专题04 阅读理解议论文- ——【备考2023】高考英语大题精练 （新高考专用）（原卷版+解析版）

专题04  阅读理解议论文

议论文阅读理解一般作为全国卷阅理解中的CD篇，主要考查学生的图辑思维能力。从文章中的细节、主旨以及写作意图等方面着手、学生能从中总结出一个论点出来。议论文是说理性的文章， 通常由论点、论据、论证过程和结论组成。作者往往根据一些很普通的事实，通过严谨的思维，缜密的推理得出一个具有普遍性或指导性的观点。该类文章逻辑性强，命题往往从事实的有关细节以及文章的主旨或作者的表达意图等方面着手，考查我们的思维能力和判断能力。

A company in Yancheng, Jiangsu province, reportedly introduced an internal document requiring all employees to stop using iPhones. Those who continue using iPhones could lose their jobs while those who switch to Huawei would get subsidies, the document said.

Asked why, a senior company executive said the move was to ensure the security of information and commercial secrets, and to encourage all to support domestic brands. Some enterprises and agencies might have security concerns, but for the company involved that seems unlikely, and it seems to be more of a publicity ploy.

There have been instances in the past, too, of other private companies forbidding employees from using iPhones and insisting they support Chinese brands.

At a time when the United States government is forcing US companies to stop doing business with Huawei, it is good to see Chinese compatriots (同胞) supporting Chinese brands. However, it isn’t Apple that is stopping supplying chips and other high-tech parts to Huawei. It is US politicians. The president has also issued executive orders to shut down Tik Tok so as to force it to sell its US businesses to an American company.

The best way to support Chinese companies is to speak out against those US politicians. It is advisable, for example, to create awareness among friends in the US about the ways in which these politicians are harming both Chinese and US interests.

Boycotting US brands such as Apple is not at all advisable. It not only violates (侵犯) an individual’s personal right to choose what he or she likes, it also creates a lot of misunderstanding. Of course, organizations that deal with critical information can ask their employees to use domestic brands. But that must be done legally.

Even Huawei founder Ren Zhengfei said that patriotism should not decide whether one wants an iPhone or a Huawei. He said that he had bought Apple computers for his family and that his company must learn from its competitors.

1．The underlined word “subsidies” in Paragraph 1 probably means               .

A．jobs

B．bonus

C．punishment

D．compliment

2．Why did the company require its employees to stop using iPhones according to its leadership?

A．They thought the company’s secret information might be stolen by iPhones.

B．They felt guilt and shame at using iPhones.

C．They had to obey the order of the local government.

D．They thought using iPhones was an act of showing off.

3．According to the passage all the following statements are true EXCEPT that________.

A．some enterprises and individuals don’t use iPhones to take their patriotic stand

B．Apple is stopping supplying chips to Huawei

C．boycotting US brands is not at all wise and appropriate

D．Ren Zhengfei and his family also use Apple products

4．Which of the following can be the best title of the passage?

A．We Need to Unite Against Using iPhones

B．One Company Ploy Matters to One Country’s Future

C．Can’t Force Huawei to Be Apple of One’s Eye

D．Chinese Compatriots - Let’s Switch to Huawei

第一，抓论点、寻论据。阅读议论文我们要抓住论题，即作者提出的观点、给出的例证及最后得出的结论。抓住了论题，我们就把握了中心。

第二，注重文章结构，理清文章脉络。把握文章结构，有利于对文章大意的理解。从论证方法上讲，常见的议论文结构有以下两类：

1.Put forward a question →Analyze the question →Solve the question这就是“提出问题、分析问题、解决问题”的过程。

2. Argument/Idea → Evidence → Conclusion/Restating the idea这就是“由论点到论据到结论或者强调论点”的过程。

第三，体会文章语言特点，把握作者写作态度，准确进行推理判断。能否正确把握作者的观点和态度是体现阅读能力的重要方面。一般来说，对作者的总的态度和倾向，必须在通读全文，掌握了论点和论据后，方能做出判断。

在判断作者观点态度时，我们应注意，有时候作者的观点和态度并不是明确地表达出来的，需要我们认真体察。做推理判断时，一定要遵循逻辑规律，以事实为依据进行合理的推理。

（一）、Math and music are two entirely different fields of study,but there is a strong relevance between them. At some point, they tend to overlap, and it is common for people good at math to be good at music. It may seem illogical to compare the two, but there are more similarities between math and music than you would imagine.

Numbers can tell us more about music. Sounds strange but it’s true. Music is divided into sections that are called measures, where each measure has equal amounts of beats. This is comparable to mathematical divisions of time. Now, each piece of music will tell us how many beats there are in each measure. All the music notes have numerical connections and a number of beats. It is important to understand the value of fractions (分数) and notes to count the music correctly.

The biggest similarity between math and music in pattern. For example, music has repeating choruses while math uses patterns to explain the unknown. You can use different mathematical phenomena in music. These include geometry (几何学), signal processing, etc. In fact, research has shown that when music shows some mathematical structure, it tends to be more popular.

In addition to their shared elements, math and music can be taught using the principles of both. A student who enjoys math and music can benefit from both. For example, music cam enhance cognition and reasoning skills. For instance, Einstein listened to music when solving math problems to increase clarity. Similarly, playing music can improve cognition, as it increases communication between the two brains.

Music is a gateway to many things, and until now, you probably didn’t realize that it’s just as demanding, analytical, logical and scientific as math. Something as simple as learning “Mary Had a Little Lamb” on the piano is actually setting your child up for bigger and better things; maybe they’ll pick up Pythagoras (毕达哥拉斯) in a flash, maybe they’ll be a genius in math, perhaps they’ll one day discover their own theory of relativity.

1．What does the author think about math and music?

A．Math and music are deeply intertwined.

B．Music is a totally different subject from math.

C．It sounds reasonable to compare math and music.

D．People expert at math all tend to be music lovers.

2．What’s mainly about the paragraph 2?

A．Measure is a piece of music. B．Math helps in reading music.

C．Music sound appears strange. D．Music beats equal to math numbers.

3．What statement will the author probably agree with?

A．Patterns are common in both math and music.

B．Certain music skills are practised via choruses.

C．Music principle seems easier than mathematics.

D．Reasoning skills in math chiefly rely on music.

4．What message does the last paragraph convey?

A．Musical involvement promotes to be a genius.

B．Music allows kids to combine math with piano.

C．Music offers kids potential success in mathematics.

D．Music may enhance the mathematics skills of all kids.

（二）、Neuroscientists (神经科学家) now know that brain maturation (成熟) occurs far later than previously thought. Great changes in brain are still taking place during young adulthood, especially in the regions that are important for planning ahead, expecting the future results of one’s decisions, and comparing risk and reward. Indeed, some brain regions do not reach full maturity until the early 20s. Should this new knowledge make us rethink where we draw legal boundaries between kids and adults?

Maybe. But it’s not as simple as it seems for two reasons.

First, different brain regions mature along with different timetables. There is no single age at which the adolescent brain becomes an adult brain. Systems responsible for logical reasoning mature when people are 16, but those involved in self-regulation are still developing in young adulthood. This is why 16-year-olds are just as capable as adults when it comes to permitting informed medical papers, but are still immature in ways that reduce their criminal responsibility, as the Supreme Court has noted in several recent cases. Using different ages for different legal boundaries seems strange, but it would make neuro- scientific sense if we did it reasonably.

Second, science has never had much influence on these decisions. If it did, we wouldn’t have lived in a society that allows teenagers to drive before they can buy beer. Age boundaries are drawn mainly for political reasons, not scientific ones. It’s a pity that Neuroscience won’t have much of an impact on politics although it is always correct.

Children are so changeable in their growth and how cultures understand child development is so different. It is pointless to try to determine the “right” age of maturation. The Dutch, for example, allow children to drink alcohol at the age of 16 but not to drive until they are 19. Even if I firmly believe legal decisions should refer to Neuroscience seriously and it’s a good idea to lower the drinking age and raise the driving age in the US, I recognize that the government might never accept it.

5．What can we learn about brain maturation according to the passage?

A．All the brain areas become mature at the same time.

B．Scientists’ brain matures much earlier than politicians’.

C．The region in charge of logical reasoning isn’t mature until 18.

D．The time of brain maturation is not as early as thought before.

6．What is the author’s attitude towards Neuroscience?

A．Favorable. B．Skeptical. C．Indifferent. D．Intolerant.

7．What can we infer from the last paragraph?

A．It’s illegal for a Dutch boy to drive at the age of 16.

B．The culture of the Dutch is much better than the USA．

C．It’s of great value to determine the right age of maturation.

D．The influence of science on law and policy making is very big.

8．What could be the best title for the passage?

A．Should Children Learn from Capable Adults?

B．Can Neuroscience Create Mature Scientists?

C．Should Neuroscience Affect Law Decisions?

D．Can Children Drive and Drink Beer Like Adults?

一、

（2022·河北·校联考模拟预测）The moment the ground stops shaking after an earthquake, some people may wonder whether their pets — or wild animals for that matter — knew the disaster was coming.

To get to the bottom of this question, Heiko Woith, a scientist at the German Research Centre for Geosciences, and his colleagues evaluated more than 700 published reports of unusual behavior among 130 species, including insects, birds, fish, cats, dogs and cattle from 160 earthquakes. The records included all kinds of behaviors, including a tiger that reportedly got depressed before an earthquake.

The researchers found that 90 percent of all reported cases happened within 62 miles of the epicenter (震中) and within 60 days of an earthquake. Then, they examined when and where foreshocks had happened in the region and concluded that it was hard to say these animals could predict the earthquake itself. They were just responding to foreshocks.

“The space-time pattern of animal precursors (预兆) and foreshocks is strikingly similar,” Woith said. “From this, we concluded that the abnormal animal behavior might simply be related to foreshocks. These animals are just responding to foreshocks rather than predicting the earthquake. They don’t have super power.”

Despite the vast number of incidences, good information was little and scientific evidence is lacking. “A major surprise for us was that the large majority of the published claims were built on poor observational data, which did not stand as statistical scientific proof,” Woith said.

To better study whether animals can predict earthquakes, Woith and his colleagues suggested that researchers ask a number of yes-or-no questions in any upcoming experiments, including “Is the experimental setup and monitoring procedure clearly described and reproducible?” and “Is it proven that the animal behavior is really unusual?”

Meanwhile, humans are working on technologies that can detect earthquakes seconds before they hit. Hopefully, we will have such devices to warn people that the earthquake is coming.

1．How did Woith conduct the study?

A．By analyzing former reports.

B．By observing animals’ behavior.

C．By collecting data in the earthquake.

D．By comparing animals’ different responses.

2．What is Woith’s new finding?

A．Tigers become depressed easily. B．Certain animals have super power.

C．Some animals can react to foreshocks. D．Animals in the same area act similarly.

3．What surprised the scientists in the study?

A．All reported cases took place in the same area.

B．There were too many reports about foreshocks.

C．Some animals act strangely before earthquakes.

D．The previous reports lack accurate data support.

4．What is mainly talked about in the passage?

A．How animals behave in earthquakes.

B．Whether animals can predict earthquakes.

C．What is the link between animals and earthquakes.

D．Why people study animals’ behavior in earthquakes.

二、

（2022·福建福州·统考三模）Climbing, I once thought, was a very manly activity, but as I found my way into this activity, I came to see that something quite different happens on the rock.

Like wild swimming, rock climbing involves you into the landscape. On the rock, I am fully present. Eyes pay close attention.ears are alert (警觉的), and hands move across the surface. Unlike walking, where I could happily wander about absent-mindedly, in climbing, attentive observation is essential.

As an arts student studying English literature, I discovered a new type of reading from outdoor climbing. Going out on to the crags (悬崖), I saw how you can learn to read the rocks and develop a vocabulary of physical movements. Good climbers knew how to map their bodies on to the stone. Watching them, I wanted to possess that skillful language.

My leap happened when I worked for the Cairngorms National Park Authority. Guiding my explorations into this strange new landscape was Nan Shepherd. Unlike the goal-directed mindset of many mountaineers, she is not concerned with peaks or personal beats. Shepherd sees the mountain as a total environment and she celebrates the Caingorms as a place alive with plants, rocks, animals and elements. Through her generous spirit and my own wanderings, I saw that rock climbing need not be a process of testing yourself against anything. Rather, the intensity of focus could release you into another way of being.

 Spending so much time in high and stony places has changed my view on the world and our place in it. I have come into physical contact with processes that go way beyond the everyday. Working with gravity, geology (地质学), rhythms of weather and deep time, I gain an actual relationship with the earth. This connection lies at the heart of my passion for rock climbing. I return to the rocks, because this is where I feel in touch — with our land.

5．Why does the author like climbing?

A．It challenges her to compete with men.

B．Ir allows her a urique attitude toward rock.

C．It teaches her how to possess a new language.

D．It makes her feel connected with the world.

6．What does the writer find important in climbing?

A．Balance. B．Concentration. C．Determination. D．Curiosity.

7．What does the writer learn from Nan Shepherd?

A．Climbing goes together with nature.

B．Every mountain top is within reach.

C．The best climber is the one having fun.

D．You cannot achieve high unless you change.

8．What does the underlined word “it” in paragrap 5 refer to?

A．Time. B．Contact. C．The world. D．My view.

三、

（2022·广东·华南师大附中校考一模）Quantum (量子) computers have been on my mind a lot lately. A friend has been sending me articles on how quantum computers might help solve some of the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve also had exchanges with two quantum-computing experts. One is computer scientist Chris Johnson who I see as someone who helps keep the field honest. The other is physicist Philip Taylor.

For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity. Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to tun climate change in the opposite direction.” This is the sort of hype (炒作) that annoys Johnson. He worries that researchers are making promises they can’t keep." What’s new,” Johnson wrote, “is that millions of dollars are now potentially available to quantum computing researchers.”

As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t  keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum  computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “quantum” stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand. And that brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum.

After I read the book, Taylor patiently answered my questions about it. He also answered my questions about PyQuantum, the firm he co-founded in 2016.Taylor shares Johnson’s concerns about hype. but he says those concerns do not apply to PyQuantum.

The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin (幅度)”to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.”

Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition“ by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson.

9．How does the author feels about Tobnson’s concerns?

A．Approving. B．Unconcerned C．Doubtful. D．Excited.

10．What leads to Taylor’s optimism about quantum computing?

A．His dominance in physics. B．The competition in the field.

C．His confidence in PyQuantum. D．The investment of tech companies.

11．What does the underlined word “prone” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean?

A．Open. B．Cool. C．Useful. D．Resistant.

12．Which would be the best tide for the passage?

A．Is Johnson More Competent Than Taylor?

B．Is Quantum Computing Redefining Technology?

C．Will Quantum Computers Ever Come into Being?

D．Will Quantun Computing Ever Live Up to Its Hype?

四、

（2022·江苏南京·南京市第一中学校考一模）You look up at the sky on a clear and dark night, you’ll see more stars than your eyes can count. Most of these stars have planets, similar to our own, orbiting them. With so many celestial bodies floating out in space, you can’t help but question whether other forms of life exist in the universe. And if that’s the case, is it possible to contact them?

Science is still somewhat divided on this issue. Currently, no evidence exists to suggest that intelligent life exists elsewhere in the universe. Yet with an estimated one trillion planets in our galaxy alone, it seems highly likely that Earthlings aren’t the only intelligent creatures out there. Some claim that life can only develop under perfect circumstances, and Earth is perhaps the only example of this. Other scientists object to this claim, and point out that even on Earth, life can find a way under the most extreme circumstances.

Some people believe that aliens have already visited our planet, but this information is being kept secret by governments. The most famous incident of this kind occurred in Roswell, New Mexico in 1947. On that date, many residents reported seeing an unusual flying disc streak through the sky, before it crashed in a field. When the military heard about the crash, they quickly sealed off the area. A few hours later, the army base announced that it had recovered a flying disk. Shortly after, this statement was retracted and it was said that it was a weather balloon that crashed. However, years later one local mortician even claimed that the military had him secretly perform an autopsy on a dead alien body.

Others believe that there certainly are other life forms out there, but the distance between us is too great. Even if we could somehow create a spaceship that travels at the speed of light, it would still probably take several lifetimes to reach them. Then again, we might never have to do this if aliens reach us first.

13．Why do some scientists think there is life on other planets?

A．Because an unusual flying disc was ever witnessed.

B．Because life exists despite extreme conditions as those on the Earth do.

C．Because the government’s statement seemed suspicious.

D．Because there are a great number of planets in the universe.

14．What does the underlined word “retracted” in paragraph 3 mean?

A．Examined again to guarantee the correctness. B．Emphasized again to persuade people.

C．Formally taken back what has been said. D．Seriously criticized due to poor evidence

15．Which of the following might be the best title for the text?

A．Are we alone in the universe? B．Is it possible to contact aliens?

C．Intelligent life in the universe. D．Planets floating out in space.

16．How does the author sound in the passage?

A．Objective. B．Humorous. C．Cautious. D．Anxious.

五、

（2022·辽宁·校联考模拟预测）Despite their endless social activities, closely packed urban environments often come with the hidden phenomenon of increased loneliness. According to Dr. Vivek Murthy, United States Surgeon General, the global “loneliness epidemic” is an overlooked consequence of urban living that carries serious risks, associated with heart disease, depression, anxiety, and dementia.

While there are many ways to overcome loneliness, such as redesigning urban architecture to help facilitate social interactions or making it easier for people to own pets, a new study also recommends adding nature into the mix.

The findings, published in the journal Scientific Reports, follows a review of assessments provided by more than 750 U. K. residents who volunteered to use a custom — built smartphone app for two weeks. The participants were questioned randomly three times a day using a technique called an “ecological momentary assessment”. In addition to questions about overcrowding and social inclusion (融入), the volunteers were asked about their natural surroundings, such as “Can you see trees, plants and water right now?” Feelings of“momentary loneliness” were then ranked on a five-point scale.

According to the more than 16, 600 assessments received, overcrowded environments increased feelings of loneliness by a shocking 38%, regardless of age, gender, education level, or occupation. When people were able to interact with green spaces or hear birds or see the sky, however, loneliness dropped by 28%. Social inclusivity, defined by the research team as feeling welcomed by a group or sharing similar values, also dropped loneliness by 21%.

These findings appear to correlate (联系) with previous research into the mental benefits of walking through natural areas. Johanna Gibbons, leader of the research team, further indicates that high-quality green and blue spaces such as parks and rivers in dense urban areas, which is often viewed as a key weapon in the fight against climate change, can also be critical in improving our own well — being and reducing feelings of isolation. She said, “I believe deep in our souls, there are really deep connections with natural forces.”

17．What problem is discussed in paragraph 1?

A．Urban living lacks social connection.

B．Loneliness is a growing threat in cities.

C．Modern cities are getting overcrowded.

D．Aging population are facing more risks.

18．What did the social survey focus on?

A．How loneliness affected people of all ages.

B．What the root of the loneliness in cities was.

C．How hi-technology improved people’s lives.

D．What people’s favorite living surroundings were.

19．What might help deal with urban loneliness according to the new survey?

A．A life experience in nature. B．Low rates of social activities.

C．An overcrowded environment. D．A design of urban architecture.

20．What can be inferred from the last paragraph?

A．Playing hard is harmful to mental health.

B．People in green spaces may be more cheerful.

C．Global warming changes our characteristics.

D．Everything is connected with natural forces.

一、

（2021·全国·高考真题）Who is a genius? This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries.

Let’s state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almost the international symbol for genius. But we want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself. Why is it that some people are so much more intelligent or creative than the rest of us? And who are they?

In the sciences and arts, those praised as geniuses were most often white men, of European origin. Perhaps this is not a surprise. It’s said that history is written by the victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women, or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.

A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender(性别)are “really, really smart.” Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief: Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are “really, really smart.” Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up? It doesn’t take a genius to know the answer: absolutely not.

Here’s the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication, we’re all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear. And the more we look, the more we will see that social factors(因素)like gender, race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance(毅力), and simple good fortune, who are able to change the world.”

1．What does the author think of victors’ standards for joining the genius club?

A．They’re unfair. B．They’re conservative.

C．They’re objective. D．They’re strict.

2．What can we infer about girls from the study in Science?

A．They think themselves smart.

B．They look up to great thinkers.

C．They see gender differences earlier than boys.

D．They are likely to be influenced by social beliefs

3．Why are more geniuses known to the public?

A．Improved global communication.

B．Less discrimination against women.

C．Acceptance of victors’ concepts.

D．Changes in people’s social positions.

4．What is the best title for the text?

A．Geniuses Think Alike B．Genius Takes Many Forms

C．Genius and Intelligence D．Genius and Luck

二、

（2022·北京·高考真题）Quantum ( 量子 ) computers have been on my mind a lot lately. A friend has been sending me articles on how quantum computers might help solve some of the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve also had exchanges with two quantum-computing experts. One is computer scientist Chris Johnson who I see as someone who helps keep the field honest. The other is physicist Philip Taylor.

For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity. Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction.” This is the sort of hype ( 炒作 ) that annoys Johnson. He worries that researchers are making promises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Johnson wrote, “is that millions of dollars are now potentially available to quantum computing researchers.”

As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.” And that brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum.

After I read the book, Taylor patiently answered my questions about it. He also answered my questions about PyQuantum, the firm he co-founded in 2016. Taylor shares Johnson’s concerns about hype, but he says those concerns do not apply to PyQuantum.

The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.”

Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson.

5．Regarding Johnson’s concerns, the author feels ________.

A．sympathetic B．unconcerned C．doubtful D．excited

6．What leads to Taylor’s optimism about quantum computing?

A．His dominance in physics. B．The competition in the field.

C．His confidence in PyQuantum. D．The investment of tech companies.

7．What does the underlined word “prone” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean?

A．Open. B．Cool. C．Useful. D．Resistant.

8．Which would be the best title for the passage?

A．Is Johnson More Competent Than Taylor?

B．Is Quantum Computing Redefining Technology?

C．Will Quantum Computers Ever Come into Being?

D．Will Quantum Computing Ever Live Up to Its Hype?

三、

（2021·北京·高考真题）Early fifth-century philosopher St．Augustine famously wrote that he knew what time was unless someone asked him．Albert Einstein added another wrinkle when he theorized that time varies depending on where you measure it．Today's state-of-the-art atomic（原子的） clocks have proven Einstein right．Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends on the question you're asking．

Forget about time as an absolute．What if，instead of considering time in terms of astronomy,we related time to ecology？What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo（节奏） of human life？We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we need to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance．What if our definition of time reflected that？

Recently，I conceptualized a new approach to timekeeping that's connected to circumstances on our planet，conditions that might change as a result of global warming．We're now building a clock at the Anchorage Museum that reflects the total flow of several major Alaskan rivers，which are sensitive to local and global environmental changes．We've programmed it to match an atomic clock if the waterways continue to flow at their present rate．If the rivers run faster in the future on average，the clock will get ahead of standard time．If they run slower，you'll see the opposite effect．

The clock registers both short-term irregularities and long-term trends in river dynamics．It's a sort of observatory that reveals how the rivers are behaving from their own temporal frame（时间框架），and allows us to witness those changes on our smartwatches or phones．Anyone who opts to go on Alaska Mean River Time will live in harmony with the planet．Anyone who considers river time in relation to atomic time will encounter a major imbalance and may be motivated to counteract it by consuming less fuel or supporting greener policies．

Even if this method of timekeeping is novel in its particulars，early agricultural societies also connected time to natural phenomena．In pre-Classical Greece，for instance，people“corrected”official calendars by shifting dates forward or backward to reflect the change of season．Temporal connection to the environment was vital to their survival．Likewise，river time and other timekeeping systems we're developing may encourage environmental awareness．

When St．Augustine admitted his inability to define time， he highlighted one of time 's most noticeable qualities：Time becomes meaningful only in a defined context．Any timekeeping system is valid，and each is as praiseworthy as its purpose．

9．What is the main idea of Paragraph 1？

A．Timekeeping is increasingly related to nature．

B．Everyone can define time on their own terms．

C．The qualities of time vary with how you measure it．

D．Time is a major concern of philosophers and scientists．

10．The author raises three questions in Paragraph 2 mainly to________．

A．present an assumption B．evaluate an argument

C．highlight an experiment D．introduce an approach

11．What can we learn from this passage？

A．Those who do not go on river time will live an imbalanced life．

B．New ways of measuring time can help to control Earth systems．

C．Atomic time will get ahead of river time if the rivers run slower．

D．Modern technology may help to shape the rivers’ temporal frame．

12．What can we infer from this passage？

A．It is crucial to improve the definition of time．

B．A fixed frame will make time meaningless．

C．We should live in harmony with nature．

D．History is a mirror reflecting reality．

四、

（2022·天津·高考真题）Ralph Emerson once said that the purpose of life is not to be happy, but to be useful, to be loving, to make some difference in he world. While we appreciate such words of wisdom, we rarely try to follow them in our lives.

Most people prefer to live a good life themselves, ignoring their responsibilities for the world. This narrow perception of a good life may provide short-term benefits, but is sure to lead to long-term harm and suffering. A good life based on comfort and luxury may eventually lead to more pain be-cause we spoil our health and even our character, principles, ideals, and relationships.

What then, is the secret of a good life? A good life is a process, not a state of being : a direction, not a destination. We have to earn a good life by first serving others without any expectation in return because their happiness is the very source of our own happiness. More importantly, we must know ourselves inside out. Only when we examine ourselves deeply can we discover our abilities and recognize our limitations, and then work accordingly to create a better world.

The first requirement for a good life is having a loving heart. When we do certain right things merely as a duty, we find our job so tiresome that we’ll soon burn out. However, when we do that same job out of love, we not only enjoy what we do, but also do it with an effortless feeling.

However, love alone is insufficient to lead a good life. Love sometimes blinds us to the reality. Consequently, our good intentions may not lead to good results. To achieve desired outcome, those who want to do good to others also need to equip themselves with accurate world knowledge. False knowledge is more dangerous than ignorance. If love is the engine of a car knowledge is the steering wheel(方向盘). If the engine lacks power, th car can’t move; if the driver loses control of the steering, a road accident probably occurs. Only with love in heart and the right knowledge in mind can we lead a good life.

With love and knowledge, we go all out to create a better world by doing good to others. When we see the impact of our good work on the world we give meaning to our life and earn lasting joy and happiness.

13．What effect does the narrow perception of a good life have on us?

A．Making us simple-minded B．Making us short-signted.

C．Leading us onto a busy road. D．Keeping us from comfort and luxury.

14．According to the author, how can one gain true happiness?

A．Through maintaining good health.

B．By going through pain and suffering.

C．By recognizing one’s abilities and limitations.

D．Through offering help much needed by others.

15．According to Paragraph 4, doing certain right things with a loving heart makes one________.

A．less selfish B．less annoying

C．more motivated D．more responsible

16．In what case may good intentions fail to lead to desired results?

A．When we have wrong knowledge of the world.

B．When our love for the world is insufficient.

C．When we are insensitive to dangers in life.

D．When we stay blind to the reality.

17．According to Paragraph 5, life can be made truly good when ________.

A．inspired by love and guided by knowledge

B．directed by love and pushed by knowledge

C．purified by love and enriched by knowledge

D．promoted by love and defined by knowledge