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一、语基必备知识
(一)重点词汇——分类记忆
Ⅰ.阅读词汇——知其意
1．flight n． 飞行；航班
2．cheek n. 面颊
3．canteen n. 食堂
4．posture n. 姿势；体态
5．crossroads n. 十字路口
6．frown vi. 皱眉；蹙额
7．fist n. 拳头
8．yawn vi. 打呵欠
9．respectful adj. 恭敬的
10．subjective adj. 主观的
11．employee n. 雇员
12．misread vt. 读错；误解
Ⅱ.核心词汇——写其形
1．dormitory n． 宿舍
2．major adj. 主要的
3．approach vt.& vi. 接近；靠近；走近
n. 接近；方法；途径
4．hug vi.& vt. 拥抱
5．function n. 作用；功能；职能
vi. 起作用；运转
6．represent vt. 代表；象征
7．ease n. 安逸；舒适
vt. 减轻(痛苦、忧虑)
8．adult n. 成人；成年人
adj. 成人的；成熟的
9．rank n. 等级；军衔
10．dash vi. 猛冲；突进
Ⅲ.拓展词汇——通其变
1．state v．陈述；说明→statement n．陈述；说明
2．greet vi.& vt.迎接；问候→greeting n．问候；招呼
3．associate vt.把……联系起来→association n．社团；联系；联想
4．curious adj.好奇的→curiously adv.好奇地→curiosity n．好奇；好奇心
5．defend vt.保护；保卫→defence n．防御；保卫
6．misunderstand vt.误解；误会→misunderstanding n．误解；误会
7．spoken adj.口语的→unspoken adj.(反义词)未说出口的；非口语的
8．anger n．怒气；怒火→angry adj.生气的
9．true adj.真实的→truly adv.真实地；真诚地；真正地→truth n．真实；真理
10．likely adj.可能的→unlikely adj.(反义词)不可能的
11．face n．脸→facial adj.面部的
1.常见“人体部位及器官”名词荟萃
①cheek 面颊
②forehead 额头
③chest 胸部
④shoulder 肩膀
⑤throat 喉咙
2.后缀ly结尾的形容词集锦
①likely 可能的
②weekly 每周的
③costly 昂贵的
④daily 日常的
⑤friendly 友好的
⑥lively 活泼的
⑦lovely 可爱的
3.“方法”种种
①做某事的方法
the approach to doing sth.
the way to do sth./of doing sth.
②用这种方法
in this way
by this means
with this method
(二)重点短语——记牢用活
1．be__curious__about 对……感到好奇的
2．defend...against 防御；保卫……以免受
3．on__the__contrary 相反地
4．be__likely__to 很可能……；有希望……
5．in__general 总的来说；通常
6．come__close__to 接近；靠近
7．as__if 好像
8．at__ease 舒适；快活；自由自在
9．turn__one’s__back__to 背对；背弃
10．lose__face 丢脸
1.表示“通常；总之”的短语大全
①in general 通常
②generally speaking 一般说来
③in a word 总之
④all in all 总之
⑤in conclusion 总之
⑥in short/brief 总之；简言之
2.face短语大全
①lose face 丢脸
②save one’s face 挽回面子
③make a face 做鬼脸
④face to face 面对面(作状语)
⑤in (the) face of 面对(问题、困难等)
⑥be faced with 面对
(三)重点句式——背熟巧用
句型公式
教材原句
句型1：the＋序数词＋n.＋to do sth.
The__first__person__to__arrive was Tony Garcia from Colombia, closely followed by Julia Smith from Britain. 第一个到达的是来自哥伦比亚的托尼·加西亚，随后紧跟着的是英国的朱莉娅·史密斯。
句型2：not all意为“并非所有的都……”，表示部分否定
Not__all__cultures__greet__each__other the same way, nor are they comfortable in the same way with touching or distance between people. 各种文化背景下人们互致问候的方式不尽相同，身体接触和相互间距离的程度也并不一样。
句型3：be likely to do sth.有可能做某事
However, people from places like Spain, Italy or South American countries approach others closely and are__more__likely__to__touch__them.
不过，来自西班牙、意大利或南美等国的人会站在离别人很近的地方，而且可能会(用身体)接触对方。
句型4：it 作形式主语，真正的主语为that从句
We can often be wrong about each other, so it__is__an__amazing__thing__that we understand each other as well as we do！
我们可能常常会彼此误解，因此我们能很好地理解对方，真是件令人惊奇的事！
二、语境强化训练
Ⅰ.语境填词——根据提示写出该词的适当形式
1．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Just as importantly, we tend to associate(把……联系起来) fresh air with health care.
2．(浙江卷)In this article, you need to back up general statements(陈述；说明) with specific examples.
3．As you know, smoking is one of the major(主要的) causes of cancer, so you’d better give it up.
4．As a(n) adult(成年人), you should be responsible for your own decisions.
5．General speaking, those young people who come from the rich family or high rank(等级) are well educated from an early age.
6．When told it was time to leave, the two girls hugged(hug) each other and said goodbye.
7．We were having a meeting when Johnson came dashing(dash) in with a piece of paper in his hand.
8．Representing(represent) our class, Linda and I will take part in the contest to be held this weekend.
Ⅱ.语境品词——写出加黑词汇在语境中的意义
1．(2018·浙江卷6月应用文写作)I’ve learned that the English Association of our school is now in need of some volunteers to receive foreign students visiting our school.协会
2．(浙江卷读后续写)Fortunately, the helicopter flew overhead and noticed poor Jane.Tom dashed out as soon as the helicopter landed and hugged Jane tightly.猛冲；突进
3．(天津卷书面表达)In the past two weeks, we have studied in the same classroom and lived in the same dormitory, which allows us the opportunity to know each other and promote our friendship.宿舍
4．(全国卷Ⅱ阅读A)At last I ended up hitting the set with my fist, and it stopped working altogether.拳头
Ⅲ.派生词练习——用所给词的适当形式填空
1．The curious boy looked at the box curiously and then he opened it out of curiosity．(curious)
2．To tell you the truth,__I’m truly grateful for your helping me make my dream come true．(true)
3．In time of war, lots of money will be spent on defence and many measures will be taken to defend a country from being attacked.(defend)
4．To my surprise, instead of mailing a greeting card, she greeted me with a hug and said “Merry Christmas”．(greet)
5．I wouldn’t want to be associated with the illegal association any more.(associate)
6．He stated the other day that the statement was not made by him.(state)
7．If you misunderstand somebody, it’s likely to lead to a misunderstanding．(misunderstand)
8．She majors in history. However, the majority of her friends major in science.(major)
Ⅳ.选词成篇
on the contrary; at ease; be likely to ; in general; lose face
As is known to us, people usually communicate with others not only by spoken words but also by body language. When you find your friend is depressed, you’d better not ignore him; 1.on__the__contrary,__you should give him a smile to cheer him up and at that moment the smile will put him 2.at__ease. If some foreigners ask you the directions, you can use body language to make him understand. 3.In__general,__body language is as important as spoken language. Without a good command of major body languages, we 4.are__likely__to have misunderstandings when communicating. When we go abroad, we represent our country, so we must try not to 5.lose__face because of our unproper behavior.
Ⅴ.完成句子
1．屠呦呦是中国第一位获得诺贝尔奖的女科学家，2019年9月29日她被授予共和国勋章。
As the__first__female__scientist__to__win__the__Nobel__Prize in China, Tu Youyou was awarded the Medal of the Republic on September 29th, 2019.
2．并不是所有人都愿意做这样的工作，因为它对于有些人来说太难了。
Not__all__are__willing__to__do__such__work,__for it is quite hard for some of them.
3．如果你努力学习，你很有可能考入理想的大学。
If you study hard, you are__likely__to__be__admitted__to your dreaming university.
4．中国在教育和技术方面取得了如此巨大的进步，这是一件令人惊讶的事情。
It__is__an__amazing__thing__that China has made such great advancement in education and technology.
represent vt.代表；象征；描绘；声称；说明；传达
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①She represents her mother as the kindest mother in the world.
②In the afternoon, you together with some of our student representatives(represent) are going to visit the Haihe River and enjoy the beautiful scenery there.
[能力提升]——一句多译
(2019·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)我非常高兴代表我们学校，告诉你们有关即将到来的排球比赛的一些事宜。
③Representing__our__school,__I’m glad to tell you something about the coming volleyball game.
④On__behalf__of__our__school,__I’m glad to tell you something about the coming volleyball game.
(1) 代表……
(2)represent...as/to be... 宣称……为……；
把……描绘成……
(3)represent sth. to sb. 向某人说明或传达某事
(4)representative n. 代表
adj. 典型的；有代表性的
[佳句背诵] Last but not least, I feel it a great honour to represent my class to take part in the group dancing competition. 最后但同样重要的是，我觉得代表我班参加小组跳舞比赛非常荣幸。
curious adj.好奇的
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①People gathered round，curious to__know(know) what was happening.
②They help us understand science subjects better and arouse our curiosity(curious) about scientific discoveries.
[能力提升]——完成句子
③中国的传统文化有可能会是一个更好的选择，因为美国学生对中国的传统文化感到好奇。
The traditional Chinese culture is likely to be a better choice because American students are__curious__about__traditional__Chinese__culture．
(1)be curious about 对……感到好奇
be curious to do sth. 渴望做某事
(2)curiosity n. 好奇；好奇心
with curiosity 好奇地
out of curiosity 出于好奇
(3)curiously adv. 好奇地
[佳句背诵] It is good to be curious about the world around you because I think curiosity is the best teacher. 对你周围的世界感到新奇是件好事，因为我认为好奇心是最好的老师。
approach vt.& vi.走近；要求；接近；靠近 n．接近；方法；途径
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①The best approach to building(build) up your body is to do exercise every day.
②Approaching(approach) the city centre, we saw a stone statue of about 10 metres in height.
③All the approaches(approach) to the airport were blocked by the police yesterday.
[能力提升]——一句多译
(2017·天津卷书面表达)随着高考的临近，我几乎把所有的时间都花在了学习上。
④With__the__College__Entrance__Examination__approaching/drawing__near/around__the__corner,__I spend almost all the time on study.(with复合结构)
⑤As__the__College__Entrance__Examination__is__approaching/drawing__near/around__the__corner,__I spend almost all the time on study.(时间状语从句)
(1)an approach to... ……的方法/通道
(to为介词)
(2)approach sth. 靠近/接近某事物
...be approaching ……正在来临/靠近
[佳句背诵] As Teachers’ Day was approaching, our class decided to hold a party to celebrate the important day. 随着教师节的临近，我们班决定举行一场晚会来庆祝这个重要的节日。
[联想发散] “(做)……的方法”的正确搭配：
①the approach to__(doing) sth.；
②the way to__do/of__(doing) sth.；
③the means of__(doing) sth.；
④the method of__(doing) sth.
defence n．[U]保卫，防卫
[基础练习]——单句语法填空/猜测加黑词的含义
①The strong walls of the castle served as a good defence(defend) against the attacks.
②When a dog attacked me, I picked up a stick to defend myself(I)．
③It is said that the murderer had employed a famous lawyer to defend him.辩护
[能力提升]——完成句子
④这座纪念碑是为了纪念那些为保卫国家而牺牲的士兵们。
The monument is in memory of the soldiers who died in__defence__of__their__country．
(1)defend...from/against 保护……免受伤害
defend oneself 自卫
(2)defence n. 保卫；保护；辩护；答辩
in defence (of...) 为了保卫(……)
(3)defender n. 防御者
[佳句背诵] It is the nature of parents to do all they can to defend their child from harm and danger.
父母的本性是竭尽全力保护他们的孩子免受伤害和危险。
major adj.主要的；重要的；严重的 vi.主修
[基础练习]——完成句子/单句语法填空
①I guess that there may be a__major__misunderstanding__between__us(我们之间可能有严重的误会)．
②In that company I once worked, women workers are in the majority.
[能力提升]——微写作
③(2018·浙江卷6月应用文写作)作为主修英语的毕业生， 我很高兴申请这个职位。
As a graduate majoring__in__the__English__language,__I feel excited to apply for the position.
(1)major in 主修
(2)in the majority 占大多数
the majority of 大多数……
[佳句背诵] As a matter of fact, he inspired me to major in English in college, to be a bridge between China and the world.
事实上，他激励我在大学主修英语，成为中国和世界之间的桥梁。(北京卷书面表达)
in general 总的来说；通常
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①Peter can be really difficult to deal with at times even though he’s a nice person in general.
②As a general rule, the more expensive the computer is, the better it is.
[能力提升]——一句多译
(2018·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)一般来说，你不应晚于安排好的时间到达。
③Generally__speaking,__your arrival shouldn’t be later than the fixed time.
④In__general,__you shouldn’t arrive later than the fixed time.
(1)general knowledge 常识
as a general rule 一般而言；通常
(2)generally speaking 总体而言；一般而言
[佳句背诵] In general, though, studying international customs can certainly help avoid difficulties in today’s world of cultural crossroads!
但总的来说，在当今文化交融的世界，学习不同国家的习俗肯定能帮助我们避免文化交往中的困难！
[名师点津] in general意为“总的来说；通常”，常常作插入语，可放在句首或句中。
at ease 舒适；快活；自由自在
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①We live in an age when more information is available with greater ease than ever before.
②I eased him of his difficulty by telling him what to do.
③Before the interview, the interviewer wore a bright smile on his face, putting us at ease.
[能力提升]——完成句子
④当你感到紧张时，你最好听一些轻音乐使自己放松一下。
When you feel nervous, you’d better listen to some light music to put__yourself__at__ease．
(1)feel/look at ease 感到/看上去心情放松
put sb. at ease 使某人放松
take one’s ease 休息；轻松一下
(2)with ease 轻易地；毫不费力地
(3)ease one’s mind 使某人安心
ease sb. of sth. 减轻某人的(痛苦、负担等)
[佳句背诵] In general, we don’t feel at ease in the strange surroundings.
通常，我们在陌生的环境里感到不舒服。
lose face 丢脸；失面子
[基础练习]——用face的相关短语填空
①Li Ming feels he will lose__face in front of his classmates if he doesn’t answer the question correctly.
②We should have a talk with each other face__to__face to solve the problem.
[能力提升]——一句多译
面对困难时，他们从不放弃而是努力寻找出路。
③Faced__with/Facing__difficulties,__they never give up but try their best to find a way out.(face v．)
④In__the__face__of__difficulties,__they never give up but try their best to find a way out.(face n．)
(1)save one’s face 挽回面子
make a face 做鬼脸
(2)face to face 面对面
in (the) face of 面对(问题、困难、危险等)
(3)be faced with 面对
[佳句背诵] You’d better make great efforts to achieve it, otherwise you will lose face.
你最好全力以赴去实现它，否则你会颜面尽失的。
the＋序数词＋n.＋to do sth.
(教材P26)The first person to arrive was Tony Garcia from Colombia, closely followed by Julia Smith from Britain.
第一个到达的是来自哥伦比亚的托尼·加西亚，随后紧跟着的是英国的朱莉娅·史密斯。
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①If I have any further news, you will be the first person to__know(know)．
②As far as I know, Amy was the only person to__witness(witness) the car accident.
③There was no signal in that faraway village and all my attempts to__contact(contact) you failed.
[能力提升]——微写作
④(2018·浙江卷6月应用文写作)我能说一口流利的英语，我是班上第一个出国深造的学生。
I can speak fluent English and I am the__first__student__in__my__class__to__go__abroad for further study.
(1)当中心词是序数词或被序数词、形容词最高级等修饰或前有the next, the only, the last等时，常用不定式作后置定语。
(2)动词不定式作定语用来修饰的词是抽象名词，常见的有ability, chance, ambition, offer, anxiety, answer, reply, attempt, belief等。
[佳句背诵] I would really like to interview Yang Liwei because he is not only the first Chinese to go to space but also one of the greatest astronauts in the world.
我真的很想采访杨利伟，因为他不仅是第一个进入太空的中国人，他也是世界上最伟大的宇航员之一。
be likely to do sth.有可能做某事
(教材P26)However, people from places like Spain, Italy or South American countries approach others closely and are more likely to touch them. 不过，来自像西班牙、意大利或南美等国的人会站在离别人很近的地方，而且可能会(用身体)接触对方。
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①That means the price is likely(like) to go down because of the competition.
②I have learned that Mr. Brown disagrees with you. Your suggestion is unlikely(like) to be accepted under the present condition.
[能力提升]——一句多译
(2018·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)如果你不懂中国的餐桌礼仪你有可能使你的朋友感到尴尬。
③It__is__likely__that__you__make__your__friends__feel__embarrassed if you don’t know China’s table manners.
④You__are__likely__to__make__your__friends__feel__embarrassed if you don’t know China’s table manners.
(1)Sb./Sth. be likely to do sth.
＝It’s likely that... 做某事是可能的。
(2)Sb./Sth. be unlikely to do sth.
＝It’s unlikely that... 做某事是不可能的。
(3)It is probable/possible that...
可能……
[佳句背诵] You are likely to suffer from bad health if you keep smoking.
如果继续吸烟，你的身体健康可能会受到损害。
[名师点津] (1)possible的主语不可以是人，只能用it作形式主语，其构成为It is possible for sb.to do sth.或 It is possible that...。
(2)probable一般不用表人的词作主语，只能用Sth.is probable.或者It is probable that...。
Ⅰ.词形转换和动词的形式变换(用所给词的正确形式填空)
1．At the meeting they discussed three different approaches(approach) to the study of mathematics.
2．It’s known that facial(face) expressions and body language can express your feelings at the same time.
3．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Many Chinese people have a misunderstanding(misunderstand) of traditions. They think tradition means old things from the past.
4．At first sight, there is nothing special about this watch, but in fact it’s a mobile phone with various functions(function)．
5．I was truly(true) inspired by his words and determined to work harder to catch up with others.
6．Representing(represent) our school, I’m writing to convey my sincere appreciation to you for the lecture concerning body language you gave us last week.
7．Mr. Brown is a highly educated man so he didn’t express his anger(angry) before the guests yesterday.
8．According to his statement(state), children under 16 are not allowed to join the club.
Ⅱ.固定用法和搭配(在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式)
1．(浙江卷)Studies show that people who volunteer are less likely to__develop(develop) depression(抑郁) than people who don’t.
2．The library is functioning as a temporary hospital to cope with people injured in the earthquake.
3．Shandong Province produced 50 million pounds of apples this year, ranking(rank) the second in China.
4．Having__realized(realize) that it was my fault that caused the experiment to fail, I decided to apologize to my partner.
5．He planned to learn Kong fu in the summer holidays so that he can defend himself against being attacked.
Ⅲ.熟词生义(根据具体语境写出加黑词的词性及含义)
1．(2019·天津卷阅读D)Most of his adult life has been a losing struggle against debt and misfortune.A war injury has made his left hand stop functioning, and he has often been in prison.Driven by heavenknowswhat motives, he determines to write a book.v.起作用；运转
2．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Over the years, there have been a number of different techniques to help designers approach this important point.v.处理
3．It is astonishing that the picture represents a hunting scene.vt.描绘
4．Colleagues are trying to ease the pressure she is under at work.vt.释放；缓解
提能一 语段填空(在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式)
(一)
1．In general, people from different cultures have different ways to greet each other, and thus they are 2.likely(like) to have misunderstandings and lose face when 3.communicating(communicate)．To feel 4.at ease in a foreign country, the first thing 5.to__do(do) is make sure you follow the customs of the local people.
(二)
I am very 1.curious(curiosity) about how Tom does so well in his studies.He 2.majors(major) in physics, 3.a very difficult course at college.It seems that he can always find a good approach to 4.solving(solve) the problems.Before an important exam, he will make good preparations and try to reduce stress by listening to music.He will get the highest marks, 5.ranking(rank) the first in his class.
提能二 话题写作(用本单元词汇、句式和语法知识写满分作文)
假设你是某中学的学生会主席李华。上周，你校邀请美国某大学的史密斯教授来校做了一场关于各国身势语的专题讲座。请你代表你校全体学生，用英语给他写一封感谢信。
1．补全要点句(黑体部分请用本单元所学词汇)
①我代表我校全体学生，感谢您上周所做的关于身势语的讲座。(现在分词作状语)
Representing__every__student__of__our__school,__I’m writing to convey our appreciation to you for the__lecture__concerning__body__language you gave us last week.
②您的讲座不仅给我们留下了很深的印象而且拓宽了我们的视野。
Your__lecture__has__not__only__left__a__deep__impression__on__us__but__also__broadened__our__horizons.
③通过讲座，我们知道各种文化背景下人们互致问候的方式不尽相同，手势意思也不同。
Through the lecture, we learned that not__all__cultures__greet__people__in__the__same__way nor a gesture means the same.
④“OK”的手势在巴西是粗鲁的，摇头在某些国家意味着“是”，这都是我们以前所不知道的。
The gesture for “OK” is rude in Brazil and shaking__one’s__head__means__“yes”__in__some__countries,__which we have never known before.
⑤我们相信这些知识在我们与来自其他文化的人们交流时非常有益。
We are convinced that the knowledge will be very beneficial when we communicate__with__people__from__other__cultures．
⑥在交流中有可能有误解。
There__are__likely__to__be__some__misunderstandings__in__communication.
2．升级平淡句
⑦用倒装句升级句②
Not__only__has__your__lecture__left__a__deep__impression__on__us__but__also__broadened__our__horizons.
⑧用非谓语动词升级句⑤
We__are__convinced__that__the__knowledge__will__be__very__beneficial__when__communicating__with__people__from__other__cultures.
3．衔接成美文(注意使用适当的过渡衔接词汇：in a word, for example, otherwise)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
One possible version：
Dear Professor Smith，
Representing every student of our school, I’m writing to convey our appreciation to you for the lecture concerning body language you gave us last week. In a word, not only has your lecture left a deep impression on us but also broadened our horizons.
Through the lecture, we learned that not all cultures greet people in the same way nor a gesture means the same. For example, the gesture for “OK” is rude in Brazil and shaking one’s head means “yes” in some countries, which we have never known before. We are convinced that the knowledge will be very beneficial when communicating with people from other cultures. Otherwise, there are likely to be some misunderstandings in communication.
Thanks again for your wonderful lecture.
Yours，
Li Hua
(建议用时：35分钟)
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
(2020·浙江六校协作体联考)Who’re happier, men or women? Research shows it’s a complex question and that asking whether males or females are happier isn’t really that helpful, because basically, happiness is different for women and men.
Women’s happiness has been declining for the past 30 years, according to recent statistics. And research shows that women are twice as likely to experience depression compared with men. Gender(性别) differences in depression are well confirmed and studies have found that biological, psychological and social factors contribute to the difference.
Early studies on gender and happiness found men and women were socialized to express different feelings. Women are more likely to express happiness, warmth and fear, which help with social bonding and appear more consistent with the traditional role as a primary caregiver, while men display more anger, pride and disrespect, which are more consistent with a protector and provider role.
Recent research suggests that these differences are not just socially, but also genetically related. Studies have looked into these findings further and discovered that females use more areas of the brain containing mirror neurons(镜像神经元) than males when they process feelings. Mirror neurons allow us to experience the world from other people’s view, to understand their actions and intentions. This may explain why women can experience deeper sadness. Women tend to experience more negative feelings, such as more guilt, shame and to a lesser degree, embarrassment.
Psychologically it seems men and women differ in the way they process and express feelings. With the exception of anger, women experience feelings more strongly and share their feelings more openly with others. Studies have found in particular that women express more appreciation—which has been linked to greater happiness. This supports the theory that women’s happiness is more dependent on relationships than men’s.
【解题导语】 本文从社会、生理和心理三个方面介绍了男性和女性在幸福感上的差异。
1．Which feeling are men more likely to show compared with women?
A．Warmth. B．Depression.
C．Happiness. D．Disrespect.
D 解析：细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句中的“while men display more anger, pride and disrespect”可知，男性表现更多的是生气、骄傲和无礼，故选D。
2．One can probably read the text from ________．
A．a science fiction B．a culture brochure
C．a nursery guide D．a health magazine
D 解析：文章出处题。根据本文内容可知，本文主要从社会、生理和心理三个方面分析了男性和女性在幸福感上的差异。由此可推知，本文有可能摘自一本健康杂志，故选D项。
3．What is the text mainly about?
A．Men and women differ in biology and psychology.
B．Men and women experience happiness differently.
C．Social roles have a great effect on men and women.
D．Women’s happiness has declined in the past years.
B 解析：主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文从社会、生理和心理三个方面分析了男性和女性在幸福感上的差异，故B项最符合文意。
B
You try to keep your eyes wide open while watching a basketball match or a wonderful firework show in case you might miss something exciting in just the blink of an eye. But in fact, humans blink about 15 times per minute on average. Have you ever missed anything because you blinked? Probably not. Why is that?
According to a new study published in the journal Current Biology in September, our brain has the ability to skip the temporary darkness when we blink. It can keep visual information for a short period of time and then put it together to form an image without interruption.
In order to understand how this works, a group of scientists at the German Primate Center and the University Medical Center Go·· ttingen in Germany conducted an experiment. In the study, the participants were asked to look at patterns on a screen whose direction could be interpreted in different ways, such as horizontally(水平地) or vertically(垂直地). When one pattern was about to disappear and the next one was about to come, the participants had to indicate the direction that the next pattern would appear.
The researchers found that when the directions of two patterns didn’t match, the area in our brain which is responsible for visual memory was activated. This same area showed less activity when two patterns were in the same direction.
“The medial prefrontal cortex(额叶皮层) adjusts current visual information with previously obtained information, and thus enables us to perceive the world with more stability, even when we briefly close our eyes to blink，” Caspar Schwiedrzik explained in Science Daily. He is the first author of the study and also a scientist at the German Primate Center.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。研究发现，眨眼并不会错过细节并解释了其原因。
4．We don’t miss anything when blinking because our brain can ________．
A．deal with the missing image
B．remember all that we see
C．imagine what our eyes miss
D．put our pieces of memory together
A 解析：推理判断题。根据第二段第一句“According to a new study published in the journal Current Biology in September, our brain has the ability to skip the temporary darkness when we blink.”可知，根据九月份发表在《当代生物学》杂志上的一项新研究，我们的大脑有能力跳过我们眨眼时形成的暂时黑暗。据此可推知，由于我们的大脑能处理丢失的图像，所以眨眼不会让我们错过任何东西，故A项正确。
5．What does the underlined word “it” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A．Our brain.
B．Visual information.
C．Current Biology.
D．The temporary darkness.
B 解析：代词指代题。根据第二段第二句“It can keep visual information for a short period of time and then put it together to form an image without interruption.”可知，大脑可以在短时间内保存视觉信息，然后将其组合在一起形成不中断的图像，故可推知，it指代上文中的“visual information”，故B项正确。
6．What do we know about the experiment?
A．The two patterns appear at the same time.
B．Visual memory can be more activated by similarity.
C．Participants can interpret patterns differently.
D．The different directions activated visual memory.
D 解析：细节理解题。根据第四段中的“...when the directions of two patterns didn’t match, the area in our brain which is responsible for visual memory was activated. This same area showed less activity when two patterns were in the same direction.”可知，当两个模式的方向不一致时，掌握视觉记忆的大脑区域被激活；当两种模式在同一个方向时，这个区域显示出较少的活动。据此可知，不同的方向能激活视觉记忆，故D项正确。
7．What would be the best title for this passage?
A．The Brain’s Structure
B．The Brain’s Activated Patterns
C．The Brain’s Special Skill
D．The Brain’s Orientation
C 解析：标题归纳题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了一个科学研究。研究表明，眨眼不会错过细节并解释了其原因，即大脑有能力在短时间内保存视觉信息，然后将其组合在一起形成不中断的图像信息。故C项最适合作本文的标题。
【难句分析】 You try to keep your eyes wide open while watching a basketball match or a wonderful firework show in case you might miss something exciting in just the blink of an eye.
分析：该句为主从复合句，句中“while watching a basketball match or a wonderful firework show”为while引导的时间状语从句，其中省略了you are; “in case you might miss something exciting in just the blink of an eye”为in case引导的条件状语从句。
译文：在观看篮球比赛或精彩的烟花表演时，你努力睁大眼睛，以防转眼之间错过一些令人兴奋的事情。
Ⅱ.完形填空
Barry White, Jr., a fifth grade English teacher at Ashley Park PreK8 School, has a personalized handshake as greetings with every one of his students every day.
“The students know that when they __1__ the school gate we do our ‘good mornings’， and then it’s time to __2__，” White told ABC News of his enthusiastic __3__. “I’m always pumped up __4__ we start doing the moves. That brings them __5__ and cheers them up for a highenergy __6__．”
Each handshake is different, using custom moves inspired by the student’s personality.
“I started with one simple handshake last year with one of my __7__ graders，” he explained. “The girl of fourth grade would __8__ me every morning before she’d go to class. She’d get into trouble sometimes for being late because she’d wait on the __9__．”
“This year I started __10__ handshakes with the kids during class breaks. It was just one or two students and then it became contagious(有感染力的)，” he __11__. “I saw how much it __12__ to them, so I said, ‘Come on, everyone! Come on.’ Then it was my __13__ class, then it was kids from other classes. Now I have third graders wanting to do it too.”
His administration loves the __14__ which White brings to his students each day. “Barry’s handshakes __15__ his own authentic(真实的) building relationships with __16__. When I walk into my teachers’ rooms, I see the __17__ of those strong and trusting relationships. When kids know their teacher __18__ them, they are attentive, engaged and driven to be __19__. That’s the culture we are __20__，” said principal(校长) Meaghan Loftus.
【解题导语】 每天，五年级的英语老师White老师都使用一种个性化的握手来问候每一位学生。这种问候方式始于与一位四年级的学生握手，之后又感染了其他学生，连其他班和三年级的学生都参与进来。White老师这种与学生构建真实的关系使学生专心学习的方式受到所在学校校长的赞赏。
1．A.get to B．search for
C．break into D．knock at
A 解析：根据句中的“the school gate”可知，White老师问候学生是在学生到校的时候，因此这里指学生到达大门口时。
2．A.leave B．try
C．stop D．go
D 解析：根据上文中的“we do our ‘good mornings’”可知，师生问候之后，学生就该离开去教室了。故选D。
3．A.greetings B．helpings
C．servings D．treating
A 解析：根据下文中的“we start doing the moves. That brings them ______ and cheers them up”可知，White在讲述他问候学生的相关内容。 helping“帮助”；serving“一份食物”。
4．A.or B．and
C．but D．for
B 解析：句中的“I’m always pumped up”描述的是White的精神状态，“we start doing the moves”是之后的行动，这里是顺承关系，因此用连词and。
5．A.relief B．envy
C．sorrow D．excitement
D 解析：根据下文中的“cheers them up”可知，和学生握手的问候方式让学生们很兴奋。 relief“安慰”；envy“忌妒”；sorrow“悲伤”；excitement“兴奋，激动”。
6．A.meeting B．quarrel
C．class D．food
C 解析：根据语境可知，问候是在早上上课开始之前进行的，学生们对此感到很兴奋，因此这样的方式让学生在上课期间效率很高，因此选C。
7．A.third B．fourth
C．fifth D．sixth
B 解析：根据下文中的“The girl of fourth grade”可知，White开始握手是和一位四年级的学生。
8．A.nod to B．smile at
C．wait for D．knock into
C 解析：根据本句中的“every morning before she’d go to class”可知，这个四年级的女孩每天早上等着和White握手后才去上课。故选C。
9．A.headmaster B．teacher
C．handshake D．administration
C 解析：根据上文可知，这个女孩是因为等着与White握手才迟到的，句中的because解释迟到的原因。
10．A.discussing B．classifying
C．confirming D．making
D 解析：根据语境可知，此处表示“握手”，故应用make，构成动词短语make handshakes with...“与……握手”。classify“将……分类”；confirm“证实”。
11．A.added B．shouted
C．repeated D．responded
A 解析：上文中的第二段和第四段都有White接受采访时说的话，此处是他又补充说的话，因此选A，意为“补充说”。
12．A.owed B．took
C．meant D．lent
C 解析：根据上文中的“It was just one or two students and then it became contagious(有感染力的)”可知，老师与学生的握手对学生很重要，故选C项“重要，意义重大”。
13．A.former B．full
C．empty D．boring
B 解析：根据上文中的“then it became contagious(有感染力的)”和下文的“then it was kids from other classes. Now I have third graders wanting to do it too”可知，全班的学生都想和White握手。
14．A.challenge B．justice
C．chance D．enthusiasm
D 解析：根据下文中的“When kids know their teacher ______ them, they are attentive, engaged and driven”可知，White的问候方式给学生们的学习带来了热情，故选D。第二段中的“White told ABC News of his enthusiastic”也是提示。
15．A.deny B．represent
C．admit D．expect
B 解析：由语境可知，此处是校长对White用握手来问候学生的看法，故B项“代表”符合语境。deny“否认”；admit“承认”；expect“期望”。
16．A.students B．colleagues
C．parents D．members
A 解析：根据上文可知，White用握手的方式来问候学生，故选students。
17．A.confidence B．patience
C．influence D．pressure
C 解析：根据下文中的“they are attentive, engaged”可知，此处指牢固、信任的(师生)关系所起的作用。
18．A.doubts B．hesitates
C．intends D．cares
D 解析：根据上文中师生能建立牢固、信任的关系可知，这里应指当学生知道他们的老师关心他们时。
19．A.successful B．polite
C．gentle D．helpful
A 解析：根据语境可知，此处表示老师的关心是学生成功的动力。
20．A.analyzing B．building
C．describing D．changing
B 解析：根据本段中校长说的话可知，校长对White的做法是持赞赏态度的，因此此处应是说White营造的这种师生关系氛围也是学校提倡建立的文化，故选B。
一、语基必备知识
(一)重点词汇——分类记忆
Ⅰ.阅读词汇——知其意
1．flight n． 飞行；航班
2．cheek n. 面颊
3．canteen n. 食堂
4．posture n. 姿势；体态
5．crossroads n. 十字路口
6．frown vi. 皱眉；蹙额
7．fist n. 拳头
8．yawn vi. 打呵欠
9．respectful adj. 恭敬的
10．subjective adj. 主观的
11．employee n. 雇员
12．misread vt. 读错；误解
Ⅱ.核心词汇——写其形
1．dormitory n． 宿舍
2．major adj. 主要的
3．approach vt.& vi. 接近；靠近；走近
n. 接近；方法；途径
4．hug vi.& vt. 拥抱
5．function n. 作用；功能；职能
vi. 起作用；运转
6．represent vt. 代表；象征
7．ease n. 安逸；舒适
vt. 减轻(痛苦、忧虑)
8．adult n. 成人；成年人
adj. 成人的；成熟的
9．rank n. 等级；军衔
10．dash vi. 猛冲；突进
Ⅲ.拓展词汇——通其变
1．state v．陈述；说明→statement n．陈述；说明
2．greet vi.& vt.迎接；问候→greeting n．问候；招呼
3．associate vt.把……联系起来→association n．社团；联系；联想
4．curious adj.好奇的→curiously adv.好奇地→curiosity n．好奇；好奇心
5．defend vt.保护；保卫→defence n．防御；保卫
6．misunderstand vt.误解；误会→misunderstanding n．误解；误会
7．spoken adj.口语的→unspoken adj.(反义词)未说出口的；非口语的
8．anger n．怒气；怒火→angry adj.生气的
9．true adj.真实的→truly adv.真实地；真诚地；真正地→truth n．真实；真理
10．likely adj.可能的→unlikely adj.(反义词)不可能的
11．face n．脸→facial adj.面部的
1.常见“人体部位及器官”名词荟萃
①cheek 面颊
②forehead 额头
③chest 胸部
④shoulder 肩膀
⑤throat 喉咙
2.后缀ly结尾的形容词集锦
①likely 可能的
②weekly 每周的
③costly 昂贵的
④daily 日常的
⑤friendly 友好的
⑥lively 活泼的
⑦lovely 可爱的
3.“方法”种种
①做某事的方法
the approach to doing sth.
the way to do sth./of doing sth.
②用这种方法
in this way
by this means
with this method
(二)重点短语——记牢用活
1．be__curious__about 对……感到好奇的
2．defend...against 防御；保卫……以免受
3．on__the__contrary 相反地
4．be__likely__to 很可能……；有希望……
5．in__general 总的来说；通常
6．come__close__to 接近；靠近
7．as__if 好像
8．at__ease 舒适；快活；自由自在
9．turn__one’s__back__to 背对；背弃
10．lose__face 丢脸
1.表示“通常；总之”的短语大全
①in general 通常
②generally speaking 一般说来
③in a word 总之
④all in all 总之
⑤in conclusion 总之
⑥in short/brief 总之；简言之
2.face短语大全
①lose face 丢脸
②save one’s face 挽回面子
③make a face 做鬼脸
④face to face 面对面(作状语)
⑤in (the) face of 面对(问题、困难等)
⑥be faced with 面对
(三)重点句式——背熟巧用
句型公式
教材原句
句型1：the＋序数词＋n.＋to do sth.
The__first__person__to__arrive was Tony Garcia from Colombia, closely followed by Julia Smith from Britain. 第一个到达的是来自哥伦比亚的托尼·加西亚，随后紧跟着的是英国的朱莉娅·史密斯。
句型2：not all意为“并非所有的都……”，表示部分否定
Not__all__cultures__greet__each__other the same way, nor are they comfortable in the same way with touching or distance between people. 各种文化背景下人们互致问候的方式不尽相同，身体接触和相互间距离的程度也并不一样。
句型3：be likely to do sth.有可能做某事
However, people from places like Spain, Italy or South American countries approach others closely and are__more__likely__to__touch__them.
不过，来自西班牙、意大利或南美等国的人会站在离别人很近的地方，而且可能会(用身体)接触对方。
句型4：it 作形式主语，真正的主语为that从句
We can often be wrong about each other, so it__is__an__amazing__thing__that we understand each other as well as we do！
我们可能常常会彼此误解，因此我们能很好地理解对方，真是件令人惊奇的事！
二、语境强化训练
Ⅰ.语境填词——根据提示写出该词的适当形式
1．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Just as importantly, we tend to associate(把……联系起来) fresh air with health care.
2．(浙江卷)In this article, you need to back up general statements(陈述；说明) with specific examples.
3．As you know, smoking is one of the major(主要的) causes of cancer, so you’d better give it up.
4．As a(n) adult(成年人), you should be responsible for your own decisions.
5．General speaking, those young people who come from the rich family or high rank(等级) are well educated from an early age.
6．When told it was time to leave, the two girls hugged(hug) each other and said goodbye.
7．We were having a meeting when Johnson came dashing(dash) in with a piece of paper in his hand.
8．Representing(represent) our class, Linda and I will take part in the contest to be held this weekend.
Ⅱ.语境品词——写出加黑词汇在语境中的意义
1．(2018·浙江卷6月应用文写作)I’ve learned that the English Association of our school is now in need of some volunteers to receive foreign students visiting our school.协会
2．(浙江卷读后续写)Fortunately, the helicopter flew overhead and noticed poor Jane.Tom dashed out as soon as the helicopter landed and hugged Jane tightly.猛冲；突进
3．(天津卷书面表达)In the past two weeks, we have studied in the same classroom and lived in the same dormitory, which allows us the opportunity to know each other and promote our friendship.宿舍
4．(全国卷Ⅱ阅读A)At last I ended up hitting the set with my fist, and it stopped working altogether.拳头
Ⅲ.派生词练习——用所给词的适当形式填空
1．The curious boy looked at the box curiously and then he opened it out of curiosity．(curious)
2．To tell you the truth,__I’m truly grateful for your helping me make my dream come true．(true)
3．In time of war, lots of money will be spent on defence and many measures will be taken to defend a country from being attacked.(defend)
4．To my surprise, instead of mailing a greeting card, she greeted me with a hug and said “Merry Christmas”．(greet)
5．I wouldn’t want to be associated with the illegal association any more.(associate)
6．He stated the other day that the statement was not made by him.(state)
7．If you misunderstand somebody, it’s likely to lead to a misunderstanding．(misunderstand)
8．She majors in history. However, the majority of her friends major in science.(major)
Ⅳ.选词成篇
on the contrary; at ease; be likely to ; in general; lose face
As is known to us, people usually communicate with others not only by spoken words but also by body language. When you find your friend is depressed, you’d better not ignore him; 1.on__the__contrary,__you should give him a smile to cheer him up and at that moment the smile will put him 2.at__ease. If some foreigners ask you the directions, you can use body language to make him understand. 3.In__general,__body language is as important as spoken language. Without a good command of major body languages, we 4.are__likely__to have misunderstandings when communicating. When we go abroad, we represent our country, so we must try not to 5.lose__face because of our unproper behavior.
Ⅴ.完成句子
1．屠呦呦是中国第一位获得诺贝尔奖的女科学家，2019年9月29日她被授予共和国勋章。
As the__first__female__scientist__to__win__the__Nobel__Prize in China, Tu Youyou was awarded the Medal of the Republic on September 29th, 2019.
2．并不是所有人都愿意做这样的工作，因为它对于有些人来说太难了。
Not__all__are__willing__to__do__such__work,__for it is quite hard for some of them.
3．如果你努力学习，你很有可能考入理想的大学。
If you study hard, you are__likely__to__be__admitted__to your dreaming university.
4．中国在教育和技术方面取得了如此巨大的进步，这是一件令人惊讶的事情。
It__is__an__amazing__thing__that China has made such great advancement in education and technology.
represent vt.代表；象征；描绘；声称；说明；传达
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①She represents her mother as the kindest mother in the world.
②In the afternoon, you together with some of our student representatives(represent) are going to visit the Haihe River and enjoy the beautiful scenery there.
[能力提升]——一句多译
(2019·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)我非常高兴代表我们学校，告诉你们有关即将到来的排球比赛的一些事宜。
③Representing__our__school,__I’m glad to tell you something about the coming volleyball game.
④On__behalf__of__our__school,__I’m glad to tell you something about the coming volleyball game.
(1) 代表……
(2)represent...as/to be... 宣称……为……；
把……描绘成……
(3)represent sth. to sb. 向某人说明或传达某事
(4)representative n. 代表
adj. 典型的；有代表性的
[佳句背诵] Last but not least, I feel it a great honour to represent my class to take part in the group dancing competition. 最后但同样重要的是，我觉得代表我班参加小组跳舞比赛非常荣幸。
curious adj.好奇的
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①People gathered round，curious to__know(know) what was happening.
②They help us understand science subjects better and arouse our curiosity(curious) about scientific discoveries.
[能力提升]——完成句子
③中国的传统文化有可能会是一个更好的选择，因为美国学生对中国的传统文化感到好奇。
The traditional Chinese culture is likely to be a better choice because American students are__curious__about__traditional__Chinese__culture．
(1)be curious about 对……感到好奇
be curious to do sth. 渴望做某事
(2)curiosity n. 好奇；好奇心
with curiosity 好奇地
out of curiosity 出于好奇
(3)curiously adv. 好奇地
[佳句背诵] It is good to be curious about the world around you because I think curiosity is the best teacher. 对你周围的世界感到新奇是件好事，因为我认为好奇心是最好的老师。
approach vt.& vi.走近；要求；接近；靠近 n．接近；方法；途径
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①The best approach to building(build) up your body is to do exercise every day.
②Approaching(approach) the city centre, we saw a stone statue of about 10 metres in height.
③All the approaches(approach) to the airport were blocked by the police yesterday.
[能力提升]——一句多译
(2017·天津卷书面表达)随着高考的临近，我几乎把所有的时间都花在了学习上。
④With__the__College__Entrance__Examination__approaching/drawing__near/around__the__corner,__I spend almost all the time on study.(with复合结构)
⑤As__the__College__Entrance__Examination__is__approaching/drawing__near/around__the__corner,__I spend almost all the time on study.(时间状语从句)
(1)an approach to... ……的方法/通道
(to为介词)
(2)approach sth. 靠近/接近某事物
...be approaching ……正在来临/靠近
[佳句背诵] As Teachers’ Day was approaching, our class decided to hold a party to celebrate the important day. 随着教师节的临近，我们班决定举行一场晚会来庆祝这个重要的节日。
[联想发散] “(做)……的方法”的正确搭配：
①the approach to__(doing) sth.；
②the way to__do/of__(doing) sth.；
③the means of__(doing) sth.；
④the method of__(doing) sth.
defence n．[U]保卫，防卫
[基础练习]——单句语法填空/猜测加黑词的含义
①The strong walls of the castle served as a good defence(defend) against the attacks.
②When a dog attacked me, I picked up a stick to defend myself(I)．
③It is said that the murderer had employed a famous lawyer to defend him.辩护
[能力提升]——完成句子
④这座纪念碑是为了纪念那些为保卫国家而牺牲的士兵们。
The monument is in memory of the soldiers who died in__defence__of__their__country．
(1)defend...from/against 保护……免受伤害
defend oneself 自卫
(2)defence n. 保卫；保护；辩护；答辩
in defence (of...) 为了保卫(……)
(3)defender n. 防御者
[佳句背诵] It is the nature of parents to do all they can to defend their child from harm and danger.
父母的本性是竭尽全力保护他们的孩子免受伤害和危险。
major adj.主要的；重要的；严重的 vi.主修
[基础练习]——完成句子/单句语法填空
①I guess that there may be a__major__misunderstanding__between__us(我们之间可能有严重的误会)．
②In that company I once worked, women workers are in the majority.
[能力提升]——微写作
③(2018·浙江卷6月应用文写作)作为主修英语的毕业生， 我很高兴申请这个职位。
As a graduate majoring__in__the__English__language,__I feel excited to apply for the position.
(1)major in 主修
(2)in the majority 占大多数
the majority of 大多数……
[佳句背诵] As a matter of fact, he inspired me to major in English in college, to be a bridge between China and the world.
事实上，他激励我在大学主修英语，成为中国和世界之间的桥梁。(北京卷书面表达)
in general 总的来说；通常
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①Peter can be really difficult to deal with at times even though he’s a nice person in general.
②As a general rule, the more expensive the computer is, the better it is.
[能力提升]——一句多译
(2018·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)一般来说，你不应晚于安排好的时间到达。
③Generally__speaking,__your arrival shouldn’t be later than the fixed time.
④In__general,__you shouldn’t arrive later than the fixed time.
(1)general knowledge 常识
as a general rule 一般而言；通常
(2)generally speaking 总体而言；一般而言
[佳句背诵] In general, though, studying international customs can certainly help avoid difficulties in today’s world of cultural crossroads!
但总的来说，在当今文化交融的世界，学习不同国家的习俗肯定能帮助我们避免文化交往中的困难！
[名师点津] in general意为“总的来说；通常”，常常作插入语，可放在句首或句中。
at ease 舒适；快活；自由自在
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①We live in an age when more information is available with greater ease than ever before.
②I eased him of his difficulty by telling him what to do.
③Before the interview, the interviewer wore a bright smile on his face, putting us at ease.
[能力提升]——完成句子
④当你感到紧张时，你最好听一些轻音乐使自己放松一下。
When you feel nervous, you’d better listen to some light music to put__yourself__at__ease．
(1)feel/look at ease 感到/看上去心情放松
put sb. at ease 使某人放松
take one’s ease 休息；轻松一下
(2)with ease 轻易地；毫不费力地
(3)ease one’s mind 使某人安心
ease sb. of sth. 减轻某人的(痛苦、负担等)
[佳句背诵] In general, we don’t feel at ease in the strange surroundings.
通常，我们在陌生的环境里感到不舒服。
lose face 丢脸；失面子
[基础练习]——用face的相关短语填空
①Li Ming feels he will lose__face in front of his classmates if he doesn’t answer the question correctly.
②We should have a talk with each other face__to__face to solve the problem.
[能力提升]——一句多译
面对困难时，他们从不放弃而是努力寻找出路。
③Faced__with/Facing__difficulties,__they never give up but try their best to find a way out.(face v．)
④In__the__face__of__difficulties,__they never give up but try their best to find a way out.(face n．)
(1)save one’s face 挽回面子
make a face 做鬼脸
(2)face to face 面对面
in (the) face of 面对(问题、困难、危险等)
(3)be faced with 面对
[佳句背诵] You’d better make great efforts to achieve it, otherwise you will lose face.
你最好全力以赴去实现它，否则你会颜面尽失的。
the＋序数词＋n.＋to do sth.
(教材P26)The first person to arrive was Tony Garcia from Colombia, closely followed by Julia Smith from Britain.
第一个到达的是来自哥伦比亚的托尼·加西亚，随后紧跟着的是英国的朱莉娅·史密斯。
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①If I have any further news, you will be the first person to__know(know)．
②As far as I know, Amy was the only person to__witness(witness) the car accident.
③There was no signal in that faraway village and all my attempts to__contact(contact) you failed.
[能力提升]——微写作
④(2018·浙江卷6月应用文写作)我能说一口流利的英语，我是班上第一个出国深造的学生。
I can speak fluent English and I am the__first__student__in__my__class__to__go__abroad for further study.
(1)当中心词是序数词或被序数词、形容词最高级等修饰或前有the next, the only, the last等时，常用不定式作后置定语。
(2)动词不定式作定语用来修饰的词是抽象名词，常见的有ability, chance, ambition, offer, anxiety, answer, reply, attempt, belief等。
[佳句背诵] I would really like to interview Yang Liwei because he is not only the first Chinese to go to space but also one of the greatest astronauts in the world.
我真的很想采访杨利伟，因为他不仅是第一个进入太空的中国人，他也是世界上最伟大的宇航员之一。
be likely to do sth.有可能做某事
(教材P26)However, people from places like Spain, Italy or South American countries approach others closely and are more likely to touch them. 不过，来自像西班牙、意大利或南美等国的人会站在离别人很近的地方，而且可能会(用身体)接触对方。
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①That means the price is likely(like) to go down because of the competition.
②I have learned that Mr. Brown disagrees with you. Your suggestion is unlikely(like) to be accepted under the present condition.
[能力提升]——一句多译
(2018·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)如果你不懂中国的餐桌礼仪你有可能使你的朋友感到尴尬。
③It__is__likely__that__you__make__your__friends__feel__embarrassed if you don’t know China’s table manners.
④You__are__likely__to__make__your__friends__feel__embarrassed if you don’t know China’s table manners.
(1)Sb./Sth. be likely to do sth.
＝It’s likely that... 做某事是可能的。
(2)Sb./Sth. be unlikely to do sth.
＝It’s unlikely that... 做某事是不可能的。
(3)It is probable/possible that...
可能……
[佳句背诵] You are likely to suffer from bad health if you keep smoking.
如果继续吸烟，你的身体健康可能会受到损害。
[名师点津] (1)possible的主语不可以是人，只能用it作形式主语，其构成为It is possible for sb.to do sth.或 It is possible that...。
(2)probable一般不用表人的词作主语，只能用Sth.is probable.或者It is probable that...。
Ⅰ.词形转换和动词的形式变换(用所给词的正确形式填空)
1．At the meeting they discussed three different approaches(approach) to the study of mathematics.
2．It’s known that facial(face) expressions and body language can express your feelings at the same time.
3．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Many Chinese people have a misunderstanding(misunderstand) of traditions. They think tradition means old things from the past.
4．At first sight, there is nothing special about this watch, but in fact it’s a mobile phone with various functions(function)．
5．I was truly(true) inspired by his words and determined to work harder to catch up with others.
6．Representing(represent) our school, I’m writing to convey my sincere appreciation to you for the lecture concerning body language you gave us last week.
7．Mr. Brown is a highly educated man so he didn’t express his anger(angry) before the guests yesterday.
8．According to his statement(state), children under 16 are not allowed to join the club.
Ⅱ.固定用法和搭配(在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式)
1．(浙江卷)Studies show that people who volunteer are less likely to__develop(develop) depression(抑郁) than people who don’t.
2．The library is functioning as a temporary hospital to cope with people injured in the earthquake.
3．Shandong Province produced 50 million pounds of apples this year, ranking(rank) the second in China.
4．Having__realized(realize) that it was my fault that caused the experiment to fail, I decided to apologize to my partner.
5．He planned to learn Kong fu in the summer holidays so that he can defend himself against being attacked.
Ⅲ.熟词生义(根据具体语境写出加黑词的词性及含义)
1．(2019·天津卷阅读D)Most of his adult life has been a losing struggle against debt and misfortune.A war injury has made his left hand stop functioning, and he has often been in prison.Driven by heavenknowswhat motives, he determines to write a book.v.起作用；运转
2．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Over the years, there have been a number of different techniques to help designers approach this important point.v.处理
3．It is astonishing that the picture represents a hunting scene.vt.描绘
4．Colleagues are trying to ease the pressure she is under at work.vt.释放；缓解
提能一 语段填空(在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式)
(一)
1．In general, people from different cultures have different ways to greet each other, and thus they are 2.likely(like) to have misunderstandings and lose face when 3.communicating(communicate)．To feel 4.at ease in a foreign country, the first thing 5.to__do(do) is make sure you follow the customs of the local people.
(二)
I am very 1.curious(curiosity) about how Tom does so well in his studies.He 2.majors(major) in physics, 3.a very difficult course at college.It seems that he can always find a good approach to 4.solving(solve) the problems.Before an important exam, he will make good preparations and try to reduce stress by listening to music.He will get the highest marks, 5.ranking(rank) the first in his class.
提能二 话题写作(用本单元词汇、句式和语法知识写满分作文)
假设你是某中学的学生会主席李华。上周，你校邀请美国某大学的史密斯教授来校做了一场关于各国身势语的专题讲座。请你代表你校全体学生，用英语给他写一封感谢信。
1．补全要点句(黑体部分请用本单元所学词汇)
①我代表我校全体学生，感谢您上周所做的关于身势语的讲座。(现在分词作状语)
Representing__every__student__of__our__school,__I’m writing to convey our appreciation to you for the__lecture__concerning__body__language you gave us last week.
②您的讲座不仅给我们留下了很深的印象而且拓宽了我们的视野。
Your__lecture__has__not__only__left__a__deep__impression__on__us__but__also__broadened__our__horizons.
③通过讲座，我们知道各种文化背景下人们互致问候的方式不尽相同，手势意思也不同。
Through the lecture, we learned that not__all__cultures__greet__people__in__the__same__way nor a gesture means the same.
④“OK”的手势在巴西是粗鲁的，摇头在某些国家意味着“是”，这都是我们以前所不知道的。
The gesture for “OK” is rude in Brazil and shaking__one’s__head__means__“yes”__in__some__countries,__which we have never known before.
⑤我们相信这些知识在我们与来自其他文化的人们交流时非常有益。
We are convinced that the knowledge will be very beneficial when we communicate__with__people__from__other__cultures．
⑥在交流中有可能有误解。
There__are__likely__to__be__some__misunderstandings__in__communication.
2．升级平淡句
⑦用倒装句升级句②
Not__only__has__your__lecture__left__a__deep__impression__on__us__but__also__broadened__our__horizons.
⑧用非谓语动词升级句⑤
We__are__convinced__that__the__knowledge__will__be__very__beneficial__when__communicating__with__people__from__other__cultures.
3．衔接成美文(注意使用适当的过渡衔接词汇：in a word, for example, otherwise)
________________________________________________________________________
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One possible version：
Dear Professor Smith，
Representing every student of our school, I’m writing to convey our appreciation to you for the lecture concerning body language you gave us last week. In a word, not only has your lecture left a deep impression on us but also broadened our horizons.
Through the lecture, we learned that not all cultures greet people in the same way nor a gesture means the same. For example, the gesture for “OK” is rude in Brazil and shaking one’s head means “yes” in some countries, which we have never known before. We are convinced that the knowledge will be very beneficial when communicating with people from other cultures. Otherwise, there are likely to be some misunderstandings in communication.
Thanks again for your wonderful lecture.
Yours，
Li Hua
(建议用时：35分钟)
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
(2020·浙江六校协作体联考)Who’re happier, men or women? Research shows it’s a complex question and that asking whether males or females are happier isn’t really that helpful, because basically, happiness is different for women and men.
Women’s happiness has been declining for the past 30 years, according to recent statistics. And research shows that women are twice as likely to experience depression compared with men. Gender(性别) differences in depression are well confirmed and studies have found that biological, psychological and social factors contribute to the difference.
Early studies on gender and happiness found men and women were socialized to express different feelings. Women are more likely to express happiness, warmth and fear, which help with social bonding and appear more consistent with the traditional role as a primary caregiver, while men display more anger, pride and disrespect, which are more consistent with a protector and provider role.
Recent research suggests that these differences are not just socially, but also genetically related. Studies have looked into these findings further and discovered that females use more areas of the brain containing mirror neurons(镜像神经元) than males when they process feelings. Mirror neurons allow us to experience the world from other people’s view, to understand their actions and intentions. This may explain why women can experience deeper sadness. Women tend to experience more negative feelings, such as more guilt, shame and to a lesser degree, embarrassment.
Psychologically it seems men and women differ in the way they process and express feelings. With the exception of anger, women experience feelings more strongly and share their feelings more openly with others. Studies have found in particular that women express more appreciation—which has been linked to greater happiness. This supports the theory that women’s happiness is more dependent on relationships than men’s.
【解题导语】 本文从社会、生理和心理三个方面介绍了男性和女性在幸福感上的差异。
1．Which feeling are men more likely to show compared with women?
A．Warmth. B．Depression.
C．Happiness. D．Disrespect.
D 解析：细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句中的“while men display more anger, pride and disrespect”可知，男性表现更多的是生气、骄傲和无礼，故选D。
2．One can probably read the text from ________．
A．a science fiction B．a culture brochure
C．a nursery guide D．a health magazine
D 解析：文章出处题。根据本文内容可知，本文主要从社会、生理和心理三个方面分析了男性和女性在幸福感上的差异。由此可推知，本文有可能摘自一本健康杂志，故选D项。
3．What is the text mainly about?
A．Men and women differ in biology and psychology.
B．Men and women experience happiness differently.
C．Social roles have a great effect on men and women.
D．Women’s happiness has declined in the past years.
B 解析：主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文从社会、生理和心理三个方面分析了男性和女性在幸福感上的差异，故B项最符合文意。
B
You try to keep your eyes wide open while watching a basketball match or a wonderful firework show in case you might miss something exciting in just the blink of an eye. But in fact, humans blink about 15 times per minute on average. Have you ever missed anything because you blinked? Probably not. Why is that?
According to a new study published in the journal Current Biology in September, our brain has the ability to skip the temporary darkness when we blink. It can keep visual information for a short period of time and then put it together to form an image without interruption.
In order to understand how this works, a group of scientists at the German Primate Center and the University Medical Center Go·· ttingen in Germany conducted an experiment. In the study, the participants were asked to look at patterns on a screen whose direction could be interpreted in different ways, such as horizontally(水平地) or vertically(垂直地). When one pattern was about to disappear and the next one was about to come, the participants had to indicate the direction that the next pattern would appear.
The researchers found that when the directions of two patterns didn’t match, the area in our brain which is responsible for visual memory was activated. This same area showed less activity when two patterns were in the same direction.
“The medial prefrontal cortex(额叶皮层) adjusts current visual information with previously obtained information, and thus enables us to perceive the world with more stability, even when we briefly close our eyes to blink，” Caspar Schwiedrzik explained in Science Daily. He is the first author of the study and also a scientist at the German Primate Center.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。研究发现，眨眼并不会错过细节并解释了其原因。
4．We don’t miss anything when blinking because our brain can ________．
A．deal with the missing image
B．remember all that we see
C．imagine what our eyes miss
D．put our pieces of memory together
A 解析：推理判断题。根据第二段第一句“According to a new study published in the journal Current Biology in September, our brain has the ability to skip the temporary darkness when we blink.”可知，根据九月份发表在《当代生物学》杂志上的一项新研究，我们的大脑有能力跳过我们眨眼时形成的暂时黑暗。据此可推知，由于我们的大脑能处理丢失的图像，所以眨眼不会让我们错过任何东西，故A项正确。
5．What does the underlined word “it” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A．Our brain.
B．Visual information.
C．Current Biology.
D．The temporary darkness.
B 解析：代词指代题。根据第二段第二句“It can keep visual information for a short period of time and then put it together to form an image without interruption.”可知，大脑可以在短时间内保存视觉信息，然后将其组合在一起形成不中断的图像，故可推知，it指代上文中的“visual information”，故B项正确。
6．What do we know about the experiment?
A．The two patterns appear at the same time.
B．Visual memory can be more activated by similarity.
C．Participants can interpret patterns differently.
D．The different directions activated visual memory.
D 解析：细节理解题。根据第四段中的“...when the directions of two patterns didn’t match, the area in our brain which is responsible for visual memory was activated. This same area showed less activity when two patterns were in the same direction.”可知，当两个模式的方向不一致时，掌握视觉记忆的大脑区域被激活；当两种模式在同一个方向时，这个区域显示出较少的活动。据此可知，不同的方向能激活视觉记忆，故D项正确。
7．What would be the best title for this passage?
A．The Brain’s Structure
B．The Brain’s Activated Patterns
C．The Brain’s Special Skill
D．The Brain’s Orientation
C 解析：标题归纳题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了一个科学研究。研究表明，眨眼不会错过细节并解释了其原因，即大脑有能力在短时间内保存视觉信息，然后将其组合在一起形成不中断的图像信息。故C项最适合作本文的标题。
【难句分析】 You try to keep your eyes wide open while watching a basketball match or a wonderful firework show in case you might miss something exciting in just the blink of an eye.
分析：该句为主从复合句，句中“while watching a basketball match or a wonderful firework show”为while引导的时间状语从句，其中省略了you are; “in case you might miss something exciting in just the blink of an eye”为in case引导的条件状语从句。
译文：在观看篮球比赛或精彩的烟花表演时，你努力睁大眼睛，以防转眼之间错过一些令人兴奋的事情。
Ⅱ.完形填空
Barry White, Jr., a fifth grade English teacher at Ashley Park PreK8 School, has a personalized handshake as greetings with every one of his students every day.
“The students know that when they __1__ the school gate we do our ‘good mornings’， and then it’s time to __2__，” White told ABC News of his enthusiastic __3__. “I’m always pumped up __4__ we start doing the moves. That brings them __5__ and cheers them up for a highenergy __6__．”
Each handshake is different, using custom moves inspired by the student’s personality.
“I started with one simple handshake last year with one of my __7__ graders，” he explained. “The girl of fourth grade would __8__ me every morning before she’d go to class. She’d get into trouble sometimes for being late because she’d wait on the __9__．”
“This year I started __10__ handshakes with the kids during class breaks. It was just one or two students and then it became contagious(有感染力的)，” he __11__. “I saw how much it __12__ to them, so I said, ‘Come on, everyone! Come on.’ Then it was my __13__ class, then it was kids from other classes. Now I have third graders wanting to do it too.”
His administration loves the __14__ which White brings to his students each day. “Barry’s handshakes __15__ his own authentic(真实的) building relationships with __16__. When I walk into my teachers’ rooms, I see the __17__ of those strong and trusting relationships. When kids know their teacher __18__ them, they are attentive, engaged and driven to be __19__. That’s the culture we are __20__，” said principal(校长) Meaghan Loftus.
【解题导语】 每天，五年级的英语老师White老师都使用一种个性化的握手来问候每一位学生。这种问候方式始于与一位四年级的学生握手，之后又感染了其他学生，连其他班和三年级的学生都参与进来。White老师这种与学生构建真实的关系使学生专心学习的方式受到所在学校校长的赞赏。
1．A.get to B．search for
C．break into D．knock at
A 解析：根据句中的“the school gate”可知，White老师问候学生是在学生到校的时候，因此这里指学生到达大门口时。
2．A.leave B．try
C．stop D．go
D 解析：根据上文中的“we do our ‘good mornings’”可知，师生问候之后，学生就该离开去教室了。故选D。
3．A.greetings B．helpings
C．servings D．treating
A 解析：根据下文中的“we start doing the moves. That brings them ______ and cheers them up”可知，White在讲述他问候学生的相关内容。 helping“帮助”；serving“一份食物”。
4．A.or B．and
C．but D．for
B 解析：句中的“I’m always pumped up”描述的是White的精神状态，“we start doing the moves”是之后的行动，这里是顺承关系，因此用连词and。
5．A.relief B．envy
C．sorrow D．excitement
D 解析：根据下文中的“cheers them up”可知，和学生握手的问候方式让学生们很兴奋。 relief“安慰”；envy“忌妒”；sorrow“悲伤”；excitement“兴奋，激动”。
6．A.meeting B．quarrel
C．class D．food
C 解析：根据语境可知，问候是在早上上课开始之前进行的，学生们对此感到很兴奋，因此这样的方式让学生在上课期间效率很高，因此选C。
7．A.third B．fourth
C．fifth D．sixth
B 解析：根据下文中的“The girl of fourth grade”可知，White开始握手是和一位四年级的学生。
8．A.nod to B．smile at
C．wait for D．knock into
C 解析：根据本句中的“every morning before she’d go to class”可知，这个四年级的女孩每天早上等着和White握手后才去上课。故选C。
9．A.headmaster B．teacher
C．handshake D．administration
C 解析：根据上文可知，这个女孩是因为等着与White握手才迟到的，句中的because解释迟到的原因。
10．A.discussing B．classifying
C．confirming D．making
D 解析：根据语境可知，此处表示“握手”，故应用make，构成动词短语make handshakes with...“与……握手”。classify“将……分类”；confirm“证实”。
11．A.added B．shouted
C．repeated D．responded
A 解析：上文中的第二段和第四段都有White接受采访时说的话，此处是他又补充说的话，因此选A，意为“补充说”。
12．A.owed B．took
C．meant D．lent
C 解析：根据上文中的“It was just one or two students and then it became contagious(有感染力的)”可知，老师与学生的握手对学生很重要，故选C项“重要，意义重大”。
13．A.former B．full
C．empty D．boring
B 解析：根据上文中的“then it became contagious(有感染力的)”和下文的“then it was kids from other classes. Now I have third graders wanting to do it too”可知，全班的学生都想和White握手。
14．A.challenge B．justice
C．chance D．enthusiasm
D 解析：根据下文中的“When kids know their teacher ______ them, they are attentive, engaged and driven”可知，White的问候方式给学生们的学习带来了热情，故选D。第二段中的“White told ABC News of his enthusiastic”也是提示。
15．A.deny B．represent
C．admit D．expect
B 解析：由语境可知，此处是校长对White用握手来问候学生的看法，故B项“代表”符合语境。deny“否认”；admit“承认”；expect“期望”。
16．A.students B．colleagues
C．parents D．members
A 解析：根据上文可知，White用握手的方式来问候学生，故选students。
17．A.confidence B．patience
C．influence D．pressure
C 解析：根据下文中的“they are attentive, engaged”可知，此处指牢固、信任的(师生)关系所起的作用。
18．A.doubts B．hesitates
C．intends D．cares
D 解析：根据上文中师生能建立牢固、信任的关系可知，这里应指当学生知道他们的老师关心他们时。
19．A.successful B．polite
C．gentle D．helpful
A 解析：根据语境可知，此处表示老师的关心是学生成功的动力。
20．A.analyzing B．building
C．describing D．changing
B 解析：根据本段中校长说的话可知，校长对White的做法是持赞赏态度的，因此此处应是说White营造的这种师生关系氛围也是学校提倡建立的文化，故选B。
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