2023高考英语重难点突破完形填空解题技巧练含答案

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备战2023高考英语重难点突破完形填空解题技巧解析版（上海专用）

重难点05 完形填空解题技巧

文章选材科学，结构清晰，主题明显，但文章阅读难易度指数(Readibility)一般较大，区分度高，是历年高考得分率较低的题型之一。
选项以实词为主，虚词为辅，涉及名、动、形、副四类词，有时亦会考察逻辑衔接词或短语，突出词汇等选项在语境及篇章结构环境下的最优选择。
1.语义优先于语法原则
文章的开头部分尤其是第一句话不设空格，它起到的作用是对所选短文的题材和可能涉及的内容作简单的介绍或提示，并且不同于全国卷和其他各种考试类型(如考研等)中的完形填空，单纯的语法题已从该题型中彻底消失。如果一味按照语法规则来选择答案，就必定陷入了答题误区，无任何选项得以被排除。
每一题脱离语境上下文后四个选项都必定符合语法规则。所以理解文章的主旨大意，快速识别语篇类型(是议论文还是说明文，并进一步识别是其中具体某一类)，进而预判篇章结构以及作者的行文步骤和风格，心中有了大致的蓝图之后，即可结合以下各种解题技巧和对文章意思的理解对每个空格作出正确的判断。

2.词内选项句内找原则
从近几年的高考原题来看，近义词或词组的辨析正成为考试的热点。四个选择项要么都是词义相近的名词单数或复数，要么都是近义动词的同一时态等，只能根据上下文的语境作出正确的选择。如果提供的四个选择项词义相差悬殊，则上文或下文肯定有答题提示，有时第一个空格要读完全文才能回答。


1.复现原则（即：相同信息的重复，可以是原词，也可以是同近义表达）
在完形填空中, 某一词语通常重复出现, 使得语篇中的句子相互衔接和连贯, 从而构成一个完整的意义整体。
例：To prepare children for successful careers in first grade and beyond, Japanese schools do not teach reading, writing, and mathematics, but rather skills such as persistence, concentration and the ability to function as a member of a _________. The vast majority of young Japanese children are taught to read at home by their parents.
In the recent comparison of Japanese and American preschool education, 91 percent of Japanese respondents chose providing children with a group experience as one of their top three reasons for a society to have preschools.
A. society B. family C. group D. class

同现原则（即：相关联信息在文章中的呼应）
同现指意义上相互联系的单词同时或连续出现在同一语篇中。一个语篇，一个话题，要求有与之相连的词汇。
(1) 名词同现：与一个话题或一个名词出现在同一个语境的另一个名词。如：
school—primary school—middle school—college—university students—pupils—graduates—postgraduates
(2) 动词同现：与一个话题或一个名词出现在同一个语境的另一个动词。如：
school—teach—learn—attend—found—drop out—graduate—be dismissed
(3) 形容词同现; 就某一语境而言所能出现的形容词也是有规律的。如： 在学校这个语境中：
(key) school—(optional) course—(compulsory) course
(4) 结构同现: 结构同现批搭配之类的句型和成对出现的短语。如：
some…, others; on one hand…, on the other hand; former…, latter; so…that; not only…but also; hardly/scarcely…when…; no sooner…than…; be about to do /be doing /had done /be on the point of doing/be to do/be ready to do/be on the way … when…;
例：① I put my head in, expecting the worst. But to my surprise, the room wasn’t empty at all. It had furniture, curtains, a TV, and even paintings on the wall. And then on the well-made bed sat Amy, my new __________, dressed neatly.
A. roommate B. classmate C. neighbor D. companion
② The __________ Knows
……. Smell, however, does seem to play a part in human attraction.
A. Nose B. Eye C. Heart D. Hand
词汇提示（四个选项不能是同近义词的辨析）
正确答案必须有逻辑衔接关系或上下文等提示依据，如并列（同义词、近义词）、转折（反义词）、递进等。
例：Another important error is mixed-ability teaching, or teaching in ability group so __________ that the most able pupils are (held back) and are bored while the least able are lost and (equally) bored. Strangely enough, few head teachers seem to be in favor of mixed-ability school football teams.
A. wide B. similar C. separate D. unique
例：Many people think that listening is a passive business. It is just the __________ one. Listening well is an active exercise of our attention and hard work.
A. positive B. opposite C. same D. wrong
例：The continuous presentation of frightening stories about global warming in the popular media makes us unnecessarily frightened. Even worse, it __________ our kids.
A. exhausts B. depresses C. terrifies D. exploits

背景知识（生活常识、语言、文化、历史知识积累等）
例：The first is the removal from the curriculum of the thorough teaching of English __________. Pupils now do not know a verb from a noun, the subject of a sentence from its object, or the difference between the past, present, or future.
A. vocabulary B. culture C. grammar D. literature
例：EFL teachers often complain that students, despite years of studying English, simply will not speak it. They’re too afraid of making mistakes of the grammar or mispronouncing words in a way that would __________ them.
A. amuse B. inform C. remind D. embarrass

词组、短语等固定搭配（必须有逻辑衔接关系或上下文等依据）
固定搭配，常用词组短语。包括动词与介词的搭配、动词与名词的搭配以及形容词与名词的搭配等，同时要根据逻辑衔接、上下文内容等选择正确的短语。
一般是整体考察该搭配，而不单独考察介词或短语中的某个部分
例：But even if you do accept that a sixth sense exists, the question is, does it actually __51__? Radin says it does. “The future of our civilization depends on (decision) that are being made now, whether it's about how we farm our food, how we get rid of our waste or whether we allow chemicals to be included in everyday products…”
A. serve any purpose B. take any advantage C. make any progress D. win any support
非逻辑类上下文语境提示（context）
(1) 提示在前
例：About ten years ago,a young and very successful manager named Josh was traveling down a Chicago neighborhood street. He was going a bit fast in his __________ car.
A. old B. expensive C. second-hand D. slow
(2) 提示在后
例：Many old people don’t have good __________ .They can’t watch TV, but they can listen to the music.
A. hearing B. health C. eyesight D. time
逻辑关系上下文语境提示（文章的衔接与连贯）
1.并列关系
and; also; as well as; both… and…; either…or…; neither…nor…; not only… but also…; in the same way; too, and, and also, or, neither…nor, either…or, likewise, similarly, equally, in the same way, that is to say, as well as, same…as
例：…improve employee’s health and productivity, reduce legal liability, and _____ property values and rental returns.
A. involve B. enhance C. share D. show
解析：句意是“绿色环保建筑能够改善员工的健康及生产力，并且增加建筑的价值及租金回报”，根据and可看出此空是与前面的improve构成并列。四个选项中 ，只有B表示“增强或提高”，所以答案为B。
2.转折关系
yet; but; unless; despite that; in spite of; though; although; although this may be true; even so; even though; however; sometimes; once in a while; independent of; reckless of; regardless of
but, however, yet, on the contrary, by contrast, on the other hand, unfortunately, while, whereas, unlike, rather than, instead of
例：The following numbers would be __________ for most of us to remember. 1492178919931848. But look at them in “ chunks”, and it becomes much easier. 1492 1789 1993 1848.
A. convenient B. impossible C. meaningful D. technical
解析：两句之间的But表明是转折关系，下文出现了“it becomes much easier”，所以此空要填的词与easier形成对比，即选B，impossible。
3.因果关系
because, since, as, for
thus, hence, therefore, so,
for the same reason; for this reason; in consequence, as a consequence
obviously; evidently, consequently, accordingly
with, due to, lead to, thanks to, as a result of, because of, in response to, in view of; owing to
being that; for the reason that; in that, … so that…, so (such)…that, on account of
… and so…; another important factor/reason …; the reason seems obvious; there are about…; as a result; too…to...
例：__________ its artful design and some fancy technology, it is expected to consume up to 50% less energy than a conventional office building.
A. In place of B. Thanks to C. In spite of D. In addition to
解析：句意是“由于艺术性的设计及奇特的技术，环保建筑大楼比传统的办公大楼少消耗50%的能源”，所以此空可得出答案为B。
4.递进关系
in addition, furthermore, again, also, besides, moreover, what’s more, what’s worse, to make matters worse, to make things worse, worse still, accordingly; as a popular saying goes…; as far as… is concerned; at the same time; even; further; in order to…; in other words; in the first place…, in the second place…; in this way; meanwhile; not only…, but also…; not… but…; lastly; for one thing…, for another…
then, also, besides, additionally, furthermore, moreover, in addition, what is more, indeed
例：We have nothing against diversity; indeed, we want more of it.
我们并不反对多样化；其实，我们希望有更多的多样化。
5.比较关系
(when) compared with, in comparison with, in the same way, just as, as with, like, equally, likewise, similarly, rather than, apart from, *by the same token(同样), *in the same vein(同样)
6.对比关系
in contrast, on the other hand, instead, however, nevertheless, unlike, on the contrary, in contrast, while, after all; as opposed to; balanced against; up against; *vis a vis; conversely; on the one hand… on the other hand…; contrary to; *conversely unlike; different from this; nevertheless; whereas
7.举例解说关系（如破折号、定从、冒号等提示）
for example; for instance; in this case; in another case; on this occasion; in this situation; to demonstrate; to illustrate; according to; as an illustration; as for; as regards; as to; in particular; including; namely; notably; such as; like; take… as an example; you may say, such as, of/among these/those/them, more specifically speaking, namely（i.e.=that is）
例：There is nothing 61 about these methods — they were around even in ancient times.
61. A. effective B. awful C. valuable D. new
解析：句意是“这些方法没有什么新颖之处---他们在古代就已经有了。”句中破折号表解释说明，所以选D。
8.强调关系
definitely; obviously; absolutely; positively; naturally; surprisingly; always; forever; perennially; eternally; *emphatically; never; unquestionably; without a doubt; certainly; surely; undeniably; without reservation; believe it or not; especially; particularly; in particular; specifically; in fact; as a matter of fact; actually; indeed; moreover; not to mention…; what is more important; notably; that is; especially, of course, surely
注：有些具有弱转或者反差的意味。如：
actually ad.〔表示想法与事实不一致因而惊奇〕居然，竟然
e.g. It was actually quite fun after all. 这居然还很有趣。
indeed ad. 实际上，其实；甚至〔用来补充内容，以强调或支持刚说过的话〕
e.g. I don't mind at all. Indeed, I would be delighted to help. 我根本不介意。其实，我倒很乐意帮上一把。
9.让步关系
but, still, (and) yet, however
whether…or (not)…, regardless of…, despite/in spite of (the fact that), with all…, *after all…,
while, although, though/as（倒装）, even though / even if, nevertheless, *nonetheless, *notwithstanding (that)
whatever, whoever, whichever, however, whenever, wherever （以及相应的no matter …）
*whereas, *for all (that), *for all one’s (explanation), *with all one’s (faults, learning)
*but even now/so/then, *not but that/what（相当于though）
*granting/granted (that), *assuming (that), *supposing (that), *admitting (that),
*动词（如be/come）+what/where/how/which/when…+will/may,
*be/let+主语+（ever）so+形容词,
10.时间和空间关系
afterward(s), first, later, then, soon, finally, at last, as soon as; before, after, eventually, first of all, first and foremost, for a start, meanwhile, in the meantime, while, now; next, not … until, till, later, formerly, previously, prior to, since then, since, subsequently, to begin with, to start with, when
outside, near, beyond, above, below, on the right(left), in the middle, opposite, in front of
11.列举关系
first—second—last of all, first—then, to begin with—to continue/next, on one hand—on the other hand, for one thing—for another thing, one—another, some—others—still others
12.总结或重复关系（结构性线索）
to sum up, to conclude, in conclusion, the conclusion can be safely drawn that…, in a word, in other words, in short, in summary, in brief, in sum, to sum up; to summarize, all in all, in a nutshell, as I have said, as I have noted, as has been noted, as is mentioned above, as I have shown; to generalize, in general, accordingly; altogether; as a result; consequently; hence; on the whole; overall; therefore; hence
13.条件关系
as long as; if it necessary; if not all; if possible; if so; if; lest; once(一旦); provided that; unless
例：Life would be so much easier if we could remember things __________.
A. effortlessly B. purposefully C. exactly D. carelessly
解析：句意是“生活将变的更容易，如果记忆不费力气。”所以选A。
综上：
完形填空不仅考查学生对词汇、语法等基础知识的综合运用能力，而且考查学生的逻辑推理和篇章结构理解能力。
注意事项：
良好的完形填空成绩主要表现在良好的阅读习惯和良好的语法功底，有人说，“得阅读者得天下”。完形填空也不例外。多做多练多总结。扫清词汇障碍后还应培养自己良好的阅读习惯。
1、要以意群，语义为单位读，不要逐词逐句地认；
2、要借助视觉扫读，不要手指唇动或无声心读；
3、要从头至尾，一气呵成，不要频繁回读；
4、要直接理解原文，不要逐词逐句地心译；
5、要利用上下文和构词法猜测生词，推测出句意，不要频繁查阅词典；
6、逐步扩大视距，要纵式快速阅读，不要横式赏析细读。


22年7月上海高考英语真题
A filler word is an apparently meaningless word, phrase or sound that marks a pause or hesitation in speech. Also known as a pause filler or hesitation form. Some of the common filler words in English are um,uh, er, ah, like, okay,right, and you know. Although filler words “may have fairly minimal lexical(词汇的)content,” notes linguist Barbara A Fox “they can play a strategic syntactic(句法的)role in a(n) (41)________ conversation”. What appears to be a filler word may also be a holophrase (整句字)(42) ________the context. “Hey hey, shh, shh, shh. Come on. Be sensitive to the fact that other people are not comfortable talking about emotional (43)______. Um, you know,I am. I'm fine with that, but... other people".
"Modern linguists led by Leonard Bloomfield in 1933call these ‘hesitation forms’—the sounds of stammering (uh ), stuttering (um, um)，throat-clearing (ahem!)，stalling ( well um, that is) interjected when the speaker is searching words or (44) _____for the next thought."You know that y’ know is among the most common of these (45) ________forms. Its meaning is not the imperious ‘you understand’ even the old interrogatory ‘do you get it’? It is given as, and taken to be, merely a filler phrase , (46) ____________ to fill a beat in the flow of sound, not unlike like, in its new sense of, like, a filler word.
These staples of modern filler communication —I mean, y’ know, like-can also be used as ‘tee-up words’.In old times. pointer phrases or tee-up words were get this would you believe? and are you ready? The (47) ______ of these rib-nudging phrases was- are you ready-to make the point, to focus the listeners attention on what was to follow. If the (48) _______is to tee up a point, we should accept y’ know and its friends as a.mildly (49)_______ spoken punctuation. the articulated colon(冒号) that signals ‘focus on this’... if the purpose is to grab a moment to think, we should allow ourselves to wonder: Why are filler phrases needed at all? What(50) _____the speaker to fill the moment of silence with any sound at all?
Why do some people fill the air with non-words and sounds? For some, it is a sign of nervousness; they fear silence and experience speaker (51) _____ . Recent research at Columbia University suggests another reason , Columbia psychologists guessed that speakers fill pauses when (52) ______ for the next word. To investigate this (53) ________, they counted the use of filler words used by lecturers in biology,chemistry,and mathematics, where the subject matter uses scientific definitions that limit the variety of word choices (54) ________ to the speaker They then compared the number of filler words used by teachers in English, art history, and philosophy. where the subject matter is less (55) ________ and more open to word choices.
41 A. undertaking B. discovering C.disliking D.unfolding
42 A. depending on B. holding up C. taking over D. arranging for
43. A. appliances B substances C..disturbances D. finances
44. A. on the contrary B. at a loss C. at dawn D. on no account
45. A. perseverance B.complexity C. hesitation D. obligation
46 A. intended B. attended C. pretended D. extended
47. A. interest B. experience C. advantage D random
48 A. architecture B.purpose C. completion D. function
49 A annoying B. striking C.entertaining D.embarrassing
50. A. oppresses B. recycles C. highlights D. motivates
51 A. danger B. anxiety C..figure D.sculpture
52. A. bothering B inspecting C.searching D accomplishing
53.A.idea B. chance C. basis D. feedback
54. A. feasible B credible C.considerable D. available
55. A.well-matched B. well-defined C.well-bred D.well perceived
【答案】41-55 DACBC ADBAD BCADB
外刊来源
完形填空选自Thoughtco，围绕“filler word”展开论述，讲述英语语言中出现的 filler word及其运用。


注意：
由于原文较长，命题老师根据高考实际进行了适当的删减和改编，这里的还原版主要采用原文。
答案详解
41.D【解析】结合该空之后提及的What appears to be a filler word may also be aholophrase可知，该句句意为“看似填充词的东西也可能是完整短语”，再结合相关选项分析，此处想要表达的是填充词词在对话交流中的重要作用，即此处句意为“它们可以在展开的（unfolding）话语中发挥战略性的句法作用”，故选D。undertaking v. 担任；discovering v. 发现；disliking v. 不喜欢；厌恶；unfolding v.显露；展现；展开。
42.A 【解析】此题根据选项进行反向推选，根据该空前提及的What appears to be a filler word may also be a holophrase和该空后提及的the context，这里将“填充词”“完整语句”和“上下文”三个词同时出现于一句话中，再结合选项进行分析，可推知此处句意为“依据（depending on）上下文，看似填充词的内容也可能是完整短语”，故选A。depending on依赖；依靠；holding up停顿；支持；taking over接管；arranging for安排。
43.C【解析】根据该空前提及的Be sensitive to the fact that other people are not comfortable talking about可知，该空所填词需要有一定的情感情绪在其中，结合相关选项分析，此处句意为“对别人不喜欢谈论情绪障碍（disturbances）的事实要敏感”，故选C。appliances n. 器具；器械；substances n. 物质；disturbances n.骚乱：困扰；finances n. 资金；经费。
44.B【解析】结合上文提及的Modern linguists led by Leonard Bloomfield in 1933 call these ‘hesitation forms’等相关内容，可知，此处在表述讲话时的一种“犹豫形式”，再结合相关选项分析，与hesitation forms相接近的意思选项为at a loss，即此处句意为“当说话者在摸索单词或不知所措地（at a loss）想下一个想法时，会插嘴”，故选B。on the contrary与此相反；at a loss不知所措；at dawn拂晓时；on no account绝不；切莫。
45.C【解析】结合上文对hesitation forms等填充词所举的例子，以及该空后提及的Its meaning is not the imperious ‘you understand’ or even the old interrogatory ‘do you get it’? It is given as, and taken to be, merely a filler phrase可推知，此处的You know也是“最常见的犹豫（hesitation）形式之一”，故选C。perseverance n.毅力；韧性；complexity n.复杂性；hesitation n.犹豫；踌躇；obligation n.义务；责任。
46.A【解析】结合该空之后提及的like的例子可推知，该空处想要表述的是关于填充词使用的目的和意图，即此处句意为“它只是一个填充词，意在（intended）填充声音流中的一个节拍”，故选A。intended v. 打算；意指；attended v. 出席；参加；pretended v. 假装；extended v. 延伸；延长。
47.D【解析】结合上文内容的讲述以及该空后提及的to make the point, to focus the listener’s attention on what was to follow可推知，此处在讲述有关填充词交流的作用，结合选项分析，可推知此处句意为“这些短语的作用（function）是......”，故选D。interest n. 兴趣；吸引力；利益；experience n. 经验；经历；advantage n. 有利条件；优势；function n. 功能；函数。
48.B【解析】结合下文提及的If the purpose is to grab a moment to think, we should allow ourselves to wonder可知，此处句子结构与上文相同，结合选项推知此处想表达的是根据不同的目的来选择填充词的使用，即该空处句意为“如果目的（purpose）是为了表达一个观点”，故选B。architecture n. 建筑学；结构；架构；purpose n. 意图；目的；completion n. 完成；结束；random n. 随机。
49.A【解析】根据该空前提及的mildly（和善地；轻微地）可排除B项，两者想表述的意思相反；而结合该空前提及的we should accept y’know and its friends…和该空后提及的the articulated colon(冒号) that signals ‘focus on this’可知，you know这一填充词表述并不会使人尴尬或者使人愉快，相比之下A项符合文意，即此处句意为“我们应该接受“你知道”和它的朋友们作为一个稍微烦人的（annoying）口语标点符号，即清晰的冒号(冒号) 这意味着“专注于这个”……”，故选A。annoying adj. 烦人的；striking adj. 显著的；引人注目的；entertaining adj.有趣的；使人愉快的；embarrassing adj. 令人尴尬的。
50.D【解析】结合该空后提及的the speaker to fill the moment of silence with any sound at all可知此处与“演讲者借助填充词来填补沉默时刻”的情境相关，结合选项以及上文内容可推知，此处需要思考的内容是“是什么促使（motivates）演讲者用任何声音来填补沉默的时刻”，其余选项与文意不符，故选D。oppresses v.压迫；压制；recycles v. 回收利用；highlights v. 突出；强调；motivates v. 激发；诱发。
51.B【解析】结合上文提及的For some, it is a sign of nervousness可推知此处想要表达的是“他们害怕沉默，并经历演讲者的焦虑（anxiety）”，故选B。danger n.危险；anxiety n. 焦虑；担心；figure n. 数字；人影；形象；sculpture n. 雕刻作品。
52.C【解析】根据该空后提及的for the next word，可以排除A项和D项，这两项填入文章语意不通顺，再结合下文的相关研究分析可推知，此处更符合文意的是inspecting，因为inspect侧重于为了查看东西的质量或情况而仔细地查看，而search更侧重于有目的的搜查、搜索，相较之下，C项符合文意，即此处句意为“哥伦比亚大学的心理学家推测，说话者在搜索（searching）下一个单词时会出现停顿”，故选C。bothering v. 打扰；烦扰；迷惑；inspecting v. 检查；检验；searching v. 搜查；探查；accomplishing v. 完成；达到。
53.A【解析】结合上文提及的相关内容，可知上文提及的是观点，下文对观点进行研究分析，结合选项即可分析此处句意为“为了调查这一观点（idea），他们统计了生物、化学和数学讲师使用的填充词的使用情况”，故选A。idea n. 想法；chance n. 可能性；机会；basis n. 基础；基准；feedback n. 反馈。
54.D【解析】结合上文内容可知，此处是在对各科教师使用填充词情况的研究，结合相关选项可排除B和C项，再根据该空后提及的where the subject matter uses scientific definitions that limit the variety of word choices可知，此处更侧重于他们使用填充词的“多样性”，由此推知D项更符合文意，即此处句意为“其中主题使用的科学定义限制了演讲者可用的（available）单词选择的多样性”，故选D。feasible adj. 可行的；credible adj. 可信的；可靠的；considerable adj. 想当多/大的；available adj. 可用的；可获得的。
55.B【解析】结合上文提及的where the subject matter uses scientific definitions that limit the variety of word choices可知，此处的情况与上文所述内容情况相反，即可推知此处句意为“然后，他们比较了英语、艺术史和哲学中教师使用的填充词的数量，这些领域的主题定义不太明确（well-defined），更容易选择单词”，故选B。well-matched adj. 搭配得当的；well-defined adj. 定义明确的；界限清楚的；well-bred adj. 有教养的；良种的；well-perceived adj. 有知觉的。
原文翻译
填充词是一个明显无意义的词、短语或声音，标志着说话的停顿或犹豫。也被称为停顿填充词或犹豫形式。英语中一些常见的填充词有嗯，呃，呃，啊，像，好的，对和你知道。尽管填充词 “可能具有相当少的词汇内容”，语言学家芭芭拉·A·福克斯指出，“它们可以在展开的对话中发挥战略性的句法作用”。看起来是一个填充词的东西也可能是一个整体句子，这取决于上下文。“嘿，嘿，嘘，嘘，嘘。来吧。对其他人不愿意谈论情感障碍的事实要敏感。嗯，你知道，我是，我没问题，但是......其他人”。
1933年伦纳德·布卢姆菲尔德（Leonard Bloomfield）领导的现代语言学家称这些为“犹豫形式”——口吃（嗯）、结巴（嗯，嗯）、清喉咙（啊哼！）、停顿（嗯，呃，也就是说）的声音，当说话者在摸索单词或不知所措地想下一个想法时，会插话。“你知道，你知道的是这些犹豫形式中最常见的一种。它的意思不是专横的“你明白”，甚至不是古老的“你懂吗”？它被认为是一个填词短语，意在填补音流中的一个节拍，与喜欢没有什么不同，在其新的意义上，像是一个填充词。
现代填词交流的这些主打词——我的意思是，你知道，喜欢也可以用作“发球词”。在古代，指示性短语或发球词就是这样，你相信吗？你准备好了吗？这些鸡肋短语的作用是你准备好了吗——让听众的注意力集中在接下来要做的事情上。如果目的是为了表达一个观点，我们应该接受“你知道”和它的朋友们是一个有点烦人的口语标点符号，一个表示“专注于此”的发音冒号……如果目的是想抓住时间思考，我们应该让自己想一想：为什么需要填充短语？是什么促使演讲者用任何声音来填补沉默的时刻？"
为什么有些人在空气中充满了非文字和声音？对一些人来说，这是紧张的表现；他们害怕沉默，并经历演讲者焦虑。哥伦比亚大学最近的研究表明了另一个原因。哥伦比亚大学的心理学家猜测，说话者在搜索下一个单词时会填补停顿。为了研究这一观点，他们统计了生物、化学和数学讲师使用的填充词，其中主题使用的科学定义限制了说话者可用的单词选择的多样性。然后，他们比较了英语、艺术史和哲学中教师使用的填充词的数量，这些学科的定义不那么明确，对词语的选择更为开放。

22年上海名校模拟真题
一、完形填空
（2023·上海·上海中学校考模拟预测）How did Cape Town, South Africa, get into a Day Zero situation—when the city’s taps would go dry because its reservoirs (水库)would become dangerously low on water? The city gets its water from six reservoirs in Western Cape province, which usually ______1______ during the rainy season, from May through August. But since 2015 the region has been suffering from the worst drought (干旱)in a century, and the water in those reservoirs______2______ tremendously. Compounding the problem, Cape Town’s population has grown substantially, increasing ______3______ . The city actually did a pretty good job by reducing leaks in the system, a major cause of water waste, and has even won awards for its ______4______ policies. But the government of South Africa was slow to declare a national disaster in the areas hit hardest by the drought, paving the way for the recent ______5______.
Cape Town is not ______6______ . Since 2014 southeastern Brazil has been suffering its worst water shortage in 80 years,_____7_____ decreased rainfall,  forestation and other factors. And many cities in India do not have access to municipal water for more than a few hours a day, if at all.______8______ , the city of Shimla ran out of drinking water in May, urging locals to beg tourists to stay away from the popular Himalayan summer resort.
In the U.S., the situation is somewhat better, but many urban centers still ______9______ water problems. Californians recent multiyear drought led to some of the state’s driest years on record. Since about half of the state’s urban water usage is for landscaping, it was able to cut back on that fairly easily. But cities that use most of their water for more essential uses, such as drinking water, may not be so ______10______ .
______11______ , steps can be taken to avoid urban water crises. In general, a “portfolio approach” that relies on multiple water sources is probably most ______12______ . Cape Town has already begun implementing a number of water projects, including tapping groundwater and building water-recycling plants. Many other cities will need to repair existing water infrastructure (基础建设)to cut down on leakage. City leaders should be thinking about meeting long-term needs rather than just about ______13______ requirements. Good organization and financial accountability are equally critical. And planning efforts should include diverse stakeholders (利益相关者)from the community. One major challenge is providing services to informal areas, which develop without any government foresight. Such regions often ______14______ basic resources一a well-planned water supply among them. The global community has an opportunity right now to take action to prevent a series of Day Zero crises. If we don’t act, many cities may soon face a time when there isn’t a drop to ______15______ .
1．A．take over B．fill up C．make off D．set out
2．A．decreased B．rose C．remained D．drowned
3．A．likelihood B．proportion C．demand D．efficiency
4．A．architecture B．agriculture C．economy D．conservation
5．A．policy B．growth C．crisis D．change
6．A．enough B．possible C．difficult D．alone
7．A．making up forB．resulting from C．taking advantage of D．looking into
8．A．In a word B．By comparison C．What’s worse D．For example
9．A．avoid B．solve C．discuss D．face
10．A．passive B．purposeful C．adaptable D．reliable
11．A．Similarly B．Fortunately C．Initially D．Alternatively
12．A．questionable B．memorable C．effective D．confusing
13．A．daily B．legal C．maximum D．normal
14．A．neglect B．lack C．provide D．find
15．A．drink B．pour C．place D．record

【答案】
1．B    2．A    3．C    4．D    5．C    6．D    7．B    8．D    9．D    10．C    11．B    12．C    13．A    14．B    15．A

【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了世界上许多地区和城市出现了“零日危机”，也就是水资源短缺问题。
1．考查动词词组辨析。句意：该市从西开普省的六个水库取水，这些水库通常在5月至8月的雨季填满。A. take over接管；B. fill up注满；C. make off匆忙离开；D. set out出发。根据后文“during the rainy season, from May through August”可知，在雨季应该是填满水库。故选B项。
2．考查动词词义辨析。句意：但自2015年以来，该地区遭受了一个世纪以来最严重的干旱，这些水库的水量大幅减少。A. decreased减少；B. rose上升；C. remained仍然是；D. drowned淹死。根据前文“But since 2015 the region has been suffering from the worst drought in a century”可知，该地区遭受了一个世纪以来最严重的干旱，所以水库的水量减少。故选A项。
3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：开普敦的人口大幅增长，增加了需求，使问题更加复杂。A. likelihood可能性；B. proportion份额；C. demand需要；D. efficiency效率。根据前文“Cape Town’s population has grown substantially”可知，开普敦的人口增长了，所以提高了水的需求。故选C项。
4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：事实上，该市在减少系统泄漏方面做得相当不错，这是造成水浪费的主要原因，甚至还因其保护政策而获奖。A. architecture建筑学；B. agriculture农业；C. economy经济；D. conservation防止流失(或浪费、损害、毁坏)。根据前文“The city actually did a pretty good job by reducing leaks in the system”可知，该市在减少系统泄漏方面做得相当不错，所以是因为保护政策而获奖。故选D项。
5．考查名词词义辨析。句意：但南非政府迟迟没有宣布受干旱影响最严重的地区进入全国灾难，为最近的危机铺平了道路。A. policy政策；B. growth成长；C. crisis危机；D. change改变。根据前文“But since 2015 the region has been suffering from the worst drought in a century”可知，最近发生了严重的干旱危机。故选C项。
6．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：开普敦并不孤单。A. enough充足的；B. possible可能的；C. difficult困难的；D. alone单独的。根据后文“Since 2014 southeastern Brazil has been suffering its worst water shortage in 80 years,　　7　　decreased rainfall,   forestation and other factors.”以及本段后面的内容可知，巴西东南部，印度的许多城市都出现水资源短缺的问题。所以开普敦并不孤单。故选D项。
7．考查动词词组辨析。句意：自2014年以来，由于降雨量减少、植树造林和其他因素，巴西东南部遭遇了80年来最严重的水资源短缺。A. making up for弥补；B. resulting from由于；C.  taking advantage of利用；D. looking into考察。根据后文“decreased rainfall,   forestation and other factors.”可知，巴西东南部遭遇水资源短缺的原因是由于降雨量减少、植树造林和其他因素。故选B项。
8．考查介词短语辨析。句意：例如，今年5月，西姆拉市(Shimla)的饮用水告罄，当地居民呼吁游客远离这个喜马拉雅避暑胜地。A. In a word总而言之；B. By comparison通过比较；C. What’s worse更糟糕的是；D. For example例如。根据前文“And many cities in India do not have access to municipal water for more than a few hours a day, if at all.”以及后文“the city of Shimla ran out of drinking water in May, urging locals to beg tourists to stay away from the popular Himalayan summer resort.”可知，此处是在举例说明印度的许多城市出现了水资源短缺的问题。故选D项。
9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在美国，情况要好一些，但许多城市中心仍然面临水的问题。A. avoid避免；B. solve解决；C. discuss讨论；D. face面对。根据前文“In the U.S., the situation is somewhat better”以及句中的转折连词but，可知，此处表达“许多城市中心仍然面临水的问题”之意。故选D项。
10．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但是，将大部分水用于更重要用途的城市，比如饮用水，可能就没有这么强的适应性。A. passive消极的；B. purposeful有目的的；C. adaptable有适应能力的；D. reliable可依靠的。根据前文“Since about half of the state’s urban water usage is for landscaping, it was able to cut back on that fairly easily. But cities that use most of their water for more essential uses, such as drinking water”可知，减少景观美化用水比较容易，但是减少更重要用途的水，就没那么容易让人适应了。故选C项。
11．考查副词词义辨析。句意：幸运的是，可以采取措施避免城市水危机。A. Similarly相似地；B. Fortunately幸运地；C. Initially起初；D. Alternatively或者。根据后文“steps can be taken to avoid urban water crises.”可知，可以采取措施避免城市水危机，所以是幸运地。故选B项。
12．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一般来说，依靠多种水源的“组合方法”可能是最有效的。A. questionable有问题的；B. memorable值得纪念的；C. effective有效的；D. confusing令人困惑的。根据前文“relies on multiple water sources”根据常识可知，解决水短缺问题，依靠多种水源是最有效的。故选C项。
13．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：城市领导人应该考虑满足长期需求，而不仅仅是日常需求。A. daily日常的；B. legal合法的；C. maximum最高的；D. normal正常的。根据前文“City leaders should be thinking about meeting long-term needs rather than”可知，此处是和长期需求做对比，结合选项可知，日常需求符合题意。故选A项。
14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这些地区通常缺乏基本资源一其中缺乏规划良好的供水。A. neglect忽略；B. lack缺乏；C. provide提供；D. find发现。根据前文“One major challenge is providing services to informal areas, which develop without any government foresight.”根据常识可知，非正规地区一般是缺少资源的。故选B项。
15．考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果我们不采取行动，许多城市可能很快就会面临无水可喝的局面。A. drink喝；B. pour倾倒；C. place安放；D. record记录。根据前文“If we don’t act”可知，如果我们不采取行动，许多城市可能很快就会面临无水可喝的局面。故选A项。
（2022·上海奉贤·统考一模）Bees have evolved to be skilled living builders that can build things many times their size. Bees inspired Mirko Kovac, a roboticist to develop a way to improve the flexibility of 3D printing. A ____16____ 3D printer is limited by the range of its nozzle (喷嘴), and can only make objects smaller than itself. Dr Kovac’s team has removed the ____17____ by giving the printer nozzle wings.
In the latest edition of Nature, Dr Kovac describes a system of flying robots that is composed of two types of drones: builders and scanners. The builders carry the 3D-printing nozzle. The scanners are robots equipped with cameras that are ____18____ for monitoring the progress of the builders.
In the building process, builders and scanners carry out their respective tasks and ____19____ printing and adjusting, layer by layer, until a structure is complete. First, a builder keeps flying over its area of operation and begins to release a jet of the building material. The choice of material is important—it must be lightweight enough for the drones to carry but ____20____ enough to hold the following layers that will be built on top. Once the builder robot has released a layer of material, the scanner robot flies over and ____21____ the progress. The system then computes the next layer that the builder should make, while also correcting for any error that might have been discovered in what has already been built. These could be errors made by the builder-drones or ____22____ in the expansion of the building material. At this point, people can also manually adjust the process, ____23____ and correcting course where necessary.
The researchers tested the system’s ____24____ by building both a large cylinder (圆柱体)and a small cylinder. The tasks were not simple. Making circles on top of other circles would not have worked, because the perfect match required in position would have been impractical to achieve. _____25_____, the builder robot printed winding circles that interleaved with(交错；嵌入) the layers above and below, to ensure maximum stability.
The cylinders built by Dr Kovac’s robots successfully meet the requirements of the British building codes. _____26_____ these robots have been shown to be capable of manufacturing, Dr Kovac says their main task will probably be, initially, in repair.
Because the flying robots can, in theory, operate anywhere, they could fix things in dangerous or otherwise _____27_____ places. Dr Kovac says that his robots could be used to _____28_____and seal leaks in pipelines or fix cracks on tall buildings. These robots could be _____29_____ to work more quickly, cheaply and with less risk to humans. Thinking more long term, Dr Kovac sees a _____30_____ future for his construction robots, building on the surfaces of the Moon or Mars. But what we can say for sure is that it will make a huge difference to construction on Earth.
16．A．typical B．latest C．precise D．popular
17．A．part B．characteristic C．limitation D．shortage
18．A．suitable B．responsible C．famous D．ready
19．A．go on B．work on C．take turns D．contribute to
20．A．massive B．stable C．strong D．flexible
21．A．makes B．improves C．inspects D．continues
22．A．misguidanceB．imbalance C．misuse D．imperfection
23．A．changing B．supervising C．arranging D．measuring
24．A．features B．weaknesses C．capabilities D．responses
25．A．Moreover B．Meanwhile C．Otherwise D．Instead
26．A．Because B．While C．If D．After
27．A．remote B．unavailable C．inaccessible D．deserted
28．A．spot B．squeeze C．replace D．remove
29．A．inquired B．intended C．expanded D．assigned
30．A．vague B．demanding C．distant D．potential

【答案】
16．A    17．C    18．B    19．C    20．C    21．C    22．D    23．B    24．C    25．D    26．B    27．C    28．A    29．D    30．D

【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一个机器人专家受到了蜜蜂的启发，建造机器人的过程以及这个机器人对地球的影响。
16．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：典型的3D打印机受到喷嘴范围的限制，只能打印出比自身更小的物体。A. typical有代表性的；B. latest最新的；C. precise精确的；D. popular流行的。根据下文“limited by the range of its nozzle, and can only make objects smaller than itself”可知，3D打印机会受其自身的限制，只能打印比自身小的物体，这是现在市场上有代表性的3D打印机的通病。故选A项。
17．考查名词词义辨析。句意：科瓦克博士的团队通过给打印机喷嘴插上翅膀，消除了这一限制。A. part部分；B. characteristic特征；C. limitation限制；D. shortage短缺。上文“A typical 3D printer is limited by the range of its nozzle”提到3D打印机的限制，所以下文才要移除该限制，C项limitation“限制”是原文limit的派生词复现。故选C项。
18．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：扫描仪是装有摄像头的机器人，负责监控建造者的进度。A. suitable适合的；B. responsible负责的；C. famous有名的；D. ready准备好的。下文“In the building process, builders and scanners carry out their respective tasks”提到建造者和扫描仪需要各司其职，故空处需要填与“carry out their respective tasks”的近义表达。B项“负责的”带入为固定短语be responsible for表示“对某事负责”符合文意。故选B项。
19．考查动词短语辨析。句意：在建造过程中，建造者和扫描仪执行各自的任务，轮流打印和调整，一层一层，直到结构完成。A. go on继续；B. work on影响；C. take turns轮流；D. contribute to做贡献。根据后文“First, a builder keeps flying over its area of operation and begins to release a jet of the building material.”和“Once the builder robot has released a layer of material, the scanner robot flies over and ____6____ the progress.”可知，两部分不光需要各司其职，还需要轮流合作。故选C项。
20．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：材料的选择很重要，它必须足够轻，无人机可以携带，但也要足够坚固，可以在上面建造下面的层。A. massive大的；B. stable稳定的；C. strong强的、坚固的；D. flexible灵活的。空前有but表示转折，所以空处需要填一个和上文“lightweight(轻的)”意义相反或相斥的词；C项“坚固的”符合句意。故选C项。
21．考查动词词义辨析。句意：一旦建造机器人释放了一层材料，扫描机器人就会飞过并检查进度。A. makes做；B. improves提高；C. inspects检查；D. continues继续。结合上文“The scanners are robots equipped with cameras that are responsible for monitoring the progress of the builders.”可知，扫描仪是监控进度的；故空处需要填“monitor”的近义词，C项“检查”为近义替换。故选C项。
22．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这些可能是建筑工人的错误，也可能是建筑材料膨胀时的缺陷。A. misguidance误导；B. imbalance不平衡；C. misuse误用；D. imperfection缺陷。空前有or表并列选择，并列的是前文的“errors(错误)”，故空处需要填近义词。D项“缺陷”符合句意。故选D项。
23．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在这一点上，人们还可以手动调整过程，在必要时监督和纠正过程。A. changing改变；B. supervising监督；C. arranging安排；D. measuring测量。根据上文“Once the builder robot has released a layer of material, the scanner robot flies over and inspects the progress.”可知，监督一般来说是扫描仪的工作，而在这一点上，人们也可以进行人工的监督和纠正，其中inspects和supervising为近义词替换。故选B项。
24．考查名词词义辨析。句意：研究人员通过建造一个大圆柱体和一个小圆柱体来测试系统的能力。A. features特征；B. weaknesses缺点；C. capabilities能力；D. responses回答。根据下文“The tasks were not simple. Making circles on top of other circles would not have worked, because the perfect match required in position would have been impractical to achieve.”可知，这个测试并不简单，想要通过这个测试，系统必须能力非常强，由此推出，是为了测试系统的能力水平。故选C项。
25．考查副词词义辨析。句意：相反，建造机器人打印的缠绕圈与上下层交错，以确保最大程度的稳定性。A. Moreover此外；B. Meanwhile同时；C. Otherwise否则；D. Instead反之。结合句意可知，这个测试的难度非常大，且上文提到“The tasks were not simple.”可以推出，空处为D项“相反”，表示这个测试一点也不简单，相反，是非常难。故选D项。
26．考查连词词义辨析。句意：尽管这些机器人已被证明具有制造能力，但科瓦奇博士表示，它们最初的主要任务可能是维修。A. Because因为；B. While尽管；C. If如果；D. After在……后。从句提到机器人有制造能力，主句提到它们的任务主要还只停留在维修阶段，由此可以推出，前文为让步状语从句表示“尽管”、“虽然”。故选B项。
27．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：因为从理论上讲，飞行机器人可以在任何地方操作，它们可以在危险或无法到达的地方修理东西。A. remote遥远的；B. unavailable不可用的；C. inaccessible到不了的；D. deserted废弃的。上文“Because the flying robots can, in theory, operate anywhere,”提到机器人可以随便飞去任何地方进行修理工作，所以空处应指人类很难或几乎无法到达的地方。故选C项。
28．考查动词词义辨析。句意：科瓦克博士说，他的机器人可以用来发现和密封管道的泄漏，或者修复高层建筑的裂缝。A. spot发现；B. squeeze挤压；C. replace代替；D. remove祛除。结合常识可知，管道泄露应该是先发现、后密封。故选A项。
29．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这些机器人的工作速度更快，成本更低，对人类的风险也更小。A. inquired询问；B. intended打算；C. expanded拓展；D. assigned分配。固定短语be assigned to do表示“被安排去做某事”，结合句意，机器人被安排去工作，符合文意。故选D项。
30．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：从长远来看，科瓦克博士认为他的建筑机器人有一个潜在的未来，可以在月球或火星表面做建造工作。A. vague模糊的；B. demanding要求高的；C. distant遥远的；D. potential潜在的。结合后文“But what we can say for sure is that it will make a huge difference to construction on Earth.”可知，能够肯定的是建筑机器人对地球上的建筑产生巨大的影响，由此推出，对于在月球和火星上做建筑工作是有可能的；D项表示“潜在的”、“有可能的”，符合文意。故选D项。
（2022秋·上海浦东新·高三校考期中）How to recognize cyber attacks
Cyber-attacks may sound like something that happens only in Hollywood movies. You ____31____a team of talented Hackers gathered around computer monitors trying to break into a secure bank or government server. In reality, cyber-attacks are much less exciting but no less ____32____.
A/An____33____attack involves a cyber-criminal sending out thousands or oven millions of links and flies. They assume that someone will____34____ fall for their trap and open an infected file or page. Somebody always does. The best way to protect yourself is to learn how to ____35____cyber-attacks as well as how to prevent them from happening in the first place.
Cyber-attacks can happen to anybody. It doesn’t matter who you are; cyber criminals can target you. While many often think of hacking victims as____36____about digital security best practices, this isn’t always the case. Kickers are smart. True, there are plenty of apparent scams (骗局) like ‘the Nigerian Price" emails. But there are as many attacks that can fool even the skillful computer-users.
Nowadays, cyber-criminals create fake websites and email addresses. You may think you are clicking a link to Dropbox (多宝箱) only to download malware onto your computer, ____37____may never know when you have visited the wrong site and downloaded a/an___38___file. So, it’s up to you to be vigilant (警觉的) and protect yourself.
So you need to lean to recognize the signs of cyber-attacks. First, recognize ____39____activity on your accounts or devices. ______40______ some things may be obvious such as account password changes, others aren’t so easy to spot. Usually, hackers insert pieces of code into valid files and programs. And then, you might receive a file from a trusted sender whose mail has been _____41_____. Sometimes, the data are even real, but the hacker may have inserted a few lines of code that can also infect your computer. You should take the time to check your “Task Manager” to get a sense of what______42______are running. Check anything suspicious that’s _____43_____in the background. That’s often the sign of malware.
Other things to ______44______for include: random device or internet slowdown; the software you don’t recognize; inability to access your account or unscheduled shutdowns and restarts.
As with everything, ______45______ is the best medicine. So, instead of waiting for cyber-attacks to hit you, recognize the signs to protect yourself.
31．A．gather B．picture C．find D．establish
32．A．dangerous B．worried C．cautious D．helpless
33．A．historic B．typical C．potential D．specific
34．A．halfway B．originally C．periodically D．eventually
35．A．predict B．limit C．warn D．recognize
36．A．fearless B．soundless C．clueless D．careless
37．A．in conclusionB．and C．but D．as if   
38．A．empty B．supervised C．tracked D．infected
39．A．powerful B．suspicious C．specific D．frequent
40．A．While B．Since C．If D．When
41．A．guaranteed B．assessed C．leaked D．composed
42．A．mechanisms B．files C．programs D．commands
43．A．attacking B．chatting C．hiding D．running
44．A．sum up B．watch out C．mark off D．turn down
45．A．strategy B．practice C．solution D．prevention

【答案】
31．B    32．A    33．B    34．D    35．D    36．C    37．B    38．D    39．B    40．A    41．C    42．C    43．D    44．B    45．D

【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了如何识别网络攻击。
31．考查动词词义辨析。句意：想象一下，一帮神通广大的黑客围在电脑显示器旁，试图入侵银行或政府的安全服务器。A. gather聚集；B. picture想象；C. find发现；D. establish建立。根据前文“Cyber-attacks may sound like something that happens only in Hollywood movies.”可知，可能听起来网络攻击也许只会出现在好莱坞电影里，因此推断下文“a team of talented Hackers gathered around computer monitors trying to break Into a secure bank or government server.”是作者让读者想象的东西。故选B。
32．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：事实上，网络攻击没那么令人兴奋，而是同样危险。A. dangerous危险的；B. worried担心的；C. cautious谨慎的；D. helpless无助的。根据下文“A/An　　3　　attack involves a cyber-criminal sending out thousands or oven millions of links and flies.”可知，在典型的网络攻击中网络罪犯发送数千甚至数百万个链接和文件，因此网络攻击是危险的。故选A。
33．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在典型的网络攻击中，网络罪犯发送数千甚至数百万个链接和文件。A. historic与历史有关的；B. typical典型的；C. potential潜在的；D. specific明确的。根据下文“attack involves a cyber-criminal sending out thousands or oven millions of links and flies”可知，此处讲述了一个非常典型的网络攻击。故选B。
34．考查副词词义辨析。句意：他们认为终会有人落入陷阱，打开感染病毒的文件或页面。A. halfway在中途；B. originally起初；C. periodically周期性地；D. eventually最终。根据下文“Somebody always does.”可知，网络攻击犯罪分子认为最终会有人打开病毒文件或页面，的确有人经常这么做。故选D。
35．考查动词词义辨析。句意：保护自己的最佳方法是学习如何识别网络攻击并防患于未然。A. predict预测；B. limit限制；C. warn警告；D. recognize识别。根据下文“as well as how to prevent them from happening in the first place”可推断，学会如何识别网络攻击防患于未然。故选D。
36．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：尽管很多人往往以为黑客受害者对保护数字安全的最佳做法一无所知，但事实并非总是如此。A. fearless无所畏惧的；B. soundless无声的；C. clueless(对某事)不懂的；D. careless粗心大意的。根据下文“this isn’t always the case.Kickers are smart. True, there are plenty of apparent scams (骗局) like ‘the Nigerian Price" emails. But there are as many attacks that can fool even the skillful computer-users.(但事实并非总是如此。黑客很聪明。诚然，有很多像“尼日利亚王子”邮件这样明显的骗局，但也有很多的攻击能让最精明的计算机用户上当受骗。)”可知，事实并不像很多人认为的一样，以为黑客受害者对保护数字安全的最佳做法一无所知，可是，虽然能够识别一些明显的骗局，但是有些攻击会让最精明的用户上当受骗。故选C。
37．考查连词词义辨析。句意：你以为点击的是多宝箱的链接，结果却下载了恶意软件到电脑上，并且你可能永远都不知道自己什么时候访问了错误的网站，还下载了被感染的文件。A. in conclusion最后；B. and并且；C. but但是；D. as if似乎。根据上下文语境可知，前后文是顺承关系。故选B。
38．考查动词词义辨析。句意同上。A. empty清空；B. supervised监督；C. tracked追踪；D. infected感染。根据下文“So, it’s up to you to be vigilant (警供的) and protect yourself.”可知，你必须提高警惕保护自己，因此推断访问了错误的网站，下载了感染了病毒的文件。故选D。
39．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：首先识别你的账号或设备上的可疑行为。A. powerful强大的；B. suspicious可疑的；C. specific明确的；D. frequent频繁的。根据上文“So you need to lean to recognize the signs of cyber-attacks.”可知，识别账号或设备上的可疑行为，学会识别网络攻击的迹象。故选B。
40．考查连接词词义辨析。句意：尽管有些情况或许很明显，比如篡改账号密码，但其他情况就不那么容易被发现了。A. While尽管；B. Since自从；C. If如果；D. When当……时候。根据下文“some things may be obvious such as account password changes, others aren’t so easy to spot”可知，上下文是让步关系，应用while引导让步状语从句。故选A。
41．考查动词词义辨析。句意：然后，你可能会收到来自可信发件人的文件，而其电子邮件已泄露。A. guaranteed保证；B. assessed评估；C. leaked泄露；D. composed组成。根据下文“Sometimes, the data are even real, but the hacker may have inserted a few lines of code that can also infect your computer.”可知，黑客插入了几行代码，它们也能感染你的电脑，因此推断邮件已经泄露。故选C。
42．考查名词词义辨析。句意：你应该花点儿时间检查“任务管理器”，搞清楚哪些程序正在运行。A. mechanisms机制；B. files文件；C. programs程序；D. commands命令。根据上文“You should take the time to check your “Task Manager””可知，检查任务管理器是为了弄清楚那些程序在运行。故选C。
43．考查动词词义辨析。句意：检查后台任何可疑的运行程序。那通常是恶意软件的迹象。A. attacking攻击；B. chatting闲聊；C. hiding躲藏；D. running运行。根据下文“That’s often the sign of malware.(那通常是恶意软件的迹象)”可知，后台有恶意软件在运行。故选D。
44．考查动词短语辨析。句意：其它需要提防的事项还包括：随机设备或互联网减速；不认识的软件；无法登录账号和莫名的关机和重启。A. sum up总结；B. watch out提防；C. mark off划出；D. turn down拒绝。根据下文“random device or internet slowdown; the software you don’t recognize; inability to access your account or unscheduled shutdowns and restarts”可知，这些都是需要提防的东西，watch out for“提防某物”。故选B。
45．考查名词词义辨析。句意：预防是最佳方法，万事皆如此。A. strategy策略；B. practice实践；C. solution解决办法；D. prevention预防。根据下文“So, instead of waiting for cyber-attacks to hit you, recognize the signs to protect yourself.(因此，不要坐等网络攻击找上你，识别迹象来保护自己)”可知，预防是最佳办法。故选D。
（2023·上海·上海市复兴高级中学校考模拟预测）Human beings have somehow managed to engineer the night to receive us by filling it with light. This kind of control is no different from the feat ( 壮 举 ) of damming a river. Its benefits come with____46____ — called light pollution — whose effects scientists are only now beginning to study. Light pollution is largely the result of bad lighting design. ____47____ lighting washes out the darkness of night, altering light levels and light rhythms to which many forms of life, including ourselves, have____48____. Wherever man-made light spills into the natural world, some aspects of life-migration, reproduction, feeding-is affected.
For most human history, the phrase “light pollution” would have____49____. Imagine walking towards London on a moonlit night around 1800, when it was Earth’s most populous city. Nearly a million people lived there, ____50____ candles, torches and lanterns, as they always had. Only a few houses were lit by gas, and there would be no public gaslights in the streets or squares for another seven years. From a few miles away, you would have been more likely to____51____ London than to see its dim collective glow.
We’ve lit up the night as if it were a(n) ____52____ country. As a matter of fact, among mammals (哺乳动物) alone, the number of species active at night is astonishing. Light is a powerful biological force, and on many species it acts as a magnet attracting them to it. The effect is so powerful that scientists speak of songbirds and seabirds being____53____ by searchlights on land or by the light from gas flares on marine oil platforms, circling and circling in the thousands until they drop.
It was once thought that light pollution only affected astronomers, who need to see the night sky in all its glorious clarity. Unlike astronomers, most of us may not need a____54____ view of the night sky for our work. _____55_____, like most other creatures, we do need darkness. _____56_____ darkness is pointless. It is as essential to maintaining our biological welfare as_____57_____ itself; the price of modifying our internal clockwork means it doesn’t operate as it should, causing various physical discomforts. So fundamental are the regular rhythms of waking and sleep to our being that_____58_____ them is similar to altering our center of gravity.
In a very real sense, light pollution causes us to_____59_____ our true place in the universe, to forget the scale of our being, which is best_____60_____ against the dimensions of a deep night with the Milky Way — the edge of our galaxy — arching overhead.
46．A．consequences B．achievements C．agreements D．circumstances
47．A．Randomly-designed B．Well-designed C．Poorly-designed D．Economically-designed
48．A．appealed B．adapted C．objected D．amounted
49．A．come under criticism B．made no difference C．come into effect D．made no sense
50．A．making do with B．fed up with C．identifying with D．overflowing with
51．A．visit B．greet C．feel D．smell
52．A．independent B．disconnected C．unoccupied D．excluded
53．A．exposed B．captured C．dismissed D．frustrated
54．A．clear B．comprehensive C．traditional D．critical
55．A．Subsequently B．However C．Therefore D．Similarly
56．A．Reviewing B．Embracing C．Denying D．Regulating
57．A．light B．rhythm C．status D．dawn
58．A．emerging from B．withdrawing from C．messing with D．coinciding with
59．A．keep track of B．lose sight of C．catch hold of D．let go of
60．A．measured B．neutralized C．undergone D．supervised

【答案】
46．A    47．C    48．B    49．D    50．A    51．D    52．C    53．B    54．A    55．B    56．C    57．A    58．C    59．B    60．A

【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了因为人类照明导致的光污染相关情况。
46．考查名词词义辨析。句意：它的好处伴随着被称为光污染的后果，科学家们现在才开始研究光污染的影响。A. consequences结果；B. achievements成就；C. agreement同意；D. circumstances情况。根据下文“light pollution (光污染)”可知，这是人类黑夜使用灯光造成的结果。故选A项。
47．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：拙劣设计的的照明消除夜晚的黑暗，改变包括我们在内的许多生命形式所适应的光线水平和光线节奏。A. Randomly-designed随意设计的；B. Well-designed好好设计的；C. Poorly-designed拙劣设计的；D. Economically-designed经济实惠设计的。根据上文“Light pollution is largely the result of bad lighting design. (光污染在很大程度上是不良照明设计的结果)”可知，本文探讨的光污染与不良照明设计关系密切，即拙劣设计的照明。故选C项。
48．考查动词词义辨析。句意：拙劣设计的的照明消除夜晚的黑暗，改变包括我们在内的许多生命形式所适应的光线水平和光线节奏。A. appealed呼吁；B. adapted使适应；C. objected反对；D. amounted共计。根据上文“altering light levels and light rhythms (改变光线水平和光线节奏)”可推测，发生改变的是大家习以为常的光线水平和节奏，而动词搭配adapt to意为“使适应”，此处表示人们以及适应的光线水平和节奏被改变，符合语境。故选B项。
49．考查动词短语辨析。句意：对于大多数人类历史而言，“光污染”这一短语毫无意义。A. come under criticism遭受批评；B. made no difference没区别；C. come into effect生效；D. made no sense没意义。根据下文“Imagine walking towards London on a moonlit night around 1800, when it was Earth’s most populous city. (想象一下，大概在1800年，在一个月明的夜晚走向伦敦这个地球上人口最多的城市)”可知，人类历史上很长一段时间大家并没意识到光污染这件事情，因此“光污染”这一短语毫无意义。故选D项。
50．考查动词短语辨析。句意：近一百万人住在那里，像往常一样，凑合着使用蜡烛、火把和灯笼。A. making do with凑合着用；B. fed up with使对……厌烦；C. identifying with认同；D. overflowing with充满。根据下文“Only a few houses were lit by gas (只有几所房子被煤气点亮)”可知，许多家庭无法使用煤气灯，凑合使用蜡烛等照明。故选A项。
51．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在几英里之外，你更可能闻到伦敦的味道，而不是看到它暗淡的集体光芒。A. visit参观；B. greet打招呼；C. feel感受；D. smell闻。根据上文“candles, torches and lanterns (蜡烛、火把和灯笼)”和“gas (煤气)”可知，这些照明方式有很重的气味，可能先闻到气味才能看见灯光。故选D项。
52．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我们点亮了夜晚，仿佛这是一个无人居住的国家。A. independent独立的；B. disconnected不连贯的；C. unoccupied空置的；D. excluded排除在外的。根据下文“Light is a powerful biological force, and on many species it acts as a magnet attracting them to it. (光是一种强大的生物力，对许多物种来说，它就像一块磁铁，吸引着它们)”可知，因为照明的灯光，夜晚不再是原本意义上的夜晚，生物物种都被照明灯光吸引，不在身处黑夜，故可将这样的夜晚比喻成没有物种，空置的地方。故选C项。
53．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这种效应是如此强大，以至于科学家们说，鸣禽和海鸟被陆地上的探照灯或海洋石油平台上的废气燃烧器所捕获，数千只在空中盘旋，直到坠落。A. exposed暴露；B. captured捕获；C. dismissed解雇；D. frustrated使受挫。根据上文“Light is a powerful biological force, and on many species it acts as a magnet attracting them to it. (光是一种强大的生物力，对许多物种来说，它就像一块磁铁，吸引着它们)”可知，这些鸣禽海鸟被陆地上的探照灯或海洋石油平台上的废气燃烧器产生的灯光吸引，最终掉落，可以比喻为被捕获。故选B项。
54．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：与天文学家不同，我们大多数人的工作可能不需要清晰的夜空。A. clear清楚的；B. comprehensive全面的；C. traditional传统的；D. critical批评的。根据上文“It was once thought that light pollution only affected astronomers, who need to see the night sky in all its glorious clarity. (曾经有人认为光污染只会影响天文学家，他们需要看到夜空的明亮)”可知，此处把天文学家和大多数普通人作对比，天文学家需要清晰的夜空，而普通人不需要。故选A项。
55．考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，和大多数生物一样，我们的确需要黑暗。A. Subsequently随后；B. However然而；C. Therefore因此；D. Similarly相似地。根据上文“Unlike astronomers, most of us may not need a clear view of the night sky for our work. (与天文学家不同，我们大多数人的工作可能不需要清晰的夜空)”可知，这与下文“我们的确需要黑暗”形成转折关系。故选B项。
56．考查动词词义辨析。句意：否认黑暗是无意义的。A. Reviewing复习；B. Embracing拥抱；C. Denying否认；D. Regulating调节。根据下文“It is as essential to maintaining our biological welfare as light itself (它对维持我们的生物福利和光本身一样重要)”可知，此处it指代的“黑暗”本身对我们生物而言很重要，和光线一样必不可少，因此我们不能否认它。故选C项。
57．考查名词词义辨析。句意：它就像光本身一样，对维持我们的生物福利至关重要；改变我们体内生物钟的代价意味着它不能正常工作，导致各种身体不适。A. light光；B. rhythm节奏；C. status身份；D. dawn黎明。根据上文“Denying darkness is pointless. (否认黑暗是无意义的)”可知，前后两句在对比黑暗和光线，二者一样重要，空格处应该填light“光”。故选A项。
58．考查动词短语辨析。句意：清醒和睡眠的规律对我们来说是如此的基本，以至于打乱它们就像改变我们的重心。A. emerging from来自；B. withdrawing from从……中退出；C. messing with打乱；D. coinciding with与……一致。根据上文“the price of modifying our internal clockwork means it doesn’t operate as it should, causing various physical discomforts. (修改我们内部时钟的代价意味着它不能正常工作，导致各种身体不适)”可知，修改内部时钟即意味着打乱清醒和睡眠的节奏。故选C项。
59．考查动词短语辨析。句意：从某种非常实际的意义上来说，光污染使我们看不到我们在宇宙中的真实位置，忘记了我们人类存在的规模，而衡量人类位置和规模的最佳对照就是悬拱于头顶、处在星系边缘的银河所在的幽深夜空。A. keep track of了解……的动态；B. lose sight of看不见；C. catch hold of抓住；D. let go of放开。根据下文“our true place in the universe (我们在宇宙中的真实位置)”可知，位置是需要用眼睛看的，而光污染使我们看不清天空，故也看不见我们在宇宙中的位置。故选B项。
60．考查动词词义辨析。句意：从某种非常实际的意义上来说，光污染使我们看不到我们在宇宙中的真实位置，忘记了我们人类存在的规模，而衡量人类位置和规模的最佳对照就是悬拱于头顶、处在星系边缘的银河所在的幽深夜空。A. measured衡量；B. neutralized使无效；C. undergone经受；D. supervised监督。根据上文“light pollution causes us to lose sight of our true place in the universe, to forget the scale of our being (光污染使我们看不到我们在宇宙中的真实位置，忘记了我们人类存在的规模)”可知，此处所提到的“我们在宇宙中的真实位置”以及“我们人类存在的规模”都是我们应该清楚的东西，而清楚的方式就是用黑夜来进行对比，词组measure against意为“使相比较，衡量”符合语境。故选A项。