section A (12’)
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
Red Alert
Anger triggers (引发) your body’s ‘fight or flight’ response. When you start to get angry, your brain triggers the release of a range of hormones ____1____affect every part of your body. You are on red alert!
Health problems
If you get angry a lot, the flood of stress chemicals ____2____(go) with regular, unmanaged anger can eventually harm your body. Some of the health problems ____3____(link) to unmanaged anger include headaches, digestion problems, insomnia, increased anxiety, depression, high blood pressure, skin problems like eczema, strokes and heart attacks. You’d better ____4____(get) it under control, then. Some people have little control over their anger and their temper can isolate ____5____from family and friends. Some angry people have low self-respect, and use their anger ____6____a way to feel powerful. Other people think anger is a “bad” emotion and try to bottle it up. This often ____7____(turn) into depression and anxiety. They get rid of their bottled-up anger by exploding at friends or family.
Helpful ways to deal with anger
l If you feel out of control, walk away from the situation ____8____you cool down.
l Recognise and accept angry feelings as normal and part of life.
l Try to pinpoint the exact reasons ____9____you feel angry. Once you have identified the problem, try to think of different ways to remedy (补救) the situation.
l Do something physical-go for a run or play sport.
Long-term anger management
l Keep a diary of your outbursts, to see ____10____you can understand how and why you get mad.
l Learn some relaxation techniques, ____11____meditation or yoga.
l Take regular exercise. It can improve your mood and reduce stress levels. Exercise boosts production of feel-good chemicals in your body, including endorphins.
l See a psychologist if you still feel angry about events that ____12____(occur) in your past.
【答案】1. which##that
2. going 3. linked
4. get 5. them##themselves
6. as 7. turns
8. until 9. why
10. whether##if
11. such as
12. occurred
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了生气的情绪带来的负面后果以及如何应对愤怒情绪。
【1题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：生气会触发身体的“战斗或逃跑”反应。当你开始生气时，你的大脑会触发一系列激素的释放，这些激素会影响你身体的每个部分。你现在处于红色警戒状态！根据句子成分可知，此处为限定性定语从句，修饰先行词hormones，在从句中作主语，所以用that或which引导从句。故填that或which。
【2题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：如果你经常生气，大量的压力化学物质伴随着经常性的、失控的愤怒最终会伤害你的身体。根据句子成分可知，本句中can harm为谓语动词，此处应用非谓语动词，stress chemicals和go是主谓关系，应用现在分词，作后置定语。故填going。
【3题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：与失控的愤怒有关的一些健康问题包括头痛、消化问题、失眠、焦虑加剧、抑郁、高血压、湿疹、中风和心脏病等皮肤问题。根据句子成分可知，本句中谓语动词是include，此处应用非谓语动词，health problems与link是动宾关系，应用过去分词，作后置定语。故填linked。
【4题详解】
考查动词。句意：那你最好控制一下。you’d better全写是you had better，情态动词，后接动词原形。故填get。
【5题详解】
考查代词。句意：有些人无法控制自己的愤怒，他们的脾气会使他们与家人和朋友隔绝。isolate后缺少宾语，此处指代前文的some people，应用代词them或themselves。故填them或themselves。
【6题详解】
考查介词。句意：有些愤怒的人自尊心很低，他们把愤怒当作一种感觉强大的方式。固定搭配use sth as a way to do sth“使用某物作为做某事的方式”。故填as。
【7题详解】
考查动词时态。句意：这通常会变成抑郁和焦虑。主语为this，指代前文愤怒情绪，为第三人称单数，同时表示的客观事实，谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。故填turns。
【8题详解】
考查时间状语从句。句意：如果你感到失去控制，那就离开这种情况，直到你冷静下来。此处引导时间状语从句，表示“直到”，应用until引导。故填until。
【9题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：试着找出你生气的确切原因。此处是限定性定语从句，先行词是reasons，在从句中作原因状语，应用关系副词why引导。故填why。
【10题详解】
考查宾语从句。句意：把你的情绪爆发记下来，看看你是否能理解自己是如何生气的，以及为什么生气。此处引导宾语从句，表示不确定性，表“是否”，应用whether或if引导。故填whether或if。
【11题详解】
考查固定短语。句意：学习一些放松技巧，比如冥想或瑜伽。根据空前techniques可知，空处是对其进行举例说明。固定短语such as“例如”符合句意。故填such as。
【12题详解】
考查动词时态。如果你仍然对过去发生的事情感到愤怒，去看心理医生。根据时间状语in your past可知，应用一般过去时。故填occurred
Section B (20’)
(A)
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. accepted. B. altered. C. boundaries. D . factual. E. banned. F. clinically
G. damages H. addicts I. impressively J. sensitive K. various
Too Good To Be True
In ads, you will often see people staring open-mouthed at how wondrous a product is, clearly thinking that it can’t be true. It’s always worth bearing in mind that it might well not be.
Generally, advertisers may get away with a bit of exaggeration, but companies must not push the ____13____ too far, as it can cost millions of dollars in ____14____ if someone sues for making false claims.
Ads for Dannon’s Activia yoghurt said that it could provide ____15____ nutritional benefits, but in a legal challenge, the courts wouldn’t accept that these were “____16____” and “scientifically” proven. Dannon had to pay up to $45 million to consumers who felt cheated and limit its health claims to strictly ____17____ ones in future.
It must have come as more of a surprise when Ferrero, the makers of the chocolate and hazelnut spread Nutella, began promoting its nutritional benefits (though long-term ____18____ will have been happy to learn that they ought not to have worried about it being unhealthy for all those years). However, it may have been a step too far for Ferrero to maintain it was a healthy “good for you treat.” After having to pay millions to the customers who sued over this false claim, the company ____19____ that it should change the ads and product labels.
Of course, images must not mislead either. An Olay ad for Definity eye cream showed former model Twiggy looking ____20____ wrinkle-free. You didn’t have to be an expert to see that the image must have been digitally ____21____. In real life, Twiggy may have been looking good for someone pushing 60, but in the ad she looked a lot younger than she should have. After receiving complaints, the advertising authorities confirmed it was a case of image manipulation and _____22_____ the ad, saying that it could give consumers a “misleading impression of the effect the product could achieve.”
【答案】13. C 14. G
15. K 16. F
17. D 18. H
19. A 20. I
21. B 22. E
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了在广告中，你会经常看到人们张大嘴巴盯着一个产品多么神奇，显然认为它不可能是真的。但值得记住的是，事实很可能并非如此。
【13题详解】
考查名词。句意：一般来说，广告商可以通过一点夸张来逃脱惩罚，但公司不能太过分，因为如果有人因为虚假宣传而起诉，可能会造成数百万美元的损失。分析句子可知，由定冠词the可知，空格处为名词的填入，由前文的“a bit of exaggeration”以及but转折可知，此处为名词boundaries“界线”，构成not push the boundaries too far “不能太过分”符合句意。故选C项。
【14题详解】
考查名词。句意：一般来说，广告商可以通过一点夸张来逃脱惩罚，但公司不能太过分，因为如果有人因为虚假宣传而起诉，可能会造成数百万美元的损失。由“if someone sues for making false claims” 如果有人因为虚假宣传而起诉，可知，此处为可能会造成数百万美元的损失。in damage“……的损失”符合句意。故选G项。
【15题详解】
考查形容词。句意：达能的Activia酸奶广告称，Activia酸奶可以提供多种营养价值，但在一场法律诉讼中，法院不接受这是经过“临床”和“科学”证明的。由nutritional benefits为名词可知，此处为形容词的填入，结合动词provide可知，此处为provide various nutritional benefits“提供多种营养价值”，符合句意。故选K项。
【16题详解】
考查副词。句意：达能的Activia酸奶广告称，Activia酸奶可以提供多种营养价值，但在一场法律诉讼中，法院不接受这是经过“临床”和“科学”证明的。由and连接的副词scientifically可知，此处为并列副词。结合句意可知，此处为clinically“临床”，符合句意。故选F项。
【17题详解】
考查形容词。句意：达能公司必须向感觉受骗的消费者支付4500万美元，并在未来严格限制其健康声明的真实性。由ones可知，此处为形容词的填入，结合句意可知，为并在未来严格限制其健康声明的真实性。故空格处为形容词factual“真实的”，符合句意。故选D项。
【18题详解】
考查名词。句意：Nutella巧克力和榛子的生产商费列罗开始宣传它的营养价值时，肯定更让人惊讶(尽管长期的瘾君子们会很高兴地知道，他们不应该担心这么多年来它对健康有害)。由“worried about it being unhealthy for all those years” 担心这么多年来它对健康有害，可知，此处为尽管长期的瘾君子们会很高兴地知道。故空格处为名词addicts“瘾君子”，符合句意。故选H项。
【19题详解】
考查动词。句意：在不得不向起诉该虚假声明的客户支付数百万美元后，该公司接受了它应该更改广告和产品标签的决定。由上文“After having to pay millions to the customers who sued over this false claim”向起诉该虚假声明的客户支付数百万美元，以及下文“should change the ads and product labels.”更改广告和产品标签的决定。可知，此处为该公司接受了它应该更改广告和产品标签的决定。故空格处为动词accepted“接受”，符合句意。故选A项。
【20题详解】
考查副词。句意：玉兰油为Definity眼霜拍摄的一则广告显示，前模特崔姬(Twiggy)看起来没有皱纹，令人印象深刻。由副词修饰动词可知，此处为副词 impressively修饰动词look，符合句意，故选I项。
【21题详解】
考查动词。句意：即使你不是专家也能看出这张照片一定是经过数码处理的。由have been可知，此处为被动语态结构，故填动词的过去分词形式。结合句意，一定是经过数码处理的。此处为altered“改变的”，符合句意。故选B项。
【22题详解】
考查动词。句意：在接到投诉后，广告主管部门证实这是一起图像篡改事件，并禁止了该广告，称它会“误导消费者对产品所能达到的效果的印象”。由“it was a case of image manipulation” 这是一起图像篡改事件，以及and并列可知，此处为并禁止了该广告。故空格处为动词banned“禁止”，符合句意。故选E项。
(B)
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. account B. alternatives C. trapped D. applied E. typically F. involves G. properties
H. design I. approaches J. performance K. slows
Even with a wetsuit, a cold water dive can be a bone-chilling experience. In Arctic waters, divers ____23____last only an hour, and even that short time can lead to numb, painful extremities.
But, by improving on a(n)____24____already used in nature, researchers say that they’ve turned regular wetsuits into what they call “artificial blubber (人造脂肪),” greatly increasing their____25____with just a simple treatment.
Currently the only cold-water____26____ to wetsuits are dry suits and warm-water suits, which respectively keep a layer of air or warm water between the suit and the skin. “But those suits are vulnerable to being ripped, and if they do, they fail catastrophically (灾难性地), and you have to come out of the cold water immediately,” said study co-senior author Michael Strano, a chemical engineer at MIT.
MIT scientists were invited by the U.S. Navy and the SEALs to look for longer-lasting protection in icy waters. “As the Arctic opens up because of climate change, the Navy is going to be doing more work in Arctic water,” Strano said. The researchers analyzed different ____27____used by various animals in arctic conditions. They found three strategies. One____28____air pockets trapped in fur or feathers, as seen with otters and penguins. Another is through internally generated heat, as with some animals and fish, including great white sharks. The last is a layer of the material that greatly____29____heat loss from the body, as with seal and whale blubber.
The scientists ultimately developed a way to upgrade any conventional wetsuit into a blubber-like insulating suit. “We’ve made the lowest thermal conductivity garment on record,” Strano said.
Gas Matters Standard wetsuits are made of neoprene, a synthetic rubber made into a kind of foam.
____30____within the structure of neoprene are tiny pockets of air that take up more than two-thirds of the material’s volume and____31____for half of the heat that gets transferred through it.
The new method simply involves placing a wetsuit inside a pressure tank no bigger than a beer keg filled with a heavy inert gas such as xenon or krypton — which transfer far less heat than air does — for about a day. This heavy gas replaces the normal air within the neoprene, greatly enhancing its_____32_____of heat insulation.
This new strategy raises the amount of time divers can survive in water colder than 10 degrees Celsius from less than one hour to up to three hours. The enhancement to the suit can last for roughly 20 hours, much longer than anyone would spend on a dive, the researchers said. The researchers are now looking for volunteers to test the inert gas-filled wetsuits.
【答案】23. E 24. H
25. J 26. B
27. I 28. F
29. K 30. C
31. A 32. G
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍研究人员把普通的潜水服变成“人造脂肪”，以提高它们在水下的性能。
【23题详解】
考查副词。句意：在北极水域，潜水员通常只能坚持一个小时，即使是这么短的时间也会导致四肢麻木、疼痛。修饰动词last，用副词形式。副词typically为“通常，一般”之意。故选E。
【24题详解】
考查名词。句意：但是，研究人员说，通过改进一种已经在自然界中使用的设计，他们已经把普通的潜水服变成了他们所谓的“人造脂肪”，只需简单的处理就能大大提高它们的性能。不定冠词a后接名词的单数形式。名词design为“设计”之意。故选H。
【25题详解】
考查名词。句意：但是，研究人员说，通过改进一种已经在自然界中使用的设计，他们已经把普通的潜水服变成了他们所谓的“人造脂肪”，只需简单的处理就能大大提高它们的性能。形容词物主代词their后用名词形式。名词performance为“性能”之意，为不可数名词。故选J。
【26题详解】
考查名词。句意：目前，可以替代潜水服的冷水设备只有干式潜水服和温水潜水服，它们分别在潜水服和皮肤之间保持一层空气或温水。名词alternative为“二者择一；供替代的选择”之意。根据谓语动词are可知，用名词的复数形式。故选B。
【27题详解】
考查名词。句意：研究人员分析了各种动物在北极条件下使用的不同方法。形容词different后接可数名词的复数形式。名词approach为“方法”之意。故选I。
【28题详解】
考查动词。句意：一种是被困在毛皮或羽毛中的气囊，就像在水獭和企鹅身上看到的那样。动词involve为“包含”之意。根据文章时态可知，用一般现在时。主语为One，所以谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。故选F。
【29题详解】
考查动词。句意：最后一层是可以极大地减缓身体热量流失的物质，就像海豹和鲸脂一样。动词slow为“缓慢”之意，根据主句时态可知，用一般现在时。先行词a layer of the material在定语从句中作主语，所以谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。故选K。
【30题详解】
考查动词。句意：被困在氯丁橡胶结构内的是微小的空气袋，占材料体积的三分之二以上，并占通过它传递的热量的一半。动词trapped为“陷入”之意。分析句子结构可知，本句为倒装句。主语为tiny pockets of air，与trap之间为被动关系，所以用被动语态。根据句中的are可知，用动词的过去分词形式。故选C。
【31题详解】
考查动词。句意：被困在氯丁橡胶结构内的是微小的空气袋，占材料体积的三分之二以上，并占通过它传递的热量的一半。短语account for为“占”之意。根据并列连词and前take up more than two-thirds of the material’s volume可知，用一般现在时。先行词为tiny pockets of air，谓语动词用复数形式。故选A。
【32题详解】
考查名词。句意：这种重气体取代了氯丁橡胶内部的正常空气，大大提高了其隔热性能。名词property为“性能”之意，常用复数形式。故选G。
III. Reading Comprehension (68’) Section A (30’)
Directions: For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
(A)
Over the past decade, the number of American children and teenagers admitted to children’s hospitals for depression has more than doubled. There may be plenty of reasons for it. “A number of things are pretty____33____to young people today. They were born around when the Columbine shooting happened, they were kids for 9/11, they were kids during one of the worst financial crises in modern history,” says Nicole Green, the executive director of Counselling and Psychological Services at the University of California.
A big new study suggests a different ____34____ for teenage depression — the many hours young people spend staring at their phone screens. That might be having serious____35____, according to the study’s author, Jean Twenge, a psychology professor at San Diego State University and author of “iGen: Why Today’s Super-Connected Kids Are Growing Up Less Rebellious, More Tolerant, Less Happy”.
By researching national surveys, with data collected from over 500,000 American teenagers, Ms Twenge found that adolescents who spent more time on new media were more likely to ____36____ remarks such as: “The future often seems____37____,” or “I feel that I can’t do anything right.” Those who used screens less, spending time playing sport, doing homework, or socializing with friends____38____, were less likely to report mental troubles.
As Ms Twenge herself admits, the study does not prove____39____. It is possible that another force is behind the increased diagnosis of depression among adolescents, and that sad teenagers are more likely than their happy peers to seek refuge in their ____40____. But a growing body of scientific evidence supports the idea that social media can lead to problems. One study published in 2016 asked a randomly selected group of adults to ____41____ social media websites for a week; a control group continued browsing the sites as usual. The former reported feeling less _____42_____ at the end of the week than the latter. Another experiment published in 2013 found that the more participants used social media websites, the more saddened they felt about their lives. However, it showed that feeling blue did not lead people to _____43_____ their social media use.
Not all studies are so worrying. Past research suggests that social-networking sites can promote _____44_____if used to engage directly with other users, rather than just to browse photos of someone else’s holiday or wedding. This distinction is a reminder that social media is what users bring to it — their_____45_____ shape their experiences, both on and offline. “I try to remind myself that people only post what they_____46_____ you to see, so it can seem like their life is better than yours,” reflects Sarah, a junior at high school in Los Angeles. Nicole, another junior, agrees. But when asked if she has ever considered_____47_____ her social media accounts, she looks confused. “No. I would feel lost.”
33. A. helpful B. unique C. related D. convenient
34. A. scheme B. treatment C. explanation D. structure
35. A. difficulties B. considerations C. effects D. symptoms
36. A. depend on B. agree with C. complain about D. rule out
37. A. hopeless B. promising C. important D. uncertain
38. A. without delay B. by chance C. on end D. in person
39. A. reasonable B. feasible C. productive D. effective
40. A. peers B. phones C. families D. games
41. A. quit B. surf C. monitor D. test
42. A. ignored B. depressed C. confused D. annoyed
43. A. support B. restrict C. reveal D. increase
44. A. happiness B. efficiency C. awareness D. cooperation
45. A. responses B. resolutions C. attitudes D. adjustments
46. A. promise B. order C. want D. forbid
47. A. sharing B. opening C. checking D. deleting
【答案】33 B 34. C 35. C 36. B 37. A 38. D 39. A 40. B 41. A 42. B 43. D 44. A 45. C 46. C 47. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要讲述抑郁症产生的一些原因。
【33题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：许多事情对今天的年轻人来说都是非常独特的。A.helpful有帮助的；B.unique独特的；C.related相关的；D.convenient便捷的。根据后文“They were born around when the Columbine shooting happened, they were kids for 9/11, they were kids during one of the worst financial crises in modern history”可知，这些孩子出生时间比较特别。故选B项。
【34题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：一项新的大型研究对青少年抑郁症提出了不同的解释——年轻人花很多时间盯着手机屏幕。A.scheme方案；B.treatment待遇；C.explanation解释；D.structure结构。 后文“ the many hours young people spend staring at their phone screens”解释了抑郁的一个原因。故选C项。
【35题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：这可能会产生严重的影响。A. difficulties困难；B.considerations考虑；C.effects影响；D.symptoms症状。根据后文“Why Today’s Super-Connected Kids Are Growing Up Less Rebellious, More Tolerant, Less Happy”可知，这种情况不容乐观。故选C项。
【36题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：通过对全国调查的研究，以及从50多万美国青少年中收集的数据，特文格女士发现，花更多时间在新媒体上的青少年更有可能认同这样的言论，即未来常常看起来毫无希望，或者我觉得我什么都做不好。A.depend on依靠；B.agree with同意；C.complain about抱怨；D.rule out排除。根据后文“The future often seems ____5____,” or “I feel that I can’t do anything right.”可知，这些青少年的想法比较负面，可见他们认同这些言论。故选B项。
【37题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：通过对全国调查的研究，以及从50多万美国青少年中收集的数据，特文格女士发现，花更多时间在新媒体上的青少年更有可能认同这样的言论，即未来常常看起来毫无希望，或者我觉得我什么都做不好。A.hopeless无望的；B.promising有希望的；C.important重要的；D.uncertain不确定的。根据后文“I feel that I can’t do anything right.”可知，这些青少年的想法比较悲观。故选A项。
【38题详解】
考查短语辨析。句意：那些屏幕使用较少、花时间进行体育运动、做作业或与朋友社交的人患精神问题的可能性较小。A.without delay立刻；B.by chance偶然；C.on end连续地；D.in person亲自。根据前文“adolescents who spent more time on new media were more likely to ____4____ remarks ”以及设空前“Those who used screens less, spending time playing sport, doing homework, or socializing with friends”可知，前文讲述的是花时间在媒体的年轻人的表现，这与那些花时间运动，做作业的青少年表现不同。因此，此处的社交是面对面的社交。故选D项。
【39题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：正如Twenge女士自己承认的那样，这项研究证明是不合理的。A.reasonable合理的；B.feasible可行的；C.productive多产的；D.effective有效的。根据后文“It is possible that another force is behind the increased diagnosis of depression among adolescents, and that sad teenagers are more likely than their happy peers to seek refuge in their____8____ .”可知，引起抑郁的原因并不是唯一的，因此，这项研究不合理。故选A项。
【40题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：可能是另一种原因导致青少年抑郁症的诊断增加，悲伤的青少年比快乐的同龄人更有可能通过手机寻求庇护。A.peers同辈；B.phones手机；C.families家人；D.games游戏。根据上文“Ms Twenge found that adolescents who spent more time on new media were more likely to ____4____ remarks such as: “The future often seems ____5____,” or “I feel that I can’t do anything right.”可知，悲伤的青少年更可能通过媒体排解情绪，故“手机”符合语境。故选B项。
【41题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：2016年发布的一项研究要求随机挑选一组成年人停止使用社交媒体网站一周。A.quit停止；B.surf上网；C.monitor显示器；D.test测试。根据后文“a control group continued browsing the sites as usual”可知，此项研究是用对比的方式进行研究。故 “停止”使用社交媒体符合语境。故选A项。
【42题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：据报道，前者在一周结束时比后者感觉没那么沮丧。A.ignored忽略；B.depressed使沮丧；C.confused使困惑；D.annoyed使烦恼的。根据前文“But a growing body of scientific evidence supports the idea that social media can lead to problems.”可知，研究是关于社交媒体导致抑郁的问题。故选B项。
【43题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，研究表明，情绪低落并没有导致人们增加社交媒体的使用。A.support支持；B.restrict限制；C.reveal揭示；D.increase提高。根据前文“Another experiment published in 2013 found that the more participants used social media websites, the more saddened they felt about their lives.”可知，前后形成转折的关系，可知他们并没有过多的使用社交媒体。故选D项。
【44题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：过去的研究表明，如果社交网站直接与其他用户互动，而不仅仅是浏览其他人度假或婚礼的照片，那么它可以促进快乐。A.happiness快乐；B.efficiency效率；C.awareness意识；D.cooperation合作。根据后文“if used to engage directly with other users, rather than just to browse photos of someone else’s holiday or wedding”可推断，社交网站直接与其他用户互动可增加快乐。故选A项。
【45题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：这种区别提醒我们，社交媒体是用户带来的东西——他们的态度塑造了他们的体验，无论是线上还是线下。A.responses回应；B.resolutions决议；C.attitudes态度；D.adjustments调解。根据“I try to remind myself that people only post what they____14____ you to see, so it can seem like their life is better than yours”可知，是人们心里的想法影响着他们的感觉。故“态度”符合题意。故选C项。
【46题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我试着提醒自己，人们只会发布他们想让你看到的东西，所以看起来他们的生活比你的好。A.promise承诺；B.order命令；C.want想要；D.forbid禁止。根据后文“so it can seem like their life is better than yours”可知，人们想要展示自己的生活过得好，所以会选择发布自己想呈现的东西。故选C项。
【47题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：但当被问及是否考虑过删除社交媒体账户时，她看起来很困惑。A.sharing分享；B.opening打开；C.checking检查；D.deleting删除。根据“No. I would feel lost.”可知，这个女孩子不愿意失去社交媒体账户。故选D项。
(B)
How Facebook Programmed Our Relatives
Three years ago, on his birthday, a law professor watched his e-mail inbox as usual. But it was filled with Facebook notifications (通告) ____48____ that friends had posted messages on his wall. The messages made him sad. The blocked inbox was ____49____, but what really upset him was having disclosed his birth date to Facebook in the first place. It’s not necessary for social networking to comply with (遵守) privacy laws, as some people ____50____ believe. He hadn’t paid much attention when he signed up—as with most electronic contracts, there was no room for negotiation about terms. He ____51____ Facebook’s instructions, entered the data and clicked a button.
A few days later, the law professor decided to change the birth date on his Facebook profile to ____52____ the same situation next year. But when the fake date rolled around, his inbox again was flooded with Facebook notifications. Two of the messages were from close relatives, one of whom he had spoken with on the phone on his actual birthday! How could she not realize that the date was ____53____?
Our hypothesis (假设): she’d been programmed!
That law professor was one of us, and it confirmed his ____54____ that most people respond ____55____ to Facebook’s prompts (提示) to provide information or contact a friend without really thinking much about it. That’s because digital networked technologies are engineering humans to behave like simple stimulus-response machines.
Social media plays a tremendous role in modern life. Facebook, LinkedIn and Twitter have become the primary ways of keeping in touch with friends, family, classmates and colleagues. To date, ____56____, researchers have not fully explored the degree to which these platforms are literally programming human responses. Social media platforms encode a range of social ____57____: Facebook notifies us when it is time to wish our friends a happy birthday; LinkedIn prompts us to congratulate contacts on their work anniversaries. As a result, social interactions are often ____58____ to the click of a button.
Facebook may increase the number of people to whom we wish a happy birthday with a few clicks of a button; it’s not as if we remember the birth dates of that high school classmate or distant cousin. But if it becomes ____59____ behavior, is it even meaningful? As for people who aren’t on Facebook or don’t post their birth dates publicly, the ____60____ they exact over their data comes at a cost: they don’t receive scores of well-wishes from far-flung contacts. ____61____, it’s still nice to be thought of, even if just once a year.
Digital platforms are ____62____ what it means to be human, and we can’t rely on the platforms to police or research ourselves. In the meantime, when your birthday rolls around, enjoy the warm feelings from friends sending their regards—but remember that they don’t know when your birthday really is any more than you do theirs.
48. A. requiring B. recognizing C. indicating D. summarizing
49. A. annoying B. embarrassing C. frustrating D. exciting
50. A. hardly B. passionately C. mistakenly D. slowly
51. A. lacked B. suspended C. obeyed D. offered
52. A. accept B. avoid C. analyze D. arrange
53. A. significant B. definite C. correct D. fake
54. A. doubt B. appointment C. statement D. plan
55. A. cautiously B. positively C. automatically D. aggressively
56. A. thus B. however C. moreover D. otherwise
57. A. reforms B. problems C. issues D. behaviors
58. A. adapted B. reduced C. committed D. admitted
59. A. suspected B. accepted C. programmed D. benefited
60. A. control B. judgments C. influence D. skills
61. A. In return B. In addition C. For example D. After all
62. A. enriching B. examining C. shaping D. retaining
【答案】48. C 49. A 50. C 51. C 52. B 53. D 54. A 55. C 56. B 57. D 58. B 59. C 60. A 61. D 62. C
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了随着信息技术的发展，人们发送祝福只需要点击按钮就能进行，虽然你可以享受朋友们送上的温馨问候，但是这种行为已经变得程序化，因此可能你会觉得不是那么的快乐。
【48题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：但是收件箱里面充满了Facebook的通知，它们显示朋友们在他的信息墙上发了消息。A. requiring 需要；B. recognizing 认出，识别；C. indicating表明，显示；D. summarizing总结，概述。根据“friends had posted messages on his wall. ”可知，收件箱里的通知表明了这位法学教授的朋友给他发了消息。故选C项。
【49题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：被屏蔽的收件箱非常令人讨厌，但真正让他不快的是，他一开始就向Facebook透露了自己的出生日期。A. annoying令人不快的；B. embarrassing 令人尴尬的；C. frustrating 令人沮丧的；D. exciting 令人激动的。由下文的“really upset”可知，他对被屏蔽的收件箱已经不满意了。故选A项。
【50题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：一些人错误地认为，社交网络没有必要遵守隐私法规。A. hardly 几乎不；B. passionately 热情地；C. mistakenly错误地；D. slowly 缓慢地。由常识可知，个人的隐私是需要被保护的，所以有些人认为社交媒体没有必要遵守隐私法律，这是错误的看法。故选C项。
【51题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：他听从了Facebook 的指示，输入了数据并点击了按钮。A. lacked 缺乏；B. suspended 暂停；C. obeyed遵守；D. offered 提供。根据“entered the data and clicked a button.”可知，面对电子协议，用户没有协商的余地，因此他只能遵守相应的条款。故选C项。
【52题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：几天后，这位法学教授决定更改他在Facebook个人资料上的出生日期，以避免明年出现同样的情况。A. accept 接受；B. avoid避免；C. analyze 分析；D. arrange整理，安排。根据“A few days later, the law professor decided to change the birth date”可知，为了不让之前使他生气的情况出现，他改变了实际的出生日期，为了避免那样的情况再次发生。故选B项。
【53题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：她怎么会没有意识到那个日期是假的？A. significant 重要的；B. definite 明确的；C. correct正确的；D. fake假的。他的出生日期已经被改变了，那不是真实的出生日期了，选择fake是正确的，这属于同词复现，fake在上面已经出现了。故选D项。
【54题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：这位法学教授就是我们中的一员，这件事证实了他的怀疑，即大多数人都会无意识地回复Facebook的提示，即他们并没有认真思考过此事就提供信息或联系朋友。A. doubt怀疑，质疑；B. appointment 任命，约会；C. statement 声明；D. plan 计划。前面是这位法学教授的一种质疑，因为在真正的生日那天他已经和亲戚沟通过，那为什么他的亲戚还不知道他改过的生日日期是假的？故选A项。
【55题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：这位法学教授就是我们中的一员，这也证实了他的怀疑：大多数人都会无意识地回复Facebook的提示，他们并没有认真思考过此事就提供信息或联系朋友。A. cautiously小心地；B. positively积极地；C. automatically无意识地；D. aggressively冒犯地。后面提到很多人没有认真考虑电子提示信息就去联系朋友或者提供信息，这是一种不经过大脑控制的行为。故选C项。
【56题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，至今为止，研究人员还没有充分探索出这些平台在多大程度上对人类的反应进行了规划。A. thus 因此；B. however 然而；C. moreover 此外；D. otherwise 否则。上文提到：社交媒体在现代生活中发挥着巨大的作用。Facebook、LinkedIn 和Twitter已经成为与朋友、家人、同学和同事保持联系的主要方式。下文提到：至今为止，研究人员还没有充分探索出这些平台在多大程度上对人类的反应进行了规划。看得出上下文是转折关系。故选B项。
【57题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：社交媒体平台对一系列的社会行为进行编码，例如Facebook会通知我们去祝贺朋友们生日快乐，LinkedIn 会提醒我们祝贺他们的工作周年纪念日。A. reforms 改革；B. problems问题；C. issues 问题，（报刊的）期；D. behaviors 行为。后文是在具体举出社交行为的例子，即Facebook会通知我们去祝贺朋友们生日快乐，LinkedIn 会提醒我们祝贺他们的工作周年纪念日。故选D项。
【58题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：结果是社交互动常常被简化为按钮的点击。A. adapted改编；B. reduced减少；C. committed承诺；D. admitted承认，允许进入。庆祝别人的生日，只需要点击按钮就可以发送祝福，因此社交互动已经简化为通过点击按钮来进行了，be reduced to：沦为，减少到，简化为。故选B项。
【59题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但是如果它变成了程序化的行为，那它还有意义吗？A. suspected受到怀疑的；B. accepted被接受的；C. programmed程序化的；D benefited受益的。根据标题“How Facebook Programmed Our Relatives”人们彼此之间的沟通和联系，是因为电子信息在提示，而不是想起对方，因此只是靠点击按钮来进行沟通和交流，这种行为已经变得程序化。故选C项。
60题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：对于那些没有用Facebook的或者没有公开发布出生日期的人来说，他们对自己数据的控制是要付出代价的：他们失去了很多从遥远的联系人那里得到美好祝福的机会。A. control控制；B. judgments判断； C. influence影响；D. skills技巧。对于不使用Facebook的人或者是不公开生日的人而言，这样控制自己的个人数据信息也让自己付出了代价：他们得不到别人的祝福。故选A项。
【61题详解】
考查介词短语辨析。句意：毕竟，被想起仍然是很好的，即使只是一年一次。A. In return作为报答；B. In addition另外；C. For example例如；D. After all毕竟。相对于不使用Facebook的人或者是不公开生日的人无法得到别人的祝福而言，这种程序化的行为还是好的，毕竟还有人在想起你。故选D项。
【62题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：数字平台正在塑造作为人的意义所在，我们不能依靠这些平台来监管或研究自己。A. enriching使富足；B. examining检查；C. shaping塑造；D. retaining保留。下文提到，我们不能依靠数字平台来监管和研究我们自己，否则，人就会处于被社交平台来塑造的境遇中。故选C项。
Section B (30’)
Directions: Read the following passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have read.
(A)
Have you ever left a cinema shaking your head after seeing a film with an ending that you could see coming from ten kilometres away? Most of us have. A film can have many stars and beautiful locations, but if the screenplay is poor, it’s unlikely that it will be a hit with audiences.
Being a screenwriter can be a profitable career and there is no shortage of candidates for the job. However, although the major studios receive thousands of scripts every year, only a few make it to the silver screen. The studios have very set ideas about what makes a good screenplay and if a script doesn’t match them, it hasn’t got a chance.
The art of screenwriting is greatly influenced by Poetics, the book on the theory of literature written by Aristotle in about 350 B.C. Aristotle proposed that a storyline should consist of three parts: a beginning in which we meet the characters and the place where the action occurs, a middle in which a problem that has to be overcome is introduced and finally an end, where the problem, at least in Hollywood films, is solved. It may surprise you to discover that the ancient Greek philosopher’s ideas should have so much influence on such a modern art form. It will surprise you even more to learn that his ideas are more popular than ever.
In the seventies, Hollywood scriptwriter, Syd Field, discovered that films that followed Aristotle’s plan did much better at the box office than those that didn’t. Field studied the most successful films and came up with a more rigorous version of Aristotle’s theory. The beginning of the film should last no longer than half an hour, at the end of which a turning point must occur. Field even suggested that the perfect moment for this turning point is the twenty-seventh minute! Then, for the following sixty minutes the main character is involved in facing the challenge that has been set. At the midpoint of this period, the writer may introduce another turning point which must be a reversal in the character’s fortunes. The final quarter of the film is for the climax of the story, as the character fights to achieve their aims.
Does it sound familiar? It should do, because virtually all Hollywood films follow this scheme. So the next time you accuse a film of being unoriginal, you’ll know who to blame!
63. If a script________, it has a greater chance to be chosen by studios.
A. is written by a well-known screenwriter
B. matches the audience’s set idea of a good story
C. agrees with studios’ standards of a good screenplay
D. is considered to be a good screenplay by the public
64. In the book Poetics, what did Aristotle proposed about a storyline?
A. The setting should be revealed in the beginning.
B. A problem has to be introduced in the beginning.
C. The solution doesn’t necessarily appear in the end.
D. More time should be devoted to the end than to the middle.
65. The word “rigorous” (in paragraph 4) is closest in meaning to________.
A. modern and relaxed
B. thorough and strict
C. simple but efficient
D. complex but understandable
66 Which of the following questions has been answered in the passage?
A. Why many Hollywood films look similar to each other.
B. How a storyline can be improved based on Aristotle’s theory.
C. What kinds of Hollywood films appeals more to the audience.
D. Who should be to blame for the decline of the quality of films.
【答案】63. C 64. A 65. B 66. A
【解析】
【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章介绍了亚里士多德提出的故事情节理论对现代的电影剧本的影响，而好莱坞编剧西德·菲尔德更是在此基础上提出了更全面、更严格的理论，导致好莱坞电影看上去都是差不多套路。
【63题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句“The studios have very set ideas about what makes a good screenplay and if a script doesn’t match them, it hasn’t got a chance. (电影公司对于怎样才能写出好剧本有非常固定的想法，如果一个剧本与他们不匹配，它就没有机会。)”可知，电影公司对于好剧本有着自己的标准，符合这个标准的就是好的剧本，很有可能会被电影公司选中。故选C项。
【64题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段第二句“Aristotle proposed that a storyline should consist of three parts: a beginning in which we meet the characters and the place where the action occurs, a middle in which a problem that has to be overcome is introduced and finally an end, where the problem, at least in Hollywood films, is solved. (亚里士多德提出，故事情节应该包括三个部分：故事的开始，在这里我们遇到了角色和故事发生的地方；中间部分，在这里介绍一个要克服的问题；最后结束，在这里，这个问题，至少在好莱坞电影，被解决。)”可知，里士多德对故事情节的建议中，在故事开始时，要有人物和地点等故事背景。故选A项。
【65题详解】
词句猜测题。根据“rigorous”所在段落“In the seventies, Hollywood scriptwriter, Syd Field, discovered that films that followed Aristotle’s plan did much better at the box office than those that didn’t. Field studied the most successful films and came up with a more rigorous version of Aristotle’s theory. The beginning of the film should last no longer than half an hour, at the end of which a turning point must occur. Field even suggested that the perfect moment for this turning point is the twenty-seventh minute! Then, for the following sixty minutes the main character is involved in facing the challenge that has been set. At the midpoint of this period, the writer may introduce another turning point which must be a reversal in the character’s fortunes. The final quarter of the film is for the climax of the story, as the character fights to achieve their aims. (七十年代，好莱坞编剧西德·菲尔德发现，遵循亚里士多德计划的电影票房要比那些不遵循亚里士多德计划的电影好得多。菲尔德研究了最成功的电影，并提出了一个更rigorous的亚里士多德理论版本。影片的开头不应超过半小时，在结尾必须出现一个转折点。菲尔德甚至认为27分钟是这个转折点的完美时刻！然后，在接下来的60分钟里，主角要面对已经设定好的挑战。在这个时期中，作者可能会引入另一个转折点，这一定是人物命运的逆转。影片的最后四分之一是故事的高潮，因为角色为了实现他们的目标而战斗。)”可知，根据最成功的电影中对亚里士多德计划的运用，菲尔德提出了比亚里士多德计划更加全面的，严格的理论版本，把电影的开头、中间过程、结束的时间段明确化。rigorous与B项“thorough and strict”意思相近。故选B项。
【66题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Does it sound familiar? It should do, because virtually all Hollywood films follow this scheme. (听起来耳熟吗？应该是的，因为几乎所有的好莱坞电影都遵循这个方案。)”可知，好莱坞电影看着大同小异，因为都遵循菲尔德提出的理论。故选A项。
(B)
KINDLY INDICATE YOUR RETURN KM READING, FUEL GAUGE READING, DATE AND TIME, AND RETURN THIS ENVELOPE, WITH YOUR KEYS, TO THE RENTAL COUNTER.
DOCUMENT
NUMBER








RETURN KM READING

RETURN FUEL GAUGE
E
1/8
1/4
3/8
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
F
RETURN DATE
RETURN TIME
Safe Driving in South Africa
VER’S LICENCE
When driving, you must be in possession of your driver’s license at all times.
SEAT BELTS
The law requires that you wear seat belts at all times.
DRIVING
In South Africa, driving is on the left-hand side of the road.
SPEED LIMITS
Generally 60 km/hr in built-up areas,100km/hr in rural areas and 120 km/hr on highways.
PETROL
Petrol is available 24 hours per day.
Unleaded (铅 的) petrol should be used in Avis cars. Credit cards are not accepted for the payment of petrol.
SAFETY
For your own safety, keep your doors locked while driving.
LOCK UP
Shut windows and lock all doors and the boot when leaving the vehicle unattended.
VALUABLES
Do not leave personal belongings such as cell phones and valuables in your vehicle. They are not covered by our insurance.
TYRES
Avis undertakes that on delivery of the vehicle to the renter, the condition of the tyres will be in compliance with legislation and the tyre pressure in accordance with (符合法规) the vehicle manufacturer’s specification for “normal use”.
It is the responsibility of the renter to ensure that both the condition and inflation (充气) of the tyres are appropriate throughout the course of the rental.
It is the responsibility of the renter to inspect the condition of the tyres at commencement of the rental and to make adjustments to the tyre pressure to take into account such factors as the number of passengers, mass of luggage, ambient temperatures, speed and road condition.
IMMOBILISER
Please use the immobiliser when leaving the vehicle unattended.
ROAD MAPS
Maps of southern Africa, including city and regional maps, can be found in a copy of the Avis Inbound magazine, in each vehicle or at the Avis Customer Service Center. More extensive area maps are obtainable from the Automobile Association (AA) and South African Tourism.
Avis Careline: +27(0)800 001 669
24-hour breakdown and medical emergencies Avis Central Reservations:
National: +27(0)861 021 111
International: +27(0)861 034 444
Preferred Service: +27 (0)861 113 333 Website: www.avis.co.za
67. What can renters do to keep the tyres in good condition?
A. Avoid driving too fast.
B. Reduce the mass of luggage.
C. Limit the number of passengers.
D. Adjust the tyre pressure as needed.
68. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?
A. People can pay for petrol by cash.
B. Maps are not available in all Avis cars.
C. Drivers needn’t wear seat belts in rural areas.
D. Renters can make a claim if their valuables are stolen.
69. Which telephone number may those who have rented an Avis car in South Africa find most useful?
A. +27(0)800 001 669. B. +27(0)861 021 111.
C. +27(0)861 034 444. D. +27(0)861 113 333.
【答案】67. D 68. A 69. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要向我们介绍了一份租车协议，告诉我们司机需要做的事情，使读者了解相关的租车要求。
【67题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章“TYRES”部分“It is the responsibility of the renter to inspect the condition of the tyres at commencement of the rental and to make adjustments to the tyre pressure to take into account such factors as the number of passengers, mass of luggage, ambient temperatures, speed and road condition.(出租人有责任在开始出租时检查轮胎的状况，并根据乘客人数、行李重量、环境温度、速度和道路状况等因素调整轮胎压力)”可知，根据需求调整轮胎压力是保持其状况良好的方法。故选D项。
【68题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章“PETROL”部分“Credit cards are not accepted for the payment of petrol.(不接受信用卡支付汽油费)”可知，除了信用卡之外的支付方式均可。故选A项。
【69题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章最后一部分“24-hour breakdown and medical emergencies Avis Central Reservations: National: +27(0)861 021 111；International: +27(0)861 034 444(24小时故障和医疗紧急情况 Avis Central Reservations：国内：+27(0)861 021 111；国际：+27(0)861 034 444)”可推测，在南非租过车，且觉得最有用的号码，应该是“国内24小时医疗紧急情况的号码”。故选B项。
(C)
The term “folk song” has been current for over a hundred years, but there is still a good deal of disagreement as to what it actually means. The definition provided by the International Folk Music Council states that folk music is the music of ordinary people, which is passed on from person to person by being listened to rather than learned from the printed page. Other factors that help shape a folk song include: continuity (many performances over a number of years); variation (changes in words and melodies either through artistic interpretation or failure of memory); and selection (the acceptance of a song by the community in which it evolves).
When songs have been subjected to these processes their origin is usually impossible to trace. For instance, if a farm laborer were to make up a song and sing it to a couple of friends who like it and memorize it, possibly when the friends come to sing it themselves one of them might forget some of the words and make up new ones to fill the gap, while the other, perhaps more artistic, might add a few decorative touches to the tune and improve a couple of lines of text. If this happened a few times there would be many different versions, the song’s original composer would be forgotten, and the song would become common property. This constant reshaping and re-creation is the essence of folk music. Consequently, modern popular songs and other published music, even though widely sung by people who are not professional musicians, are not considered folk music. The music and words have been set by a printed or recorded source, limiting scope for further artistic creation. These songs’ origins cannot be covered and therefore they belong primarily to the composer and not to a community.
The ideal situation for the creation of folk music is an isolated rural community. In such a setting folk songs and dances have a special purpose at every stage in a person’s life, from childhood to death. Epic (史诗) tales of heroic deeds, seasonal songs relating to calendar events, and occupational songs are also likely to be sung.
70. Which of the following statements about the term “folk song” is supported by the passage?
A. The International Folk Music Council invented it.
B. It has been used for several centuries.
C. It is considered to be out of date.
D. There is disagreement about its meaning.
71. The author mentions the farm laborer and his friends (paragraph 2) in order to ________.
A. explain how a folk song evolves over time
B. illustrate the importance of music to rural workers
C. show how subject matter is selected for a folk song
D. demonstrate how a community chooses a folk song
72. The author mentions that published music is not considered to be folk music because ________.
A. the songs are generally performed by professional singers
B. the songs attract only the young people in a community
C. the composers write the music in rural communities
D. the original composer can be easily identified
73. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. Elements that define folk music.
B. Themes commonly found in folk music.
C. Influences of folk music on popular music.
D. The standards of the International Folk Music Council.
【答案】70. D 71. A 72. D 73. A
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了民歌的定义，形成一首民歌的因素以及民歌不断重塑和演变的精髓，以及流行音乐与民歌的区别，和民歌创作的理想状况。
【70题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第一段“The term “folk song” has been current for over a hundred years, but there is still a good deal of disagreement as to what it actually means.(“民歌”一词至今已有一百多年的历史，但对于它的实际含义仍存在很大分歧)”可知，民歌的含义存在分歧。故选D项。
【71题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第二段“If this happened a few times there would be many different versions, the song’s original composer would be forgotten, and the song would become common property. This constant reshaping and re-creation is the essence of folk music.(如果这种情况发生几次，就会有很多不同的版本，这首歌的原作曲者就会被遗忘，这首歌曲将成为共同财产。这种不断的重塑和再创造是民族音乐的本质)”可推知，作者提到农场工人和他的朋友是为了解释民谣是如何随着时间的推移而演变的。故选A项。
【72题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第二段“These songs’ origins cannot be covered and therefore they belong primarily to the composer and not to a community(这些歌曲的起源无法被覆盖，因此它们主要属于作曲家，而不是一个社区)”可知，作者提到出版的音乐不被认为是民间音乐，是因为他们的原作者很容易辨认。故选D项。
【73题详解】
主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了民歌的定义，形成一首民歌的因素以及民歌不断重塑和演变的精髓，以及流行音乐与民歌的区别，和民歌创作的理想状况。所以A选项“定义民间音乐的元素”符合文章主旨。故选A项。
(D)
In recent years, the food industry has increased its use of labels. Whether the labels say “non-GMO” or “no sugar,” or “zero carbohydrates”, consumers are increasingly demanding more information about what’s in their food. One report found that 39 percent of consumers would switch from the brands they currently buy to others that provide clearer, more accurate product information. Food manufacturers are responding to the report with new labels to meet that demand, and they’re doing so with an eye towards giving their products an advantage over the competition, and bolstering profits.
This strategy makes intuitive sense. If consumers say they want transparency, tell them exactly what is in your product. That is simply supplying a certain demand. But the marketing strategy in response to this consumer demand has gone beyond articulating what is in a product, to labeling what is NOT in the food. These labels are known as “absence claims” labels, and they represent an emerging labeling trend that is detrimental both to the consumers who purchase the products and the industry that supplies them.
For example, Hunt’s put a “non-GMO” label on its canned crushed tomatoes a few years ago — despite the fact that at the time there was no such thing as a GMO tomato on the market. Some dairy companies are using the “non-GMO” label on their milk, despite the fact that all milk is naturally GMO-free, another label that creates unnecessary fear around food.
While creating labels that play on consumer fears and misconceptions about their food may give a company a temporary marketing advantage over competing products on the grocery aisle, in the long term this strategy will have just the opposite effect: by injecting fear into the discourse about our food, we run the risk of eroding consumer trust in not just a single product, but the entire food business.
Eventually, it becomes a question in consumers, minds: Were these foods ever safe? By purchasing and consuming these types of products, have I already done some kind of harm to my family or the planet?
For food manufacturers, it will mean damaged consumer trust and lower sales for everyone. And this isn’t just supposition. A recent study found that absence claims labels can create a stigma around foods even when there is no scientific evidence that they cause harm.
It’s clear that food manufacturers must tread carefully when it comes to using absence claims. In addition to the likely negative long-term impact on sales, this verbal trick sends a message that innovations in farming and food processing are unwelcome, eventually leading to less efficiency, fewer choices for consumers, and ultimately, more costly food products. If we allow this kind of labeling to continue, we will all lose.
74. What does the author say is manufacturers’ new marketing strategy?
A. Stressing the absence of certain elements in their products.
B. Articulating the unique nutritional value of their products.
C. Supplying detailed information of their products.
D. Designing transparent labels for their products.
75. What point does the author make about non-GMO labels?
A. They are increasingly attracting customers’ attention.
B. They create lots of trouble for GMO food producers.
C. They should be used more for vegetables and milk.
D. They cause anxiety about food among consumers.
76. What does the author say absence claims labels will do to food manufacturers?
A. Cause changes in their marketing strategies. B. Help remove stigma around their products.
C. Erode consumer trust and reduce sales. D. Decrease support from food scientists.
77. What does the author suggest food manufacturers do?
A. Take measures to lower the cost of food products.
B. Exercise caution about the use of absence claims.
C. Welcome new innovations in food processing.
D. Promote efficiency and increase food variety.
【答案】74. A 75. D 76. C 77. B
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了近年来，食品工业开始使用“不添加声明”这种标签，为了使他们的产品在竞争中具有优势，并增加利润。但作者认为这一做法引起消费者对食品的焦虑，且侵蚀消费者信任，减少销售，建议谨慎使用。
【74题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段中“But the marketing strategy in response to this consumer demand has gone beyond articulating what is in a product, to labeling what is NOT in the food. These labels are known as “absence claims” labels, and they represent an emerging labeling trend that is detrimental both to the consumers who purchase the products and the industry that supplies them.(但是针对这种消费者需求的营销策略已经超越了明确说明产品中有什么，而是标注出食品中没有什么。这些标签被称为“不添加声明”标签，它们代表了一种新兴的标签趋势，这对购买产品的消费者和提供产品的行业都是有害的)”可知，作者说制造商的新营销策略是强调他们的产品缺乏某些元素。故选A。
【75题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段中“Some dairy companies are using the “non-GMO” label on their milk, despite the fact that all milk is naturally GMO-free, another label that creates unnecessary fear around food.(一些乳制品公司在他们的牛奶上使用“非转基因”标签，尽管事实上所有的牛奶都是天然不含转基因的，这是另一个标签，造成了对食物不必要的恐惧)”可知，作者对非转基因标签的观点是他们引起消费者对食品的焦虑。故选D。
【76题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“For food manufacturers, it will mean damaged consumer trust and lower sales for everyone.(对食品制造商来说，这意味着消费者信任受损，所有人的销售额都将下降)”可知，作者认为不添加声明标签对食品制造商的作用是侵蚀消费者信任，减少销售。故选C。
77题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段中“It’s clear that food manufacturers must tread carefully when it comes to using absence claims. (很明显，食品制造商在使用不添加声明时必须小心谨慎)”可知，作者建议食品制造商谨慎使用不添加声明。故选B。
Section C (8’)
Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
Railroads and Literature
Nineteenth-century writers in the United States, whether they wrote novels, short stories, poems or plays, were powerfully drawn to the railroad in its golden years.____78____By the 1850’s, the railroad was a major presence in the life of the nation. Writers such as Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau saw the railroad both as a sign to development and as an object of suspicion. The railroad could be and was a despoiler of nature. Furthermore, because of speed and noise, it might be a despoiler of human nature as well.
____79____ Deeply philosophical historians such as Henry Adams hated the role that the new craze for business was playing in destroying traditional values. A distrust of industry and business continued among writers throughout the rest of the nineteenth century and into the twentieth.
____80____ One thinks of melodramas, boy’s books, thrillers, romances and the like rather than novels of the first rank. In the railroads’ best years, between 1890 and 1920, there were a few individuals in the United States, most of them with solid railroading experience behind them, who made a profession of writing about railroading-works offering the ambience of stations yards and locomotive cabs. ____81____ But anyone who takes the time to consult their fertile writings will still find much information about the place of the railroad in the life of the United States.
A. These writers who can genuinely be said to have created the “railroad novel” are now mostly forgotten, their names having faded from memory.
B. By the 1850’s and 1860’s, there was a great distrust among writers and intellectuals of the rapid industrialization of which the railroad was a leading force.
C. The “railroad novels” are good examples of the effects industry and business had on the literature of the United States.
D. For the most part, the literature in which the railroad plays an important role belongs to popular culture rather than to serious art.
E. In fact, writers responded to the railroads as soon as the first were built in the 1830’s.
F. Many writers had the experience of working on railroads.
【答案】78. E 79. B 80. D 81. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一些作家把铁路引用到文学领域中。
【78题详解】
根据前文“Nineteenth-century writers in the United States, whether they wrote novels, short stories, poems or plays, were powerfully drawn to the railroad in its golden years.(19世纪的美国作家，无论是写小说、短篇小说、诗歌还是戏剧，都被铁路的黄金岁月深深吸引)”可知，此处在讲述铁路与作家之间的关系。由此可知，E项“事实上，19世纪30年代第一条铁路一建成，作家们就对它做出了回应。”符合语境。故选E项。
【79题详解】
根据后文“Deeply philosophical historians such as Henry Adams hated the role that the new craze for business was playing in destroying traditional values. A distrust of industry and business continued among writers throughout the rest of the nineteenth century and into the twentieth. (Henry Adams等哲学史学家痛恨新的商业热潮在破坏传统价值观方面所起的作用。从十九世纪后期到二十世纪，作家们对工业和商业的不信任仍在继续)”可知，此段讲述哲学史学家和作家们对于工业和商业的不信任。由此可知，B项“到了十九世纪五十年代和六十年代，作家和知识分子对以铁路为主导力量的快速工业化产生了极大的不信任。”符合语境。其中“distrust”是关键词。故选B项。
【80题详解】
根据后文“One thinks of melodramas, boy’s books, thrillers, romances and the like rather than novels of the first rank. (人们想到的是情节剧、男孩读物、惊悚片、浪漫故事等，而不是一流的小说)”可知，情景剧、男孩读物和惊悚片等属于大众文化，比较受欢迎。由此可知，D项“在很大程度上，铁路在文学中扮演着重要角色，属于大众文化，而不是严肃的艺术。”符合语境。故选D项。
【81题详解】
根据后文“But anyone who takes the time to consult their fertile writings will still find much information about the place of the railroad in the life of the United States.(但是，任何花时间查阅其丰富著作的人，仍然会发现有关铁路在美国生活中地位的信息宝库)”可知，设空句和后文形成转折关系，说明一些写了关于铁路的作者可能已经被人遗忘了。由此可知，D项“这些真正可以说是创造了“铁路小说”的作家现在大多被遗忘了，他们的名字已经从记忆中消失。”符合语境。故选A项。
IV. Translation (20’)
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
82. 能够对许多棘手问题提出建设性的解决办法，是这位董事长与众不同的地方。(distinguish) （汉译英）
【答案】Being able to/The ability to put forward/come up with/offer/propose constructive solutions to many tricky problems is what distinguishes the chairman/president from others.
【解析】
【详解】考查短语和从句。句子陈述客观事实，用一般现在时；分析可知，此处涉及主从复合句，主句是主系表结构，表语“这位董事长与众不同的地方”处理为表语从句，从句缺少主语，且指代事物，用连接代词what引导；“能够做某事”表达为be able to do/the ablility to do，作主语，be应用其动名词形式being；“提出，想出”表达为put forward/come up with/offer/propose，“许多棘手问题的建设性解决方法”表达为 constructive solutions to many tricky problems；“把……区分开”表达为distinguish...from。结合其他汉语提示，故翻译为Being able to/The ability to put forward/come up with/offer/propose constructive solutions to many tricky problems is what distinguishes the chairman/president from others.
83. 即将拍摄一部影片，致敬这些无私奉献的医务工作者，他们放弃休假，严阵以待。(honor) （汉译英）
【答案】A film will soon be made/shot in honor of/to honor these medical workers who have made selfless/unselfish contributions since they give up their vacations and are ready to fight against the virus/get prepared to meet the challenge.
【解析】
【详解】考查动词短语，名词，形容词短语，定语从句，原因状语从句。“拍摄”使用动词“make或shot”；“致敬”使用短语“in honor of ”或非谓语动词“to honor”；“医疗工作者”英文表达为“medical workers”，用medical workers作先行词，定语从句用who引导；“做贡献”使用短语“make contributions”，此处表示动作已经完成，时态用现在完成时；“无私的”使用形容词“selfless或unselfish”，“放弃”使用动词短语“give up”；“假期”使用名词“vacation”，这儿表示向他们致敬的原因，所以用since引导原因状语从句；“严阵以待，准备好做……”使用形容词短语“be ready to do”或动词短语“get prepared to”，“对抗病毒”使用动词短语“fight against the virus”；“迎接挑战”使用动词短语“meet the challenge”。结合汉语提示，故翻译为A film will soon be made/shot in honor of/to honor these medical workers who have made selfless/unselfish contributions since they give up their vacations and are ready to fight against the virus/get prepared to meet the challenge.
84. 这家公司正是因为不重视产品更新换代，忽视售后服务，才逐步被市场淘汰的。（It was because...）
【答案】It was because the company didn't pay attention to product upgrading and ignored after-sales service that it was gradually eliminated in the market.
【解析】
【详解】考查强调句型。pay attention to表示“重视”，根据句意和提示词可知本句使用强调句型，其基本结构为：it is/was+被强调部分+that+其余部分，本句强调的是原因状语，语境表明事情发生在过去，用一般过去时，故翻译为：It was because the company didn't pay attention to product upgrading and ignored after-sales service that it was gradually eliminated in the market.
85. 抑郁症，表现为情绪低落，甚至觉得人生没有意义，其实是一种情绪紊乱，我们只有先了解，才能降低患病风险。(involve) （汉译英）
【答案】Depression, which involves feeling down/being in low spirits/being in bad moods and even finding life meaningless, is actually a kind of emotional disorder, and only when we understand it first can we reduce the risk of suffering from it.
【解析】
【详解】考查动词、名词、短语和定语从句。表示“表现”应用动词involve；表示“抑郁症”名词为depression，作句子的主语；表示“低情绪”的短语为in low spirits或in bad emotions，spirit应用复数spirits。表示“减少风险”的短语为“reduce the risk of”；同时本句描述的是抑郁症的客观表现，应该使用的是一般现在时；此外，根据句子结构可以判断，句中存在多个动词，可以定语从句对“抑郁症”进行修饰，故用which引导非限制性定语从句；句中“我们只有先了解”表达的是“降低患病风险”的前提条件，所以可以使用when引导的状语从句。故本句翻译为Depression, which involves feeling down/being in low spirits/being in bad moods and even finding life meaningless, is actually a kind of emotional disorder, and only when we understand it first can we reduce the risk of suffering from it.
听力答案：1-5 BADAA 6-10 CDBDB 11-13 ABC 14-16 CBA 17-20 BBAD