2021高三全国统考英语（话题版）一轮学案：第1编话题九Book1　Unit4Earthquakes


话题九　灾害防范

[对应教材]　Book 1　Unit 4　Earthquakes　Book 6　Unit 5　The power of nature
(一)核心素养下的话题解读
“灾害防范”是高中课程标准中“人与自然”主题语境内容要求之一，该内容包括“自然灾害与防范、安全常识与自我保护”等方面。这些话题与学生的生活息息相关。高考英语通过这些话题让学生对自然灾害有所了解，从而提高对自然灾害的防范意识、了解相关安全常识，了解在自然灾害来临时采用适当的防范措施、做好自我保护。
[高考探究]
“灾害防范”这个话题在近几年高考中并无涉及。
(二)构建思维导图，提升思维品质
图一　Book 1　Unit 4　Earthquakes

图二　Book 6　Unit 5　The power of nature


(三)根据思维导图，完成概要写作
图一：概要写作
①Strange things were happening in the countryside of northeast Hebei, including well water's rising and falling, chickens and pigs' failing to eat, mice's running and fish's jumping. Unfortunately, people thought little of that. Instead, they slept soundly that night.
②At 3：42 am everything began to shake, as if the world was at an end! In a flash, the city lay in ruins, causing more than 400,000 people were killed or injured. To make matters worse, the following earthquake left some of the rescue workers and doctors trapped under the ruins.
③All hope was not lost. Soon after the quakes, the army sent 150,000 soldiers to Tangshan to help the rescue workers. Hundreds of thousands of people were helped. Shelters were built and food and water were sent, making the city begin to breathe again.
图二：概要写作
①As an volcanologist, I have the greatest job in the world. ②Although my job is occasionally dangerous, I don't mind because it can warn people when the volcano is going to erupt and save many people.
③Twenty years ago I was appointed to collect information for a database about Mount Kilauea. Having collected and evaluated the information, I help other scientists to predict where lava from the volcano will flow next and how fast. The first time for me to watch the crater was exciting. Though it was not easy to walk in these protective suits, we finally made it to the edge of the crater and looked down into the red, boiling centre.
③Today, I am just enthusiastic about my job. Having studied volcanoes now for many years, I am still amazed at their beauty as well as their potential to cause great damage.
Book 1　Unit 4　Earthquakes


1．A week before Earth Day, posters were put up around our school, calling on/upon us to join in the actions for a greener earth.
地球日前一周，学校到处张贴了海报，号召我们加入绿色地球活动当中。
2．The International High School Student Photography Show was successfully held as scheduled, raising people's awareness of environmental protection.
国际中学生摄影大赛如期成功举办，提高了人们的环保意识。
3．Only if we make considerable efforts to protect the environment can we enjoy its glorious civilization.
只有我们付出大量努力保护环境，才能享受到它带来的灿烂文明。
4．Only in this way can we live in more comfortable and beautiful surroundings.
只有这样我们才能生活在更舒适、更美妙的环境中。


自主排查 夯基固本

Ⅰ　核心单词
(1)burst (vi.) 爆裂；爆发 (n.) 突然破裂；爆发→burst (过去式/过去分词)
(2)ruin (n.) 废墟；毁灭 (vt.) 毁灭；使破产
(3)injure (vt.) 损害；伤害→injury (n.) 伤害；损害→injured (adj.) 受伤的
(4)destroy (vt.) 破坏；毁坏；消灭→destruction (n.) 破坏；摧毁
(5)shock (vt.& vi.) (使)震惊；震动 (n.) 休克；打击；震惊→shocking (adj.) 令人震惊的→shocked (adj.) 震惊的
(6)rescue (n.& vt.) 援救；营救
(7)trap (vt.) 使陷入困境 (n.) 陷阱；困境→trapped (过去式/过去分词)
(8)bury (vt.) 埋葬；掩埋；隐藏→buried (过去式/过去分词)
(9)frighten (vt.) 使惊吓；吓唬→frightened (adj.) 受惊的；受恐吓的→frightening (adj.) 令人恐惧的
(10)congratulation (n.) 祝贺；(复数)贺词→congratulate (vt.) 祝贺
(11)judge (n.) 裁判员；法官 (vt.) 断定；判断；判决→judgement (n.) 判断力；识别力
(12)express (vt.) 表示；表达 (n.) 快车；速递→expression (n.) 表达；表情
Ⅱ　阅读单词
(1)nation (n.) 民族；国家；国民
(2)suffering (n.) 苦难；痛苦
(3)extreme (adj.) 极度的
(4)useless (adj.) 无用的；无效的；无益的
(5)electricity (n.) 电；电流；电学
(6)disaster (n.) 灾难；灾祸
(7)shelter (n.) 掩蔽；掩蔽处；避身处
(8)damage (n.& vt.) 损失；损害
(9)sincerely (adv.) 真诚地；真挚地
　[单句语法填空]
1．Larry told Linda that she should not move in case she ________ (injure) her neck.
答案：injured
2．When they returned to Rockaway the next day, they found their neighborhood in ________ (ruin)．
答案：ruins
3．A sudden stop can be a very ________ (frighten) experience, especially if you are travelling at a high speed.
答案：frightening
4．Water had gone into the mobile phone, and it was completely ________ (use)．
答案：useless
5．The art world gave me a chance ________ (express) myself without words.
答案：to express
6．Natalie's school was so ________ (damage) that she had to temporarily attend a school in Brooklyn.
答案：damaged
7．I ________ (sincere) hope you can accept my apologies and understand my situation.
答案：sincerely
8．Death finally brought an end to her ________ (suffer)．
答案：suffering
9．According to his ________ (judge), this calligraphy by Wang Xizhi is priceless.
答案：judgment/judgement
10．It was not long before a helicopter arrived on the scene ________ (rescue) the survivors of the plane crash.
答案：to rescue
联想积累
1．“自然灾害”单词荟萃
①disaster n. 灾难；不幸
②earthquake n. 地震
③drought n. 旱灾；干旱
④flood n. 洪水；水灾
⑤eruption n. (火山)喷发
⑥hurricane n. 飓风
⑦tsunami n. 海啸
2．“A→A→A”式不规则变化动词
①burst—burst—burst 爆发
②cast—cast—cast 投；抛
③cost—cost—cost 值；花费
④cut—cut—cut 割
⑤hit—hit—hit 打中
⑥hurt—hurt—hurt 损伤
⑦let—let—let 让
⑧put—put—put 放；放下
⑨read—read—read 读；阅读
⑩rid—rid—rid 去掉
⑪set—set—set 安放
⑫shut—shut—shut 关闭
⑬split—split—split 分裂
⑭spread—spread—spread 展开；传播


1．dig_out　　掘出；发现
2．judging_from/by 从……判断
3．right_away 立刻；马上
4．think_little_of 轻视；认为……没什么了不起
5．a_(great)_number_of 许多；大量的
6．as_if/though 仿佛；好像
7．be proud of 以……为自豪
8．at an end 结束；终结
9．in ruins 严重受损；破败不堪
10．be trapped in 陷入
11．be buried in 埋头于(学习、工作等)
12．burst out 爆发
　[选词填空]

1．When you are exposed to the beautiful scenery in Zhangjiajie, it seems ________ you were in a dream land.
答案：as if
2．________ the style of this painting, it must be painted by Qi Baishi.
答案：Judging from
3．Hardly had they heard the erhu play The Moon Over a Fountain (《二泉映月》) when the audience ________ cheering.
答案：burst out
4．Every month, ________ Chinese knots are sold all over the world online.
答案：a great number of
5．Her son graduated from college, and her worry and sorrow was ________.
答案：at an end
6．After he graduated from college with excellent academic performance, he landed a good job ________.
答案：right away
联想积累
1．表示“立刻；马上”的词语荟萃
①right away　　　　　　②at once
③immediately ④right now
⑤in no time ⑥instantly
2．“埋头于；专心于”的多种表达
①be buried in ②be occupied with
③be devoted to ④be lost in
⑤be absorbed in ⑥apply oneself to


课文原句
句式梳理
仿写训练
1.In the farmyards, the chickens and even the pigs were too nervous to eat.
在农家大院里，鸡甚至猪都紧张得不吃食了。
too ... to ... “太……而不能……”
He was ____________ (病得太重而不能出行).
2.Everywhere they looked nearly everything was destroyed.
人们无论朝哪里看，那里的一切几乎都被摧毁了。
everywhere “无论在哪里”，可以引导地点状语从句，此时，相当于wherever或者no matter where。
The book you sent to me on my birthday kept me company ____________________ (无论在哪里) I went at college.

答案：1.too ill to travel　2.everywhere/wherever/no matter where
直击重点 突破考点


①　burst　vi. 爆裂；爆发　n. 突然破裂；爆发(P26)

单句写作
①As soon as I appeared on stage, wearing Hanfu made by ourselves, the audience ________________.
当我身着我们自己制作的汉服出现在舞台上，观众爆发出热烈的欢呼声。
②I was teaching foreigners to learn Beijing Opera when a group of pupils ______________.
我正在教外国友人学京剧，这时，一群小学生闯了进来。
③When I was awarded, my classmates gave out ________________.
当我领奖的时候，同学们热烈鼓掌。
答案：①burst out cheering/burst into cheers　②burst in　③a burst of applause

(1)burst in 突然闯进；突然出现
burst into ... 闯入……；突然……起来
burst out 突然迸发；爆发；突然激动地喊叫
burst into laughter＝burst out laughing 突然大笑起来
burst into tears＝burst out crying 突然大哭起来
(2)a burst of 一阵……
a burst of laughter 一阵大笑

burst into与burst out都有“突然进入某种状态或发生某种情况”的意思，但burst into后面接名词，burst out后面接动名词。

②　ruin　n. 废墟；毁灭　vt. 毁灭；使破产(P26)

单句写作
①In the past the temple was ____________， but now it has turned into an entertainment center.
以前，这座寺庙是一座废墟，现在变成了休闲娱乐中心。
②The investment from the government stopped the vineyards from ________________.
政府的投资，阻止了葡萄园的衰败。
答案：①in ruins　②falling into ruin

(1)in ruins 严重受损；破败不堪
bring ... to ruin 使……毁灭；使……没落
fall in/into ruin 成为废墟
(2)ruin oneself 自取灭亡
ruin one's health/fame 毁坏某人的健康/声誉

③　injure　vt. 损害；伤害(P26)

单句写作
①When doing exercise, do be careful not to ____________.
锻炼时一定要小心，以免受伤。
②With the help of the volunteers, ____________ were saved in time.
在志愿者的帮助下，受伤人员及时得到了救助。
答案：①get injured　②the injured

(1)be/get injured 受伤
(2)injured adj. 受伤的
the injured 伤者；伤员(作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式)
(3)injury n. 伤；伤口；伤害
do sb. an injury/do an injury to sb. 伤害某人

④　shock　vt.& vi.(使)震惊；震动　n．休克；打击；震惊(P26)

单句语法填空
①When I told them the whole thing, they were all ________ shock, and they couldn't believe it.
②She was taken to hospital, apparently ________ (shock)．
③The reason for this ________ (shock) attack seemed to be racial hatred.
答案：①in　②shocked　③shocking

(1)in shock 吃惊地；震惊地
(2)shocked adj. (主语多为人)吃惊的；震惊的
be shocked by 因……震惊/受到……打击
(3)shocking adj. (主语多为物)令人震惊的；惊人的

⑤　judge　n. 法官；裁判员　vt. 判断；断定；判决(P30)

单句语法填空
①Never judge a book ________ its cover.
②________ (judge) from what he said, he was confident to win the first prize in the Chinese Character Dictation Contest (汉字听写大赛)．
③It was due to luck rather than ________ (judge) that the driver succeeded in avoiding the accident.
答案：①by　②Judging　③judgement

(1)judging from/by ... 根据……来判断
(2)judge sb./sth. from/by ... 以……来判断某人/某物
judge sb./sth. (to be) ... 判定某人/某物为……
(3)judgement n. 判断；审判；判断力

judging from/by ... 置于句首作状语。v. ­ing形式不受主语的限制，构成独立成分。类似用法的词或短语还有：generally speaking “一般来说”，frankly speaking “坦白地说”，considering ... “考虑到……”。


①　at an end 结束；终结(P26)

单句写作
①When the exam was ____________， a satisfactory smile spread across his face.
考试结束时，他脸上露出满意的笑容。
②He travelled abroad after graduation, and ________________ T'ai Chi to the local people.
毕业后他出国旅游，结果给当地人当了太极教练。
③Go straight and you'll find the hospital ______________________.
一直往前走，你会在这条路的尽头找到那家医院。
④The study tour ________________， but its influence rooted deep in my heart.
游学结束了，但是它的影响深深扎根在我心里。
答案：①at an end　②ended up teaching　③at the end of the road　④came to an end

(1)at the end of 在……尽头；在……末端
by the end of 到……结束时；到……时候为止(常与完成时连用)
in the end 最后；终于
(2)
　 使……结束
come to an end 完成；结束
(3)make (both) ends meet 使收支相抵；量入为出
(4)end up with 以……结束
end up doing sth.以……而告终

②　a (great) number of 许多；大量的(P27)

(1)单句语法填空
①As China develops fast and steadily, a number of foreigners ________ (learn) Chinese as a second language.
②A great deal of money ________ (donate) to a university by an ordinary worker, which aroused public attention.
③Learning the facts that large quantities of soil ______________ (wash) away, the villagers took action to stop it.
答案：①are learning　②was donated　③were being washed
(2)单句改错
The number of rich people have admitted that despite their success, they aren't happy.
________________________________________________________________
答案：The→A


(2)the number of＋可数名词复数＋单数谓语动词
＋不可数名词
＋


①　[教材原句]It seemed as if the world was at an end! (P26)
世界似乎到了末日！

(1)单句语法填空
①When a chopstick is partly in water, it seems as if it ________ (be) broken.
②I don't feel myself today. I seem ________ (catch) a cold.
答案：①were　②to have caught
(2)单句写作
________________ all the middle school students are longing to know about their zodiac signs.
好像所有的中学生都渴望了解自己的星座。
答案：It seems as if

(1)It seems/seemed as if ... 看样子好像……
①It＋seems/seemed (＋to sb.)＋that ... (对某人来说)好像……；似乎……
②seem (to be) ＋adj./现在分词/过去分词/介词短语 好像……
③seem to do/be doing/have done 好像要做/在做/已经做了……
④There seems/seemed to be ... 好像有……
(2)此处as if引导表语从句。
(3)as if也可以引导状语从句。如果as if引导的从句表示真实的或是极有可能发生的情况时，句子要用陈述语气。
(4)当从句中说话人所陈述的是不真实的或者极少可能发生或者存在的情况时，从句用虚拟语气。从句谓语动词的形式如下表：
与现在事实相反
从句时态用一般过去时(be动词常用were)
与过去事实相反
从句时态用过去完成时
与将来事实相反
从句谓语动词用would/could/might＋动词原形

②　[教材原句]All hope was not lost. (P26)
不是所有的希望都破灭了。

(1)单句写作
①________ the efforts will be harvested, but all the harvest must be paid.
不是所有的付出都会有所收获，但所有的收获都必须有付出。
②When it came to planting trees that weekend, ________________ failed to sign our names.
谈到那周末的植树活动，没有人不签名。
答案：①Not all　②none of us
(2)单句改错
①I love running, but no everybody is born to be a runner.
________________________________________________________________
②I agree with most of what you said, but I don't agree with something.
________________________________________________________________
答案：①no→not　②something→everything

all ... not＝not all ... 表示部分否定，也称半否定。
具有总括意义的代词(each, everybody, everything, all, both等)、形容词(complete, whole等)和副词(completely, always, wholly, altogether等)与否定词not连用，构成部分否定，表示“不都；并非都”。而no, none, never, nobody, neither, nothing, no more, no longer等表示否定意义的词与谓语一起使用构成全部否定。

③　[教材原句]Your speech was heard by a group of five judges, all of whom agreed that it was the best one this year. (P30)
评委会的五位评委听了你的演讲，他们都认为你的演讲是今年最好的。

单句语法填空
①About 100 people attended the meeting, most of ________ I was not familiar with.
②There is a saying ________ says, “The reading of all good books is like a conversation with the finest men of past centuries.”
③What's more, I get along with others easily, ________ is especially useful for a volunteer.
④Lu Xun, ________ real name is Zhou Shuren, wrote many novels and essays.
答案：①whom　②that/which　③which　④whose

(1)这是一个含有两个从句的复合句，all of whom引导一个非限制性定语从句，其中whom指代five judges；而agreed后面跟了一个that引导的宾语从句。在定语从句中，

(2)在主从复合句中，对某一名词或代词起修饰作用的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
关系词分为关系代词(that, which, who, whom, whose, as等)和关系副词(when, where, why等)两类。关系词通常有三个作用：①连接主从句；②指代先行词；③在定语从句中充当一个句子成分。
关系代词的基本用法：
指代对象
指代人
指代物
使用情况
主语
who, that
which, that
从句中缺少主语
宾语
whom, that
which, that
从句中缺少宾语
定语
whose
whose
先行词与关系代词后的名词有所属关系

课文回练 升华运用

A terrible earthquake hit the city of Tangshan on July 28, 1976, in __1__ thousands of people died and many were injured. Many houses fell down and sand __2__ (fill) the wells instead of water. People were __3__ (great) shocked. All the electricity in the city was cut __4__ and people began to wonder how long the disaster would last. The whole city was completely __5__ (destroy) and it seemed as if the world was at an __6__. The people of Tangshan didn't lose hope, because 150,000 soldiers were sent __7__ (help) the rescue workers. The soldiers tried their best to dig out those who __8__ (trap). Workers also built shelters for the survivors. Fresh water was taken to the city by every means. __9__ (slow), the city began to come back to life. __10__ was said that before the quake, strange things were happening in the countryside. The water in the village wells rose and fell. Fish jumped out of the ponds. Strange noises were heard in the sky, but people thought little of them.
1．________　2.________　3.________　4.________　5.________　6.________　7.________　8.________　9.________　10.________
答案：1.which　2.filled　3.greatly　4.off　5.destroyed
6．end　7.to help　8.were trapped　9.Slowly　10.It

基础达标 自主训练

Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．When ________ (trap) in the forest, stay where you are, waiting for the rescue.
答案：trapped　be trapped in “被困在……”。此处用的是省略句式。相当于When you are trapped。
2．After she heard the news, there was an excited ________ (express) on her face.
答案：expression　由空格前的“an excited”可知，应填名词 expression “表情”。
3．When a fire broke out at the National Exhibition in London, at least ten priceless paintings ________ (destroy)．
答案：were destroyed　动词destroy “毁灭；毁掉”，此处表被动，且指过去发生的事情，因此用一般过去时的被动语态。
4．When my winter vacation came to ________ end, I was recognized as the “Outstanding Volunteer” because of the time and efforts I had put in.
答案：an　come to an end “结束”。
5．Don't forget to praise him ________ (sincere) when someone does something good.
答案：sincerely　副词 sincerely “真诚地”，在此处修饰动词praise。
6．Fortunately, the two passengers escaped without any ________ (injure)．
答案：injury　前面是介词without，介词后用名词作宾语。
7．Thank you for your letter conveying ________ (congratulate) on my appointment.
答案：congratulations　由空格前的现在分词conveying可知，应填名词。congratulation “祝贺”，且常用复数形式。
8．I'm greatly ________ (shock) to learn that, absorbed in your iPhone, you were knocked down by a car on your way home.
答案：shocked　shocked “震惊的”。
9．The government thinks ________ (high) of his invention because it will benefit the whole country.
答案：highly　think highly of “高度评价……”，是固定搭配。
10．In a hurry, we arrived at a cabin in the mountain to shelter ________ the rain.
答案：from　shelter from the rain “躲雨”。
Ⅱ.单句写作
1．The weather was fine, so ____________________ (许多) people went to climb the Great Wall.
答案：a large number of
2．____________ (埋头于) reading, he failed to get off the bus at the right stop.
答案：Buried in
3．Night fell, accompanied by the strong wind. ________________ it was going to rain.
夜幕降临，大风随之而来，看起来要下雨。
答案：It looked as if
4．_______________________________________________________________
操场上的学生们对我们的飞机模型评价很高。(think highly of)
答案：The students on the playground thought highly of our model plane.
5．_______________________________________________________________
从他的书写来判断，他汉语一定学得好。
答案：Judging from his handwriting, he must be good at Chinese.
Ⅲ.语法填空
(2019·湖北名校联盟三模押题第三套)Earthquakes can be destructive. Unfortunately, we don't have a __1__ (rely) way to predict. But technologies can still help us under such a desperate situation. China is building the world's largest earthquake alert system and it's __2__ (possible) the most advanced. Engineers __3__ (set) up over 15,000 sensors (传感器) nationwide and wiring them into a web. __4__ an earthquake happens, the sensors can send electrical pulses to the control center and then ordinary people's smartphones.
The signal travels at almost light speed and faster than the earthquake shaking, __5__ (give) local people a little time to prepare, and the system can usually send messages to people thin less than two seconds. It's life­saving. The system, __6__ can be the most advanced in many ways, will be the largest earthquake observation network in the world, not only detecting the __7__ (move) of the continents but also calculating the possible impact __8__ an earthquake. It will automatically warn local people, making __9__ (it) much faster than human observation. The system, overseen by China's Ministry of Emergency Management, is set __10__ (complete) in 2022.
1．________　2.________　3.________　4.________
5．________　6.________　7.________　8.________
9．________　10.________
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了中国正在建造世界上最大的地震预警系统，该系统将可能是世界最先进的预警系统。
1．reliable　考查词性转换。修饰名词way，用形容词形式。故填reliable。
2．possibly　考查副词。用副词作状语，修饰the most advanced。故填possibly。
3．are setting　考查动词的时态。根据后面and并列的动词wiring及句意可知，这里用现在进行时。故填are setting。
4．When/If/Once/After　考查状语从句的连接词。这几个词均符合上下文语境。句意：当/如果/一旦/地震发生时(地震发生后)，传感器可以向控制中心发送电脉冲。故填When/If/Once/After。
5．giving　考查非谓语动词。现在分词作状语，表示补充说明或伴随。故选giving。
6．which　考查定语从句的引导词。此处which引导非限制性定语从句，关系代词which代指先行词the system，故填which。
7．movement/move　考查名词。根据语境可知此处应填名词，move的名词有两种，即movement或move。故填movement/move。
8．of　考查介词。这里表示所属关系，表示“地震造成的影响”。故填of。
9．itself　考查代词。making的逻辑主语为句子的主语it，即the system。it作主语时，用反身代词itself作宾语，代替语境中的“预警系统本身”。故填itself。
10．to be completed　考查非谓语动词。根据句中时间状语“in 2022”可知，这里用不定式的一般式表示将来要进行的动作。句中主语The system与complete之间为被动关系，故用被动形式。故填to be completed。
Ⅳ.短文改错
A mooncake is a Chinese bakery product traditional eaten during the Mid­Autumn Festival, when is one of the four most important Chinese festivals. The festival is for lunar appreciation and moon watching. Meanwhile mooncakes are regarded as the necessary part. Mooncakes are offered between friends or on family gatherings, and today it is customary for people present mooncakes to others as presents. This helps to fuel a demand in high­end mooncakes. Due to China's influence, mooncakes and the Mid­Autumn Festival is also enjoyed and celebrated in some Asian country beyond China. Mooncakes have also been appeared in the Western world as a form of taste food.
答案：
A mooncake is a Chinese bakery product eaten during the Mid­Autumn Festival, is one of the four most important Chinese festivals. The festival is for lunar appreciation and moon watching. Meanwhile mooncakes are regarded as necessary part. Mooncakes are offered between friends or on family gatherings, today it is customary for people present mooncakes to others as presents. This helps to fuel a demand high­end mooncakes. Due to China's influence, mooncakes and the Mid­Autumn Festival also enjoyed and celebrated in some Asian beyond China. Mooncakes have also appeared in the Western world as a form of food.
难项分析：
第二处：when→which　考查定语从句的引导词。逗号后是非限制性定语从句，先行词是the Mid­Autumn Festival，关系词在从句中作主语，故用which。
第六处：in→for　考查介词。demand “需求”常跟介词for搭配，表示“对……的需求”。
第七处：is→are　考查主谓一致。主语是and连接的两个并列名词短语mooncakes和the Mid­Autumn Festival，故谓语要用复数形式。