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一、语基必备知识
(一)重点词汇——分类记忆
Ⅰ.阅读词汇——知其意
1．multicultural adj. 多种文化的
2．polar adj. 极地的；近极地的
3．quiz n. 测验；问答比赛
4．minister n. 大臣；部长
5．eagle n. 鹰
6．acre n. 英亩
7．urban adj. 城市的；市镇的
8．bush n. 灌木(丛)；矮树(丛)
9．maple n. 枫；枫树
10．frost n. 霜；霜冻
11．misty adj. 有薄雾的；模糊的
12．booth n. 公用电话间；货摊；售货亭
13．buffet n. 自助餐；饮食柜台
14．approximately adv. 接近；大约
Ⅱ.核心词汇——写其形
1．chat vi.& n. 聊天；闲聊
2．scenery n. 景色；风景
3．measure vi.& vt. 测量；衡量；判定
n. 计量制；计量单位；措施
4．aboard prep.& adv. 在(船、飞机、火车或公共汽
车)上；上(船、飞机、火车等)
5．within prep. 在……之内
6．harbour n．(＝harbor) 海港
7．nearby adv. 在附近
adj. 附近的；邻近的
8．downtown adj. 市区的
adv. 在市区；往市区
9．pleased adj. 欣喜的；高兴的
10．topic n. 话题
11．dawn n. 黎明；拂晓；破晓
12．broad adj. 宽阔的；广泛的
13．continent n. 洲；大陆
14．baggage n. 行李
Ⅲ.拓展词汇——通其变
1．surround vt.包围；围绕→surroundings n．(复数)周围的事物；环境→surrounding adj.周围的
2．slight adj.轻微的；微小的→slightly adv.稍稍；轻微地
3．tradition n．传统；风俗→traditional adj.传统的→traditionally adv.传统地
4．impress vt.使印象深刻；使铭记→impressive adj.给人深刻印象的；感人的→impression n．印象
5．terrify vt.使恐怖；恐吓→terrified adj.恐惧的；受惊吓的→terrifying adj.令人恐惧的→terror n．恐惧→terrible adj.恐怖的；恐惧的
6．wealthy adj.富有的→wealth n．财富
7．mix vt.& vi.混合；调配→mixture n．混合(物)；混合状态
8．distant adj.远的；远方的→distance n．距离；远方
1.y后缀常见形容词聚焦
①wealth→wealthy 富有的
②thirst→thirsty 渴的；渴望的
③taste→tasty 美味的
④sleep→sleepy 困的
⑤guilt→guilty 内疚的；有罪的
⑥health→healthy 健康的
2.“说”法荟萃
①chat vi.& n． 聊天；闲聊
②whisper vi.& vt. 小声说；耳语
③inform vt. 通知；告知
④announce vt. 宣告；宣布
⑤declare vt. 宣布；声明
⑥state vt. 声明；陈述
3.“可怕的”高频形容词
①terrifying 极其可怕的；吓人的
②frightening 吓人的；可怕的
③alarming 令人惊恐的
④awful 可怕的；惊人的
⑤horrible 恐怖的
⑥terrible 可怕的
(二)重点短语——记牢用活
1．rather__than 与其；不愿
2．manage__to__do 设法做
3．have__a__gift__for 有……天赋
4．all__the__way 一直
5．as__far__as 远到；直到
6．go__through 穿过；检查
7．settle__down 定居；平静下来；专心于
8．catch__sight__of 看见；瞥见
9．in__the__distance 在远处
10．dream__of 梦想
11．at__dawn 在黎明时
12．go__downtown 去商业区
13．be__famous__for 因……而著名
1.“v.＋down”短语集锦
①burn down 烧毁
②pass down 传下来
③bring down 使降低
④break down 分解；累垮
⑤cut down 削减；砍倒
⑥settle down 定居；平静下来；专心于
2.“be＋过去分词＋with”结构一览
①be surrounded with 被……包围
②be impressed with 对……印象深刻
③be equipped with 配备有……
④be crowded with 挤满……
⑤be covered with 被……覆盖
⑥be satisfied with 对……满意
(三)重点句式——背熟巧用
句型公式
教材原句
句型1：rather than“与其；不愿；而不是”，连接两个并列成分
Rather__than__take__the__aeroplane all the way, they decided to fly to Vancouver... 她们不想一路乘飞机，而决定先飞到温哥华……
句型2：独立主格结构
It is so wet there that the trees are extremely tall, some measuring__over__90__metres． 那儿湿度很大，所以树都长得特别高，一些树测量起来高达90多米。
句型3：as far as...远至……；就……而言；尽……所能
It’s too bad you can’t__go__as__far__as Ottawa, Canada’s capital.
很可惜你们不能一直走到加拿大的首都渥太华。
句型4：由and连接的两个并列宾语从句，第二个连接词that不可省略
The girls told him they were on a train trip across Canada and that__they__had__only__one__day in Montreal.
姑娘们告诉他，她们是坐火车来旅游的，要横穿加拿大，在蒙特利尔只待一天。
二、语境强化训练
Ⅰ.语境填词——根据提示写出该词的适当形式
1．(2019·北京卷)Regardless of the weather or the distance(距离), Paul Wilson will make sure lowincome students in his neighbourhood arrive at their college classes on time.
2．We listened to the news with a mixture(混合) of surprise and happiness.
3. (2017·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)We are to meet on Sunday morning in the People’s Park，where the air is fresh and the scenery(景色；风景) is beautiful.
4．The flight with 145 passengers aboard(在飞机上) from Tokyo landed on the airport in Beijing yesterday.
5．Qingdao is a beautiful coastal city and also one of the most important harbo(u)rs(海港) in China.
6．I am pleased(please) to have this chance today to talk to you about the Chinese culture.
7．At present the local government is taking measures(measure) to reduce the pollution.
8．He likes chatting(chat) about the things with his friends on the Internet.
Ⅱ.语境品词——写出加黑词汇在语境中的意义
1. (2018·江苏卷任务型阅读)In 2005, when the Bishop Arts Theatre was donated to our town, the location was considered a poor area of town.位置
2．(2018·北京卷阅读D)They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread.城市的；市镇的
3．(全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)My ambassadorial duties will include introducing British visitors to the 120plus pandas at Chengdu and others at a research centre in the misty mountains of Bifengxia.有薄雾的；模糊的
4．(2018·江苏卷阅读B)As for crowds, a Hong Kong study found that they increased a restaurant’s reputation, suggesting great food at fair prices.And doubling a buffet’s price led customers to say that its pizza was 11 percent tastier.自助餐
Ⅲ.派生词练习——用所给词的适当形式填空
1．The little boy mixed vinegar with sugar, and the mixture tasted not so bad. (mix)
2．When they saw the terrifying scene, everyone on the spot felt terrified and couldn’t say a word.(terrify)
3．Surrounded by the forest，the village has beautiful surroundings，which attract many visitors from surrounding areas.(surround)
4．So charming are the sights of Jiuzhaigou that they leave a deep impression on visitors from home and abroad.To tell you the truth, I am deeply impressed by its beautiful scenery. (impress)
5．Though there is a long distance between Tom and his family, they don’t feel distant．(distance)
6．Robert left his hometown as a poor boy and returned as an extremely wealthy man. However, he knows that wealth doesn’t mean everything. (wealth)
Ⅳ.选词成篇
rather than; catch sight of; (be)surrounded by; mix...with...; dream of; all the way; settle down; manage to do
We all know that we should learn to 1.mix work with proper rest, but it is easier said than done. We have always been 2.dreaming__of visiting Austria, which is not only a travelling paradise for tourists but also a perfect place to 3.settle__down. However, it was not until last month that we 4.managed__to make it.My parents and I decided to take a plane 5.rather__than a ship to visit Austria.While going travelling, we 6.caught__sight__of houses 7.surrounded__by green trees 8.all__the__way. I think we should also take effective measures to make our country more beautiful.
Ⅴ.完成句子
1．正是那些甘愿奉献而不索取的人才应得到尊敬。
It is those who are willing to give rather__than__receive that deserve to be respected.
2．树叶到处飘落，我突然意识到秋天来临了。
Leaves__falling__here__and__there,__I suddenly notice autumn is drawing upon.
3．古时候，人们很少出远门，大多数农民去的最远的地方是当地集市。
In ancient times, people rarely travelled long distances and most farmers only travelled__as__far__as__the__local__market．
4．琳达说她要去见汤姆，并且不会告诉任何人有关这次约会的事情。
Linda said (that) she would meet Tom and__that she wouldn’t tell anyone about the appointment.
surround vt.包围；围绕
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①(2019·江苏卷)Steve arrived and sat in the front row，surrounded(surround) by his family.
②The surrounding(surround) villages have been absorbed by the growing city.
③Only in this way can we live in more comfortable and beautiful surroundings(surround)．
[能力提升]——完成句子
④总之，欢迎你来我们学校并希望你能很快适应新环境。
In a word, you are welcome to our school and I hope you can adapt__to__the__new__surroundings soon.
(1)surround...with... 使……包围……
be surrounded by/with... 被……包围
(2)surrounding adj. 周围的
(3)surroundings n. 环境
[佳句背诵] People say it is Canada’s most beautiful city, surrounded by mountains and the Pacific Ocean. 人们说它是加拿大最美丽的城市，被大山和太平洋环抱。
[名师点津] surroundings常用复数形式，表示周围的具体的物质环境。
measure vi.& vt.测量；衡量；判定 n．计量制；计量单位；措施
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①It’s generally acknowledged that education shouldn’t be__measured(measure) only by examination results.
②Some villagers reported a huge snake, measuring(measure) over two metres long, was found dead in a nearby cave.
[能力提升]——一句多译
是时候我们应该采取措施阻止空气被污染了。
③It’s high time that we should__take__measures to keep the air from being polluted.
④It’s high time that we took__action to prevent the air from being polluted.
⑤It’s time for us to take__steps to stop the air from being polluted.
(1)measure...by... 用……来衡量……
(2)take measures to do sth. 采取措施做某事
make sth.to one’s own measure
为某人量身定做某物
[佳句背诵] In the old days, my mother always made new clothes to my own measure with the Spring Festival approaching.
过去，妈妈在春节来临时总是为我量身定做新衣服。
[名师点津] “采取措施做某事”种种表达：
take measures to do sth.
take steps to do sth.
take action to do sth.
distance n．距离；远方；遥远；疏远 v．拉开距离；与……疏远
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①We spotted them waving to us at a distance of two hundred yards.
②We often walk to the beach，which is within walking distance of my house.
③It was difficult to get along well with her because she always kept everyone at a distance.
④(2018·浙江卷6月读后续写)Much to our delight，the sound of water in the distance caught our attention and drove us to the river bank.
(1)in the distance 在远处
at a distance (of) 在……远的地方；距离稍远
within walking distance 在步行距离内
(2)keep sb. at a distance 与某人保持一定距离
(3)distant adj. 遥远的；远处的；久远的
[佳句背诵] Take your time—it’s just a short distance from here to the restaurant.
别急——从这儿到餐馆仅有一小段距离。
impress vt.使铭记；铭刻；使印象深刻
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①(天津卷书面表达)What impresses(impress) us most are your art skills, in which you showed outstanding talent.
②This is the most impressive(impress) building I have ever seen on my trip to Egypt.
[能力提升]——一句多译
(2019·全国卷Ⅲ书面表达)我坚信今年的音乐节会给你留下深刻的印象。
③I hold the firm belief that this year’s music festival will impress__you__deeply. (impress vt.)
④I am firmly convinced that you will be__deeply__impressed__by/at/with this year’s music festival.(impressed adj.)
⑤I do believe that this year’s music festival will surely leave__a__deep__impression__on__you．(impression n．)
(1) 使某人牢记某事
be impressed by/at/with sb./sth.
对某人/某事(物)印象深刻
(2)impression n. 印象；感想
leave/make a(n)．..impression on/upon sb.
给某人留下……的印象
(3) impressive adj. 给人深刻印象的；感人的
[佳句背诵] You will surely be impressed with those beautiful papercutting art works. 那些漂亮的剪纸艺术品一定会给你留下深刻的印象。(2017·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)
manage to do 设法做成；成功地做
[基础练习]——单句语法填空/对比填空
①Such a naughty boy is really hard to__manage(manage)．
②That’s not a hard job. I’m sure I can manage it myself.
③No matter what happened, I tried to finish my task on schedule. Luckily, with my teacher’s timely help, I managed to finish it ahead of time.(try与manage)
[能力提升]——微写作
④首先，设法阅读一些在中国文学中起重要作用的有关唐诗的资料。
(2017·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)At first, please manage__to__read__some__materials about Tang Poetry, which plays a significant role in Chinese literature.
(1)manage to do sth. 成功做了某事
(2)manage sb. 设法对付某人
manage sth. 经营/管理某事
manage it 能做到
[佳句背诵] We will manage to accomplish the task in time even though it is difficult.
尽管任务艰巨，我们也要及时完成。
[名师点津] (1)manage to do sth.相当于succeed in doing sth.，表示“成功地做了某事”，重在结果；
(2)try to do sth.表示“尽力做某事”，重在动作，不一定成功。
catch sight of 看见；瞥见
[基础练习]——用sight的相关短语填空
①At__the__sight__of his mother, the boy burst into tears.
②Suddenly they got separated, and then lost__sight__of each other.
③As the old saying goes, “Out__of__sight,__out of mind.”
[能力提升]——词汇升级
④(普通表达)Standing at the top of the hill, you can see the whole city.
(高级表达)Standing at the top of the hill, you can catch__sight__of the whole city.
come into sight 进入视线，映入眼帘
lose sight of 看不见
at first sight 乍一看；初看时
at the sight of 一看见
out of sight 看不见
[佳句背诵] Don’t let me catch sight of you doing such kind of foolish things again!
不要让我再看到你做这种愚蠢的事情！
settle down 定居；平静下来；专心于
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①Wait until the students settle down before you start the lesson.
②Before we settle down to discussing(discuss) other things，I’ve a question to ask you.
③We love peace and hope that the problem can be__settled(settle) in a peaceful way.
[能力提升]——完成句子
④父母希望我安定下来，和新同学相处融洽。
My parents wish me to__settle__down__and__get__on__well__with my new classmates.
settle down to (doing) sth. 开始专注于某事物；着手认真做某事
settle in/into 安顿下来；适应新的工作环境等
settle a problem/an argument 解决问题/争议
[佳句背诵] With a lot of difficult problems to settle，the newlyelected president is having a hard time. 有许多难题要解决，新当选的总统要度过一段艰难的时期。
rather than “与其；不愿；而不是”，连接两个并列成分
(教材P34)Rather than take the aeroplane all the way, they decided to fly to Vancouver...
她们不想一路乘飞机，而决定先飞到温哥华……
[基础练习]——用than的相关短语填空
①They said the director，rather__than the clerks，was responsible for the incident.
②As a matter of fact, I don’t know any French people other__than you.
③(2019·全国卷Ⅲ书面表达)I’m more__than delighted to inform you that this year’s music festival will be held shortly.
[能力提升]——一句多译
如果我不得不放弃其中一个， 我会关掉电视而不是关掉我的手机。
④If I had to give up one of them, I would__turn__off__the__TV__rather__than switch off my cellphone.
⑤If I had to give up one of them, I would__rather__turn__off__the__TV__than switch off my cellphone.
⑥If I had to give up one of them, I prefer__to__turn__off__the__TV__rather__than switch off my cellphone.
(1)
(2)other than 不同于；除了……外
or rather 更确切地说
more than 多于；不仅仅；非常
[佳句背诵] Rather than use knives and forks as Westerners do, Chinese like to eat with chopsticks.
中国人喜欢用筷子吃饭，而不是像西方人那样用刀和叉。 (2018·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)
[名师点津] rather than连接主语及其附属成分时，谓语动词应与rather than前面的主语在人称和数上保持一致。
as far as...远至……；就……而言；尽……所能
(教材P38)It’s too bad you can’t go as far as Ottawa, Canada’s capital. 很可惜你们不能一直走到加拿大的首都渥太华。
[基础练习]——完成句子
①他的父母全力支持他。
His parents supported him as__far__as__they__could．
②就我所知，在那个小镇购物很方便。
As__far__as__I__know,__it is convenient to do shopping in that small town.
③就我而言，户外运动不仅让我们接近大自然，而且让我们从繁重的课业中得到放松。
As__far__as__I__am__concerned,__not__only__does__outdoor__exercise__get__us__close__to__nature but also gives us relaxation from heavy schoolwork.(倒装)
与此相关的用法有：
as far as sb./sth.is concerned
就某人/某事(物)而言
as far as the eye can see/reach 就视力所能及
as far as I can see 依我看
as far as I know 据我所知
[佳句背诵] Standing here, you can see as far as the foot of the hill.
站在这里，你可以一直看到山脚下。
Ⅰ.词形转换和动词的形式变换(用所给词的正确形式填空)
1．(2019·浙江卷6月应用文写作)Besides，what you told me about your country broadened(broad) my horizons and aroused my interest in foreign culture.
2．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ语法填空)They also shared with us many traditional(tradition) stories about Hawaii that were hugely popular with tourists.
3．Nowadays, the Chinese people are much wealthier(wealthy) than they were in the past.
4．Though the twins look much alike, they are still slightly(slight) different from each other in their appearance.
5．(2018·浙江卷6月)I was__impressed(impress) to see my dad and Uncle Paul riding horses.They looked really cool.
6．Surrounded(surround) by the sea on three sides，modern Qingdao is considered one of the most livable cities in China.
7．He looked very pleased(please) with himself，so I knew he had passed his driving test.
8．With mixed(mix) feelings on mind, she doesn’t know what to do next.
Ⅱ.固定用法和搭配(在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式)
1．In my opinion, it is you rather than he that are(be) to blame for the terrible accident.
2．Apart from my academic studies, I always manage to__find(find) time for what I’m interested in.
3．Lily is a tenyearold girl, who has a gift for music—you know she has won two big prizes in the international music competitions.
4．It was not until last year that they informed the public of the serious problem.
5．Now that there is little time left, we should settle down to dealing(deal) with something really urgent.
6．The beach is within easy reach of the hotel, so you can go there on foot after supper.
Ⅲ.熟词生义(根据具体语境写出加黑词的词性及含义)
1．(2019·北京卷阅读B)She hopes that every kid can have a clean mouth and a broad smile. 灿烂的微笑
2．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ阅读C)The government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolves. The U．S. Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone. vt.管理
3．(2017·浙江卷6月阅读B)Three years ago, schools in Edina, Minnesota, changed the start time from 7：25 am to 8：30 am. Students, parents and teachers are pleased with the results.adj.满意的
4．Without my glasses, everything is misty.adj.模糊的；不清楚的
提能一 语段填空(在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式)
(一)
Each person learns culture in a 1.slightly(slight) different way.I usually 2.broaden(broad) my horizons by watching movies.3.Traditionally(tradition), the most popular movies were instructive and appealed to people of all classes.However, today’s movies mainly target the young and the 4.wealthy(wealth)．The director uses a 5.mixture(mix) of many elements in his movie to produce special effects that are 6.impressive(impress)．
(二)
The Great Wall is one of the most impressive tourist 1.attractions(attract), attracting tens of thousands of visitors from home and abroad every year. However, it was not until I settled down in Beijing 2.that I managed 3.to__visit(visit) the Great Wall. 4.Rather than take the cable car to the top, I climbed to the top by myself. As far as I’m concerned, it was really a wonderful experience.
(三)
I was appreciating the 1.surrounding(surround) scenery when a scene 2.impressed(impress) me and gave me a 3.mixed(mix) feeling. Some tourists were having a picture while throwing rubbish everywhere. As far as I’m concerned, 4.measures(measure) should be taken to raise people’s awareness of environmental protection.
提能二 话题写作(用本单元词汇、句式和语法知识写满分作文)
假如你是李华，你曾去加拿大留过学，你的朋友李明想去加拿大留学，要了解加拿大的情况，请你写信告诉他相关情况。
地理
世界第二大国，面积约为998万平方千米，是世界上湖泊和淡水最多的国家
气候
不同地区的气候差异大，比较冷，冬季长
留学生活
建议选择去温哥华留学，风景优美，学费(tuition)较低
建议城市
温哥华是加拿大最美、最温暖的城市，被大山和太平洋包围
1.补全要点句(黑体部分请用本单元所学词汇)
①得知你要去加拿大留学我很高兴，我想告诉你加拿大的有关情况。
I__am__pleased__to__learn__that__you__are__going__to__study__in__Canada，so I’d like to share with you something about it.
②加拿大是世界第二大国，占地面积约为998万平方千米。
Canada__is__the__world’s__second__largest__country with an area of about 9.98 million square kilometres.
③它是世界上湖泊和淡水最多的国家。
It has the largest number of lakes and they provide Canada with more__fresh__water__than__any__other__country__in__the__world．
④尽管不同地区的气候差异大，但是冬天很长，天气通常很冷。(同位语从句)
Despite the fact that__the__climate__there__is__different__from__area__to__area,__it is generally cold with long winters.
⑤我建议你选择去温哥华留学，那里风景优美，学费较低。
I suggest that you choose to study in Vancouver, where the__scenery__is__impressive and the tuition is lower.
⑥温哥华被大山和太平洋包围，是加拿大最温暖的城市。
Vancouver, surrounded__by__mountains__and__the__Pacific__Ocean,__is Canada’s warmest city.
2．升级平淡句
⑦用分词作状语升级句①
Pleased__to__learn__that__you__are__going__to__study__in__Canada,__I’d__like__to__share__with__you__something__about__it.
⑧用定语从句升级句③
It__has__the__largest__number__of__lakes__which__provide__Canada__with__more__fresh__water__than__any__other__country__in__the__world.
3．衔接成美文(注意使用适当的过渡衔接词汇：additionally，thus)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
One possible version：
Dear Li Ming，
Pleased to learn that you are going to study in Canada, I’d like to share with you something about it.
Canada is the world’s second largest country with an area of about 9.98 million square kilometres.Additionally, it has the largest number of lakes which provide Canada with more fresh water than any other country in the world.Despite the fact that the climate there is different from area to area, it is generally cold with long winters.Vancouver, surrounded by mountains and the Pacific Ocean, is Canada’s warmest city.Thus, I suggest that you choose to study in Vancouver, where the scenery is impressive and the tuition is lower.
Yours，
Li Hua
(建议用时：35分钟)
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
Ask 9－year－old Annie what the worst thing was that ever happened in her house last year, and she won’t tell you that it was her parents’ divorcing, although they did. No, what Annie remembers most are the horrible fights leading up to the announcement about the divorce which was, as it turned out, despite her parents’ anxiety about telling her, “not that big of a deal”. “I already knew they were not getting along well，” Annie says. “Every night after I went to bed, I would hear my parents fighting. It made me really unhappy. When they finally decided to get a divorce, all that stopped.”
Annie’s experience is more common than you might think, and there is a great deal of evidence to suggest that “staying together for the sake of the children” is not what should be encouraged, and may do more harm than good. According to psychologist Lynn Martingdale, hearing their parents arguing is often more stressful for children than separation and divorce, and if you think that your children don’t know that there’s trouble in family, then you’re kidding yourself. The home life of children whose parents have an unhappy marriage is often far from ideal, and what’s worse, parents will compound the problem by taking their unhappiness out on the children.
The Center for Moving Forward conducted a study in 2014 in which they followed 25 families whose parents had been in marriage counseling. After tracking these families for 5 years, they found that the children of the parents who eventually got divorced were not worse off than the children of those who remained together, and in some cases fared better. The study took the social and the children’s general sense of well－being into consideration.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇议论文。文章以9岁的孩子Annie的父母由于争吵导致最终离婚的叙述引入主题，接着通过论据论证了“在不幸的婚姻中，离婚并不是最糟糕的事”这一主题。
1．Which statement may psychologist Lynn Martingdale agree with？
A．Separation and divorce will hurt the children most.
B．Keeping an unhappy marriage hurts children more.
C．Children can’t understand their parents’ marriage well.
D．Children can’t feel the unhappiness from their parents.
B 解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的“According to psychologist Lynn Martingdale, hearing their parents arguing is often more stressful for children than separation and divorce”可知，心理学家Lynn Martingdale认为，听父母吵架对孩子来说往往比分居和离婚更有压力，据此可以判断，Lynn Martingdale认为维持不幸福的婚姻会更加伤害孩子，故B项正确。
2．What’s the function of the last paragraph in the passage?
A．To give an example of divorce.
B．To support Annie’s correct answer.
C．To further clear the author’s viewpoint.
D．To highlight the importance of the study.
C 解析：写作目的题。根据最后一段中的“After tracking these families for 5 years, they found that the children of the parents who eventually got divorced were not worse off than the children of those who remained together, and in some cases fared better.”可知，在对这些家庭进行了5年的跟踪调查后，他们发现，最终父母离婚的孩子并不比那些父母仍在一起的孩子生活得更差，在某些情况下，他们生活得更好。据此可知，最后一段旨在通过研究进一步说明本文的论点：在不幸的婚姻中，离婚不是最糟糕的选择。故C项正确。
3．What is the best title for the passage?
A．Divorce Is Good for Children
B．Divorce Is Not the Worst Thing
C．Fighting Is Often Stressful
D．Staying Together Is for Children Only
B 解析：标题归纳题。根据第一段第二句和Annie所说的话可知，对孩子们来说，父母的争吵比离婚更糟糕；结合第二段中的“there is a great deal of evidence to suggest that ‘staying together for the sake of the children’ is not what should be encouraged, and may do more harm than good”可以判断，本文的主旨是：在不幸的婚姻中，和离婚相比，父母为孩子而在一起给孩子的伤害更大。最后一段的研究也论证了这一点。故B项最适合作为本文标题。
【难句分析1】 No, what Annie remembers most are the horrible fights leading up to the announcement about the divorce which was, as it turned out, despite her parents’ anxiety about telling her, “not that big of a deal”．
分析：该句为主从复合句。句中“what Annie remembers most”为what引导的主语从句；“which was...”为which引导的定语从句，修饰先行词the divorce。
译文：不，Annie记得最清楚的是导致(她的父母)宣告离婚的可怕的争吵，尽管她的父母害怕告诉她，但是正如事实证明的那样，离婚“没什么大不了的”。
【难句分析2】 The home life of children whose parents have an unhappy marriage is often far from ideal, and what’s worse, parents will compound the problem by taking their unhappiness out on the children.
分析：该句为并列句。前一分句中“whose parents have an unhappy marriage”为whose引导的定语从句，修饰先行词children, whose在从句中作定语。
译文：父母婚姻不幸福的孩子的家庭生活往往很不理想，更糟的是，父母把他们的不幸福发泄在孩子身上，会使问题更加严重。
B
The world is a greener place than it was 20 years ago. A study published in the journal Nature Sustainability said that recent satellite data reveals a greening pattern that is prominent(显著的) in China and India. The study shows that human activity in China and India dominates this greening of the planet, thanks to tree planting and agriculture. The effect comes mostly from ambitious tree－planting programs in China and intensive agriculture in both countries.
“China and India account for one－third of the greening，” said lead author Chi Chen of Boston University. “That is a surprising finding, considering the vague idea of land degradation(毁坏) in populous countries from overexploitation，” added Chen.
China alone accounts for 25 percent of the global net increase in leaf area with only 6.6 percent of global vegetated area. The greening in China is from forests(42 percent) and croplands(32 percent), but in India, it is mostly from croplands(82 percent) with the minor contribution from forests(4.4 percent)．
China’s outsized contribution to the global greening trend comes in large part from its programs to conserve and expand forests with the goal of preventing land degradation, air pollution, and climate change.
“Once people realize there is a problem, they tend to fix it，” said Rama Nemani, research scientist and co－author of the study. “In the 1970s and 1980s in India and China, the situation around vegetation loss was not good. In the 1900s, people realized it, and today things have improved. Now we see that humans are contributing.”
Land area used to grow crops is comparable in China and India—more than 770，000 square miles—and has not changed much since the early 2000s. Yet these regions have greatly increased both their annual total green leaf area and their food production.
This was achieved through multiple cropping practices, where a field is replanted to produce another harvest several times a year. Production of grains, vegetables, fruits and more has increased by about 35%－40% since 2000 to feed their large populations.
【解题导语】 研究发现，由于中国的植树造林计划和中印两国的集约农业，地球与二十年前相比更加翠绿了。
4．What did the study mainly find?
A．India and China are leading the global greening effort.
B．Intensive agriculture is the cause of global land degradation.
C．China and India have got the largest forest coverage in the world.
D．Agriculture is more helpful in expanding green areas than tree－planting.
A 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段第三句“The study shows that human activity in China and India dominates this greening of the planet, thanks to tree planting and agriculture.”可知，由于植树造林和集约农业，中国和印度正主导着地球绿化的进程，故A项正确。
5．What does Nemani think about humans in China and India in protecting the Earth?
A．Ambitious. B．Responsible.
C．Passionate. D．Tolerant.
B 解析：推理判断题。根据第五段中Rama Nemani说的话可知，Rama Nemani认为，二十世纪七八十年代，印度和中国的植被流失情况严重；二十世纪九十年代，人们意识到了这一点并努力改善；现在他们正在做贡献。据此可推知，Rama Nemani认为在保护地球方面，中国和印度的人们是负责任的，故B项正确。该题容易错选A项，错选的原因是第一段尾句“The effect comes mostly from ambitious tree－planting programs in China and intensive agriculture in both countries.”的影响，忽略了题干关键词“Nemani think about”。A项意为“有雄心的”，C项意为“热爱的”，D项意为“宽容的”，都与文意不符。
6．What does the passage finally suggest humans should make good use of?
A．Forest. B．Trees.
C．Croplands. D．Food.
C 解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句“This was achieved through multiple cropping practices, where a field is replanted to produce another harvest several times a year.”可知，产量提高是通过复种来实现的，在复种过程中，一块土地每年会被重新种植几次，这样在增加绿化面积的情况下也提高了产量。据此可推知，文章建议充分利用农田，故C项正确。
【难句分析】 A study published in the journal Nature Sustainability said that recent satellite data reveals a greening pattern that is prominent(显著的) in China and India.
分析：该句为主从复合句。句中published in the journal Nature Sustainability为过去分词短语作名词A study的后置定语；that recent satellite data reveals a greening pattern that is prominent(显著的) in China and India为that引导的宾语从句，作及物动词said的宾语，其中“that is prominent in China and India”为that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词a greening pattern，关系词在从句中作主语。
译文：发表在《自然——可持续发展》杂志上的一项研究称，最近的卫星数据显示，中国和印度的绿化模式非常显著。
Ⅱ.七选五
How to Become an Activist
Activists are people who see the need of change and devote their time to doing something about it. 1.________ If you are interested in it, you can do so.
2．________ This could be anything from a student club to a national organization. Most activist organizations offer different levels of involvement, so you can do whatever you feel most comfortable with, whether that means attending meetings and demonstrations or just donating a little money when you can.
Volunteer your time. One of the best ways to make a difference is to volunteer your time. Reach out to organizations in your community that do work for your cause, and ask how you can help.
Donate money or supplies. 3.________ If you can’t afford to donate money to an organization that supports your cause, you may be able to donate other things they need, like clothing or canned food.
Draw the family and friends in. Tell your family and friends about your cause, and invite them to get involved. If they are interested, share literature about your cause or just talk to them about what you have learned. 4.________
Promote your cause on social media. You can use social media to help keep your friends and followers informed about the cause you support. 5.________ Also, you can invite your friends to attend events or donate money to fundraisers(募集资金者) for your cause.
A．Take classes on issues related to your cause.
B．Join an organization that supports your cause.
C．They are driven by passion and a vision for a better future.
D．If you do volunteer work, invite them to volunteer with you.
E．Most activists or charitable organizations need resources to do their work.
F．Post useful articles and write about what you are doing to stay involved.
G．If you can’t get in touch with them in person, then try connecting people online.
【解题导语】 积极分子是指那些看到变革的需要并投入时间去做些什么的人。本篇文章就如何成为积极分子而去从事公益事业提供了一些建议。
1．C 解析：前一句提到“see the need of change and devote their time to doing something about it”(看到变革的需要并投入时间去做些什么)，由此可推知，空处应是进一步阐述积极分子这样做的原因，故C项“他们被激情和对更美好的未来的憧憬所驱使”与此处匹配。
2．B 解析：根据文章结构和空处所处位置可知，该空为本段的主题句。根据本段中的“from a student club to a national organization”和“Most activist organizations”可知，本段的主题是关于加入某个组织的。故选B。
3．E 解析：前句提到“Donate money or supplies.”(捐赠金钱或物资)，由此可推知，空处应是说明这样做的原因，故E项“大多数积极分子或慈善组织需要资源来开展工作”符合语境。
4．D 解析：本段的主题句为“Draw the family and friends in.”(让家人和朋友参与进来)，空前一句是说如果他们感兴趣，向他们分享有关你的事业的宣传资料或仅仅告诉他们你学到的东西，空处应是进一步说明你让朋友和家人参与的具体做法，故D项符合语境，且句式结构与前一句相同。
5．F 解析：本段的主题句为“Promote your cause on social media.”，该段也提到了利用“social media”，这与F项“发布有用的文章，写下你正在做什么来保持参与”密切联系，故选F。
Ⅲ.语法填空
(2020·绍兴诊断性考试)There is a saying that goes, “All roads lead to Rome.”Roads were essential for the 1.____________(grow) of the Roman Empire. These roads enabled the Romans to move armies 2.____________ (efficient). At its peak, the Roman road system 3.____________(cover) 53，000 miles and contained about 372 links. The Romans were good at constructing these roads, 4.____________ were called viae(路)．
Prepared viae began in history as the streets of Rome. The Law of the Twelve Tables(十二铜表法), 5.____________(date) back to approximately 450 B．C., explains that a road shall be 8 feet wide where straight and 16 feet where curved. According to the Tables, the Romans are commanded 6.____________(build) roads that would not need frequent repair.
The Romans had 7.____________ preference for standardization whenever they could. A golden milestone was set up. 8.____________ this milestone were listed all of the cities in the empire and the distances to them.
Roman roads 9.____________(consider) very important in maintaining both the stability and the expansion of the empire at that time. Even after over 1，000 years, these roads are still used. During the fall of the Roman Empire, the same roads offered 10.____________(avenue) of invasion to the foreigners. This contributed to the Roman military ruin.
【解题导语】 本文主要介绍了罗马帝国的陆路系统。
1．growth 解析：考查名词。与该句中的定冠词“the”和“of”呼应可知，此处应用其名词形式，即growth。
2．efficiently 解析：考查副词。修饰动词应用副词，故用副词efficiently修饰动词move。
3．covered 解析：考查动词的时态。与语境中的“contained”呼应可知，此处指的是发生在过去的事情，故用一般过去时，即covered。
4．which 解析：考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语，修饰表示物的先行词these roads，故用which。
5．dating 解析：考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，动词短语date back to和句子主语The Law of the Twelve Tables是逻辑上的主谓关系，故用date的现在分词形式dating。
6．to build 解析：考查非谓语动词。根据固定用法command sb.to do sth.“命令某人做某事”，此处应用不定式作宾语补足语。
7．a 解析：考查冠词。根据语境可知，此处“preference”意为“偏爱”，可作可数名词，其前无限定词修饰，且其发音以辅音音素开头，故用不定冠词a。
8．On 解析：考查介词。根据语境可知，此处表示“在里程碑上”，故用介词On。本句是一个倒装句，即介词短语置于句首时，句子全部倒装。
9．were considered 解析：考查动词的时态和语态。分析句子结构可知，consider和句子主语Roman roads构成被动关系，且与时间状语“at that time”呼应可知，此处应用一般过去时的被动语态，即were considered。
10．avenues 解析：考查名词的单复数。avenue是可数名词，且其前没有限定词修饰，故用其复数形式。
写作规范练(三)
(建议用时：45分钟)
Ⅰ.应用文写作
假设你是李华，你所在的学校的美国交流生David邀请你周末跟他朋友一起去露营。但是你舅舅一家周末要来你们家，所以你不能前往，请你给David写封道歉信。
注意：1.词数80左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3．开头和结尾已为你写好，不计入总词数。
Dear David，
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Yours，
Li Hua
One possible version：
Dear__David，
How are you？Thank you for your invitation to go hiking and camping with your friends this weekend.Unfortunately, it is much to my regret that I cannot join you and your friends, because my uncle is visiting us this weekend. I haven’t seen my cousin for a long time so I think I’d better stay at home and show my cousin around.
I feel terribly sorry for missing such a happy gettogether, and I hope that all of you enjoy a good time.With my sincere apology and thanks for your generosity, please send my regards to your friends.
Yours，
Li__Hua
Ⅱ.读后续写
阅读下面短文，根据所给情节进行续写，使之构成一个完整的故事。
I was driving to a business appointment and, as usual, I was planning in my mind what I was going to say. I came to a very busy crossing where the traffic light had just turned red. “All right，” I thought to myself, “I can beat the next light if I race ahead when the light changed.”
My mind and car were ready to go when suddenly my thought was broken by an unforgettable sight. A young couple,__both blind, were walking arminarm across this busy crossing with cars racing by in every direction. The man was holding the hand of a little boy, while the woman was carrying a baby on her chest. Each of them had a white cane(手杖) directing them across the crossing.
I was moved. They were overcoming one of the most terrible disabilities—blindness. Suddenly my thought was interrupted by horror when I saw that the couple was not walking in the crosswalk(斑马线), but was instead walking directly toward the middle of the crossing. Not realizing the danger they were in, they were walking right into the path(路线) of oncoming cars. I was deeply concerned for the family because I didn’t know if the other drivers understood what was happening.
注意：1.所续写短文的词数应为150左右；
2．至少使用5个短文中标有下划线的关键词语；
3．续写部分分为两段，每段的开头语已为你写好；
4．续写完成后，请用下划线标出你所使用的关键词语。
Paragraph 1：
As I watched, something amazing happened before my eyes.________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Paragraph 2：
The couple realized what was happening. _______________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
One possible version：
Paragraph 1：
As I watched, something amazing happened before my eyes. Each car in every direction came to a stop. I hardly heard the noises of hard brakes or the horns. Nobody shouted “Get out of the way！” to them. Everything froze. In that moment, time seemed to stand still for this family. Amazed, I noticed that everyone’s attention was fixed on the couple. Suddenly the driver to my right reacted. Sticking his head out of his car, he shouted to the couple, “To your right. To your right！” Some other people joined him, shouting, “To your right！”
Paragraph 2：
The couple realized what was happening. So they adjusted their course as they followed the drivers’ instructions. Depending on their canes and the calls from some concerned people, they made it to the other side of the road. As they stepped onto the sidewalk, one thing struck me—they both turned around, gave a deep bow to all of us and then went on their way.
一、语基必备知识
(一)重点词汇——分类记忆
Ⅰ.阅读词汇——知其意
1．multicultural adj. 多种文化的
2．polar adj. 极地的；近极地的
3．quiz n. 测验；问答比赛
4．minister n. 大臣；部长
5．eagle n. 鹰
6．acre n. 英亩
7．urban adj. 城市的；市镇的
8．bush n. 灌木(丛)；矮树(丛)
9．maple n. 枫；枫树
10．frost n. 霜；霜冻
11．misty adj. 有薄雾的；模糊的
12．booth n. 公用电话间；货摊；售货亭
13．buffet n. 自助餐；饮食柜台
14．approximately adv. 接近；大约
Ⅱ.核心词汇——写其形
1．chat vi.& n. 聊天；闲聊
2．scenery n. 景色；风景
3．measure vi.& vt. 测量；衡量；判定
n. 计量制；计量单位；措施
4．aboard prep.& adv. 在(船、飞机、火车或公共汽
车)上；上(船、飞机、火车等)
5．within prep. 在……之内
6．harbour n．(＝harbor) 海港
7．nearby adv. 在附近
adj. 附近的；邻近的
8．downtown adj. 市区的
adv. 在市区；往市区
9．pleased adj. 欣喜的；高兴的
10．topic n. 话题
11．dawn n. 黎明；拂晓；破晓
12．broad adj. 宽阔的；广泛的
13．continent n. 洲；大陆
14．baggage n. 行李
Ⅲ.拓展词汇——通其变
1．surround vt.包围；围绕→surroundings n．(复数)周围的事物；环境→surrounding adj.周围的
2．slight adj.轻微的；微小的→slightly adv.稍稍；轻微地
3．tradition n．传统；风俗→traditional adj.传统的→traditionally adv.传统地
4．impress vt.使印象深刻；使铭记→impressive adj.给人深刻印象的；感人的→impression n．印象
5．terrify vt.使恐怖；恐吓→terrified adj.恐惧的；受惊吓的→terrifying adj.令人恐惧的→terror n．恐惧→terrible adj.恐怖的；恐惧的
6．wealthy adj.富有的→wealth n．财富
7．mix vt.& vi.混合；调配→mixture n．混合(物)；混合状态
8．distant adj.远的；远方的→distance n．距离；远方
1.y后缀常见形容词聚焦
①wealth→wealthy 富有的
②thirst→thirsty 渴的；渴望的
③taste→tasty 美味的
④sleep→sleepy 困的
⑤guilt→guilty 内疚的；有罪的
⑥health→healthy 健康的
2.“说”法荟萃
①chat vi.& n． 聊天；闲聊
②whisper vi.& vt. 小声说；耳语
③inform vt. 通知；告知
④announce vt. 宣告；宣布
⑤declare vt. 宣布；声明
⑥state vt. 声明；陈述
3.“可怕的”高频形容词
①terrifying 极其可怕的；吓人的
②frightening 吓人的；可怕的
③alarming 令人惊恐的
④awful 可怕的；惊人的
⑤horrible 恐怖的
⑥terrible 可怕的
(二)重点短语——记牢用活
1．rather__than 与其；不愿
2．manage__to__do 设法做
3．have__a__gift__for 有……天赋
4．all__the__way 一直
5．as__far__as 远到；直到
6．go__through 穿过；检查
7．settle__down 定居；平静下来；专心于
8．catch__sight__of 看见；瞥见
9．in__the__distance 在远处
10．dream__of 梦想
11．at__dawn 在黎明时
12．go__downtown 去商业区
13．be__famous__for 因……而著名
1.“v.＋down”短语集锦
①burn down 烧毁
②pass down 传下来
③bring down 使降低
④break down 分解；累垮
⑤cut down 削减；砍倒
⑥settle down 定居；平静下来；专心于
2.“be＋过去分词＋with”结构一览
①be surrounded with 被……包围
②be impressed with 对……印象深刻
③be equipped with 配备有……
④be crowded with 挤满……
⑤be covered with 被……覆盖
⑥be satisfied with 对……满意
(三)重点句式——背熟巧用
句型公式
教材原句
句型1：rather than“与其；不愿；而不是”，连接两个并列成分
Rather__than__take__the__aeroplane all the way, they decided to fly to Vancouver... 她们不想一路乘飞机，而决定先飞到温哥华……
句型2：独立主格结构
It is so wet there that the trees are extremely tall, some measuring__over__90__metres． 那儿湿度很大，所以树都长得特别高，一些树测量起来高达90多米。
句型3：as far as...远至……；就……而言；尽……所能
It’s too bad you can’t__go__as__far__as Ottawa, Canada’s capital.
很可惜你们不能一直走到加拿大的首都渥太华。
句型4：由and连接的两个并列宾语从句，第二个连接词that不可省略
The girls told him they were on a train trip across Canada and that__they__had__only__one__day in Montreal.
姑娘们告诉他，她们是坐火车来旅游的，要横穿加拿大，在蒙特利尔只待一天。
二、语境强化训练
Ⅰ.语境填词——根据提示写出该词的适当形式
1．(2019·北京卷)Regardless of the weather or the distance(距离), Paul Wilson will make sure lowincome students in his neighbourhood arrive at their college classes on time.
2．We listened to the news with a mixture(混合) of surprise and happiness.
3. (2017·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)We are to meet on Sunday morning in the People’s Park，where the air is fresh and the scenery(景色；风景) is beautiful.
4．The flight with 145 passengers aboard(在飞机上) from Tokyo landed on the airport in Beijing yesterday.
5．Qingdao is a beautiful coastal city and also one of the most important harbo(u)rs(海港) in China.
6．I am pleased(please) to have this chance today to talk to you about the Chinese culture.
7．At present the local government is taking measures(measure) to reduce the pollution.
8．He likes chatting(chat) about the things with his friends on the Internet.
Ⅱ.语境品词——写出加黑词汇在语境中的意义
1. (2018·江苏卷任务型阅读)In 2005, when the Bishop Arts Theatre was donated to our town, the location was considered a poor area of town.位置
2．(2018·北京卷阅读D)They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread.城市的；市镇的
3．(全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)My ambassadorial duties will include introducing British visitors to the 120plus pandas at Chengdu and others at a research centre in the misty mountains of Bifengxia.有薄雾的；模糊的
4．(2018·江苏卷阅读B)As for crowds, a Hong Kong study found that they increased a restaurant’s reputation, suggesting great food at fair prices.And doubling a buffet’s price led customers to say that its pizza was 11 percent tastier.自助餐
Ⅲ.派生词练习——用所给词的适当形式填空
1．The little boy mixed vinegar with sugar, and the mixture tasted not so bad. (mix)
2．When they saw the terrifying scene, everyone on the spot felt terrified and couldn’t say a word.(terrify)
3．Surrounded by the forest，the village has beautiful surroundings，which attract many visitors from surrounding areas.(surround)
4．So charming are the sights of Jiuzhaigou that they leave a deep impression on visitors from home and abroad.To tell you the truth, I am deeply impressed by its beautiful scenery. (impress)
5．Though there is a long distance between Tom and his family, they don’t feel distant．(distance)
6．Robert left his hometown as a poor boy and returned as an extremely wealthy man. However, he knows that wealth doesn’t mean everything. (wealth)
Ⅳ.选词成篇
rather than; catch sight of; (be)surrounded by; mix...with...; dream of; all the way; settle down; manage to do
We all know that we should learn to 1.mix work with proper rest, but it is easier said than done. We have always been 2.dreaming__of visiting Austria, which is not only a travelling paradise for tourists but also a perfect place to 3.settle__down. However, it was not until last month that we 4.managed__to make it.My parents and I decided to take a plane 5.rather__than a ship to visit Austria.While going travelling, we 6.caught__sight__of houses 7.surrounded__by green trees 8.all__the__way. I think we should also take effective measures to make our country more beautiful.
Ⅴ.完成句子
1．正是那些甘愿奉献而不索取的人才应得到尊敬。
It is those who are willing to give rather__than__receive that deserve to be respected.
2．树叶到处飘落，我突然意识到秋天来临了。
Leaves__falling__here__and__there,__I suddenly notice autumn is drawing upon.
3．古时候，人们很少出远门，大多数农民去的最远的地方是当地集市。
In ancient times, people rarely travelled long distances and most farmers only travelled__as__far__as__the__local__market．
4．琳达说她要去见汤姆，并且不会告诉任何人有关这次约会的事情。
Linda said (that) she would meet Tom and__that she wouldn’t tell anyone about the appointment.
surround vt.包围；围绕
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①(2019·江苏卷)Steve arrived and sat in the front row，surrounded(surround) by his family.
②The surrounding(surround) villages have been absorbed by the growing city.
③Only in this way can we live in more comfortable and beautiful surroundings(surround)．
[能力提升]——完成句子
④总之，欢迎你来我们学校并希望你能很快适应新环境。
In a word, you are welcome to our school and I hope you can adapt__to__the__new__surroundings soon.
(1)surround...with... 使……包围……
be surrounded by/with... 被……包围
(2)surrounding adj. 周围的
(3)surroundings n. 环境
[佳句背诵] People say it is Canada’s most beautiful city, surrounded by mountains and the Pacific Ocean. 人们说它是加拿大最美丽的城市，被大山和太平洋环抱。
[名师点津] surroundings常用复数形式，表示周围的具体的物质环境。
measure vi.& vt.测量；衡量；判定 n．计量制；计量单位；措施
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①It’s generally acknowledged that education shouldn’t be__measured(measure) only by examination results.
②Some villagers reported a huge snake, measuring(measure) over two metres long, was found dead in a nearby cave.
[能力提升]——一句多译
是时候我们应该采取措施阻止空气被污染了。
③It’s high time that we should__take__measures to keep the air from being polluted.
④It’s high time that we took__action to prevent the air from being polluted.
⑤It’s time for us to take__steps to stop the air from being polluted.
(1)measure...by... 用……来衡量……
(2)take measures to do sth. 采取措施做某事
make sth.to one’s own measure
为某人量身定做某物
[佳句背诵] In the old days, my mother always made new clothes to my own measure with the Spring Festival approaching.
过去，妈妈在春节来临时总是为我量身定做新衣服。
[名师点津] “采取措施做某事”种种表达：
take measures to do sth.
take steps to do sth.
take action to do sth.
distance n．距离；远方；遥远；疏远 v．拉开距离；与……疏远
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①We spotted them waving to us at a distance of two hundred yards.
②We often walk to the beach，which is within walking distance of my house.
③It was difficult to get along well with her because she always kept everyone at a distance.
④(2018·浙江卷6月读后续写)Much to our delight，the sound of water in the distance caught our attention and drove us to the river bank.
(1)in the distance 在远处
at a distance (of) 在……远的地方；距离稍远
within walking distance 在步行距离内
(2)keep sb. at a distance 与某人保持一定距离
(3)distant adj. 遥远的；远处的；久远的
[佳句背诵] Take your time—it’s just a short distance from here to the restaurant.
别急——从这儿到餐馆仅有一小段距离。
impress vt.使铭记；铭刻；使印象深刻
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①(天津卷书面表达)What impresses(impress) us most are your art skills, in which you showed outstanding talent.
②This is the most impressive(impress) building I have ever seen on my trip to Egypt.
[能力提升]——一句多译
(2019·全国卷Ⅲ书面表达)我坚信今年的音乐节会给你留下深刻的印象。
③I hold the firm belief that this year’s music festival will impress__you__deeply. (impress vt.)
④I am firmly convinced that you will be__deeply__impressed__by/at/with this year’s music festival.(impressed adj.)
⑤I do believe that this year’s music festival will surely leave__a__deep__impression__on__you．(impression n．)
(1) 使某人牢记某事
be impressed by/at/with sb./sth.
对某人/某事(物)印象深刻
(2)impression n. 印象；感想
leave/make a(n)．..impression on/upon sb.
给某人留下……的印象
(3) impressive adj. 给人深刻印象的；感人的
[佳句背诵] You will surely be impressed with those beautiful papercutting art works. 那些漂亮的剪纸艺术品一定会给你留下深刻的印象。(2017·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)
manage to do 设法做成；成功地做
[基础练习]——单句语法填空/对比填空
①Such a naughty boy is really hard to__manage(manage)．
②That’s not a hard job. I’m sure I can manage it myself.
③No matter what happened, I tried to finish my task on schedule. Luckily, with my teacher’s timely help, I managed to finish it ahead of time.(try与manage)
[能力提升]——微写作
④首先，设法阅读一些在中国文学中起重要作用的有关唐诗的资料。
(2017·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)At first, please manage__to__read__some__materials about Tang Poetry, which plays a significant role in Chinese literature.
(1)manage to do sth. 成功做了某事
(2)manage sb. 设法对付某人
manage sth. 经营/管理某事
manage it 能做到
[佳句背诵] We will manage to accomplish the task in time even though it is difficult.
尽管任务艰巨，我们也要及时完成。
[名师点津] (1)manage to do sth.相当于succeed in doing sth.，表示“成功地做了某事”，重在结果；
(2)try to do sth.表示“尽力做某事”，重在动作，不一定成功。
catch sight of 看见；瞥见
[基础练习]——用sight的相关短语填空
①At__the__sight__of his mother, the boy burst into tears.
②Suddenly they got separated, and then lost__sight__of each other.
③As the old saying goes, “Out__of__sight,__out of mind.”
[能力提升]——词汇升级
④(普通表达)Standing at the top of the hill, you can see the whole city.
(高级表达)Standing at the top of the hill, you can catch__sight__of the whole city.
come into sight 进入视线，映入眼帘
lose sight of 看不见
at first sight 乍一看；初看时
at the sight of 一看见
out of sight 看不见
[佳句背诵] Don’t let me catch sight of you doing such kind of foolish things again!
不要让我再看到你做这种愚蠢的事情！
settle down 定居；平静下来；专心于
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①Wait until the students settle down before you start the lesson.
②Before we settle down to discussing(discuss) other things，I’ve a question to ask you.
③We love peace and hope that the problem can be__settled(settle) in a peaceful way.
[能力提升]——完成句子
④父母希望我安定下来，和新同学相处融洽。
My parents wish me to__settle__down__and__get__on__well__with my new classmates.
settle down to (doing) sth. 开始专注于某事物；着手认真做某事
settle in/into 安顿下来；适应新的工作环境等
settle a problem/an argument 解决问题/争议
[佳句背诵] With a lot of difficult problems to settle，the newlyelected president is having a hard time. 有许多难题要解决，新当选的总统要度过一段艰难的时期。
rather than “与其；不愿；而不是”，连接两个并列成分
(教材P34)Rather than take the aeroplane all the way, they decided to fly to Vancouver...
她们不想一路乘飞机，而决定先飞到温哥华……
[基础练习]——用than的相关短语填空
①They said the director，rather__than the clerks，was responsible for the incident.
②As a matter of fact, I don’t know any French people other__than you.
③(2019·全国卷Ⅲ书面表达)I’m more__than delighted to inform you that this year’s music festival will be held shortly.
[能力提升]——一句多译
如果我不得不放弃其中一个， 我会关掉电视而不是关掉我的手机。
④If I had to give up one of them, I would__turn__off__the__TV__rather__than switch off my cellphone.
⑤If I had to give up one of them, I would__rather__turn__off__the__TV__than switch off my cellphone.
⑥If I had to give up one of them, I prefer__to__turn__off__the__TV__rather__than switch off my cellphone.
(1)
(2)other than 不同于；除了……外
or rather 更确切地说
more than 多于；不仅仅；非常
[佳句背诵] Rather than use knives and forks as Westerners do, Chinese like to eat with chopsticks.
中国人喜欢用筷子吃饭，而不是像西方人那样用刀和叉。 (2018·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)
[名师点津] rather than连接主语及其附属成分时，谓语动词应与rather than前面的主语在人称和数上保持一致。
as far as...远至……；就……而言；尽……所能
(教材P38)It’s too bad you can’t go as far as Ottawa, Canada’s capital. 很可惜你们不能一直走到加拿大的首都渥太华。
[基础练习]——完成句子
①他的父母全力支持他。
His parents supported him as__far__as__they__could．
②就我所知，在那个小镇购物很方便。
As__far__as__I__know,__it is convenient to do shopping in that small town.
③就我而言，户外运动不仅让我们接近大自然，而且让我们从繁重的课业中得到放松。
As__far__as__I__am__concerned,__not__only__does__outdoor__exercise__get__us__close__to__nature but also gives us relaxation from heavy schoolwork.(倒装)
与此相关的用法有：
as far as sb./sth.is concerned
就某人/某事(物)而言
as far as the eye can see/reach 就视力所能及
as far as I can see 依我看
as far as I know 据我所知
[佳句背诵] Standing here, you can see as far as the foot of the hill.
站在这里，你可以一直看到山脚下。
Ⅰ.词形转换和动词的形式变换(用所给词的正确形式填空)
1．(2019·浙江卷6月应用文写作)Besides，what you told me about your country broadened(broad) my horizons and aroused my interest in foreign culture.
2．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ语法填空)They also shared with us many traditional(tradition) stories about Hawaii that were hugely popular with tourists.
3．Nowadays, the Chinese people are much wealthier(wealthy) than they were in the past.
4．Though the twins look much alike, they are still slightly(slight) different from each other in their appearance.
5．(2018·浙江卷6月)I was__impressed(impress) to see my dad and Uncle Paul riding horses.They looked really cool.
6．Surrounded(surround) by the sea on three sides，modern Qingdao is considered one of the most livable cities in China.
7．He looked very pleased(please) with himself，so I knew he had passed his driving test.
8．With mixed(mix) feelings on mind, she doesn’t know what to do next.
Ⅱ.固定用法和搭配(在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式)
1．In my opinion, it is you rather than he that are(be) to blame for the terrible accident.
2．Apart from my academic studies, I always manage to__find(find) time for what I’m interested in.
3．Lily is a tenyearold girl, who has a gift for music—you know she has won two big prizes in the international music competitions.
4．It was not until last year that they informed the public of the serious problem.
5．Now that there is little time left, we should settle down to dealing(deal) with something really urgent.
6．The beach is within easy reach of the hotel, so you can go there on foot after supper.
Ⅲ.熟词生义(根据具体语境写出加黑词的词性及含义)
1．(2019·北京卷阅读B)She hopes that every kid can have a clean mouth and a broad smile. 灿烂的微笑
2．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ阅读C)The government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolves. The U．S. Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone. vt.管理
3．(2017·浙江卷6月阅读B)Three years ago, schools in Edina, Minnesota, changed the start time from 7：25 am to 8：30 am. Students, parents and teachers are pleased with the results.adj.满意的
4．Without my glasses, everything is misty.adj.模糊的；不清楚的
提能一 语段填空(在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式)
(一)
Each person learns culture in a 1.slightly(slight) different way.I usually 2.broaden(broad) my horizons by watching movies.3.Traditionally(tradition), the most popular movies were instructive and appealed to people of all classes.However, today’s movies mainly target the young and the 4.wealthy(wealth)．The director uses a 5.mixture(mix) of many elements in his movie to produce special effects that are 6.impressive(impress)．
(二)
The Great Wall is one of the most impressive tourist 1.attractions(attract), attracting tens of thousands of visitors from home and abroad every year. However, it was not until I settled down in Beijing 2.that I managed 3.to__visit(visit) the Great Wall. 4.Rather than take the cable car to the top, I climbed to the top by myself. As far as I’m concerned, it was really a wonderful experience.
(三)
I was appreciating the 1.surrounding(surround) scenery when a scene 2.impressed(impress) me and gave me a 3.mixed(mix) feeling. Some tourists were having a picture while throwing rubbish everywhere. As far as I’m concerned, 4.measures(measure) should be taken to raise people’s awareness of environmental protection.
提能二 话题写作(用本单元词汇、句式和语法知识写满分作文)
假如你是李华，你曾去加拿大留过学，你的朋友李明想去加拿大留学，要了解加拿大的情况，请你写信告诉他相关情况。
地理
世界第二大国，面积约为998万平方千米，是世界上湖泊和淡水最多的国家
气候
不同地区的气候差异大，比较冷，冬季长
留学生活
建议选择去温哥华留学，风景优美，学费(tuition)较低
建议城市
温哥华是加拿大最美、最温暖的城市，被大山和太平洋包围
1.补全要点句(黑体部分请用本单元所学词汇)
①得知你要去加拿大留学我很高兴，我想告诉你加拿大的有关情况。
I__am__pleased__to__learn__that__you__are__going__to__study__in__Canada，so I’d like to share with you something about it.
②加拿大是世界第二大国，占地面积约为998万平方千米。
Canada__is__the__world’s__second__largest__country with an area of about 9.98 million square kilometres.
③它是世界上湖泊和淡水最多的国家。
It has the largest number of lakes and they provide Canada with more__fresh__water__than__any__other__country__in__the__world．
④尽管不同地区的气候差异大，但是冬天很长，天气通常很冷。(同位语从句)
Despite the fact that__the__climate__there__is__different__from__area__to__area,__it is generally cold with long winters.
⑤我建议你选择去温哥华留学，那里风景优美，学费较低。
I suggest that you choose to study in Vancouver, where the__scenery__is__impressive and the tuition is lower.
⑥温哥华被大山和太平洋包围，是加拿大最温暖的城市。
Vancouver, surrounded__by__mountains__and__the__Pacific__Ocean,__is Canada’s warmest city.
2．升级平淡句
⑦用分词作状语升级句①
Pleased__to__learn__that__you__are__going__to__study__in__Canada,__I’d__like__to__share__with__you__something__about__it.
⑧用定语从句升级句③
It__has__the__largest__number__of__lakes__which__provide__Canada__with__more__fresh__water__than__any__other__country__in__the__world.
3．衔接成美文(注意使用适当的过渡衔接词汇：additionally，thus)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
One possible version：
Dear Li Ming，
Pleased to learn that you are going to study in Canada, I’d like to share with you something about it.
Canada is the world’s second largest country with an area of about 9.98 million square kilometres.Additionally, it has the largest number of lakes which provide Canada with more fresh water than any other country in the world.Despite the fact that the climate there is different from area to area, it is generally cold with long winters.Vancouver, surrounded by mountains and the Pacific Ocean, is Canada’s warmest city.Thus, I suggest that you choose to study in Vancouver, where the scenery is impressive and the tuition is lower.
Yours，
Li Hua
(建议用时：35分钟)
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
Ask 9－year－old Annie what the worst thing was that ever happened in her house last year, and she won’t tell you that it was her parents’ divorcing, although they did. No, what Annie remembers most are the horrible fights leading up to the announcement about the divorce which was, as it turned out, despite her parents’ anxiety about telling her, “not that big of a deal”. “I already knew they were not getting along well，” Annie says. “Every night after I went to bed, I would hear my parents fighting. It made me really unhappy. When they finally decided to get a divorce, all that stopped.”
Annie’s experience is more common than you might think, and there is a great deal of evidence to suggest that “staying together for the sake of the children” is not what should be encouraged, and may do more harm than good. According to psychologist Lynn Martingdale, hearing their parents arguing is often more stressful for children than separation and divorce, and if you think that your children don’t know that there’s trouble in family, then you’re kidding yourself. The home life of children whose parents have an unhappy marriage is often far from ideal, and what’s worse, parents will compound the problem by taking their unhappiness out on the children.
The Center for Moving Forward conducted a study in 2014 in which they followed 25 families whose parents had been in marriage counseling. After tracking these families for 5 years, they found that the children of the parents who eventually got divorced were not worse off than the children of those who remained together, and in some cases fared better. The study took the social and the children’s general sense of well－being into consideration.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇议论文。文章以9岁的孩子Annie的父母由于争吵导致最终离婚的叙述引入主题，接着通过论据论证了“在不幸的婚姻中，离婚并不是最糟糕的事”这一主题。
1．Which statement may psychologist Lynn Martingdale agree with？
A．Separation and divorce will hurt the children most.
B．Keeping an unhappy marriage hurts children more.
C．Children can’t understand their parents’ marriage well.
D．Children can’t feel the unhappiness from their parents.
B 解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的“According to psychologist Lynn Martingdale, hearing their parents arguing is often more stressful for children than separation and divorce”可知，心理学家Lynn Martingdale认为，听父母吵架对孩子来说往往比分居和离婚更有压力，据此可以判断，Lynn Martingdale认为维持不幸福的婚姻会更加伤害孩子，故B项正确。
2．What’s the function of the last paragraph in the passage?
A．To give an example of divorce.
B．To support Annie’s correct answer.
C．To further clear the author’s viewpoint.
D．To highlight the importance of the study.
C 解析：写作目的题。根据最后一段中的“After tracking these families for 5 years, they found that the children of the parents who eventually got divorced were not worse off than the children of those who remained together, and in some cases fared better.”可知，在对这些家庭进行了5年的跟踪调查后，他们发现，最终父母离婚的孩子并不比那些父母仍在一起的孩子生活得更差，在某些情况下，他们生活得更好。据此可知，最后一段旨在通过研究进一步说明本文的论点：在不幸的婚姻中，离婚不是最糟糕的选择。故C项正确。
3．What is the best title for the passage?
A．Divorce Is Good for Children
B．Divorce Is Not the Worst Thing
C．Fighting Is Often Stressful
D．Staying Together Is for Children Only
B 解析：标题归纳题。根据第一段第二句和Annie所说的话可知，对孩子们来说，父母的争吵比离婚更糟糕；结合第二段中的“there is a great deal of evidence to suggest that ‘staying together for the sake of the children’ is not what should be encouraged, and may do more harm than good”可以判断，本文的主旨是：在不幸的婚姻中，和离婚相比，父母为孩子而在一起给孩子的伤害更大。最后一段的研究也论证了这一点。故B项最适合作为本文标题。
【难句分析1】 No, what Annie remembers most are the horrible fights leading up to the announcement about the divorce which was, as it turned out, despite her parents’ anxiety about telling her, “not that big of a deal”．
分析：该句为主从复合句。句中“what Annie remembers most”为what引导的主语从句；“which was...”为which引导的定语从句，修饰先行词the divorce。
译文：不，Annie记得最清楚的是导致(她的父母)宣告离婚的可怕的争吵，尽管她的父母害怕告诉她，但是正如事实证明的那样，离婚“没什么大不了的”。
【难句分析2】 The home life of children whose parents have an unhappy marriage is often far from ideal, and what’s worse, parents will compound the problem by taking their unhappiness out on the children.
分析：该句为并列句。前一分句中“whose parents have an unhappy marriage”为whose引导的定语从句，修饰先行词children, whose在从句中作定语。
译文：父母婚姻不幸福的孩子的家庭生活往往很不理想，更糟的是，父母把他们的不幸福发泄在孩子身上，会使问题更加严重。
B
The world is a greener place than it was 20 years ago. A study published in the journal Nature Sustainability said that recent satellite data reveals a greening pattern that is prominent(显著的) in China and India. The study shows that human activity in China and India dominates this greening of the planet, thanks to tree planting and agriculture. The effect comes mostly from ambitious tree－planting programs in China and intensive agriculture in both countries.
“China and India account for one－third of the greening，” said lead author Chi Chen of Boston University. “That is a surprising finding, considering the vague idea of land degradation(毁坏) in populous countries from overexploitation，” added Chen.
China alone accounts for 25 percent of the global net increase in leaf area with only 6.6 percent of global vegetated area. The greening in China is from forests(42 percent) and croplands(32 percent), but in India, it is mostly from croplands(82 percent) with the minor contribution from forests(4.4 percent)．
China’s outsized contribution to the global greening trend comes in large part from its programs to conserve and expand forests with the goal of preventing land degradation, air pollution, and climate change.
“Once people realize there is a problem, they tend to fix it，” said Rama Nemani, research scientist and co－author of the study. “In the 1970s and 1980s in India and China, the situation around vegetation loss was not good. In the 1900s, people realized it, and today things have improved. Now we see that humans are contributing.”
Land area used to grow crops is comparable in China and India—more than 770，000 square miles—and has not changed much since the early 2000s. Yet these regions have greatly increased both their annual total green leaf area and their food production.
This was achieved through multiple cropping practices, where a field is replanted to produce another harvest several times a year. Production of grains, vegetables, fruits and more has increased by about 35%－40% since 2000 to feed their large populations.
【解题导语】 研究发现，由于中国的植树造林计划和中印两国的集约农业，地球与二十年前相比更加翠绿了。
4．What did the study mainly find?
A．India and China are leading the global greening effort.
B．Intensive agriculture is the cause of global land degradation.
C．China and India have got the largest forest coverage in the world.
D．Agriculture is more helpful in expanding green areas than tree－planting.
A 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段第三句“The study shows that human activity in China and India dominates this greening of the planet, thanks to tree planting and agriculture.”可知，由于植树造林和集约农业，中国和印度正主导着地球绿化的进程，故A项正确。
5．What does Nemani think about humans in China and India in protecting the Earth?
A．Ambitious. B．Responsible.
C．Passionate. D．Tolerant.
B 解析：推理判断题。根据第五段中Rama Nemani说的话可知，Rama Nemani认为，二十世纪七八十年代，印度和中国的植被流失情况严重；二十世纪九十年代，人们意识到了这一点并努力改善；现在他们正在做贡献。据此可推知，Rama Nemani认为在保护地球方面，中国和印度的人们是负责任的，故B项正确。该题容易错选A项，错选的原因是第一段尾句“The effect comes mostly from ambitious tree－planting programs in China and intensive agriculture in both countries.”的影响，忽略了题干关键词“Nemani think about”。A项意为“有雄心的”，C项意为“热爱的”，D项意为“宽容的”，都与文意不符。
6．What does the passage finally suggest humans should make good use of?
A．Forest. B．Trees.
C．Croplands. D．Food.
C 解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句“This was achieved through multiple cropping practices, where a field is replanted to produce another harvest several times a year.”可知，产量提高是通过复种来实现的，在复种过程中，一块土地每年会被重新种植几次，这样在增加绿化面积的情况下也提高了产量。据此可推知，文章建议充分利用农田，故C项正确。
【难句分析】 A study published in the journal Nature Sustainability said that recent satellite data reveals a greening pattern that is prominent(显著的) in China and India.
分析：该句为主从复合句。句中published in the journal Nature Sustainability为过去分词短语作名词A study的后置定语；that recent satellite data reveals a greening pattern that is prominent(显著的) in China and India为that引导的宾语从句，作及物动词said的宾语，其中“that is prominent in China and India”为that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词a greening pattern，关系词在从句中作主语。
译文：发表在《自然——可持续发展》杂志上的一项研究称，最近的卫星数据显示，中国和印度的绿化模式非常显著。
Ⅱ.七选五
How to Become an Activist
Activists are people who see the need of change and devote their time to doing something about it. 1.________ If you are interested in it, you can do so.
2．________ This could be anything from a student club to a national organization. Most activist organizations offer different levels of involvement, so you can do whatever you feel most comfortable with, whether that means attending meetings and demonstrations or just donating a little money when you can.
Volunteer your time. One of the best ways to make a difference is to volunteer your time. Reach out to organizations in your community that do work for your cause, and ask how you can help.
Donate money or supplies. 3.________ If you can’t afford to donate money to an organization that supports your cause, you may be able to donate other things they need, like clothing or canned food.
Draw the family and friends in. Tell your family and friends about your cause, and invite them to get involved. If they are interested, share literature about your cause or just talk to them about what you have learned. 4.________
Promote your cause on social media. You can use social media to help keep your friends and followers informed about the cause you support. 5.________ Also, you can invite your friends to attend events or donate money to fundraisers(募集资金者) for your cause.
A．Take classes on issues related to your cause.
B．Join an organization that supports your cause.
C．They are driven by passion and a vision for a better future.
D．If you do volunteer work, invite them to volunteer with you.
E．Most activists or charitable organizations need resources to do their work.
F．Post useful articles and write about what you are doing to stay involved.
G．If you can’t get in touch with them in person, then try connecting people online.
【解题导语】 积极分子是指那些看到变革的需要并投入时间去做些什么的人。本篇文章就如何成为积极分子而去从事公益事业提供了一些建议。
1．C 解析：前一句提到“see the need of change and devote their time to doing something about it”(看到变革的需要并投入时间去做些什么)，由此可推知，空处应是进一步阐述积极分子这样做的原因，故C项“他们被激情和对更美好的未来的憧憬所驱使”与此处匹配。
2．B 解析：根据文章结构和空处所处位置可知，该空为本段的主题句。根据本段中的“from a student club to a national organization”和“Most activist organizations”可知，本段的主题是关于加入某个组织的。故选B。
3．E 解析：前句提到“Donate money or supplies.”(捐赠金钱或物资)，由此可推知，空处应是说明这样做的原因，故E项“大多数积极分子或慈善组织需要资源来开展工作”符合语境。
4．D 解析：本段的主题句为“Draw the family and friends in.”(让家人和朋友参与进来)，空前一句是说如果他们感兴趣，向他们分享有关你的事业的宣传资料或仅仅告诉他们你学到的东西，空处应是进一步说明你让朋友和家人参与的具体做法，故D项符合语境，且句式结构与前一句相同。
5．F 解析：本段的主题句为“Promote your cause on social media.”，该段也提到了利用“social media”，这与F项“发布有用的文章，写下你正在做什么来保持参与”密切联系，故选F。
Ⅲ.语法填空
(2020·绍兴诊断性考试)There is a saying that goes, “All roads lead to Rome.”Roads were essential for the 1.____________(grow) of the Roman Empire. These roads enabled the Romans to move armies 2.____________ (efficient). At its peak, the Roman road system 3.____________(cover) 53，000 miles and contained about 372 links. The Romans were good at constructing these roads, 4.____________ were called viae(路)．
Prepared viae began in history as the streets of Rome. The Law of the Twelve Tables(十二铜表法), 5.____________(date) back to approximately 450 B．C., explains that a road shall be 8 feet wide where straight and 16 feet where curved. According to the Tables, the Romans are commanded 6.____________(build) roads that would not need frequent repair.
The Romans had 7.____________ preference for standardization whenever they could. A golden milestone was set up. 8.____________ this milestone were listed all of the cities in the empire and the distances to them.
Roman roads 9.____________(consider) very important in maintaining both the stability and the expansion of the empire at that time. Even after over 1，000 years, these roads are still used. During the fall of the Roman Empire, the same roads offered 10.____________(avenue) of invasion to the foreigners. This contributed to the Roman military ruin.
【解题导语】 本文主要介绍了罗马帝国的陆路系统。
1．growth 解析：考查名词。与该句中的定冠词“the”和“of”呼应可知，此处应用其名词形式，即growth。
2．efficiently 解析：考查副词。修饰动词应用副词，故用副词efficiently修饰动词move。
3．covered 解析：考查动词的时态。与语境中的“contained”呼应可知，此处指的是发生在过去的事情，故用一般过去时，即covered。
4．which 解析：考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语，修饰表示物的先行词these roads，故用which。
5．dating 解析：考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，动词短语date back to和句子主语The Law of the Twelve Tables是逻辑上的主谓关系，故用date的现在分词形式dating。
6．to build 解析：考查非谓语动词。根据固定用法command sb.to do sth.“命令某人做某事”，此处应用不定式作宾语补足语。
7．a 解析：考查冠词。根据语境可知，此处“preference”意为“偏爱”，可作可数名词，其前无限定词修饰，且其发音以辅音音素开头，故用不定冠词a。
8．On 解析：考查介词。根据语境可知，此处表示“在里程碑上”，故用介词On。本句是一个倒装句，即介词短语置于句首时，句子全部倒装。
9．were considered 解析：考查动词的时态和语态。分析句子结构可知，consider和句子主语Roman roads构成被动关系，且与时间状语“at that time”呼应可知，此处应用一般过去时的被动语态，即were considered。
10．avenues 解析：考查名词的单复数。avenue是可数名词，且其前没有限定词修饰，故用其复数形式。
写作规范练(三)
(建议用时：45分钟)
Ⅰ.应用文写作
假设你是李华，你所在的学校的美国交流生David邀请你周末跟他朋友一起去露营。但是你舅舅一家周末要来你们家，所以你不能前往，请你给David写封道歉信。
注意：1.词数80左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3．开头和结尾已为你写好，不计入总词数。
Dear David，
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Yours，
Li Hua
One possible version：
Dear__David，
How are you？Thank you for your invitation to go hiking and camping with your friends this weekend.Unfortunately, it is much to my regret that I cannot join you and your friends, because my uncle is visiting us this weekend. I haven’t seen my cousin for a long time so I think I’d better stay at home and show my cousin around.
I feel terribly sorry for missing such a happy gettogether, and I hope that all of you enjoy a good time.With my sincere apology and thanks for your generosity, please send my regards to your friends.
Yours，
Li__Hua
Ⅱ.读后续写
阅读下面短文，根据所给情节进行续写，使之构成一个完整的故事。
I was driving to a business appointment and, as usual, I was planning in my mind what I was going to say. I came to a very busy crossing where the traffic light had just turned red. “All right，” I thought to myself, “I can beat the next light if I race ahead when the light changed.”
My mind and car were ready to go when suddenly my thought was broken by an unforgettable sight. A young couple,__both blind, were walking arminarm across this busy crossing with cars racing by in every direction. The man was holding the hand of a little boy, while the woman was carrying a baby on her chest. Each of them had a white cane(手杖) directing them across the crossing.
I was moved. They were overcoming one of the most terrible disabilities—blindness. Suddenly my thought was interrupted by horror when I saw that the couple was not walking in the crosswalk(斑马线), but was instead walking directly toward the middle of the crossing. Not realizing the danger they were in, they were walking right into the path(路线) of oncoming cars. I was deeply concerned for the family because I didn’t know if the other drivers understood what was happening.
注意：1.所续写短文的词数应为150左右；
2．至少使用5个短文中标有下划线的关键词语；
3．续写部分分为两段，每段的开头语已为你写好；
4．续写完成后，请用下划线标出你所使用的关键词语。
Paragraph 1：
As I watched, something amazing happened before my eyes.________________________
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Paragraph 2：
The couple realized what was happening. _______________________________________
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One possible version：
Paragraph 1：
As I watched, something amazing happened before my eyes. Each car in every direction came to a stop. I hardly heard the noises of hard brakes or the horns. Nobody shouted “Get out of the way！” to them. Everything froze. In that moment, time seemed to stand still for this family. Amazed, I noticed that everyone’s attention was fixed on the couple. Suddenly the driver to my right reacted. Sticking his head out of his car, he shouted to the couple, “To your right. To your right！” Some other people joined him, shouting, “To your right！”
Paragraph 2：
The couple realized what was happening. So they adjusted their course as they followed the drivers’ instructions. Depending on their canes and the calls from some concerned people, they made it to the other side of the road. As they stepped onto the sidewalk, one thing struck me—they both turned around, gave a deep bow to all of us and then went on their way.
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