高考必考语法精讲精练专题一：名词 Word版含解析

这是一份高考必考语法精讲精练专题一：名词 Word版含解析，共10页。试卷主要包含了 规则可数名词的复数形式， 不规则可数名词复数，f所有格的构成及用法，双重所有格等内容，欢迎下载使用。

名词是英语中非常重要的一类词，也是高考必考内容之一。《2017年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲》附录语法项目表中对名词考查列了四项：①可数名词及其单复数②不可数名词③专有名词 ④名词所有格。纵观历年高考试题，试题中出现的考点主要有：可数名词的单复数形式、名词的所有格的构成及应用、不可数名词的辨认、名词的功能、名词辨义、名词与其他词类之间的转换等。
2015年高考全国卷Ⅰ第65题（语法填空）考查的是可数名词单复数，括号里给出painting，结合题意要将其变成paintings；第77题（短文改错）考查的是不可数名词air，原文给出的是airs，要求考生将其改成air。而在完形填空中，有7题（总共20小题）是考查名词词义以及对语境的理解。
2016年高考全国卷Ⅰ第61题（语法填空）考查的是词性转换，括号里给出的是动词attract，根据题意要将其改成名词attractin；第69题（语法填空）考查的是可数名词单复数，括号里给出day，结合题意要将其变成复数形式days；第74题考查的是词性转换，题目中给的是形容词hnest，根据题意需要将其改为名词hnesty。而在完形填空中，有4题（总共20小题）是考查名词词义以及对语境的理解。
2017年高考全国卷Ⅰ第62题（语法填空）考查的是可数名词单复数，括号里给出effect，结合题意要将其变成effects，构成side effects（副作用）；第75题（短文改错）考查的是可数名词单复数，原句中给出的是wrd，结合题意要将其变成wrds。而在完形填空中，有5题（总共20小题）是考查名词词义以及对语境的理解。
I. 名词的种类：
II. 名词的数：
1. 规则可数名词的复数形式：一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法列表如下：
2. 不规则可数名词复数：
III. 名词的所有格：
名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分三种：一是名词词尾加’s构成，多表示有生命的东西；二是由介词f加名词构成，多表示无生命的东西；三是双重所有格。
1. ’s所有格的构成：
2. ’s所有格的用法：
3.f所有格的构成及用法：
f所有格是以"f+名词"构成的一种词组形式，主要用于表示无生命东西的名词，表示所有关系。如:
the wrkshp f the factry 工厂的车间 the dr f the rm 房间的门
the legs f the chair 椅子腿 the cver f the bk这本书的封面
表示有生命东西的名词，也可用f所有格表示所有关系，或者表示主谓关系、动宾关系或事物的来源等。如:
the death f Stalin 斯大林的逝世 the arrival f the chairman 主席的到来 the laws f Newtn 牛顿定律
4.双重所有格：
's所有格有时可以和f所有格结合在一起表示所有关系，这叫做"双重所有格"。双重所有格的形式为：
1)f十名词所有格：a friend f my brther's.我弟弟的一位朋友；a new design f Mr. Brwn's.布朗先生的一项新设计
2)f+名词性物主代词：a friend f mine我的一位朋友 ；a necklace f yurs你的一条项链
= 4 \* ROMAN \* MERGEFORMAT IV. 名词的修饰语
可数名词和不可数名词各有其不同的修饰语，详见下表：
注意：sme在表示 "某一"，any在表示"任何"时也可修饰可数名词单数。this和that只能修饰可数名词单数和不可数名词，last，next，the ther和序数词只能修饰可数名词单数和复数。
★★★★★ 短文改错中常考的不可数名词有： water，advice，air，wrk，time，hmewrk，bread，milk，fun，infrmatin，prgress，practice，weather，news，wealth，vice，rm（空间）, knwledge等。
= 5 \* ROMAN \* MERGEFORMAT V.高考英语短文改错及语法填空考点分析及训练·名词
考点规律分析：短文改错的名词考点主要涉及名词的单复数问题，即在该用复数的地方误用其单数，或在该用单数的地方误用其复数。此外，还常考名词的所有格、名词与其他词类之间的转换等。语法填空主要考查名词的单复数以及名词与其他词类之间的转换。
名词单句改错之真题训练：
1. We stpped t rest fr a while and t drink sme waters frm a stream.
2.We climb everywhere, nt nly in America. We have been t Eurpe many time.
3.There are branch library in many villages.
4.I hpe that yu tw culd cme and visit us sme times sn. 5.Tday I visited the Smiths — my first time visit t an American family.
6. They were eager t knw everything abut China and asked me lts f questin.
7. We study quite a few subject, such as maths, Chinese, English and physics.
8. …and ften watch ftball match n TV tgether.
9.Happy birthday, Peter, and many happy return f the day!
10. She said that she and my schlmate all wished me success.
11. I used t lve science class — all f them— bilgy, chemistry, gegraphy, physics.
12. They did nt want me t d any wrk at family.
13. …s that I’ll get gd marks in all my subject.
14.On the way up I was busy taking picture since the scenery was s beautiful.
15. N ne wrries much abut the radi prgram yung peple listen t.
16. Their wrd were a great encuragement t me.
17. Yu knw, that was a dinner we had waited fr several mnth.”
18. …but after class we becme stranger at nce.
19. Yu can find all kinds f infrmatin in just a few minute n the Internet.
20. Nwadays millins f peple f all age take pleasure in a hbby…
21. She was ding her hmewrks ne Sunday mrning when…
22. Withut enugh knwledges, yu can never teach well.
airs we breathe is getting dirtier and dirtier.
名词单句改错之模拟训练：
1. Wmen live lnger than men in mst cuntry.
2. The film is very interesting. I have seen it many time.
3. It’s said that all the ticket have been sld ut.
4. The children spend a lt f times watching TV.
5. I met a lt f interesting peples n hliday.
6. The flwer in the park were all pleasing.
7. As the day went by, she became less anxius.
8. Cmputer are becming mre and mre ppular in the cuntry.
9. It’s ne f the mst interesting bk that I’ve ever read.
10. He made his first time visit t China when he was 18.
11.Hearing the news, the wman burst int tear.
12. He hasn’t lived here lng, but he has a great many friend here.
13. I was afraid she wuld have left fr family when I gt there.
14. He’s getting married next mnth and decides t buy sme furnitures.
15. There’s a paper’s factry near ur schl.
名词单句改错之提升训练：
A级
1. Frm then n, we became gd friend and ften played tgether.
2. Bth Marx and Engels were Germen.
3.Did yu take their advices yesterday?
4. Mst f them are wman dctrs.
5.We can have funs at the seaside this weekend.
6. There are fur baskets f apple in that rm.
7. This cmputer cst me eight thusands yuan.
8. Tm lks happy tday. He’s gt many gd news frm here.
9. This hat f my father is rather ld.
10.He made many mistake in the exam because f carelessness.
11.I went t a nearby fd stre t buy sme breads this mrning.
12.I am eighteen year ld nw.
13.I have caring teachers and friendly classmate in my class.
14.As student,I will study hard and try t pass the exam.
15.Nwadays,we can get many infrmatin n the internet.
B级
1. Will yu please make a rm fr the lady utside?
2. The number f the students in ur schl are increasing.
3. She has made sme prgresses in English.
4. His wrk is better than anyne else.
5. We've missed the last bus. I'm afraid we have n chices but t take a taxi.
6. He drpped the cffee's cup and brke it.
7. He gained his wealths by printing wrks f famus writers.
8. My brther has had ne f his tth taken ut.
9. Yu'll find this map f great valuable in helping yu t get rund Lndn.
10.What a beautiful weather we are having recently!
11.Tables are made f wds.
12.It’s impssible fr s few wrkers t d s many wrk in a single day.
13.What happened t yur vices?Why culdn’t we hear yu?
14.What a lt f wrks I have t finish tday!
15.At meal times，sme custmerhave t wait utside the restaurant.
16.As a writer，he is success because he has written many great wrks.
名词单句语法填空之真题训练：
1.Chengdu has dzens f new millinaires, Asia’s biggest building, and fancy new htels.But fr turists like me, pandas are its tp______________(attract)．
2.The nursery team switches him every few ______________(day) with his sister.
3.Handle the mst imprtant tasks first s yu’ll feel a real sense f ______________(achieve)．
4.Recent_____________(study) shw that we are far mre prductive at wrk if we take shrt breaks regularly.
5.Visiting an apple event is a gd chance t see, and ften taste, a wide variety f ______________(apple)．
6.Althugh these ______________(measure) are nt effective frever, they are vital fr nw.
7.The cllege years are suppsed t be a time fr imprtant______________(grw) in autnmy (自主性) and the develpment f adult identity.
8.The ______________(life) f these peple have finally been recrded thanks t the effects f a Frenchman frm Paris called Gin.
9.The weather ______________(effect) bth gd and bad, are felt in many places.
10.Sme schls will have t make ___________(adjust) in agreement with the natinal sccer refrm.
11.—G and say srry t yur Mm, Dave.
— I'd like t, but I'm afraid she wn't be happy with my ______________(aplgize)．
12.One f the mst effective ways t reduce ________(stressful) is t talk abut feelings with smene yu trust.
13.When he was running after his brther, the by lst his ______________(balanced) and had a bad fall.
14.There is n need t tell me yur answer nw.Give it sme______________(think) and then let me knw.
15.—Why nt buy a secnd­hand car first if yu dn't have enugh mney fr a new ne?
—That's a gd _______________(suggest)．
16.Her ______________(mtivate) fr writing was a desire fr wmen t get the right t higher educatin.
名词单句语法填空之模拟训练：
1.Ants are gathering in their winter fd in the middle f summer and make ______________(prepare) fr the lng cld winter.
2.With great ______________ (satisfy)，he sn fell asleep.
3.It's still a useful and pleasant frm f _____________ (cmmunicate)．
4.I had n ____________(chse) but t prepare fr it, thugh.
5.The students with hbbies left schl with many extra_____________(skill)．
6.On the ther hand, chpsticks reflect _____________(gentle) and kindness.
7.S are mst f the ___________(express) made with the wrd ht.
8.Actually we can encurage urselves t wrk efficiently, full f ______________(determine)．
9.I named them “ckies” because I always feel that children can bring great happiness and ______________(excite) t my life.
10.The ________ (change) are gradual and require a lt f effrts and wrk，like cleaning up a plluted river.
学习札记：
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参考答案及解析
语法专题一：名词
名词单句改错之真题训练：
1.waters 改为water，因“水”为物质名词，不可数
2.time改为 times，many times 意为“许多次”
3.library 改为 libraries，因其前的谓语are为复数
4.times 改为 time，sme time 意为“某时”
5.去掉time，因first 已含有“次”的意思
6.questin 改为 questins，因其前有表示复数意义的修饰语 lts f
7.subject 改为 subjects，因 a few 后应接复数可数名词
8.match 改为 matches
9.return改为 returns，many happy returns f the day! 为祝贺生日的惯用表达
10.schlmate 改为 schlmates，因校友不只一个，另外根据其后的 all 也可推知
11.class 改为 classes，指其后提到的所有课程
12.family 改为 hme，因 at hme 为固定短语
13.subject 改为 subjects，请注意前面的 all
14.picture 改为 pictures，picture 作为可数名词，其前应有限定词，或为复数形式
15.prgram 改为 prgrams，从句意上看，此处应用复数
16.wrd 改为 wrds，注意其后的复数动词
17.mnth 改为 mnths，因 several 后要用可数名词的复数形式
18.stranger改为strangers，由本行前面的we可知应该用名词复数
19.minute改为minutes，因为a few后面的名词一定是复数
20.age改为ages，因谈到不止一个人的年龄，age用复数；f all ages指各个年龄阶段的人
21.hmewrks改为hmewrk，因它是不可数名词，没有复数形式
22.knwledges改为knwledge，因 knwledge是不可数名词，没有复数形式
23.airs改为air，因为air是不可数名词，没有复数形式
名词单句改错之模拟训练：
1.cuntry 改为 cuntries，因其前的mst 意为“大多数”。
2.time 改为 times，many times 意为“许多次”。
3. ticket 改为 tickets，因它是可数名词，且受 all the 的修饰。
4.times 改为 time，因 time 表示“时间”时不可数。
5. peples 改为 peple，因 peple 表示“人们”，本身是复数，其后不能再加词尾-s。（注：复数的peples 表示不同的民族）
6. flwer 改为 flwers，因为其后的谓语为复数。
7. day 改为 days，句意为“随着时间的推移，她变得不那么焦急了”，此处的 day 应用复数。
8. cmputer 改为 cmputers，根据句意和其后的谓语 are，可知 cmputer 要用复数。
9. bk 改为 bks，因 ne f 后表示范围的名词要用复数。
10. 去掉 time，his first visit 即为他第一次访问，其中已包含“次”的概念。
11. tear 改为 tears，因 tear 为可数名词，不要误认为它是不可数名词。
12. friend 改为 friends，因a great many 后要接复数名词。
13. family 改为 hme，leave fr hme 意为“动身回家”。
14. furnitures 改为 furniutre，因它是不可数名词。
15.paper’s 改为 paper，表示“纸厂”、“纸花”、“纸飞机”等，直接用 paper 作定语。
名词单句改错之提升训练：
A级
1.friend改为friends
2.Germen改为Germans
3.advices 改为advice
4.wman改为wmen
5.funs改为fun
6.apple改为apples
7.thusands改为thusand
8.many改为much
9. Father改为father’s
10.mistake改为mistakes
11.breads改为bread
12.year 改为years
13.classmate改为classmates
14.student前面加a
15.many改为much
B级
1.去掉a
2.are改为is
3.prgresses改为prgress
4.else改为else’s
5.chices改为chice
6.cffee's改为cffee
7.wealths改为wealth
8. tth改为teeth
9.valuable改为value
10.去掉a
11. wds改为wd
12.many改为much
13.vices改为vice
14.wrks改为wrk
15.custmer改为custmers
16.success改为successful或者在success前面加a
名词单句语法填空之真题训练：
1．attractin [空格前有形容词和物主代词，因此要用其名词形式。]
2．days [few作来修饰可数名词复数，故答案为days。
3．achievement [介词f后要用名词作宾语。固定表达a sense f achievement成就感。]
4．studies [考查主谓一致。根据后面的谓语动词shw可知，主语应该是复数形式。]
5．apples [在苹果节人们可以看到，并常常能尝到各种各样的苹果。a variety f各种各样，后面跟复数形式。]
6．measures [考查名词单复数，根据前面的these和后面的are，可以判断应用复数形式。]
7．grwth [此处的grwth和后面的develpment是并列关系，且用前面的imprtant修饰。]
8．lives [根据后面的谓语动词，可以判断此处需要用名词的复数形式。]
9．effects [根据后面的谓语动词，可以看出此处应该是复数形式。]
10.adjustments [句意：为了与国家足球改革相一致，一些学校将做出调整。固定表达make adjustments 做出调整。]
11．aplgy/aplgies [句意：——去和你的妈妈说对不起，Dave.——我想，但我怕妈妈不会接受我的道歉。作介词with的宾语和my的修饰语要用名词形式。]
12．stress [句意：减少压力最有效的方法之一是与信任的人谈谈你的感受。作动词reduce的宾语要用名词形式，stress压力，紧张，为不可数名词。]
13．balance [句意：追赶哥哥时，小男孩失去了平衡，重重摔了一跤。作动词lse的宾语要用名词形式。lse his balance失去平衡，失去均衡。]
14．thught [句意：现在没有必要告诉我你的答案。思考一下，然后让我知道。 sme后应跟名词，thught想法。]
15．suggestin [句意：——如果你没有足够的钱买一辆新车的话，为什么不先买一辆二手车呢？——这是个不错的建议(suggestin)。形容词修饰名词，故用名词形式。]
16．mtivatin [句意：她写作的动机是出于对女性获得高等教育权利的渴望。形容词性物主代词修饰名词。]
名词单句语法填空之模拟训练：
1．preparatins [考查固定搭配。make preparatins fr...为……作准备。]
2．satisfactin [形容词great修饰名词，所以填satisfactin。]
3．cmmunicatin [考查名词。介词f之后要用名词形式cmmunicatin。]
4．chice [考查词形变化。have n chice but t d sth是固定表达，意思是除了……别无选择。故答案为chice。]
5．skills [前面有many修饰，故用复数形式。]
6．gentleness [考查名词。另一方面，筷子所反映的是彬彬有礼与友好。根据and连接两个并列成分以及名词kindness可知，此处要用名词作动词reflect的宾语。]
7．expressins [考查名词。mst f the后跟名词形式，而且此处要用复数形式。]
8．determinatin [考查名词。介词f 后面应该用名词作宾语。]
9． excitement [考查名词。该处需要excite的名词形式和happiness一起作bring的宾语。]
10.changes [考查名词。变化是逐渐的，需要很多努力和工作。因为这里缺少的是句子的主语，根据谓语动词are可知主语应该是复数changes。]

专有名词
普通名词
国名、地名、人名、团体机构名称
可数名词
不可数名词
个体名词
集体名词
抽象名词
物质名词
China，the Germans，Jhn
bk，student
team，family，army
infrmatin，lve
milk，water，hney
规则
例词
1
一般情况在词尾加-s
map-maps， sea-seas， girl-girls， day-days
2
以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es
class-classes， bx-bxes，watch-watches， dish-dishes
3
以-f或-fe结尾的词
变-f和-fe为v再加-es
leaf-leaves，thief-thieves， knife-knives， wife-wives，wlf-wlves，half-halves
加-s
chief-chiefs， prf-prfs， rf-rfs
4
以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-es
party-parties， family-families， stry-stries， city-cities
5
以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-s
ty-tys， by-bys，day-days， ray-rays， Henry-Henrys
6
以辅音字母加-结尾的名词
一般加-es
Negr-Negres， her-heres， ptat-ptates，tmat-tmates
一些外来词加-s
pian-pians， pht-phts， aut-auts， kil-kils， sl-sls
两者皆可
zer-zers/zeres， vlcan-vlcanes/ vlcans
7
以元音字母加-结尾的名词加-s
radi-radis， bamb-bambs， z-zs
8
以-th结尾的名词加-s
truth-truths， muth-muths， mnth-mnths，path-paths
1
改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式
man-men, wman-wmen, ft-feet, gse-geese, muse-mice
2
单复数相同
sheep, deer, means, wrks, fish, yuan, jin
3
只有复数形式
trusers, clthes, thanks, gds, glasses,
4
一些集体名词总是用作复数
peple, plice
5
部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）
class, family, crwd, cuple, grup, gvernment, ppulatin, team, public, party
6
复数形式表示特别含义
custms(海关), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), lks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜)，wds（树林）；wrks（工厂、作品）frces（军队）
7
表示某国人
加-s
Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Eurpeans
单复数同形
Swiss, Prtuguese, Chinese, Japanese
以-man或-wman结尾的改为-men,-wmen
Englishmen, Frenchwmen
8
合成名词
将主体名词变为复数
sns-in-law, lkers-n, passers-by, stry-tellers, by friends
无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数
grwn-ups, husewives, stpwatches
将两部分变为复数
wmen singers, men dctrs
单数名词在末尾加’s
the by’s father， Jack’s bk， her sn-in-law’s pht
复数名词
一般在末尾加’
the teachers’ rm， the twins’ mther
不规则复数名词后加’s
the children’s tys， wmen’s rights
以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’
Dickens’ nvels，Charles’s jb， the Smiths’ huse
表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加’s
Japan’s and America’s prblems， Jane’s and Mary’s bikes
表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加’s
Japan and America’s prblems， Jane and Mary’s father
表示＂某人家＂＂店铺＂，所有格后名词省略
the dctr’s， the barber’s，the tailr’s， my uncle’s
１
表示时间、距离
tday’s newspaper， five weeks’ hliday，ten minutes’ walk
2
表示自然现象
the earth’s atmsphere， the tree’s branches
3
表示国家城市等地方的名词
the cuntry’s plan，the wrld’s ppulatin， China’s industry
4
表示工作群体
the ship’s crew， majrity’s view， the team’s victry
5
表示度量衡及价值
a mile’s jurney， five dllars’ wrth f apples
6
与人类活动有特殊关系的名词
the life’s time， the play’s plt
7
某些固定词组
a bird’s eye view， a stne’s thrw， at ne’s wit’s end(不知所措)
适应情况
修饰语
只修饰可数名词单数
a/an，ne，anther，either，neither，every，many a
只修饰可数名词复数
many，these，thse，a few，a gd/great many，a gd/great number f，bth，several，tw，three...
只修饰不可数名词
much，a little，a bit f，a great/gd deal f，a great/large/small amunt f
既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词
the，ne's，sme，any，n，all，a lt f，lts f，plenty f，a large quantity f，ther，half，ne-third