2020版高考新创新一轮复习英语北师大版学案：选修8Unit22EnvironmentalProtection


Unit 22 Environmental Protection

一、课前基础自查
(一)分类记单词——省时高效
Ⅰ.阅读单词(知其意)
1．ecology n．　 生态
2．botanical adj. 植物的
3．consultant n. _顾问
4．corrupt adj. 贪污受贿的，腐败的
5．conservation n. 保护
6．consensus n. 一致的意见
7．drought n. 旱灾
8．hurricane n. 飓风
9．species n. (动植物的)物种
10．habitat n. 栖息地
11．enforce vt. 实施，执行
12．scale n. 规模，范围
13．thunderstorm n. 雷暴，雷雨
14．rainfall n. 降雨量
15．irrigation n. 灌溉
16．evolution n. (生物)进化
17．mountainous adj. 多山的
18．valid adj. 有充分理由的
19．fragile adj. 易毁的；脆弱的
20．negative adj. 消极的，负面的
Ⅱ.重点单词(写其形)
1．endanger vt.　　 危害
2．trap vt. 使困住
3．principle n. 原则，道德准则
4．beyond prep. 超出
5．relevant adj. 有关的
6．coincidence n. 巧合
7．condemn vt. 迫使(某人)陷于不幸的境地
8．sacrifice vt. & vi. 牺牲；献出
9．advocate vt. 主张，提倡
10．recycle vt. 回收利用
11．substitute n. 代替品，代用品
12．seize vt. 依法没收；(用武力)夺取
13．behalf n. 代表
14．means n. 方法
15．flee vt.&vi. 逃走
16．potential n. 可能性，潜在性
17．claim vt. 声称
18．threaten vt. 威胁
19．arm vt. 武装
20．finance n. 资金
Ⅲ.拓展单词(通其变)
1．extinct adj.灭绝的，绝种的→extinction n．灭绝，绝种
2．fashionable adj.流行的，时髦的→fashion n．流行，时尚
3．separation n．分离，分开→separate adj.分开的v.分离，分开
4．construct vt.建造→construction n．建造
5．considerate adj.想得周到的，体贴的→consider vt.考虑→consideration n．考虑→considering prep.考虑到；鉴于
6．adopt vt.采用；收养→adoption n．收养；采用→adopted adj.收养的
7．reservation n．预订；保留；保护；疑惑→reserve n．保护区 vt.保留；预订→reserved adj.预订的，保留的
8．agriculture n．农业→agricultural adj.农业的
9．changeable adj.多变的→change n. & v．变化
10．allocate vt.分配，配给→allocation n．分配，配给
11．sharpen vt.削尖→sharp adj.锋利的→sharpener n．卷笔刀
12．calculate vt.计算，算出→calculation n．计算→calculator n．计算器
[语境活用]
1．The old man considers his daughter­in­law considerate because she always takes everything into consideration when she deals with family affairs.(consider)
2．After a long separation,_ they both lived a separate life and in the end they separated peacefully.(separate)
3．A new bridge is being constructed over the river and its construction will be finished next year.(construct)
4．It is not safe to let the child sharpen his pencil using the sharp sharpener.(sharp)
5．Mr.White is the adopted son of Mrs.Green, who adopted him when his parents died 20 years ago. Thanks to her adoption,_Mr.White could receive a good education and became an engineer.(adopt)
6．The world is changeable,_ and everything is changing.(change)
7．If necessary, students are allowed to calculate the volume (容积) of the container using a calculator,_ which will make the calculation simpler.(calculate)
(二)练中记短语——记牢用活
写准记牢
语境活用(选用左栏短语填空)
1.a_number_of　　　　 一些
2．in_turn 依次，轮流；反过来
3．take_action 采取行动
4．lead_to 引起，导致
5．ahead_of 在……前面
6．apart_from 除……以外
7．answer_for (对已产生的不良后果)负责任
8．carry_off 掠去，夺走
9．call_for_an_end_to_sth. 要求结束……
10．refer_to 指，意即
11．all_in_all 总的来说
12．earn_one's_living 谋生
13．as_a_matter_of_fact 实际上
14．look_ahead 展望未来，向前看
15．result_in 导致
16．on_somebody's_behalf 代表……
17．break_away_from 摆脱，脱离(团体、组织、
某种思想体系)
18．sum_up 总结，概括
19．or_else 否则，不然
20．beyond_one's_control 超出……的控制，
不受……的控制
1.He spends too much time on maths, and this_in_turn affects the progress of his other subjects.
2．You must be more moderate in your drinking. Too much wine can lead_to serious trouble.
3．If we human beings don't take_action to protect the earth from now on, we'll have nowhere to live in the future.
4．If you stick to that, you shall answer_for the consequences.
5．As_a_matter_of_fact,_parents don't want their children to be in trouble.
6．It's a good composition, apart_from a few spelling mistakes.
7．The thief broke_away_from the policeman and ran away.
8．Young people often_look_ahead to the future while the elderly look back on the past.
9．Jobs earned_his_living_by selling computers when he was 19 years old.
10．A_number_of world famous paintings are on show in this exhibition.
11．I didn't know that he was a cheat; or_else I wouldn't have believed him.
(三)仿写明句式——以用为本
教材原句
句式解读
句式仿写
1.Without these naturally occurring gases, the sun's rays would bounce back into space leaving the Earth cold and impossible to live on.
如果没有这些自然产生的气体，太阳光将会被反射回太空中去，使地球处于寒冷之中，不适合生命的存在。
含蓄条件句的虚拟。
要是没有你的帮助，我不可能在英语演讲比赛中获得第一名。
Without your help, I couldn't_have_won_the_first_place in the English Speaking Competition.
2.Given this data, it seems that the link between human activities and rising global temperatures is not merely a coincidence.
鉴于这些数据，好像人类活动与正在升高的地球温度之间的联系并不仅仅只是巧合而已。
given用作介词或连词，表示“鉴于；考虑到；倘若”。
考虑到目前的条件，我认为他已做得相当出色了。
Given_the_present_conditions,_I think he has done rather well.
3.The last few years have seen environmental disasters on a grand scale, and experts are predicting far worse to come.
近几年一些环境灾难大规模地出现，专家们预测更坏的局面即将来临。
拟人修辞手法。
天安门前的这两只石狮见证了许多重大的历史事件。
The_two_stone_lions_standing_in_front_of_Tian'anmen_saw/witnessed many great historic events.
二、课堂重点深化

1．reserve vt.储备；保存；保留；预订，预约n.保护区；储备
　[自主体验]
写出下列句中reserve的词性及含义
①I reserve my favorable comments for my former monitor.vt.保留
②I can not get the book I want but can I reserve it？vt.预订
③It is advisable to keep some food in reserve in case of emergency.n.储备
④Lucy searched out elephant families in Samburu National Reserve in northern Kenya.n.保护区
单句语法填空
⑤—Have you reserved a room for your friends traveling in your city ahead of time, Mary?
—Oh, I forgot to tell you I have made a reservation for them.They will have a reserved room whenever they get there.(reserve)
完成句子
⑥We always keep some money_in_reserve,_just in case.
我们总是存些钱，以防万一。
⑦They supported the measures without_reserve/reservation.
他们毫无保留地支持这些措施。
一句多译
你必须提前订票吗？
⑧Do you have to reserve_tickets in advance? (reserve)
⑨Do you have to make_a_reservation_of_tickets in advance? (reservation)
　[系统归纳]
(1)reserve sth.for sb./sth. 　 为某人/某物保留、预订某物
(2)in reserve 贮存；备用
(3)reservation n. 保留；预订(房间、座位等)
make a reservation 预订(座位、房间等)
without reserve/reservation　 毫无保留地
(4)reserved adj. 预订的，保留的
be reserved for 留作，(专)供……之用
　[重点强化]
易错对对碰(reserve/preserve)
⑩Moran hopes to make the music more accessible and preserve its history and culture.
⑪We were told that our rooms hadn't been reserved for that week.
佳句时时写
⑫(2018·北京高考书面表达)我突然意识到传统文化如茶文化具有巨大的魅力和价值。我们应该保留并且向全世界的人们传播我们的文化。
It_suddenly_hit_me_that_traditional_culture_like_tea_culture_was_of_great_charm_and_huge_value.And_we_should_reserve_and_spread_our_own_culture_to_people_all_over_the_world.
[名师指津]　preserve与reserve词形相似，但二者意思不同，preserve意为“保护，保存；维护”；reserve意为“保留；预订”。
2．seize vt.抓住；捉住；(用武力)夺取；依法没收
　[自主体验]
单句语法填空
①She jumped up and seized him by the arm.
②Our teacher forbade us to seize on/upon our dictionaries during the test.
完成句子
③We should seize_the__chance/opportunity_to_work_hard to achieve our goals.
我们应抓住机会努力实现我们的目标。
④Tom_seized_the_letter_from_her and began to read out loud.
汤姆从她手上把信抢过去，开始大声朗读。
　[系统归纳]
seize sth. from sb.　　　　　　 从某人那里夺过某物
seize sb. by the ... 抓住某人的……
seize on/upon 抓住，利用
seize a chance/an opportunity 抓住机会
　[重点强化]
易错处处防
⑤Before he could run away, she seized him by his collar.his→the
佳句时时写
⑥(2015·广东高考书面表达)我们可以利用唾液样本来检测人们是否患有主要的疾病。
We_can_seize_on/upon_saliva_sample_to_detect_whether_people_have_major_illnesses.
3．substitute vt.& vi.(用……)替代；取代n.代替品，代用品
　[自主体验]
完成句子
①Nothing can substitute_for_hard_work because life is a process of struggle for success.
没有什么可以代替努力工作，因为生活是一个为成功而奋斗的过程。
②The scientists are studying to develop a_substitute_for this kind of medicine.
科学家们正在研究开发这种药物的替代品。
一句多译
这台旧电脑坏了。我们必须用新的代替它。
③The_old_computer_doesn't_work.We_must_substitute_a_new_one_for_it.(substitute sth. for sth.)
④The_old_computer_doesn't_work.We_must_substitute_it_with/by_a_new_one.(substitute sth. with/by sth.)
　[系统归纳]
(1)substitute A for B＝substitute B with/by A　　　用A代替/取代B
substitute for 代替，取代
(2)a substitute for ... ……的替代品
　[重点强化]
易错处处防
⑤Professor Wang was ill, so she substituted him.substituted后加for
佳句时时写
⑥(2014·上海高考书面表达)我了解到我们的英语栏目正在进行改革，三个栏目中的一个将被一个新的栏目所取代。
I've_learned_that_our_English_Post_is_being_reformed_and_a_new_one_will_substitute_for_one_of_the_three_columns.
4．trap vt.使困住；诱捕；诱骗；使陷入困境n.陷阱；圈套
　[自主体验]
写出下列句中trap的词性及含义
①They had been trapped in the cave for 20 days before rescued.vt.使困住
②Were you just trying to trap her into making a mistaken decision？vt.诱骗
③You can escape from these traps by making the right choice.n.陷阱
④The police set a trap to catch the thief.n.圈套
单句语法填空
⑤The shopkeeper trapped me into buying (buy) his poor quality milk.
⑥Once you fall into a trap, it will not be easy to get out of it.
完成句子
⑦He set/laid_a_trap_for_her and she walked straight into it.
他给她设了个圈套，她就径直走了进去。
⑧The brave soldiers were determined to save all the people who_were_trapped_in_the_flood.
勇敢的战士们决心拯救所有被困在洪水中的人。
⑨Parents often fall_into_the_trap_of_trying_to_do_everything for their children.
父母经常一厢情愿地试图为子女操办一切。
　[系统归纳]
(1)trap sb. into (doing) sth. 使某人陷入(做)某事的圈套；诱骗某人(做)某事
be/get trapped in 被困在……中
(2)fall into a trap 落入陷阱/圈套
fall into the trap of doing sth. 落入……的圈套；做某事不明智
set/lay a trap for 为……设圈套
　[重点强化]
易错处处防
⑩Trapping in the ruins, the girl still wore a smile, waiting to be rescued.Trapping→Trapped
佳句时时写
⑪(2015·江苏高考书面表达)更糟糕的是，因为近年来越来越多的汽车，一些司机、骑自行车的人和行人被困在交通堵塞中。
What's_worse,_some_drivers,_cyclists_and_pedestrians_are_trapped_in_the_traffic_jams_because_of_the_ever_increasing_number_of_cars_these_years.
[联想发散]　表示“被困于……中”的短语还有：
①be/get locked in　　　 ②be/get stuck in
③be/get caught in ④be/get blocked in
5．threaten vt.威胁，恐吓
　[自主体验]
单句语法填空
①He tied her up and threatened her with a six­inch knife.
②Some of them refuse to admit the serious threat of human activities to the environment.
③David threatened to_report (report) his neighbor to the police if the damages were not paid.
句式升级
④He was threatened by terrorists and didn't dare to vote for the president.(过去分词短语作状语)
→Threatened_by_terrorists,_he_didn't_dare_to_vote_for_the_president.
　[系统归纳]
(1)threaten sb.with ...　　　　 用……威胁某人
threaten to do sth. 威胁要做某事
threaten that ... 威胁……
(2)threat n. 威胁，恐吓
a threat to sb./sth. 对某人或某事的威胁
　[重点强化]
易错处处防
⑤Some pedestrians are threat to road safety.are_后加a
佳句时时写
⑥(2017·浙江高考书面表达)就在那个时候，狼可能感觉到来自人的威胁，开始撤退了。
Just_at_that_time,_the_wolf_might_feel_the_threats_from_the_people,_starting_to_withdraw.
6．advocate vt.主张，提倡n.提倡者，拥护者
　[自主体验]
单句语法填空
①He advocated that the children (should)_be_taken (take) good care of in the charity house.
②Many experts in education advocated encouraging (encourage) children for good behavior.
③She has always been an advocate of/for changes to the local economic reform.
　[系统归纳]
(1)advocate (doing) sth.　　 提倡/拥护/支持(做)某事
advocate that ... 主张……[从句谓语动词用 (should＋)动词原形]
(2)an advocate of/for ……的提倡者/拥护者
　[重点强化]
易错处处防
④They advocated that everyone donated some money to the earthquake­stricken area.donated→donate
佳句时时写
⑤(2017·北京高考书面表达)毕业典礼终于到了，我和同学们都主张做一些有意义的事情。经过激烈的讨论，我们同意制作一个视频来记录我们在学校的经历。
Graduation ceremony finally came.My classmates and I advocated doing something meaningful.After a heated discussion, we agreed on making a video to record our experiences at school.
7．adopt vt.采用，采纳；收养
　[自主体验]
单句语法填空
①His adopted (adopt) son was said to be admitted into the key university, which made him very happy.
②If you can't have children of your own, why not consider adoption (adopt)?
完成句子
③After a heated discussion, we all decided to adopt_measures_to_deal_with_the_contemporary_situation (采取措施来处理当前的情况)．
④After much consideration, we all decided to adopt_my_deskmate's_suggestion (采纳我同桌的建议)．
　[系统归纳]
(1)adopt a policy/habit　　　 采用某项政策/某种习惯
adopt one's suggestion/plan/idea 采纳某人的建议/计划/想法
adopt a method/measures 采用某种方法/采取措施
adopt an orphan 收养孤儿
(2)adopted adj. 收养的
(3)adoption n. 收养；采纳
　[重点强化]
易错对对碰(adopt/adapt)
⑤They recommended that we (should)_adopt the plan.
⑥Not only has she adapted herself to the fast pace of city life, but she is becoming more and more outgoing.
佳句时时写
⑦(2014·天津高考书面表达)首先，我们应采取科学的饮食，它能提供身体所需。
First_of_all,_we_should_adopt_a_scientific_diet,_which_provides_the_necessities_for_our_body.
[名师指津]　adopt与adapt词形相近，但意思不同，adapt 意为“适应；改编，改写”。
8．means n．方式，方法；手段
　[自主体验]
选词填空(by means of/by all means/by no means/by this means)
①By_no_means can teaching in school be separated from practice.
②We will by_all_means realize our dreams as long as we stick to them and work hard.
③By_means_of the Internet, we can gain plenty of useful information.
④Only by_this_means can you get in touch with your classmates.
一句多译
各种可能的办法都尝试了，但没有一种奏效。
⑤Every_possible_means_has_been_tried,_but none worked.(means 为单数名词)
⑥All_possible_means_have_been_tried,_but none worked.(means 为复数名词)
　[系统归纳]
means of (doing) sth.　 (做)某事的方法、途径
by means of 借助……的手段
by all means 可以，当然行；务必，一定
by no means 决不(置于句首，句子倒装)
by this means 用这种方法
　[重点强化]
易错对对碰(way/method/means/approach)
⑦We can work out the problem by this means.
⑧We can work out the problem in this way.
⑨We can work out the problem with this method.
⑩We have found a new approach to this problem.
佳句时时写
⑪(2015·重庆高考书面表达)通过定向分享，我只需要把书传递给其他参与者。书不仅能够共享，还可以搭建一座连接世界各地读者的桥梁。
By_means_of_controlled_release,_I_only_need_to_deliver_books_to_other_participants.Not_only_are_books_shared_but_they_can_build_up_a_bridge_connecting_readers_from_different_parts_of_the_world.
[名师指津]　(1)当means表示“方法，方式，手段”时，单复数同形。means作主语且有every, each, one等词修饰时，谓语动词用单数；有some, several, many, few, all等词修饰时谓语动词用复数。
(2)“(做)……的方法”的表达还有：the approach to (doing) sth.; the way to do/of (doing) sth.; the method of (doing) sth.等。
(3)“用这种方法”的表达还有：in this way, with this method, an approach to ...。
9．coincidence n．巧合；同时发生；一致，相符
　[自主体验]
单句语法填空
①By coincidence, my husband and I have the same birthday.
②The result of the game was coincident (coincidence) with our expectation.
完成句子
③What_a_coincidence! I never dreamed of meeting you here.
真巧！我从没想到会在这里遇见你。
一句多译
当他受伤时，碰巧有辆救护车经过。
④It_was_a_coincidence_that_an ambulance was passing by when he got injured.
⑤By_coincidence,_an ambulance was passing by when he got injured.
　[系统归纳]
(1)by coincidence　　　　　　　　　　 碰巧，巧合的是
It is/was a coincidence that ... ……是巧合的
What a coincidence! 真巧！
(2)coincident adj.　　 巧合的，重合的；一致的，相符的
　[重点强化]
易错处处防
⑥In coincidence, they met again after losing contact for twenty years.In→By
佳句时时写
⑦(2016·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)任何有兴趣的同学都能参加。巧合的是，你拍照好而且一直想为环保做些事情。
Any_student_who_is_interested_is_welcome_to_participate.By_coincidence,_you_take_good_pictures_and_you've_always_wanted_to_do_something_for_environmental_protection.
10．considerate adj.体贴的，想得周到的
　[自主体验]
单句语法填空
①Considering what she has done for us, we consider her as a very considerate person.(consider)
②Mothers' Day is coming, and I'm considering purchasing (purchase) a gift for mum, one that is to her taste.
③Changing this situation requires considerable (consider)effort on the part of everyone.
④Everything taken into consideration (consider), they believed themselves more qualified for the job.
⑤The plan he put forward at the meeting is under consideration now and the result will be put up soon.
句式升级
He took all the aspects into consideration and decided to study abroad.
⑥Taking_all_the_aspects_into_consideration,_he_decided_to_study_abroad.(现在分词短语作状语)
⑦All_the_aspects_taken_into_consideration,_he_decided_to_study_abroad.(独立主格)
　[系统归纳]
(1)consideration n．　　　 考虑；体谅，关心，体贴
under consideration 在考虑中
take ... into consideration 把……考虑在内；考虑……
(2)considerable adj. 相当大的；相当多的
(3)considering prep. 考虑到
(4)consider v. 考虑；认为
consider sb./sth. to be/as ... 认为……是……；把……看作……
consider doing sth. 考虑做某事
　[重点强化]
易错处处防
⑧Since you're tired of the present job, why not consider change one？change→changing
佳句时时写
⑨(2012·江苏高考书面表达)不要以自我为中心，尽量要想得周到。我们一定要学会冷静而理智地处理争执。
Don't_be_self­centered_and_try_to_be_considerate.We_must_learn_to_handle_conflicts_calmly_and_wisely.
11．sacrifice v．& n．牺牲；献出
　[自主体验]
单句语法填空
①Would you sacrifice a football game to_go (go) out with me?
②As a mother, she was ready to sacrifice everything for her family.
完成句子
③She made_many_sacrifices_to get her son a good education.
为了让儿子接受好的教育，她做出了很多牺牲。
④He sacrificed_a_promising_career_to_look_after his kids.
他为了照顾孩子牺牲了很有前途的事业。
　[系统归纳]
(1)sacrifice ...for ...　　　　　 为……而牺牲……；
牺牲……而换得……
sacrifice ... to do sth. 为做某事而牺牲……
(2)make sacrifices/a sacrifice 做出牺牲
　[重点强化]
僻义牢牢记
⑤People often offered cattle or sheep as a sacrifice in ancient time.祭品
佳句时时写
⑥(2015·浙江高考书面表达)为了集体利益，我倾向于牺牲自己的利益。
I_tend_to_sacrifice_my_own_interest_for_the_group_benefit.

1．refer to涉及，提及；谈到；参考；查阅
　[自主体验]
写出下列句中refer to的含义
①If you don't understand some words, you can refer to the dictionary.查阅
②Your notes are excellent materials to refer to when you are studying for a test.参考
③We have reached an agreement that we will not refer to the matter again.提及
单句语法填空
④Johnson referred to the discovery as a major breakthrough in medical science yesterday.
⑤The girl always refers to the reference books as her good friends and helpers.(refer)
完成句子
⑥He should call 802－247－9999 for the information in/with_reference_to his delayed baggage.
关于行李延误情况，他应该打电话802－247－9999询问。
⑦You may refer_the_matter_to_him if necessary.
必要的话你可以把这件事委托给他。
　[系统归纳]
(1)refer to ... as ...　 把……称作……
refer ... to ... 把……提交给……(以求获得帮助)
(2)reference n. 提及；参考；查阅
in/with reference to 关于
　[重点强化]
易错对对碰(refer to/look up)
⑧Let me refer_to my notes for the exact figure.
⑨Once I look_up something on the Internet, I don't need to keep all the details for future use.
佳句时时写
⑩(2018·江苏高考书面表达)例如，有大量的参考书，我经常不知如何选择。
For_example,_there_are_huge_amounts_of_reference_books_which_I_am_often_confused_to_choose_from.
[名师指津]　look up与refer to都有“查找”之意，但look up的宾语是“要查找的具体内容”，refer to的宾语是“查阅使用的工具、资料等”。
2．lead to引起，导致，造成(后果)；通向
　[自主体验]
单句语法填空
①His illness led to his not being able to attend the meeting.
②I want to know what led you to_take (take) up Japanese when you are in your fifties.
完成句子
③The receptionist led_the_way to the manager's office.
接待员领路来到经理办公室。
④Only in peaceful countries can the people lead_a_happy_life.
只有在和平的国家，人民才能过上幸福的生活。
　[系统归纳]
lead sb. to ...　 　 引导某人去……；带领某人通往……
lead sb. to do sth. 使得某人做某事
lead a(n) ...life 过……的生活
lead the way 领路
　[重点强化]
易错处处防
⑤Studies show that too much multitasking can lead to increase stress, anxiety and memory loss.increase→increasing
佳句时时写
⑥(2015·湖北高考书面表达)质疑会导致寻找答案。如果我们对于所告知的是否是真的养成提出疑问的习惯，我们就能发现正确答案并学到更多。
Questioning_can_lead_to_searching_for_an_answer.If_we_are_in_the_habit_of_raising_doubts_as_to_whether_what_we_are_told_is_true,_we_can_find_the_correct_answer_and_learn_more.
3．apart from除……之外(都)；除……之外(尚有)
　[自主体验]
完成句子
①Apart_from this, the air and rivers have been heavily polluted.
除此之外，空气和河流都被严重污染了。
②Please take_the_TV_apart to see what's the matter with it.
请拆开电视看看出了什么毛病。
③You can tell_the_two_books_apart by their covers.
你可以根据封面把这两本书区分开。
④He had a deep voice, which set_him_apart_from_others in our small town.
他那深沉的声音使他和我们小镇上的其他人与众不同。
⑤The plan about building a bridge fell_apart because we failed to agree on where to build it.
建桥计划失败了，因为我们未能就在何处建这座桥达成一致意见。
　[系统归纳]
take ...apart　　　　 将……拆开/拆分
tell ... apart 分辨出……
fall apart 破裂；断裂；散开
set sb.apart 使某人与众不同
　[重点强化]
易错对对碰(except/besides/except for/apart from)
⑥We all passed the exam except/apart_from Mike, because he hadn't studied hard.
⑦We passed the exam besides/apart_from Mike, we were cheerful.
⑧He is a good man except_for/apart_from a little pride.
佳句时时写
⑨(2015·四川高考书面表达)除此之外，你还可以阅读一些中文书籍，看一些中国电影，听一些中国广播节目。
Apart_from_it,_you_can_also_read_some_books_in_Chinese,_see_some_Chinese_films_and_listen_to_some_Chinese_radio_programmes.
[名师指津]　apart from作“除……以外”讲时，既可以表示“包括”之意，相当于besides；也可以表示“不包括”之意，相当于except；还可以表示说明整个基本情况后，对细节加以纠正，相当于except for。
4．given的用法
　[教材原句]　Given this data, it seems that the link between human activities and rising global temperatures is not merely a coincidence.
　[自主体验]
①Given (give) that he was still a boy, I forgave him.
考虑到他还是个孩子，我就原谅他了。
②Provided/Providing (provide) that you finish your work, you may go.
假如你完成了自己的工作，你就可以走了。
③Considering (consider) the strength of the opposition, we did very well to score two goals.
考虑到对方的实力，我们能进两个球就很不错了。
　[归纳点拨]
(1)given为介词，意为“考虑到，鉴于”，表示原因，后可接that从句，that可省略；还可以表示假设，意为“倘若，假定”。
(2)引导条件状语从句用法相似的表达还有：
①considering (that) ...　　　　　 考虑到，鉴于
②seeing (that) ... 既然，鉴于
③provided/providing (that) ... 假定……
④assuming (that) ... 假设，如果
⑤suppose/supposing (that) ... 假如，如果
　[佳句背诵]
①(增分要点句)Given (that) his health conditions, I think he should have a good rest.
②(精彩收尾句)(2018·全国卷Ⅱ满分作文)Suppose/Supposing (that) you have any opinion about the film, please send emails to studentunion@126.com.
5．拟人修辞手法
　[教材原句]　The_last_few_years_have_seen environmental disasters on a grand scale, and experts are predicting far worse to come.
　[自主体验]
①The last 30 years have_witnessed/seen the rapid development of China.
过去的30年见证了中国的快速发展。
②(2015·重庆高考)History has_witnessed the endless productions of Shakespearean plays in every major language of the world.
历史见证了莎士比亚戏剧在世界上每一种语言下众多作品。
　[归纳点拨]
(1)see意为“见证，目睹，经历”时，常以表示时代、年代、世纪或地点的名词作主语，表示某时或某地“目睹、发生、经历”了某事。
(2)与see用法相同的动词有find, witness, say, experience等，这些词在句中作谓语，用物作主语时，表示一种拟人的手法，以增添语言色彩，使表达更形象。
　[佳句背诵]
①(增分要点句)(2015·广东高考满分作文)All in all, these past years witnessed gradual changes in the class.
②(增分要点句)The last decade saw many technological advances, and the next few years will see more.

Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．If you don't pay your debt, your property will be seized (没收)．
2．For most people, the car is still their main means (方式) of transport.
3．We became trapped (使困住) by the rising floodwater.
4．What a coincidence (巧合) that we were in New York at the same time!
5．All children should be encouraged to develop their full potential (潜能)．
6．It is not worth sacrificing (牺牲) your health for your career.
7．We will condemn (谴责) those people for their mistreating pets, such as dogs or cats.
8．The report advocated (提倡) that all buildings should be fitted with smoke detectors in yesterday's newspaper.
9．He was substituted (替代) for another midfielder because of his injury.
10．Sometimes I wonder if my teaching is relevant (有关的) to the future of the students.
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．His nationality isn't relevant (relate) to whether he's a good teacher.
2．Larry substituted for the colleague who was sick.
3．Many experts advocate rewarding (reward) your child for good behaviour.
4．He came to China in order to learn Chinese agricultural (agriculture) skills.
5．The schools must adopt (adoption) new methods of teaching foreign languages.
6．The director has sacrificed all for his first film.
7．It isn't wise to spend all your salary every month.Keep some money in reserve, just in case.
8．Her brother threatened to_leave (leave) her in the dark room alone when she disobeyed his order.
9．They were trying every possible means to rescue the miners trapped (trap) underground.
10．As teachers, we should be considerate (consider) of our students' feelings.And then they will trust us.
Ⅲ.单句改错
1．Only by this mean can we master English.mean→means
2．The policeman seized the thief by his arm immediately.his→the
3．The discovery of new evidence led to the thief's be caught.be→being
4．Pack ice around Iceland was becoming a threat with navigation.with→to
5．The newer will be the substitute with me as your English teacher.with→for
6．Giving that they're inexperienced, they've done a good job.Giving→Given
7．What coincidence！We happened to be travelling on the same train.What后加a
8．Though seats in the library are tight, my friend Tom has reserved one to me. to→for
9．Having trapped in the traffic jam for hours, he became impatient.Having_后加been
10．Some people advocated limit the number of cars on the main road.limit→limiting
Ⅳ.完成句子
1．Apart_from_Beijing_and_Shanghai,_we also visited some other cities during the holiday.
除了北京和上海，假期里我们还参观了一些其他城市。
2．Do you advocate_banning_cars in the city centre?
你支持在市中心禁止汽车通行这一主张吗？
3．It_is_considerate_of_you not to play the piano while I was asleep.
在我睡觉时你不弹钢琴，真是体贴入微。
4．With/In_reference_to_your_advertised_position,_I have the pleasure to say that I am the just person you are asking for.
关于广告上登的职位，我很高兴地说，我就是你们要找的那个人。
5．Our hometown has_seen/witnessed_great_changes since the reform and opening policies started.
自从改革开放以来，我们的家乡发生了巨大的变化。

本单元语篇话题与新课程主题语境“人与自然”中的“环境保护”子话题相对应
一、话题语素积累多一点
子话题——环境保护
(一)浅易词汇温一温
①waste　　　　 ②pollute　　　 ③rubbish　　 ④litter
⑤damage ⑥weather ⑦climate ⑧protect
⑨environment ⑩attention ⑪law ⑫reduce
⑬forbid ⑭replace ⑮occur ⑯happen
⑰disease ⑱throw ⑲prevent ⑳recycle
effort noisy
(二)生疏词汇记一记
①radiation n．　 辐射，放射物　 ②vulnerable adj. 脆弱的
③emission n. 排放 ④unbearable adj. 难耐的
⑤greenhouse n. 温室 ⑥haze n. 雾霾
⑦attractive adj. 有吸引力的 ⑧smelly adj. 发出臭味的
⑨agreement n. 协议 ⑩advocate vt. 提倡
⑪decline vi. 降低；下降 ⑫surroundings n. 环境
⑬atmosphere n. 　大气
⑭environmentally­friendly adj. 　环保的

(三)常用词块忆一忆
①global warming　　　　　 全球变暖
②stay at home 待在家里
③on foot 步行
④protect the environment 保护环境
⑤traffic accident 交通事故
⑥see the doctor 看医生
⑦look forward to 盼望
⑧do great harm to ... 对……造成巨大伤害
⑨rising sea levels 海平面上升
⑩as a result 结果
⑪result from 由……造成
⑫reduce their greenhouse gas emissions
减少温室效应的气体排放
⑬carbon dioxide 二氧化碳
⑭let off waste water 排放废水
⑮endangered nation 濒危的国家
⑯packaging product 包装产品
⑰eco­friendly water bottle 环保水瓶
⑱break down 分解
⑲image of the future 未来意象
⑳eatable spoon 可吃的勺子
deal with 处理
be/live in harmony with 与……和谐共处
make proper use of 合理利用
keep the balance of 保持……的平衡
live a low­carbon life 过低碳生活
call on/appeal to sb.to do sth.　　号召/呼吁某人做某事
hazy weather 雾霾天气
daily life 日常生活
go to school 去上学
a lot of times 许多次
(四)写作佳句背一背
①Many people worry that our energy will run out quickly if we use it in an unchecked way.
②It is well known that the global water shortage is becoming increasingly severe due to global warming.
③There is no doubt that the earth is becoming warmer and that it is human activities that have caused this global warming.
④Accordingly/Consequently, it is not difficult to draw the conclusion that people are more and more aware of the importance of the protection of the environment.
二、话题书面表达亮一点

假如你是李华，你的美国笔友Mike来信询问你的家乡是否有雾霾天气，情况如何。请你按照以下提示给他回一封e­mail。内容如下：
1．由于大气污染程度十分严重，自去年年底以来发生了许多次雾霾天气；
2．人们已经意识到雾霾天气的危害，正在采取各种措施减少其发生；
3．你在日常生活中打算为此做些什么。
注意：词数100左右。开头和结尾已给出，但不计入总词数。
参考词汇：雾霾haze；雾霾天气 hazy weather
Dear Mike，
I'm glad to receive your letter, and thank you for your caring for the weather and my health. Now I'd like to tell you something about the haze.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Yours，
Li Hua
[写作4步走]
第一步：句写对——给词写句

occur, a lot of times, do great harm to, daily life, traffic accident, see the doctor, disease, cause, stay at home, go to school, throw, waste, protect the environment, look forward to　　
1．雾霾天气在我的家乡出现了许多次。
The_hazy_weather_has_occurred_a_lot_of_times_in_my_hometown.
2．它对我们的日常生活造成了巨大的危害。
It_has_done_great_harm_to_our_daily_life._
3．发生了许多交通事故。
Many_traffic_accidents_happened._
4．越来越多的市民必须去看医生。
More_and_more_citizens_have_to_go_to_see_the_doctor.
5．这些疾病是由雾霾引起的。
The_diseases_are_caused_by_the_haze.
6．许多人不得不待在家里。
Many_people_have_to_stay_at_home.
7．我会骑车或步行去上学。
I_will_go_to_school_by_bike_or_on_foot._
8．我不会在任何地方扔垃圾。
I_won't_throw_the_waste_anywhere.
9．我会告诉我遇见的人们保护环境。
I_will_tell_the_people_I_meet_to_protect_the_environment._
10．你能告诉我一些好的想法吗？
Would_you_like_to_tell_me_some_good_ideas?
11．盼望着你的回复。
I'm_looking_forward_to_your_reply.
第二步：量写够——语句扩充
12．在第1句中加上时间状语“自从去年年底以来”。
Since_the_end_of_last_year,_the_hazy_weather_has_occurred_a_lot_of_times_in_my_hometown.
13．在第3句中加上状语“因为严重的雾霾”。
Many_traffic_accidents_happened_because_of_the_heavy_haze._
14．在第4句中加上原因状语“由于严重的疾病”。
More_and_more_citizens_have_to_go_to_see_the_doctor_due_to_the_serious_diseases.
15．在第6句中加上原因状语“因为害怕有毒的空气”。
Many_people_have_to_stay_at_home_for_fear_of_the_poisonous_air.
16．在第7句前加上状语“至于我”。
As_for_me,_I_will_go_to_school_by_bike_or_on_foot._
第三步：语写美——词句升格
17．用a great number of替换第15句中的many。
A_great_number_of_people_have_to_stay_at_home_for_fear_of_the_poisonous_air.
18．用which引导的非限制性定语从句合并第12句与第2句。
Since_the_end_of_last_year,_the_hazy_weather_has_occurred_a_lot_of_times_in_my_hometown,_which_has_done_great_harm_to_our_daily_life._
19．用非谓语动词作后置定语合并第14句与第5句。
More_and_more_citizens_have_to_go_to_see_the_doctor_due_to_the_serious_diseases_caused_by_the_haze.
20．用并列连词and连接第16句与第8句。
As_for_me,_I_will_go_to_school_by_bike_or_on_foot,_and_I_won't_throw_the_waste_anywhere.
第四步：篇连顺——衔接成文

Dear_Mike，
I'm_glad_to_receive_your_letter,_and_thank_you_for_your_caring_for_the_weather_and_my_health._Now_I'd_like_to_tell_you_something_about_the_haze.
Since_the_end_of_last_year,_the_hazy_weather_has_occurred_a_lot_of_times_in_my_hometown,_which_has_done_great_harm_to_our_daily_life._Many_traffic_accidents_happened_because_of_the_heavy_haze._Besides,_more_and_more_citizens_have_to_go_to_see_the_doctor_due_to_the_serious_diseases_caused_by_the_haze._A_great_number_of_people_have_to_stay_at_home_for_fear_of_the_poisonous_air.
As_for_me,_I_will_go_to_school_by_bike_or_on_foot,_and_I_won't_throw_the_waste_anywhere._In_addition,_I_will_tell_the_people_I_meet_to_protect_the_environment._Would_you_like_to_tell_me_some_good_ideas?_I'm_looking_forward_to_your_reply.
Yours，
Li_Hua

Ⅰ.根据提示填空
You might think that “global warming” means nothing more than a rise in the world's temperature. But, ❶rising_sea_levels (海平面上升) caused by it have resulted in the first evacuation (撤离) of an island nation — the citizens of Tuvalu will have to leave their homeland.
During the 20th century, sea level rose 8－12 inches. ❷As_a_result (结果), Tuvalu has experienced lowland flooding of salt water which has ❸polluted (pollute) the country's drinking water.
Paani Laupepa, a Tuvaluan government official, reported to the Earth Policy Institute that the nation has suffered an unusually high number of fierce ❹storms (storm) in the past ten years. Many scientists connect higher surface water temperatures ❺resulting (result) from global warming to greater and more damaging storms.
Laupepa expressed dissatisfaction with the United States for refusing to sign the Kyoto Protocol, an international agreement calling for industrialized nations to ❻_reduce_their_greenhouse_gas_emissions (减少温室效应的气体排放), which are a main cause of global warming. “By refusing to sign the ❼agreement (agree), the US has effectively taken away the freedom of future generations of Tuvaluans ❽to_live (live) where their forefathers have lived for thousands of years，” Laupepa told the BBC.Tuvalu has asked Australia and New Zealand to allow the gradual move of its people to both countries.
Tuvalu is not the only country that is ❾vulnerable (vulnerably) to rising sea levels. Maumoon Gayoon, president of the Maldives, told the United Nations that global warming has made his country of 311,000 an “endangered_nation (濒危的国家)”．
Ⅱ.片段选词填空
reduce， recycle， invention， environment， deal with， packaging product， eatable spoon， break down， eco­friendly water bottle， image of the future
In an effort to discourage people from using plastics, scientists have been hard at work inventing alternative ❶packaging_products. From water bottles made from seaweed to cutlery (餐具) made from rice and wheat, a number of ❷inventions are set to change the way we eat while we are on the go, or having a relaxing picnic in the park.
The idea of using seaweed to make ❸eco­friendly_water_bottles has been around for a few years. Recently, Ari Jonsson took his invention — a water bottle made from red seaweed — to show off at a festival. The bottles will only hold their shape as long as they are filled. As soon as these bottles are empty they will begin to ❹break_down,_though they would be perfectly safe to eat. Ari Jonsson's bottles are a step closer to a widely used alternative to the current plastic ones.
The eatable water container is not the only product to add to our ❺image_of_the_future. Narayana Pessapaty has also created ❻eatable_spoons. After the success of his spoons, Mr. Pessapaty is ready to expand and introduce forks and chopsticks to his menu. His aim is to largely ❼_reduce the amount of plastic waste, which is a huge problem for waste sites all over the world. It is a product that may take up to 500 years to break down, and ❽_recycling companies worldwide are struggling to ❾deal_with_it.
Aside from the obvious benefits to the environment,_this new packaging is also cheap to produce and therefore cheap to buy. Even better is the fact that similar eatable cutlery can be made at home, possibly a science project for children or just fun with friends. Why not get experimenting and create your own recipes?

一、复现单元考点——增强备考信心
Ⅰ.高考中的语法填空
1．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)China's approach to protecting its environment while feeding its citizens “offers useful lessons for agriculture (agricultural) and food policymakers worldwide，” says the bank's Juergen Voegele.
2．(2018·北京高考)A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who had_been_trapped (trap)in the mountains for two days.
3．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)Later, engineers managed to_construct (construct) railways in a system of deep tunnels (隧道), which became known as the Tube.
4．(2015·福建高考)It was_considerate (consider) of Michael to inform us of his delay in case we got worried.
5．(2015·湖北高考)I don't think what he said is relevant (relate) to the topic we are discussing. He has missed the point.
6．(2014·江西高考)Starting your own business could be a way to achieving financial (finance) independence.On the other hand, it could just put you in debt.
7．(2011·湖南高考)Going to college helps build a strong mind, which leads to greater success in one's life.
Ⅱ.高考中的完形填空
(选用lead, seize, trap, in turn, principle, considerate, threat填空)
1．(2015·四川高考)My previous home had a stand of woods behind it and many animals in the backyard. That first year, I started feeding peanuts to the blue jays, then the squirrels. The squirrels had no problem coming up right to me for them. As the months went by, the rabbits saw that I was no __13__ and didn't escape. When I threw carrot slices (薄片), they even came for a nibble (啃). ____________
2．(2014·全国卷Ⅰ)As a general rule, all forms of activity lead to boredom when they are performed on a routine (常规) basis. As a matter of fact, we can see this__41__ at work in people of all ages.For example, on Christmas morning, children are excited about playing with their new toys. ____________
3．(2014·山东高考)The owner stormed over, __15__ the bird, took it into the “black room，” shook it a bit, pulled out a few feathers, and said, “Don't ever, ever say anything to embarrass my customers again. You got that ！！！”____________
4．(2014·江苏高考)By the time Dale was a senior, he had won every top honor in speech. Now other students were coming to him for coaching and they, __52__， were winning contests.____________
5．(2013·天津高考)He always puts our happiness before his own, and never fails to cheer me on at my sports games in spite of his exhaustion after long days. His loving and selfless nature has inspired me to become more sympathetic and __34__， putting others first.____________
6．(2013·辽宁高考)As she got off her bike and put it against the gate post, she focused on the path __49__ to the house and then on the house itself.____________
7．(2012·江苏高考)Travelers have ended up lost on mountains, and mobile phones have saved countless lives.They can also make people feel __52__ and forced to answer unwanted calls or reply to unwanted texts.____________
答案：1.threat　2.principle　3.seized　4.in turn
5．considerate　6.leading　7.trapped
二、复现话题词汇——提高阅读准度
新高考下的命题新视角：随着“绿水青山就是金山银山”的观念日益深入人心，“环境保护”成为了时代的主题，也成为高考命题的热门话题。通过阅读此类话题的文章，考生不仅能提升语言学习的能力，更能培养珍惜资源、保护环境的意识。建议考生平时多关注与环境保护相关的一些素材。
[话题感悟]
学习目标 ——语篇复现词汇，活学活用记忆更深
(加黑词汇为本单元话题词汇，读文时请揣摩其用法)
(2017·江苏高考阅读D)
Old Problem, New Approaches
While clean energy is increasingly used in our daily life, global warming will continue for some decades after CO2 emissions (排放) peak. So even if emissions were to begin to decrease today, we would still face the challenge of adapting to climate change. Here I will stress some smarter and more creative examples of climate adaptation.
When it comes to adaptation, it is important to understand that climate change is a process. We are therefore not talking about adapting to a new standard, but to a constantly shifting set of conditions. This is why, in part at least, the US National Climate Assessment says that：“There_is_no_‘one­size_fits_all’_adaptation.” Nevertheless, there are some actions that offer much and carry little risk or cost.
Around the world, people are adapting in surprising ways, especially in some poor countries. Floods have become more damaging in Bangladesh in recent decades. Mohammed Rezwan saw opportunity where others saw only disaster. His not­for­profit organization runs 100 river boats that serve as floating libraries, schools, and health clinics, and are equipped with solar panels and other communicating facilities. Rezwan is creating floating connectivity (连接) to replace flooded roads and highways. But he is also working at a far more fundamental level: his staff show people how to make floating gardens and fish ponds to prevent starvation during the wet season.
Elsewhere in Asia even more astonishing actions are being taken. Chewang Norphel lives in a mountainous region in India, where he is known as the Ice Man. The loss of glaciers (冰川) there due to global warming represents an enormous threat to agriculture. Without the glaciers, water will arrive in the rivers at times when it can damage crops. Norphel's inspiration came from seeing the waste of water over winter, when it was not needed. He directed the wasted water into shallow basins where it froze, and was stored until the spring. His fields of ice supply perfectly timed irrigation (灌溉) water. Having created nine such ice reserves, Norphel calculates that he has stored about 200, 000m3 of water. Climate change is a continuing process, so Norphel's ice reserves will not last forever. Warming will overtake them. But he is providing a few years during which the farmers will, perhaps, be able to find other means of adapting.
Increasing Earth's reflectiveness can cool the planet. In southern Spain the sudden increase of greenhouses (which reflect light back to space) has changed the warming trend locally, and actually cooled the region. While Spain as a whole is heating up quickly, temperatures near the greenhouses have decreased. This example should act as an inspiration for all cities. By painting buildings white, cities may slow down the warming process.
In Peru, local farmers around a mountain with a glacier that has already fallen victim to climate change have begun painting the entire mountain peak white in the hope that the added reflectiveness will restore the life­giving ice. The outcome is still far from clear. But the World Bank has included the project on its list of “100 ideas to save the planet”．
More ordinary forms of adaptation are happening everywhere. A friend of mine owns an area of land in western Victoria. Over five generations the land has been too wet for cropping. But during the past decade declining rainfall has allowed him to plant highly profitable crops. Farmers in many countries are also adapting like this — either by growing new produce, or by growing the same things differently. This is common sense. But some suggestions for adapting are not. When the polluting industries argue that we've lost the battle to control carbon pollution and have no choice but to adapt, it's a nonsense designed to make the case for business as usual.
Human beings will continue to adapt to the changing climate in both ordinary and astonishing ways. But the most sensible form of adaptation is surely to adapt our energy systems to emit less carbon pollution. After all, if we adapt in that way, we may avoid the need to change in so many others.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。尽管清洁能源在我们日常生活中被越来越多地使用，全球变暖仍将持续几十年。面对这个问题，各个国家不同地区的人们纷纷出谋划策并萌生了很多颇有创意的想法。
65．The underlined part in Paragraph 2 implies ________.
A．adaptation is an ever­changing process
B．the cost of adaptation varies with time
C．global warming affects adaptation forms
D．adaptation to climate change is challenging
解析：选A　句意理解题。根据上文中的“We are therefore ... but to a constantly shifting set of conditions.”可知，对于不断变化的环境，没有一个通用的方法来解决所有这样的问题。故画线部分表示的是适应环境也是一个不断变化的过程。故A项正确。
66．What is special with regard to Rezwan's project?
A．The project receives government support.
B．Different organizations work with each other.
C．His organization makes the best of a bad situation.
D．The project connects flooded roads and highways.
解析：选C　细节理解题。根据第三段第一句可知，世界范围内尤其是一些贫穷地区的人们使用了令人意想不到的方法去适应环境的改变，化劣势为优势，再结合下文的内容可知，Rezwan的组织充分利用坏形势，故答案为C。
67．What did the Ice Man do to reduce the effect of global warming?
A．Storing ice for future use.
B．Protecting the glaciers from melting.
C．Changing the irrigation time.
D．Postponing the melting of the glaciers.
解析：选A　推理判断题。由第四段中的“... He directed the wasted water into shallow basins where it froze, and was stored until the spring ...”可知，他把废水引入浅的洼地，水在那里结冰并被储存到春天用来灌溉田地，故A项正确。
68．What do we learn from the Peru example?
A．White paint is usually safe for buildings.
B．The global warming trend cannot be stopped.
C．This country is heating up too quickly.
D．Sunlight reflection may relieve global warming.
解析：选D　细节理解题。根据第六段的内容可知，在秘鲁当地的农民会把整个山峰涂成白色来增强对阳光的反射，希望借此来保护冰不被融化，再结合第五段的内容可知，反射太阳光可能会减轻全球变暖，故D项正确。
69．According to the author, polluting industries should ________.　
A．adapt to carbon pollution
B．plant highly profitable crops
C．leave carbon emission alone
D．fight against carbon pollution
解析：选D　推理判断题。根据第七段中的“When the polluting industries argue that we've lost the battle to control carbon pollution and have no choice but to adapt”可知，污染企业争辩说因为人们没有赢得控制碳污染的战争，只能适应，再结合下文的“it's a nonsense designed to make the case for business as usual”可知，作者认为污染企业的这种说法是荒谬的，其目的是给自己的商业行为制造借口。由此可推知，对于污染企业来说，负责任的做法是同碳污染作斗争，以减少碳排放，故D项正确。
70．What's the author's preferred solution to global warming?
A．Setting up a new standard.
B．Reducing carbon emission.
C．Adapting to climate change.
D．Monitoring polluting industries.
解析：选B　细节理解题。根据最后一段第二句“But the most sensible form of adaptation is surely to adapt our energy systems to emit less carbon pollution.”可知，作者认为最明智的应对全球变暖的方法是减少碳排放，故B项正确。
学习目标 ——题后把脉规律，练后得法理解更透
推理判断技法(5)——常规解题思路
要做好推理判断题，需要充分理解阅读文章、分析语篇特征、寻找解题依据。考生应该在领会全文的基础上做出正确的推理和判断：
(1)要注意推理的基础是原文内容，根据上下文逻辑关系，进行实事求是的判断，得出合乎逻辑的结论，不可仅仅根据自己的经验、观点或爱好去做出判断。
(2)有的题目的推理即为原文具体层面的“同义替换”。如上文第65题中A项“adaptation is an ever­changing process”与画线部分中“no‘one­size fits all’”及上文中“... but to a constantly shifting set of conditions”属于同义转化。
(3)所涉及的逻辑关系都是最简单的逻辑判断，一步即可推得，考生千万不能人为地把问题复杂化，推理很多步，反而得出错误的答案。
(4)选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念，如only, never, all, absolutely等，正确答案的表示一般有一点模糊，会用到一些相对能够留下一些余地的词汇，如often, usually, sometimes, some, may, might, can, could, possibly, probably等。
(5)符合常识的选项通常不是正确答案，但是违背常识的选项一定错误。

Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
(2019·名校原创预测卷一)Famous tennis coach Nick Bollettieri considered tennis star Roger Federer the greatest player of all time, saying he is “in a class of his own”. The Swiss maestro (大师) won his record eighth Wimbledon title this month, defeating Croatian Marin Cilic in the final, and going to the entire tournament without dropping a single set.
The 36­year­old now has 19 Grand Slam titles, the most in history for a male tennis player. Bollettieri, who has coached some of the most successful tennis players ever including Andre Agassi and Jim Courier, believes Federer stands out from the rest due to all the efforts he makes on and off the court. “When you get to know the greatest player of all time, I believe you will join with many commentators in saying Roger is standing in a class of his own，” Bollettieri told Saturday Sport. “He is magnificent (出色的) in expecting what to do. He has improved his backhand and also he is hitting the ball much earlier, and he is one of, if not the best placement server in the game.”
His management team headed by Tony Godsick takes care of his mind and body, time with his family, time with his foundation and time with rest. He also respects the game and his opponents (对手). Despite his impressive record, Federer has struggled against the other top players of this generation, including Rafael Nadal and Novak Djokovic. Along with Andy Murray, they are known as tennis' “big four”， and Federer has a combined 50－57 record against the other three during his career.
However, Bollettieri doesn't think that will have any impact on Federer's greatness if he keeps on playing the way he is at his age. Bollettieri said, “Age is only a number. It is how you feel inside you. I believe a lot of people today can do a lot better if their mindset is to say I will get better every day and never use the word ‘retirement’. When you worry about losing, it is more difficult to win.”
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了著名网球运动员Roger Federer的成就及他在球场内外的努力。
1．What does Bollettieri mean by saying he is “in a class of his own”？
A．Roger is a tennis player second to none.
B．Roger is a particular favorite of his.
C．Roger is proud and prefers being alone.
D．Roger has difficulty getting along with others.
解析：选A　句意理解题。根据第一段中的“Famous tennis coach Nick Bollettieri considered tennis star Roger Federer the greatest player of all time”以及下文Bollettieri对Roger的表现的肯定可推知，“in a class of his own”指的是Roger的水平在网球领域是一流的，也就是说Roger是个无与伦比的网球运动员。故选A。
2．What can we know about Roger from the passage?
A．He is in full charge of his life and career.
B．Hard work is a major factor in his success.
C．Deep respect develops between him and Tony.
D．His greatest achievement is made in his thirties.
解析：选B　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Bollettieri ... believes Federer stands out from the rest due to all the efforts he makes on and off the court”可知，Bollettieri认为，Roger能比其他人优秀，这都归功于他在球场内外的努力，即刻苦努力是Roger成功的一个重要因素。故选B。
3．What does the underlined word “that” in the last paragraph refer to?
A．Roger's increased age.
B．Roger's positive attitude.
C．Roger's impressive record.
D．Roger's losing to other famous players.
解析：选D　代词指代题。根据倒数第二段中的“Along with Andy Murray, they are known as tennis'‘big four’， and Federer has a combined 50－57 record against the other three during his career”可知，Federer曾经在对战另外三个著名运动员的大部分比赛中输给了他们；再结合画线词所在句可推知，但是Bollettieri并不认为这会对Roger的伟大造成任何影响。由此可知，that指的应是这件事。故选D。
4．What does Bollettieri want to stress in the last paragraph?
A．Failure is nothing to fear.
B．Being positive is very important.
C．Everyone needs to be strong­willed.
D．Attitude is everything.
解析：选B　推理判断题。根据最后一段的内容，尤其是“I believe a lot of people today can do a lot better if their mindset is to say I will get better every day and never use the word ‘retirement’. When you worry about losing, it is more difficult to win”可知，如果人们能保持积极的心态，那么他们可能会做得更好；如果你担心自己会失败，那么你就更难成功。由此可知，积极的心态是很重要的。故选B。
B
(2019·名校原创预测卷二)In the fight to conserve tropical rainforests, here's a tool you don't often hear about: orange peels. Specifically, 12,000 tons of them, dumped (倾倒) on the land. “You don't usually associate waste treatment with biodiversity benefits, something that's good for the environment.”
Tim Treuer is an ecologist at Princeton University, and he's talking about a unique conservation story. It started in the early 1990s, when an orange juice producer called Del Oro set up a company near the Guanacaste Conservation Area in Costa Rica, a region that contains several national parks and a wildlife protection zone.
Del Oro needed somewhere to dump the orange peels, and the company also owned forested land next to the parkland that it had no intention of growing crops on. So a deal was struck: if Del Oro donated its forested land, it could dump orange peel waste on degraded (退化的) land within the conservation area. Then a thousand dump trucks' worth of orange peels were lying on the land in 1998. “And within about six months the orange peels had been turned from orange peels into this thick black rich soil.”
“I couldn't even find the site the first time I saw it.” He couldn't find it because, over 16 years, the orange peel waste had sent the land on a journey to become a vine­choked jungle, with three times the diversity of tree species of the neighboring control plot, richer soil and a much thicker covering. In other words, the experiment was a success. The results appear in the journal Restoration Ecology.
Treuer says perhaps this lesson could be applied elsewhere. “It's a shame that we live in a world with nutrient­limited degraded ecosystems and also nutrient­rich waste streams. We'd like to see those things come together a little bit. That's not license for any agricultural company to just start dumping their waste products on protected areas, but it does mean that land managers, people involved with industrial­scale agricultural operations should start thinking about ways to do thoughtful experimentation to see if in their particular system they can have similar win­win­win results.”
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了倒在退化土地上的废弃橘子皮竟成了保护热带雨林生物多样性的工具。
5．What does the underlined word “It” in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A．Waste treatment.
B．A conservation story.
C．An orange juice company.
D．The biodiversity benefit.
解析：选B　代词指代题。根据第二段中的“Tim Treuer is an ecologist at Princeton University, and he's talking about a unique conservation story”可知，It指代的应是Tim Treuer要讲的有关生态保护的故事。故选B。
6．What does the author say about orange peels?
A．They are particularly hard to break down.
B．They can change the color of the land soil.
C．They are beneficial to biological diversity.
D．They can gradually destroy the surface soil.
解析：选C　细节理解题。根据第一段中的“You don't usually associate waste treatment with biodiversity benefits, something that's good for the environment”和第四段中的“with three times the diversity of tree species of the neighboring control plot, richer soil and a much thicker covering”可知，橘子皮对生物多样性是有益的。故选C。
7．What do Treuer's words in the last paragraph suggest?
A．Waste can be used for environmental protection.
B．No waste can be thrown randomly on the protected areas.
C．Large­scale agricultural operations start with experiments.
D．Land managers must be ready to take on their responsibility.
解析：选A　推理判断题。根据最后一段中Treuer所说的话，尤其是“It's a shame that we live in a world with nutrient­limited degraded ecosystems and also nutrient­rich waste streams. We'd like to see those things come together a little bit”可知，Treuer认为，我们生活在一个营养受限的、退化的生态系统中，同时却有许多营养成分丰富的、泛滥成灾的废弃物，我们想看到这些东西能一点点地整合利用起来。再结合文章的主旨可知，Treuer认为我们可以利用废弃物来保护环境。故选A。
8．What might be the best title for the passage?
A．How to Deal with Orange Peels
B．How to Improve the Degraded Land
C．A Fruitful Experiment in Land Conservation
D．Ways to Protect Tropical Forests Effectively
解析：选C　标题归纳题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了Del Oro的公司将废弃的橘子皮倒在保护区内退化的土地上后产生的令人意想不到的结果：保护了该地区生物的多样性，使得该地区土壤更加肥沃，植被更加茂密。故C项作本文标题最佳。
Ⅱ.完形填空
(2019·昆明调研)Mrs. Hudson walked into the classroom with a girl limping (瘸着走) behind her. She introduced, “This is Margaret. She just moved here from Florida. Let's __1__ her.” The teacher guided her __2__ to a front seat, then bent over and __3__ something in her ear. Finishing explaining the math problems, Mrs. Hudson __4__， “Break time. See you in ten minutes.”
Boys __5__ first. “Today, let's meet at the far end of the sidewalk. And make sure the new girl doesn't follow us！” I said. After a while, I came back to the __6__. I wanted to find out if Mrs. Hudson liked my book report. With her usual big smile, she began, “Jack, you are a good __7__.” Shifting my weight from one foot to the other, I was a little __8__ that Mrs. Hudson liked me so much. Her __9__ let me know how much she appreciated having me around. My teacher __10__ in her quiet voice. “That's __11__ I am sure you will invite Margaret to play with you today.” Her __12__ words sounded like frozen knives aiming at my heart. Could she __13__ suspect what we had been saying about Margaret? Could she know how __14__ I was?
Then I managed to __15__ Margaret in our group. While many school memories have __16__ over the years, the __17__ Mrs. Hudson taught me has stayed with me. Mrs. Hudson gently guided me, __18__ me to do the right thing. She believed in me, and __19__ what she did, I rose to the level of her __20__， both for Margaret long ago and even later in my choice of career.
语篇解读：本文是学校生活类记叙文。Hudson夫人是作者的老师。一天，她带着一个走路一瘸一拐的女孩进了教室，包括作者在内的几个男孩取笑这个女孩。而Hudson夫人用激励、爱心和智慧教育了作者，启迪了他的心灵，作者从此不再孤立女孩。这段经历对作者的一生产生了很大的影响。

1．A.welcome　　　　　　　 B．introduce
C．recommend D．follow
解析：选A　上文讲到Hudson夫人带着一个走路一瘸一拐的女孩进了教室，将这个女孩介绍给班里的孩子们，让大家“欢迎”她，所以选A。welcome“欢迎”；introduce“介绍”；recommend“推荐”；follow“跟随”。
2．A.casually B．gently
C．nervously D．hurriedly
解析：选B　上文讲到女孩走路一瘸一拐，接着说Hudson夫人“缓缓地”将女孩带到了前排的一个座位，所以选B。casually“随便地”；gently“温柔地，缓缓地”；nervously“紧张地”；hurriedly“匆忙地”。
3．A.spread B．delivered
C．repeated D．whispered
解析：选D　Hudson夫人先是将女孩带到了前排的一个座位上，接着弯下腰来在她的耳边“小声说话”，所以选D。spread“传播”；deliver“递送，发表(演讲)，接生”；repeat“重复”；whisper“小声说”。
4．A.cried B．sighed
C．announced D．agreed
解析：选C　Hudson夫人讲完数学题后，“宣布”该休息了，所以选C。cry“喊叫，哭”；sigh“叹气”；announce“宣布”。
5．A.looked out B．raced out
C．turned up D．gave up
解析：选B　根据上文可知，老师宣布了下课，根据常识可推知，下课后，男孩们先“跑了出去”，故raced out符合语境。look out“朝外看”；turn up“出现，露面，调高(音量等)”；give up“放弃”。
6．A.school B．office
C．classroom D．platform
解析：选C　上文提到男孩们跑了出去，所以过了一会儿，作者应该是回到了“教室”。school“学校”；office“办公室”；classroom“教室”；platform“平台，月台，讲台”。
7．A.guard B．colleague
C．person D．speaker
解析：选C　Hudson夫人对作者说，“Jack，你是一个好人”，她是用表扬的方法来促使作者转变自己的做法，使作者友善对待新来的女生。guard“卫兵”；colleague“同事”；person“人”；speaker“说话者”。
8．A.embarrassed B．satisfied
C．convinced D．worried
解析：选A　作者取笑新来的女孩，Hudson夫人却说他是一个好人，这让作者感到有点“尴尬”，所以选A。embarrassed“尴尬的”；satisfied“满意的，满足的”；convinced“确信的”；worried“担忧的”。
9．A.answer B．explanation
C．comment D．prediction
解析：选C　Hudson夫人对作者的正面“评价”(说作者是个好人)让作者知道了老师是非常喜欢他在身边的。answer“回答，答案”；explanation“解释，说明”；comment“评论，评述”；prediction“预测，预言”。
10．A.begged B．replied
C．urged D．continued
解析：选D　上文讲到，Hudson夫人说作者是一个好人，然后“继续说”，“这就是我确信你今天会邀请Margaret一起玩的原因。”beg“祈求”；reply“回答”；urge“敦促”；continue“继续说”。
11．A.why B．how
C．when D．where
解析：选A　参见上题解析。why“为什么”；how“如何，怎样”；when“何时”；where“哪里”。
12．A.doubtful B．confident
C．honest D．comfortable
解析：选B　她肯定的话如同冰冷的刀子直指向作者的心，所以选B。doubtful“怀疑的”；confident“自信的，肯定的”；honest“诚实的”；comfortable“舒服的”。
13．A.necessarily B．regularly
C．hardly D．possibly
解析：选D　上文提到作者孤立新同学，但老师却说他是个好人，所以作者心中疑惑：她“有可能”会猜到我们都说Margaret什么吗？她知道我有多令人讨厌吗？necessarily“必要地，必然地”；regularly“经常，定期地，有规律地”；hardly“几乎不”；possibly“可能”。
14．A.greedy B．smart
C．awful D．outgoing
解析：选C　参见上题解析。greedy“贪婪的”；smart“聪明的，机灵的”；awful“糟糕的，极坏的”；outgoing“外向的，友好的”。
15．A.refuse B．praise
C．separate D．include
解析：选D　之后，作者设法让Margaret“加入”到了他们的团体中。refuse“拒绝”；praise“表扬，赞美”；separate“使分离，使分开”；include“包含，包括，列入”。
16．A.faded B．existed
C．remained D．refreshed
解析：选A　多年过去了，很多学校的回忆“逐渐消失”，但Hudson夫人给作者的教训却一直伴随着他。fade“逐渐消失，褪色”；exist“存在”；remain“继续存在”；refresh“恢复精神”。
17．A.process B．principle
C．secret D．lesson
解析：选D　参见上题解析。process“进程”；principle“原则”；secret“秘密”；lesson“课，教训”。
18．A.forcing B．challenging
C．permitting D．ordering
解析：选B　Hudson夫人温和地引导作者，“激励”他去做正确的事情。force“强迫，逼迫”；challenge“激励，要求”；permit“允许”；order“命令”。
19．A.because of B．regardless of
C．in spite of D．in terms of
解析：选A　作者的老师信任他，“由于”老师所做的一切，作者达到了老师的期望，所以选A。because of“因为，由于”；regardless of“不顾，不管”；in spite of“尽管”；in terms of“按照，在……方面，以……的措辞”。
20．A.beliefs B．expectations
C．success D．standard
解析：选B　参见上题解析。belief“信仰，信条”；expectation“指望，期望”；success“成功”；standard“标准，水平”。
Ⅲ.语法填空
(2019·名校原创预测卷三)Watermelon is considered a vine­like flowering plant that is actually native to Southern Africa, __1__ the wild varieties are in the greatest __2__ (abundant), ranging from super sweet to bitter, and varying in size as well.They moved north to Egypt, and __3__ (plant) in the Nile River Valley, and eventually moved east into China, roughly 1,000 years ago.Now, watermelon is grown around the world.It is __4__ (specific) selected to grow larger and juicy, __5__ (result) in the huge fruit that many of us are familiar with.The green outer skin is hard and fleshy, and rarely eaten, while the inner part is soft, red or pink flesh containing many seeds; this is the part of watermelon which is typically eaten.
Watermelon is __6__ (effect) in reducing both your body temperature and blood pressure.Many people in tropical __7__ (region) eat this fruit every day in the afternoon during summer to protect themselves from heatstroke.In India, you will find __8__ being sold in almost every street during the summer season.The high amount of water __9__ (contain) in watermelon also causes a release of excess (多余的) liquid __10__ the form of sweat, which cools your body further during hot summer days.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，介绍了西瓜的特点、种植历史及食用价值。
1．where　考查定语从句。事实上，西瓜原产于非洲南部，在那里，野生的西瓜种类非常丰富。分析句子结构可知，空处在此引导非限制性定语从句，且在从句中作地点状语，先行词是Southern Africa，故填where。
2．abundance　考查名词。根据空前的“are in the greatest”可知，此处应填名词。abundance“充裕，丰富”。
3．were planted　考查动词的时态和语态。根据句中的时间状语“roughly 1,000 years ago”可知，此处描述发生在过去的事情，应用一般过去时；且They与plant之间是被动关系，应用被动语态。故填were planted。
4．specifically　考查副词。应用副词修饰动词。specifically“特定地，专门地”。
5．resulting　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，result与其逻辑主语之间是主谓关系，故此处应用现在分词作结果状语。
6．effective　考查形容词。西瓜在降低体温和血压方面很有效。空处在句中作表语，故填形容词effective“产生预期结果的，有效的”。
7．regions　考查名词复数。热带地区的许多人在夏季的每天下午都吃西瓜。region“地区，区域”是可数名词，且其前无限定词修饰，故应用其复数形式。
8．it　考查代词。在印度，你会发现在夏季几乎每条街道上都有人在卖西瓜。空处指代上文中的“this fruit”，故填it。
9．contained　考查非谓语动词。西瓜中含有的大量水分也能促使你的身体以汗的形式排出体内多余的液体。contain与其逻辑主语The high amount of water之间是动宾关系，故应用过去分词作后置定语。
10．in　考查介词。in the form of“以……的形式”，是固定用法。
Ⅳ.短文改错
(2019·名校原创预测卷七)Today, pollution has become an serious problem to us. It means that the air, seas, rivers and land are polluted by waste or poisonous things. It did harm not only to human beings and to animals. We cannot have fresh air because that many factories have the poisonous smoke sending into the air. Fish die from the polluted waters. Beautiful parks are made dirt by plastic tins and bags. And it is said that strange diseases have appeared in some places because pollution. I hope scientists can pay more attention to the problem and find ways to deal with them. We are desperate wanting to see the clear sky, clean rivers and beautiful parks again.
答案：第一句：an→a
第三句：did→does; and→but
第四句：去掉that; sending→sent
第五句：waters→water
第六句：dirt→dirty
第七句：because后加of
第八句：them→it
第九句：desperate→desperately