高考必考语法精讲精练专题三:冠词 Word版含解析
展开冠词是一种虚词,本身不能单独使用,通常放在一个名词的前面,帮助说明该名词的词义,冠词是高考必考内容之一。冠词有三种: 定冠词(the)和不定冠词(a/an)和零冠词。《2017年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲》附录语法项目表中对冠词的考查:冠词的一般用法。纵观历年高考试题,试题中出现的考点主要有:冠词的位置;冠词的最基本的用法,理解泛指与类指、特指与专指的区别;冠词的习惯用法。
2015年高考全国卷Ⅰ第72题考查的是定冠词the加在可数名词前面表示特指。
2016年高考全国卷Ⅰ第70题(语法填空)考查的是定冠词the加在代词ther前面表示特指;第78题(短文改错)考查的是将定冠词the改为不定冠词a表示泛指。
2017年高考全国卷Ⅰ第65题(语法填空)考查的是固定短语as a result里的不定冠词a;第72题(短文改错)考查的是序数词first前面加定冠词the(根据语境也可以加代词my)。
I.冠词的基本用法:
在学习冠词的用法时,必须明确特指与泛指的概念,特指是大家都知道的所指的事物或内容;泛指是指不明确、不特别指明的或者一类中任何具有代表性的人或事物。名词前用哪一个冠词、用还是不用冠词通常取决于名词的类别和意义。也就是名词可数还是不可数、单数还是复数、特指还是泛指。它们的关系可以用下表表示:
= 2 \* ROMAN \* MERGEFORMAT II.不定冠词的用法:
= 3 \* ROMAN \* MERGEFORMAT III. 定冠词的用法:
= 4 \* ROMAN \* MERGEFORMAT IV. 零冠词的用法:
= 5 \* ROMAN \* MERGEFORMAT V.高考英语短文改错及语法填空考点分析及训练·冠词
冠词意义
用法举例
名词类别
特 指
泛 指
表类别
表示“一个(些)”
可数名词单数
the bk
a bk/an idea
a bk/an idea
可数名词复数
the bks
bks
sme bks
不可数名词
the water
water
sme water
1
指一类人或事,相当于a kind f
A plane is a machine that can fly.
2
第一次提及某人某物,非特指
A by is waiting fr yu.
3
表示“每一”相当于every,ne
We study eight hurs a day.
4
表示“相同”相当于the same
We are nearly f an age.
5
用于人名前,表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事
A Mr. Smith came t visit yu when yu were ut
That by is rather a Lei Feng.
6
用于固定词组中
A cuple f, a bit, nce upn a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time
7
用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后
This rm is rather a big ne.
8
用于s(as, t, hw)+形容词之后
She is as clever a girl as yu can wish t meet.
1
表示某一类人或物
The hrse is a useful animal.
2
用于世上独一无二的事物名词前
the universe, the mn, the Pacific Ocean
3
表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事
Wuld yu mind pening the dr?
4
用于乐器前面
play the vilin, play the guitar
5
用于形容词和分词前表示一类人
the rich, the living, the wunded
6
表示“一家人”或“夫妇”
the Greens, the Wangs
7
用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前
This is the first time that I have been t Beijing.
He is the talleststudent in ur class.
8
用于国家党派等以及江河湖海、山川群岛的名词前
the United States, the Cmmunist Party f China, the French
9
用于表示发明物的单数名词前
The cmpass was invented in China.
10
在逢十的复数数词之前,指世纪的某个年代
in the 1990’s
11
用于表示单位的名词前
I hired the car by the hur.
12
用于方位名词,身体部位名词,及表示时间的词组前
He patted me n the shulder.
1
专有名词,物质名词,抽象名词,人名地名等名词前
Beijing University, Jack, China, lve, air
2
名词前有this, my, whse, sme, n, each, every等限制
I want this bk, nt that ne.
Whse purse is this?
3
季节,月份,星期,节假日,一日三餐前
March, Sunday, Natinal Day, spring
4
表示职位,身份,头衔的名词前
Lincln was made President f America.
5
学科,语言,球类,棋类名词前
He likes playing ftball/chess.
6
与by连用表示交通工具的名词前
by train, by air, by land
7
以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时
husband and wife, knife and frk, day and night
8
表示泛指的复数名词前
Hrses are useful animals.
考点规律分析:短文改错对冠词的考查主要涉及冠词的误加和漏用,有时也考查不定冠词与定冠词以及零冠词的用法区别(包括 a 与 an 的区别)。其中,涉及最多的是,当一个单数可数名词表示泛指时,其前漏用不定冠词;另外,冠词在一些习语中的用法也是一个重要考点。语法填空主要涉及冠词的添加与选择。
冠词单句改错之真题训练:
1. After a hur r s we began t feel very frightened.
2. I decided t climb the tree t see where we were.
3. Sme peple read the bks r watch televisin while thers have sprts.
4. Gd health is persn’s mst valuable pssessin.
5. Mdern peple knw mre abut the health, have better fd, and live in clearer surrundings.
6. There is public library in every twn in Britain.
7. Maybe yu culd cme during a winter hlidays.
8. Tday I visited the Smiths — my first visit t a American family.
9. Each player must bey captain, wh is the leader f the team.
10. Sme wanted t see the prgramme while thers preferred anther.
11. I’ll take this chance t wish yu wnderful time n yur birthday.
12. Suddenly, I caught a sight f my English teacher in the crwd.
13. Fr example, when I was a child, the rain was a mystery(奥秘).
14. We may be ne family and live under a same rf.
15. As everyne knws, it’s famus muntain with all kinds f plants and animals.
16. My teacher advised me t keep my diary.
17. When I was by, the mst exciting thing was t celebrate the Spring Festival.
18. On Thursday I will have t decide what I want t d ver a weekend.
19. And every year mre and mre peple start a stamp cllectin f their wn and discver an interest which can even last lifetime.
20. Ten minutes later, the firemen came and put ut fire.
21. As we all left hme at early age,…
冠词单句改错之模拟训练:
1. Her sister, wh is nurse, will marry ne f the dctrs in the hspital.
2. It was such wnderful dinner that we enjyed it very much.
3. It was raining hard, s I had t brrw a umbrella.
4. My friend Mary cmes frm an Eurpean cuntry.
5. Mr Smith used t be physics teacher till he turned writer.
6. In small village like this, everybdy knws everybdy else.
7. Only few f the children can read such bks.
8. Fr lng time neither f us spke t each ther.
9. Lk, a girl in blue is my cusin.
10. Lk! A car has stpped there. A car is beautiful.
11. She asked whether we came frm a same city.
12. The muntain was cvered with the snw all the year rund.
13. Yu dn’t knw what wnderful time we’ve had.
14. Peple made the fun f her because she wre such strange clthes.
15. Sn the plane was ut f the sight.
16. Great changes have taken the place in my hmetwn since 1978.
17. In the wrd, he is a gd student and all f us like him.
18. Yu say yu tk the bk withut his permissin. In the ther wrds, yu stle it.
冠词单句语法填空之真题训练:
1.In 1931,Addams became________ first American wman t win the Nbel Peace Prize.
2.Give yur bdy and brain a rest by stepping utside fr________while, exercising, r ding smething yu enjy.
3.In that case, we will learn little abut ________wrld.
4.A new cllectin f phts brings ________unsuccessful Antarctic vyage back t life.
5.Apple Days are being held at all srts f places with ________interest in fruit, including stately gardens and cmmercial rchards(果园).
6.It was ________ cld January in 1925 in Nrth Alaska.The twn was cut ff frm the rest f the wrld due t heavy snw
7.They have a different kind f superpwer that all f us pssess: the pwer t make ________ difference in the lives f thers.
8.El Ninõ, ________Spanish term fr “the Christ child”, was named by Suth American fisherman.
9.________prize fr the winner f the cmpetitin is ________tw-week hliday in Paris.
10.—Why didn't yu invite Jhn t yur birthday party?
—Well, yu knw he's ________ wet blanket(令人扫兴的人).
11.Jane's grandmther had wanted t write ________ children's bk fr many years, but ne thing r anther always gt in ________ way.
12.I just heard ________ bank where Dra wrks was rbbed by ________ gunman wearing a mask.
13.________ mre learned a man is,________mre mdest he usually becmes.
14.Brian is gifted in writing music;he is very likely t be ________ Beethven.
学习札记:
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参考答案及解析
冠词单句改错之真题训练:
1.a 改为 an,因 hur 读音以元音开头
2.the 改为 a,因此处并非特指,而是泛指
3.去掉 the,因这里的 bks 表泛指,不表特指
4.persn’s 前加 a,这里的 a 表泛指
5.去掉 the,因health 表泛指
6.public library 前加 a,因这里的 public library 是单数可数名词表泛指,故在其前用 a
7.a 改为 the,因从含义上看,此处的 winter hlidays 属特指或者是谈话双方都知道的
8.a 改为 an,因 American 的读音以元音开头
9.captain 前加冠词 the,captain 为特指
10.the 改为 ne,ne 与下一行的 anther 构成“一个……另一个”
11.wnderful 前加 a,该表达与 have a gd time 类似,其中的 a 不可省
12.去掉 a,catch sight f 是习语,意为“看见、瞥见”
13.去掉 the,rain 在此泛指
14.a 改为 the,因 same 前应用定冠词
15.在 famus 前加 a,注意 muntain 是单数可数名词
16.my diary 改为 a diary,keep a diary 意为“写日记”
17.by 前加 a,因 by 为可数名词
18.a 改为 the,因这不是泛指的周末,而是特指本周周末
19.lifetime 前加a,指人的一生是 a lifetime
20.fire 前加 the,因这是特指的一场火灾
21.early前加an,at an early age意为“在年幼时”
冠词单句改错之模拟训练:
【参考答案】
(1) nurse 前加 a,因 nurse 为可数名词。
(2) such 后加 a,dinner 受形容词修饰时,其前通常要加不定冠词。
(3) a 改为 an,因 umbrella 的读音以元音开头。
(4) an 改为 a,因 Eurpean 的读音不是以元音开头。
(5) physics 前加 a,因 teacher 为可数名词。
(6) small 前加 a,因 village 为可数名词,在句中表泛指。
(7) few 前加 a,因其前有 nly 修饰,即习惯上说 nly a few。
(8) lng 前加 a,a lng time 意为“很长一段时间”。
(9) a 改为 the,此处为特指用法。
(10) 第二个 A 改为 The,特指前面已提到的事物。
(11) a 改为 the,因 same 前习惯上用定冠词,不用不定冠词。
(12) 去掉 the,在此 snw 为泛指用法。
(13) wnderful 前加 a,因 have a wnderful time 为习惯表达。
(14) 去掉 the,因 make fun f 为习语,意为“取笑”。
(15) 去掉 the,因 ut f sight 为习语,意为“看不见”。
(16) 去掉 the,因 take place为习语,意为“发生”。
(17) the 改为 a,因 in a wrd 为习语,意为“总之”、“一句话”。
(18) 去掉 the,因 in ther wrds 为习语,意为“换句话说”。
冠词单句语法填空之真题训练:
1.the [序数词前面加定冠词the。]
2.a [考查不定冠词的用法。让你的身体和思想休息一会。固定表达fr a while一会儿。]
3.wrld前加the [考查定冠词的用法。此处特指我们所生活的这个世界。]
4.an [unsuccessful前面用an修饰。][来源:Z-X-X-K]
5.an [interest是名词,前面应用an。]
6.a [考查泛指概念。句意:这是1925年阿拉斯加北部一个十分寒冷的一月。]
7.a [make a difference固定搭配,对……有影响。]
8.a [此处考查泛指概念,厄尔尼诺现象,一个西班牙词条。]
9.The;a [考查冠词。句意:竞赛的优胜者奖是在巴黎两周的假期。第一空,“竞赛的优胜者奖”为特指,故应用定冠词the作限定;第二空,指“一段两周的假期”,故应用定冠词a限定。]
10.a [句意:——为什么你没邀请约翰参加你的生日聚会?——唉,你知道他是一个令人扫兴的人。固定表达a wet blanket 令人扫兴的人或物。]
11.a; the [句意:琼的奶奶多年来一直想写一本儿童书籍,但总有这样那样的事情阻碍她不能实现。考查冠词。第一空表泛指,故用不定冠词a;第二空为固定表达get in the way妨碍,阻碍。]
12.the; a [句意:我刚听说Dra 工作的银行被一位蒙面持枪歹徒抢劫了。第一空为特指,表示“Dra 工作的那家银行”,第二空为泛指,表示“一位蒙面持枪歹徒”。]
13.The;the [句意:一个人的知识越是渊博,他通常就越谦虚。考查固定搭配。the mre...越……越……。]
14.a [考查冠词。句意:Brian在创作音乐上极有才华,他很有可能成为一个像贝多芬那样的人才。本题考查不定冠词在人名前,表示:一个像……那样的人。]
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