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2021高三统考北师大版英语一轮（经典版）学案：第一编Book8Unit22EnvironmentalProtection
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Book 8
Unit 22 Environmental Protection
1.In my opinion, we all should protect environment, whether young or old.
在我看来， 无论年龄大小，我们都应该保护环境。
2.We're trying to raise awareness of the environment in general and air pollution in particular.
我们正努力从总体上增强环境意识，特别是提高对空气污染的意识。
3.On account of the development of the economy, the environment is seriously polluted and we must cut down the emission of the carbon dioxide.
由于经济的发展，环境受到了严重的污染，因此我们必须减少二氧化碳的排放量。
4.Water resources have been so badly polluted that some of the water is unfit to drink.
水资源已经被污染得如此严重以致一些水不适宜饮用。
自主排查 夯基固本
Ⅰ 核心单词
(1)endanger (vt.) 危害→danger (n.) 危险 →dangerous (adj.) 危险的
(2)trap (vt.) 使困住
(3)claim (vt.) 声称；要求
(4)reserve (n.) 保护区 (v.) 保留，预订→reservation (n.) 保留；预订；保留意见
(5)beyond (prep.) 超出
(6)relevant (adj.) 有关的→relevance (n.) 相关性
(7)coincidence (n.) 巧合→coincident (adj.) 同时发生的
(8)condemn (vt.) 迫使(某人)陷于不幸的境地
(9)sacrifice (vt.& n．) 牺牲，献出
(10)advocate (vt.) 主张，提倡→advocacy (n.) 拥护，支持
(11)substitute (n.) 代替品，代用品
(12)threaten (vt.) 威胁→threat (n.) 威胁，恐吓→threatening (adj.) 恐吓的，威胁的
(13)seize (vt.) 依法没收；(用武力)夺取
(14)separation (n.) 分离，分开→separate (adj.) 分开的，单独的 (v.) 使分离；隔开
(15)means (n.) 方法
(16)construct (vt.) 建造→construction (n.) 建造；建设→constructive (adj.) 建设性的，积极的
(17)potential (adj.) 潜在的；可能的 (n.) 潜在性；可能性→potentially (adv.) 潜在地；可能地→potentiality (n.) 潜力，可能性
(18)adopt (vt.) 收养，采用→adoption (n.) 收养，采用
(19)finance (n.) 资金→financial (adj.) 经济的→fine (vt.) 罚款 (n.) 罚金
(20)allocate (vt.) 分配，配给→allocation (n.) 分配，配给
(21)fragile (adj.) 易损坏的
(22)sharpen (vt.) 削尖→sharpener (n.) 卷笔刀→sharp (adj.) 锋利的
(23)valid (adj.) 有充分理由的；有效的；合法的
(24)agriculture (n.) 农业
(25)calculate (vt.& vi.) 计算，算出→calculation (n.) 计算，算出→calculator (n.) 计算器
Ⅱ 阅读单词
(1)consultant (n.) 顾问→consult (vt.) 咨询
(2)principle (n.) 原则，道德准则
(3)boycott (vt.) (联合)抵制；拒绝参加
(4)conservation (n.) 保护→conserve (vt.) 保护
(5)consensus (n.) 共同意见；一致看法
(6)recycle (vt.) 回收利用
(7)extinct (adj.) 灭绝的，绝种的
(8)fashionable (adj.) 流行的，时髦的→fashion (n.) 时尚
(9)enforce (vt.) 执行，实施→force (vt.) 强迫
(10)grand (adj.) 巨大的；宏伟的
(11)changeable (adj.) 易变的→change (vt.) 改变→exchange (vt.) 交换
(12)slip (vi.) 滑落
(13)mountainous (adj.) 多山的→mountain (n.) 高山，山岳
(14)flee (vt.& vi.) 逃离；逃走
(15)negative (adj.) 消极的，负面的
[单句语法填空]
1.—Was the proposal passed at yesterday's meeting？
—Yes, but some members of the committee expressed ________ (reserve).
答案：reservations
2.The product ________ (claim) that it can make you thin without dieting.
答案：claims
3.There's an error in your ________ (calculate).
答案：calculation
4.Most of us think of games as child's play, but games ________ (sharp) children's thinking and develop skills like problem solving and communication.
答案：sharpen
5.What she is addicted to makes her feel better temporarily and reduces the pain of ________ (separate).
答案：separation
6.The climate is ________ (change) in this area. You should prepare more clothes in case of the sudden change of weather.
答案：changeable
7.In yesterday's business training course the ________ (consult) instructed us that a good salesman must be aggressive if he wants to succeed.
答案：consultant
8.After studying in an ________ (agriculture) college for four years, Jack took up his job as an advisor in the countryside.
答案：agricultural
9.We have already succeeded in saving many ________ (danger) animals.
答案：endangered
10.The biggest problem for most plants, which can't just get up and run away when ________ (threat) is that animals like to eat them.
答案：threatened
联想积累
1.后缀ant的形容词家族展
①relevant 有关的
②ignorant 无知的
③abundant 丰富的
④reliant 依赖的
⑤pregnant 怀孕的
⑥distant 遥远的
⑦dominant 支配的，统治的
⑧brilliant 闪耀的，杰出的
⑨significant 重大的，有意义的
⑩elegant 优雅的
2.不同的“灾难”表达
①earthquake 地震
②tsunami 海啸
③avalanche 雪崩
④mudslide 泥石流
⑤landslide 山体滑坡
⑥flood 洪水
⑦blizzard 暴风雪
⑧hurricane 飓风
⑨tornado 龙卷风
⑩typhoon 台风
⑪drought 干旱
⑫famine 饥荒
3.前缀sub构成的词汇
①subway 地铁
②substitute n. 代替品，代用品 v. 替代
③submarine 潜水艇
④subconscious 潜意识(的)
⑤subsonic 亚音速的
⑥subtitle 小标题，副标题
⑦submerge 沉没，淹没
⑧subtropical 亚热带的
⑨submissive 顺从的，服从的
⑩subcontinent次大陆
1.beyond one's control 超出/不受……的控制
2.look ahead 展望未来
3.refer to 指，意即；参考
4.in turn 依次；相应
5.in huge quantities 大量
6.take action 采取行动
7.ahead of 在……前面
8.apart from 除……之外
9.answer for (对已产生的不良后果)负责任
10.call for an end to ... 要求结束……
11.wrap_up 结束(工作、会议等)
12.on_sb.'s_behalf 代表某人
13.carry_off 掠去，夺走
14.as_a_result_of 作为……的结果
15.earn_one's_living 谋生
16.sum_up 总结，概括
17.as_a_matter_of_fact 事实上
18.lead_to 导致
[单句写作]
1.The seed was sprayed over the ground ____________________ (大量地) by aeroplane.
答案：in huge quantities
2.______________ (展望未来), I think the company needs to develop some new services.
答案：Looking ahead
3.He was a victim of circumstances, and what happened to him was ________________________ (在他的控制能力之外).
答案：beyond his control
4.Whenever I encounter a word I don't know, I ____________ (查阅) a dictionary.
答案：refer to
5.Many developed countries have agreed to help the less developed ones but it remains to be seen whether they will ____________ (采取行动) or not.
答案：take action
6.I made sure of having all of my work done ____________ (在……前面) my vacation.
答案：ahead of
7.Mike often drives carelessly. Tell him he shall ____________ (负责任) it if he goes on behaving like that.
答案：answer for
8.You are old enough to ____________________________ (谋生).
答案：earn your own living
9.Thirty flights have been delayed ____________________ (作为……的结果) the snow.
答案：as a result of
10.A clean environment can help the city bid for the Olympics, which ________ (反过来) will promote its economic development.
答案：in turn
联想积累
carry 的短语小结
①carry off 获得(奖品等)；成功对付
②carry out 实行；履行
③carry on (with/doing sth.) 继续做
④carry away 运走；使……失去自制力
⑤carry through 完成；渡过难关
⑥carry back 回忆
课文原句
句式梳理
仿写训练
1.Without these naturally occurring gases, the sun's rays would bounce back into space leaving the Earth cold and impossible to live on.
如果没有这些自然产生的气体，太阳光将会被反射回太空去，地球将处于寒冷之中，不适合生命的存在。(P6)
leave sb./sth.
后面加形容词、副词、分词等，意为“让某人/某物处于……状态”
On hearing the news, the girl rushed out without hesitation, ________________________ on the floor.
一听见这个消息，那个女孩毫不犹豫地冲出去了，把行李留在地板上。
2.Most disaster experts believe there is the potential that things could get a lot worse.
大多数研究灾难的专家认为情况可能会变得更加糟糕。(P11)
There is the potential that
...“可能……”
Without these existing measures, ________________________ the decline may have been significantly greater.
没有现存的这些措施，衰退有可能会更大。
答案：1.leaving the luggage lying 2.there is the potential that
直击重点 突破考点
① trap n. 陷阱，捕捉器；〈喻〉圈套，(对付人的)计谋，策略 vt. 诱捕；诱骗；使落入圈套，使陷入困境(P5)
(1)单句语法填空
①Teenagers climbed dozens of flights of stairs to deliver water and food to elderly people ________ (trap) in highrise buildings.
②They trapped her into ________ (tell) where the gift was hidden.
③She ________ (trap) in the burning house at that moment.
答案：①trapped ②telling ③was trapped
(2)单句改错
He set trap for her and she walked straight into it.
______________________________________________________________
答案：trap前加a
(1)trap sb. into (doing) sth. 诱骗某人(做)某事
be/get trapped in 被困在……中
(2)fall into the trap of doing sth. 掉进……的陷阱
set/lay a trap for 为……设圈套/陷阱
② reserve n. (动植物的)保护区 (pl.) 储藏；储备
vt. 保留(储备)某物，具有或者保持(某种权利)；预订(座位，住处)；预约(P5)
(1)单句语法填空
①We were told that our rooms ________ (not reserve) for that week.
②I'd like to have a window seat ________ (reserve) so that I can enjoy a better view.
③I have serious reservations ________ his ability to do the job.
答案：①hadn't been reserved ②reserved ③about
(2)单句写作
The ministry said it ____________________ (保有……的权利) take whatever action necessary.
答案：reserved the right to
(1)reserve sth. for sb./sth. 为某人/某物保留、预订某物
reserve (one's) judgement (on sb./sth.) (对某人/事物保留意见/暂不表态)
reserve the right to do sth. 保留做……的权利
(2)in reserve 贮存；备用
(3)reservation n. 保留；预订(房间、座位等)
make a reservation 预订(房间、座位等)
without reservation 毫无保留地
have reservations about 对……持保留意见
③ beyond prep. 超越；超出；在(或向)……较远的一边 adv. 在另一边；在(向)更远处(P6)
(1)单句语法填空
①Good advice is ________ all price.
②It's beyond me ________ she wants to marry Tom.
答案：①beyond ②why
(2)句型转换
I think that the situation was out of his control then.
＝I think that the situation was __________________ then.
答案：beyond his control
(3)单句写作
①—I'm sorry that I didn't work out this problem.
—It's____________________ (在我们能力之外). I didn't figure it out, either.
②In spring, the scene on the top of the hill is so appealing that it is ____________________ (无法用言语表达).
答案：①beyond our ability ②beyond words
(1)be beyond sb. 对于某人来说难以想象、理解
(2)beyond one's control 超出某人的控制；不受某人的控制
beyond one's reach 够不着，超出……范围
beyond one's power/ability 超出某人的能力
beyond words/description 无法形容；难以言表
beyond question/doubt 毫无疑问
beyond belief 难以置信
It's beyond me why/what ... 我无法理解为什么/什么……
④ relevant adj. 相关的，切题的；中肯的，有意义的(P6)
单句语法填空
①He failed to supply the facts relevant ________ the case in question.
②These comments are not directly________ (relevance) to the inquiry about safety standards.
③Each of these are expenses ________ (relate) to your job.
答案：①to ②relevant ③related
be relevant to 和……有关
relevance n. 相关性，关联
have relevance to 与……有关
表示“与……相关”的短语：
be involved in ...
be associated with ...
be concerned with ...
be related to ...
⑤ advocate vt. 拥护；支持；提倡 n. 提倡者；拥护者(P6)
(1)单句语法填空
①The author writes the passage mainly to advocate ________ (teach) literature to touch the heart.
②He has been a strong advocate ________ peace and justice.
③The report advocated that all buildings ________ (fit) with smoke detectors.
答案：①teaching ②of/for ③(should) be fitted
(2)单句写作
He advocated that the children ________________ part in sports games.
他主张儿童应该参加体育活动。
答案：(should) take
(1)advocate (doing) sth. 提倡/拥护/支持(做)某事
advocate that ... (should) do sth. 主张……(从句用should＋动词原形，should可以省略)
(2)be an advocate for/of sth./sb. ……提倡者/拥护者
⑥ substitute n. 代替者；代用品 v. (用……)替代/取代……(P6)
(1)单句语法填空
①Bill substituted ________ Larry, who was off sick.
②The Internet is so much a part of our culture that it affects our lives by acting as ________ substitute for facetoface contacts.
③You'd better ________ (substitute) the washing machine repaired five times for a new one.
答案：①for ②a ③substitute
(2)句型转换
We substitute the red balls for the blue ones to see if the baby would notice.
＝We ________ the blue balls ________ the red ones to see if the baby would notice.
＝We ________ the blue balls ________ the red ones to see if the baby would notice.
＝We ________ the red balls ________ the blue ones to see if the baby would notice.
答案：substitute; with/by; replace; with/by; exchange; for
(1)a substitute for ... ……的替代者
a milk/meat substitute 代乳/肉制品
be no substitute for 没有……那样好；不能替代
(2)substitute A with/by B＝substitute B for A用B代替/取代A
replace A with/by B用B代替A
exchange B for A用B兑换A
substitute for sb./sth. 代替/取代某人/某物
⑦ means n. [C] 手段，方法(单复同形)(P10)
(1)单句语法填空
①Homework should not be used as a ________ (mean) of controlling children.
②—Do you mind if I have a look？
—________ all means.
答案：①means ②By
(2)单句写作
We express our thoughts and feelings ______________ (用，凭借) words.
答案：by means of
(3)句型转换
Furthermore, punishment is ______________ (绝不) a wise choice to help them grow up mentally and physically.
＝Furthermore, ______________ (绝不) punishment a wise choice to help them grow up mentally and physically.
答案：by no means; by no means is
means of ... ……的方法
means of production/transport/communication 生产工具/运输工具/通信手段
by means of 用，依靠；通过
by all means 一定；务必；当然可以(口语)
by any means 无论如何
by no means/not by any means 决不；无论如何都不
(1)means “方法、方式、手段”，其单复数同形，当means作主语且有every, each等表示单数意义的词修饰时，谓语动词用单数；当有some, several, many等表示复数意义的词修饰时，谓语动词用复数。
(2)by no means 放在句首时，句子用部分倒装。
⑧ adopt vt. 收养，领养；采用，采纳；批准，正式通过(P12)
(1)写出下列句中adopt的含义
①After much consideration, we all decided to adopt my deskmate's suggestion.________
②The childless old lady offered to adopt one of the girls.________
③The council is expected to adopt the new policy at its next meeting.________
答案：①采纳 ②收养，领养 ③正式通过
(2)单句语法填空
①If he ________ (adopt) a positive attitude, he'll soon adapt to the new school.
②Tom's mother had him ________ (adopt) because she couldn't look after him herself.
③The group is working to promote the ________ (adopt) of broadband wireless access over long distance.
④To our surprise, Danny is their ________ (adopt) son.
答案：①adopts ②adopted ③adoption ④adopted
(3)单句写作
The best way to set up a correct outlook on life is to be aware of one's ability, accept one's reality and ____________________ (采取积极的态度) towards life.
答案：adopt a positive attitude
(1)adopt one's suggestions 采纳某人的建议
(2)adoption n. 采用；收养
adopted adj. 收养的；采用的
adoptable adj. 可采用的；可收养的
adopt与adapt是容易混淆的形似词，adapt意为“适应”。
① look ahead 展望未来；向前看(P6)
(1)单句语法填空
The police are looking ________ the cause of the accident.
答案：into
(2)单句写作
①We must ________________ (向前看) before we make a decision.
②He is a good teacher. We always ________________ (尊敬) him.
③She________________ (浏览) her notes before the exam.
答案：①look ahead ②look up to ③looked through
look into 调查，审查
look through 浏览
look forward to 盼望；期待
look up to sb. 尊敬某人
look down upon ... 轻视；瞧不起……
② refer to 指，意即；提到；参考，查阅(P6)
(1)写出下列句中refer to的含义
①If you don't know the meaning of it, refer to your dictionary. ________
②In her autobiography she occasionally refers to her unhappy schooldays. ________
③Please refer to the device documentation for instructions. ________
④It can also refer to a conflict or a disagreement, often involving violence. ________
答案：①查阅 ②提到 ③参考 ④指
(2)单句语法填空
①He heard them refer to her ________ “big sister”.
②You may refer the matter ________ him if necessary.
③The textbooks and dictionaries can be used as ________ (refer) books while the magazines serve as reading materials.
答案：①as ②to ③reference
(1)refer to ... as ... 把……称作……
refer ... to ... 把……提交给……
(2)reference n. 参考；查阅
a reference book 参考书
in/with reference to 关于
make (a) reference to 参考；提到
for reference 以备查阅
③ in turn 依次，轮流；相应地(P6)
(1)单句语法填空
①The students clean up the classroom everyday ________ turn.
②We took ________ (turn) to drive when we went to Guangzhou the other day.
③It's our ________ (turn) to do more for you.
答案：①in ②turns ③turn
(2)单句改错
If I do this thing for you, what do I get in turn？
______________________________________________________________
答案：turn→return
by turns 轮流，交替
in return 作为回报
take one's turn 依次，轮到某人
take turns to do/(in) doing sth. 轮流做某事
It is one's turn to do sth. 轮到某人做某事
④ lead to 导致(P6)
(1)单句语法填空
①This problem may lead ________ more serious ones if left unsolved.
②Experts warn that medical waste from hospitals, if not handled properly, may lead to ________ (spread) diseases.
③In class I will divide the students into small groups and lead them ________ (practice) speaking English in an interesting way.
答案：①to ②spreading ③to practice
(2)单句改错
He had led everyone to believing that his family was very wealthy.
______________________________________________________________
答案：believing→believe
lead to sp. 通往某地
lead to one's/one doing sth. 导致某人做某事
lead sb. to sth. 使得出(观点)；引导某人……
lead sb. to do sth. 使某人做某事
lead the way 带路
in the lead 领先
take the lead 带头；领先
(1)lead to中的to为介词，后接名词、代词或动词ing形式。
(2)表示“导致，造成”的短语还有：result in, contribute to, bring about等。
① [教材原句]Scientists found that the temperature of the Earth is controlled by greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide which trap heat from the sun in the Earth's atmosphere.
科学家们发现地球的气温受温室气体如二氧化碳的控制，这些气体能将来自太阳的热量留在地球的大气层里。(P6)
(1)单句语法填空
①(2018·北京高考)A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who ________ (trap) in the mountains for two days.
②(2018·天津高考)My washing machine ________ (repair) this week, so I have to wash my clothes by hand.
③(2018·江苏高考)I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan ________ (carry) out in the past two years.
答案：①had been trapped ②is being repaired ③had been carried
(2)单句改错
①Our teacher told us the earth went around the sun.
______________________________________________________________
②The question to being discussed tomorrow involves pollution.
______________________________________________________________
③Having well tended for half a year, the patient became far better.
______________________________________________________________
答案：①went→goes ②being→be ③well前加been
(1)当从句表示客观真理或事实及自然现象时，其时态不受主句的限制，而用一般现在时。
(2)
② [教材原句]Without these naturally occurring gases, the sun's rays would bounce back into space leaving the Earth cold and impossible to live on.
如果没有这些自然产生的气体，太阳光将会被反射回太空去，地球将处于寒冷之中，不适合生命的存在。(P6)
(1)单句语法填空
①Without air there ________ (be) no living things.
②But for your help, we couldn't ________ (succeed).
③I'm really busy, otherwise, I would certainly ________ (go) with you.
答案：①would be ②have succeeded ③go
(2)句型转换
If he hadn't helped me, I couldn't have finished the task ahead of time.
＝________ his help, I couldn't have finished the task ahead of time.
答案：Without
句中“without these naturally occurring gases”是介词短语作状语，表示假设，可替换为条件状语从句“If there were no naturally occurring gases”，因而称为含蓄虚拟条件句。除without外，介词短语but for, but that 等以及连词otherwise, or等也常用于表示含蓄虚拟条件。
③ [教材原句]Given this data, it seems that the link between human activities and rising global temperatures is not merely a coincidence.
考虑到这一数据，人类活动与正在上升的全球温度之间的关联似乎不仅仅是一个巧合。(P6)
(1)单句语法填空
①________ (give) the number of people we invited, I'm surprised that so few came.
②________ (consider) that she is interested in children, I'm sure teaching is a right career for her.
③________ (see) that you are already at the door, I suppose I must invite you inside.
答案：①Given ②Considering ③Seeing
(2)单句写作
I have to be careful with money, ____________________________________.
考虑到我赚的不多，我用钱必须得仔细。
答案：given that I don't earn much
句中的given为介词，意为“考虑到，鉴于”，表示原因；另外given that可视为连词，后接从句，意为“考虑到；假定”。
引导条件状语从句，用法相似的表达还有：
considering (that) 考虑到
seeing (that) ... 鉴于，既然
provided/providing (that) ... 如果，假定
suppose/supposing (that) ... 假定，如果
assuming (that) 假设，如果
课文回练 升华运用
根据课文内容，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
It is reported __1__ Earth's climate is being changed and human beings will face global warming. Global warming refers __2__ an average increase in the Earth's temperature that, __3__ turn, leads to climate change. The global average temperature has increased __4__ 1 over the last 100 years because of human activities. If the situation continues, we are condemning life on Earth and should face __5__ (terror) climate changes, serious diseases and bad effects on some __6__ (industry) as well as the __7__ (rise) sea levels. So how can we stop these disasters from happening? Governments all over the world have a __8__ (responsible) to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide __9__ (produce) by their countries. Everyone can play his role by making small changes in his __10__ (day) life.
1.________ 2.________ 3.________ 4.________
5.________ 6.________ 7.________ 8.________
9.________ 10.________
答案：1.that 2.to 3.in 4.by 5.terrible 6.industries 7.rising 8.responsibility 9.produced 10.daily
基础达标 自主训练
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.The photo now proves, ________ doubt, that my client is innocent.
答案：beyond beyond doubt “毫无疑问，毋庸置疑”。句意：这张照片毫无疑问证明了我的客户是无辜的。
2.We have only twenty minutes left, so please get to the point and don't say anything that isn't ________ (relevance) to our problem.
答案：relevant be relevant to “与……相关”。句意：我们只剩下20分钟了，所以请说重点，不要说与问题不相关的话了。
3.Every possible means ________ (try).
答案：has been tried means是单复数同形的名词，作主语时前有every, each, one等修饰语时，谓语用单数。句意：一切方法都试过了。
4.Firefighters tried every means to save residents ________ (trap) in the burning building.
答案：trapped 分析句子结构可知，空处作后置定语，修饰residents, residents与trap之间为被动关系，故填过去分词trapped。
5.It is necessary for us to think of others and be ________ (consider) towards them.
答案：considerate 此处为形容词作表语。 be considerate towards sb. “对某人体贴入微”。
6.Many experts advocate ________ (reward) your child for good behaviour.
答案：rewarding advocate doing sth. “提倡做某事”。
7.I have tried hard to improve my English. But by ________ means is the teacher satisfied with my progress.
答案：no 短语by no means “决不，一点也不”，放在句首时句子要用部分倒装。
8.________ (give) that he supports us, we will win the election.
答案：Given given that＋从句，意为“如果，假定”。
9.The old computer doesn't work. We must substitute a new one ________ it.
答案：for substitute A for B “用A替代B”。
10.He complained that Beijing ________ hot in summer.
答案：is 间接引语中转述的内容为客观事实时，时态用一般现在时。
Ⅱ.单句写作
1.The scenery in my hometown is beautiful ____________________ (无法形容).
答案：beyond description
2.His illness led to his ________________________ (不能) attend school.
答案：not being able to
3.The little child's wish is ________________ to Disneyland.
这个小孩子的愿望是被领着去迪斯尼乐园。
答案：to be taken
4.His parents died in the car accident when the boy was five years old, ________________________ (剩下他成了孤儿).
答案：leaving him an orphan
5.______________________________________________________________
要不是你的帮助，我不能这么快完成工作。(but for)
答案：I couldn't have finished the work so soon but for your help.
Ⅲ.语法填空
(2019·西藏拉萨市高三第三次模拟)Climate scientists from the University of Sydney in Australia say tourism causes over 8% of greenhouse gases. Their study looked at the carbon footprints of many __1__ (vary) areas of tourism. Up to now, it __2__ (study) the CO2 emissions (排放) from transport, events, hotels, restaurants __3__ shopping. The researchers spent 18 months carrying out the research. They researched the tourist __4__ (activity) of 189 countries. Researcher Dr Arunima Malik said her team analysed the influence __5__ the environment of over one million businesses __6__ (involve) in tourism.
The researchers said domestic (国内的) travel was a __7__ (big) cause of CO2 emissions than international or business travel. Air travel was the largest part of tourism's footprints. The researchers said flying would continue to increase global emissions as more people in the world become richer. The countries __8__ (cause) the most harm are the biggest and richest nations.The USA, India and Germany have the largest tourism carbon footprints, in __9__ carbon emissions will continue to increase as more of their citizens travel. The researchers encouraged holidaymakers and travelers to try to reduce their carbon footprints __10__ (great) when on vacation so their travel causes less harm to the planet.
1.________ 2.________ 3.________ 4.________
5.________ 6.________ 7.________ 8.________
9.________ 10.________
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了旅游会产生温室气体，呼吁旅游者在旅游的同时减少自己的碳排放量。
1.various/varied 考查词性转换。修饰名词areas of tourism要用形容词，故用vary的形容词形式various/varied。
2.has studied 考查动词的时态。由本句的时间状语Up to now可知该句时态为现在完成时；由it可知应该用第三人称单数形式，故填has studied。
3.and 考查连词。此处shopping和transport, events, hotels, restaurants为并列关系，故用and连接。
4.activities 考查名词。由空后的189 countries可知，此处应为复数形式，故填activities。
5.on/upon 考查介词。the influence on/upon “对……的影响”，固定搭配，故用介词on/upon。
6.involved 考查非谓语动词。business和involve之间为被动关系，故用动词的过去分词involved作后置定语，表示“被包括在内”。
7.bigger 考查形容词的比较级。由后面的than可知考查比较级，故用big的比较级bigger。
8.causing 考查非谓语动词。countries和cause之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，故用动词的现在分词作定语修饰countries。
9.which 考查定语从句的引导词。此处为“介词加关系代词”引导的定语从句，which代指先行词The USA, India and Germany；in可以放到句中去，为carbon emissions will continue to increase as more of their citizens travel in the USA, India and Germany。故填关系代词which。
10.greatly 考查词性转换。修饰动词reduce，所以用副词形式，故填greatly。
Ⅳ.短文改错
(2019·兰州一中高三月考)Fang Tong is 34 years old, an actor, director and teacher of Beijing Opera Theatre. Most of his students are from other part of China and have come to Beijing at a very young age of sixteen or seventeen. He hopes create an environment for his students that it is much more relaxing than the one he used to study in. He thought that an actor should relax himself when performing. Yet his students deep respect him and he never needs to raise his voice in order to be hearing. For his opinion, actors should go on even when they feel they have made mistake in their performances because the moment is already gone but people can never be back to it. So art is always changing and developing.
答案：
Fang Tong is 34 years old, an actor, director and teacher of Beijing Opera Theatre. Most of his students are from other of China and have come to Beijing at very young age of sixteen or seventeen. He hopes create an environment for his students that is much more relaxing than the one he used to study in. He that an actor should relax himself when performing. Yet his students respect him and he never needs to raise his voice in order to be . his opinion, actors should go on even when they feel they have made / in their performances because the moment is already gone people can never be back to it. So art is always changing and developing.
难项分析：
第六处：deep→deeply 考查副词。deep作副词，表示“深深地”，表具体含义，而副词deeply意为“深深地”，但表抽象含义，一般用于情感或思想方面，此处表示“深深地尊敬”，故应用deeply。
第七处：hearing→heard 考查被动形式。表示“为了被听见”，这里应用不定式的被动式。
第十处：but→and 考查连词。前后两分句之间是表示顺承的并列关系，故将but改为and。
Book 8
Unit 22 Environmental Protection
1.In my opinion, we all should protect environment, whether young or old.
在我看来， 无论年龄大小，我们都应该保护环境。
2.We're trying to raise awareness of the environment in general and air pollution in particular.
我们正努力从总体上增强环境意识，特别是提高对空气污染的意识。
3.On account of the development of the economy, the environment is seriously polluted and we must cut down the emission of the carbon dioxide.
由于经济的发展，环境受到了严重的污染，因此我们必须减少二氧化碳的排放量。
4.Water resources have been so badly polluted that some of the water is unfit to drink.
水资源已经被污染得如此严重以致一些水不适宜饮用。
自主排查 夯基固本
Ⅰ 核心单词
(1)endanger (vt.) 危害→danger (n.) 危险 →dangerous (adj.) 危险的
(2)trap (vt.) 使困住
(3)claim (vt.) 声称；要求
(4)reserve (n.) 保护区 (v.) 保留，预订→reservation (n.) 保留；预订；保留意见
(5)beyond (prep.) 超出
(6)relevant (adj.) 有关的→relevance (n.) 相关性
(7)coincidence (n.) 巧合→coincident (adj.) 同时发生的
(8)condemn (vt.) 迫使(某人)陷于不幸的境地
(9)sacrifice (vt.& n．) 牺牲，献出
(10)advocate (vt.) 主张，提倡→advocacy (n.) 拥护，支持
(11)substitute (n.) 代替品，代用品
(12)threaten (vt.) 威胁→threat (n.) 威胁，恐吓→threatening (adj.) 恐吓的，威胁的
(13)seize (vt.) 依法没收；(用武力)夺取
(14)separation (n.) 分离，分开→separate (adj.) 分开的，单独的 (v.) 使分离；隔开
(15)means (n.) 方法
(16)construct (vt.) 建造→construction (n.) 建造；建设→constructive (adj.) 建设性的，积极的
(17)potential (adj.) 潜在的；可能的 (n.) 潜在性；可能性→potentially (adv.) 潜在地；可能地→potentiality (n.) 潜力，可能性
(18)adopt (vt.) 收养，采用→adoption (n.) 收养，采用
(19)finance (n.) 资金→financial (adj.) 经济的→fine (vt.) 罚款 (n.) 罚金
(20)allocate (vt.) 分配，配给→allocation (n.) 分配，配给
(21)fragile (adj.) 易损坏的
(22)sharpen (vt.) 削尖→sharpener (n.) 卷笔刀→sharp (adj.) 锋利的
(23)valid (adj.) 有充分理由的；有效的；合法的
(24)agriculture (n.) 农业
(25)calculate (vt.& vi.) 计算，算出→calculation (n.) 计算，算出→calculator (n.) 计算器
Ⅱ 阅读单词
(1)consultant (n.) 顾问→consult (vt.) 咨询
(2)principle (n.) 原则，道德准则
(3)boycott (vt.) (联合)抵制；拒绝参加
(4)conservation (n.) 保护→conserve (vt.) 保护
(5)consensus (n.) 共同意见；一致看法
(6)recycle (vt.) 回收利用
(7)extinct (adj.) 灭绝的，绝种的
(8)fashionable (adj.) 流行的，时髦的→fashion (n.) 时尚
(9)enforce (vt.) 执行，实施→force (vt.) 强迫
(10)grand (adj.) 巨大的；宏伟的
(11)changeable (adj.) 易变的→change (vt.) 改变→exchange (vt.) 交换
(12)slip (vi.) 滑落
(13)mountainous (adj.) 多山的→mountain (n.) 高山，山岳
(14)flee (vt.& vi.) 逃离；逃走
(15)negative (adj.) 消极的，负面的
[单句语法填空]
1.—Was the proposal passed at yesterday's meeting？
—Yes, but some members of the committee expressed ________ (reserve).
答案：reservations
2.The product ________ (claim) that it can make you thin without dieting.
答案：claims
3.There's an error in your ________ (calculate).
答案：calculation
4.Most of us think of games as child's play, but games ________ (sharp) children's thinking and develop skills like problem solving and communication.
答案：sharpen
5.What she is addicted to makes her feel better temporarily and reduces the pain of ________ (separate).
答案：separation
6.The climate is ________ (change) in this area. You should prepare more clothes in case of the sudden change of weather.
答案：changeable
7.In yesterday's business training course the ________ (consult) instructed us that a good salesman must be aggressive if he wants to succeed.
答案：consultant
8.After studying in an ________ (agriculture) college for four years, Jack took up his job as an advisor in the countryside.
答案：agricultural
9.We have already succeeded in saving many ________ (danger) animals.
答案：endangered
10.The biggest problem for most plants, which can't just get up and run away when ________ (threat) is that animals like to eat them.
答案：threatened
联想积累
1.后缀ant的形容词家族展
①relevant 有关的
②ignorant 无知的
③abundant 丰富的
④reliant 依赖的
⑤pregnant 怀孕的
⑥distant 遥远的
⑦dominant 支配的，统治的
⑧brilliant 闪耀的，杰出的
⑨significant 重大的，有意义的
⑩elegant 优雅的
2.不同的“灾难”表达
①earthquake 地震
②tsunami 海啸
③avalanche 雪崩
④mudslide 泥石流
⑤landslide 山体滑坡
⑥flood 洪水
⑦blizzard 暴风雪
⑧hurricane 飓风
⑨tornado 龙卷风
⑩typhoon 台风
⑪drought 干旱
⑫famine 饥荒
3.前缀sub构成的词汇
①subway 地铁
②substitute n. 代替品，代用品 v. 替代
③submarine 潜水艇
④subconscious 潜意识(的)
⑤subsonic 亚音速的
⑥subtitle 小标题，副标题
⑦submerge 沉没，淹没
⑧subtropical 亚热带的
⑨submissive 顺从的，服从的
⑩subcontinent次大陆
1.beyond one's control 超出/不受……的控制
2.look ahead 展望未来
3.refer to 指，意即；参考
4.in turn 依次；相应
5.in huge quantities 大量
6.take action 采取行动
7.ahead of 在……前面
8.apart from 除……之外
9.answer for (对已产生的不良后果)负责任
10.call for an end to ... 要求结束……
11.wrap_up 结束(工作、会议等)
12.on_sb.'s_behalf 代表某人
13.carry_off 掠去，夺走
14.as_a_result_of 作为……的结果
15.earn_one's_living 谋生
16.sum_up 总结，概括
17.as_a_matter_of_fact 事实上
18.lead_to 导致
[单句写作]
1.The seed was sprayed over the ground ____________________ (大量地) by aeroplane.
答案：in huge quantities
2.______________ (展望未来), I think the company needs to develop some new services.
答案：Looking ahead
3.He was a victim of circumstances, and what happened to him was ________________________ (在他的控制能力之外).
答案：beyond his control
4.Whenever I encounter a word I don't know, I ____________ (查阅) a dictionary.
答案：refer to
5.Many developed countries have agreed to help the less developed ones but it remains to be seen whether they will ____________ (采取行动) or not.
答案：take action
6.I made sure of having all of my work done ____________ (在……前面) my vacation.
答案：ahead of
7.Mike often drives carelessly. Tell him he shall ____________ (负责任) it if he goes on behaving like that.
答案：answer for
8.You are old enough to ____________________________ (谋生).
答案：earn your own living
9.Thirty flights have been delayed ____________________ (作为……的结果) the snow.
答案：as a result of
10.A clean environment can help the city bid for the Olympics, which ________ (反过来) will promote its economic development.
答案：in turn
联想积累
carry 的短语小结
①carry off 获得(奖品等)；成功对付
②carry out 实行；履行
③carry on (with/doing sth.) 继续做
④carry away 运走；使……失去自制力
⑤carry through 完成；渡过难关
⑥carry back 回忆
课文原句
句式梳理
仿写训练
1.Without these naturally occurring gases, the sun's rays would bounce back into space leaving the Earth cold and impossible to live on.
如果没有这些自然产生的气体，太阳光将会被反射回太空去，地球将处于寒冷之中，不适合生命的存在。(P6)
leave sb./sth.
后面加形容词、副词、分词等，意为“让某人/某物处于……状态”
On hearing the news, the girl rushed out without hesitation, ________________________ on the floor.
一听见这个消息，那个女孩毫不犹豫地冲出去了，把行李留在地板上。
2.Most disaster experts believe there is the potential that things could get a lot worse.
大多数研究灾难的专家认为情况可能会变得更加糟糕。(P11)
There is the potential that
...“可能……”
Without these existing measures, ________________________ the decline may have been significantly greater.
没有现存的这些措施，衰退有可能会更大。
答案：1.leaving the luggage lying 2.there is the potential that
直击重点 突破考点
① trap n. 陷阱，捕捉器；〈喻〉圈套，(对付人的)计谋，策略 vt. 诱捕；诱骗；使落入圈套，使陷入困境(P5)
(1)单句语法填空
①Teenagers climbed dozens of flights of stairs to deliver water and food to elderly people ________ (trap) in highrise buildings.
②They trapped her into ________ (tell) where the gift was hidden.
③She ________ (trap) in the burning house at that moment.
答案：①trapped ②telling ③was trapped
(2)单句改错
He set trap for her and she walked straight into it.
______________________________________________________________
答案：trap前加a
(1)trap sb. into (doing) sth. 诱骗某人(做)某事
be/get trapped in 被困在……中
(2)fall into the trap of doing sth. 掉进……的陷阱
set/lay a trap for 为……设圈套/陷阱
② reserve n. (动植物的)保护区 (pl.) 储藏；储备
vt. 保留(储备)某物，具有或者保持(某种权利)；预订(座位，住处)；预约(P5)
(1)单句语法填空
①We were told that our rooms ________ (not reserve) for that week.
②I'd like to have a window seat ________ (reserve) so that I can enjoy a better view.
③I have serious reservations ________ his ability to do the job.
答案：①hadn't been reserved ②reserved ③about
(2)单句写作
The ministry said it ____________________ (保有……的权利) take whatever action necessary.
答案：reserved the right to
(1)reserve sth. for sb./sth. 为某人/某物保留、预订某物
reserve (one's) judgement (on sb./sth.) (对某人/事物保留意见/暂不表态)
reserve the right to do sth. 保留做……的权利
(2)in reserve 贮存；备用
(3)reservation n. 保留；预订(房间、座位等)
make a reservation 预订(房间、座位等)
without reservation 毫无保留地
have reservations about 对……持保留意见
③ beyond prep. 超越；超出；在(或向)……较远的一边 adv. 在另一边；在(向)更远处(P6)
(1)单句语法填空
①Good advice is ________ all price.
②It's beyond me ________ she wants to marry Tom.
答案：①beyond ②why
(2)句型转换
I think that the situation was out of his control then.
＝I think that the situation was __________________ then.
答案：beyond his control
(3)单句写作
①—I'm sorry that I didn't work out this problem.
—It's____________________ (在我们能力之外). I didn't figure it out, either.
②In spring, the scene on the top of the hill is so appealing that it is ____________________ (无法用言语表达).
答案：①beyond our ability ②beyond words
(1)be beyond sb. 对于某人来说难以想象、理解
(2)beyond one's control 超出某人的控制；不受某人的控制
beyond one's reach 够不着，超出……范围
beyond one's power/ability 超出某人的能力
beyond words/description 无法形容；难以言表
beyond question/doubt 毫无疑问
beyond belief 难以置信
It's beyond me why/what ... 我无法理解为什么/什么……
④ relevant adj. 相关的，切题的；中肯的，有意义的(P6)
单句语法填空
①He failed to supply the facts relevant ________ the case in question.
②These comments are not directly________ (relevance) to the inquiry about safety standards.
③Each of these are expenses ________ (relate) to your job.
答案：①to ②relevant ③related
be relevant to 和……有关
relevance n. 相关性，关联
have relevance to 与……有关
表示“与……相关”的短语：
be involved in ...
be associated with ...
be concerned with ...
be related to ...
⑤ advocate vt. 拥护；支持；提倡 n. 提倡者；拥护者(P6)
(1)单句语法填空
①The author writes the passage mainly to advocate ________ (teach) literature to touch the heart.
②He has been a strong advocate ________ peace and justice.
③The report advocated that all buildings ________ (fit) with smoke detectors.
答案：①teaching ②of/for ③(should) be fitted
(2)单句写作
He advocated that the children ________________ part in sports games.
他主张儿童应该参加体育活动。
答案：(should) take
(1)advocate (doing) sth. 提倡/拥护/支持(做)某事
advocate that ... (should) do sth. 主张……(从句用should＋动词原形，should可以省略)
(2)be an advocate for/of sth./sb. ……提倡者/拥护者
⑥ substitute n. 代替者；代用品 v. (用……)替代/取代……(P6)
(1)单句语法填空
①Bill substituted ________ Larry, who was off sick.
②The Internet is so much a part of our culture that it affects our lives by acting as ________ substitute for facetoface contacts.
③You'd better ________ (substitute) the washing machine repaired five times for a new one.
答案：①for ②a ③substitute
(2)句型转换
We substitute the red balls for the blue ones to see if the baby would notice.
＝We ________ the blue balls ________ the red ones to see if the baby would notice.
＝We ________ the blue balls ________ the red ones to see if the baby would notice.
＝We ________ the red balls ________ the blue ones to see if the baby would notice.
答案：substitute; with/by; replace; with/by; exchange; for
(1)a substitute for ... ……的替代者
a milk/meat substitute 代乳/肉制品
be no substitute for 没有……那样好；不能替代
(2)substitute A with/by B＝substitute B for A用B代替/取代A
replace A with/by B用B代替A
exchange B for A用B兑换A
substitute for sb./sth. 代替/取代某人/某物
⑦ means n. [C] 手段，方法(单复同形)(P10)
(1)单句语法填空
①Homework should not be used as a ________ (mean) of controlling children.
②—Do you mind if I have a look？
—________ all means.
答案：①means ②By
(2)单句写作
We express our thoughts and feelings ______________ (用，凭借) words.
答案：by means of
(3)句型转换
Furthermore, punishment is ______________ (绝不) a wise choice to help them grow up mentally and physically.
＝Furthermore, ______________ (绝不) punishment a wise choice to help them grow up mentally and physically.
答案：by no means; by no means is
means of ... ……的方法
means of production/transport/communication 生产工具/运输工具/通信手段
by means of 用，依靠；通过
by all means 一定；务必；当然可以(口语)
by any means 无论如何
by no means/not by any means 决不；无论如何都不
(1)means “方法、方式、手段”，其单复数同形，当means作主语且有every, each等表示单数意义的词修饰时，谓语动词用单数；当有some, several, many等表示复数意义的词修饰时，谓语动词用复数。
(2)by no means 放在句首时，句子用部分倒装。
⑧ adopt vt. 收养，领养；采用，采纳；批准，正式通过(P12)
(1)写出下列句中adopt的含义
①After much consideration, we all decided to adopt my deskmate's suggestion.________
②The childless old lady offered to adopt one of the girls.________
③The council is expected to adopt the new policy at its next meeting.________
答案：①采纳 ②收养，领养 ③正式通过
(2)单句语法填空
①If he ________ (adopt) a positive attitude, he'll soon adapt to the new school.
②Tom's mother had him ________ (adopt) because she couldn't look after him herself.
③The group is working to promote the ________ (adopt) of broadband wireless access over long distance.
④To our surprise, Danny is their ________ (adopt) son.
答案：①adopts ②adopted ③adoption ④adopted
(3)单句写作
The best way to set up a correct outlook on life is to be aware of one's ability, accept one's reality and ____________________ (采取积极的态度) towards life.
答案：adopt a positive attitude
(1)adopt one's suggestions 采纳某人的建议
(2)adoption n. 采用；收养
adopted adj. 收养的；采用的
adoptable adj. 可采用的；可收养的
adopt与adapt是容易混淆的形似词，adapt意为“适应”。
① look ahead 展望未来；向前看(P6)
(1)单句语法填空
The police are looking ________ the cause of the accident.
答案：into
(2)单句写作
①We must ________________ (向前看) before we make a decision.
②He is a good teacher. We always ________________ (尊敬) him.
③She________________ (浏览) her notes before the exam.
答案：①look ahead ②look up to ③looked through
look into 调查，审查
look through 浏览
look forward to 盼望；期待
look up to sb. 尊敬某人
look down upon ... 轻视；瞧不起……
② refer to 指，意即；提到；参考，查阅(P6)
(1)写出下列句中refer to的含义
①If you don't know the meaning of it, refer to your dictionary. ________
②In her autobiography she occasionally refers to her unhappy schooldays. ________
③Please refer to the device documentation for instructions. ________
④It can also refer to a conflict or a disagreement, often involving violence. ________
答案：①查阅 ②提到 ③参考 ④指
(2)单句语法填空
①He heard them refer to her ________ “big sister”.
②You may refer the matter ________ him if necessary.
③The textbooks and dictionaries can be used as ________ (refer) books while the magazines serve as reading materials.
答案：①as ②to ③reference
(1)refer to ... as ... 把……称作……
refer ... to ... 把……提交给……
(2)reference n. 参考；查阅
a reference book 参考书
in/with reference to 关于
make (a) reference to 参考；提到
for reference 以备查阅
③ in turn 依次，轮流；相应地(P6)
(1)单句语法填空
①The students clean up the classroom everyday ________ turn.
②We took ________ (turn) to drive when we went to Guangzhou the other day.
③It's our ________ (turn) to do more for you.
答案：①in ②turns ③turn
(2)单句改错
If I do this thing for you, what do I get in turn？
______________________________________________________________
答案：turn→return
by turns 轮流，交替
in return 作为回报
take one's turn 依次，轮到某人
take turns to do/(in) doing sth. 轮流做某事
It is one's turn to do sth. 轮到某人做某事
④ lead to 导致(P6)
(1)单句语法填空
①This problem may lead ________ more serious ones if left unsolved.
②Experts warn that medical waste from hospitals, if not handled properly, may lead to ________ (spread) diseases.
③In class I will divide the students into small groups and lead them ________ (practice) speaking English in an interesting way.
答案：①to ②spreading ③to practice
(2)单句改错
He had led everyone to believing that his family was very wealthy.
______________________________________________________________
答案：believing→believe
lead to sp. 通往某地
lead to one's/one doing sth. 导致某人做某事
lead sb. to sth. 使得出(观点)；引导某人……
lead sb. to do sth. 使某人做某事
lead the way 带路
in the lead 领先
take the lead 带头；领先
(1)lead to中的to为介词，后接名词、代词或动词ing形式。
(2)表示“导致，造成”的短语还有：result in, contribute to, bring about等。
① [教材原句]Scientists found that the temperature of the Earth is controlled by greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide which trap heat from the sun in the Earth's atmosphere.
科学家们发现地球的气温受温室气体如二氧化碳的控制，这些气体能将来自太阳的热量留在地球的大气层里。(P6)
(1)单句语法填空
①(2018·北京高考)A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who ________ (trap) in the mountains for two days.
②(2018·天津高考)My washing machine ________ (repair) this week, so I have to wash my clothes by hand.
③(2018·江苏高考)I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan ________ (carry) out in the past two years.
答案：①had been trapped ②is being repaired ③had been carried
(2)单句改错
①Our teacher told us the earth went around the sun.
______________________________________________________________
②The question to being discussed tomorrow involves pollution.
______________________________________________________________
③Having well tended for half a year, the patient became far better.
______________________________________________________________
答案：①went→goes ②being→be ③well前加been
(1)当从句表示客观真理或事实及自然现象时，其时态不受主句的限制，而用一般现在时。
(2)
② [教材原句]Without these naturally occurring gases, the sun's rays would bounce back into space leaving the Earth cold and impossible to live on.
如果没有这些自然产生的气体，太阳光将会被反射回太空去，地球将处于寒冷之中，不适合生命的存在。(P6)
(1)单句语法填空
①Without air there ________ (be) no living things.
②But for your help, we couldn't ________ (succeed).
③I'm really busy, otherwise, I would certainly ________ (go) with you.
答案：①would be ②have succeeded ③go
(2)句型转换
If he hadn't helped me, I couldn't have finished the task ahead of time.
＝________ his help, I couldn't have finished the task ahead of time.
答案：Without
句中“without these naturally occurring gases”是介词短语作状语，表示假设，可替换为条件状语从句“If there were no naturally occurring gases”，因而称为含蓄虚拟条件句。除without外，介词短语but for, but that 等以及连词otherwise, or等也常用于表示含蓄虚拟条件。
③ [教材原句]Given this data, it seems that the link between human activities and rising global temperatures is not merely a coincidence.
考虑到这一数据，人类活动与正在上升的全球温度之间的关联似乎不仅仅是一个巧合。(P6)
(1)单句语法填空
①________ (give) the number of people we invited, I'm surprised that so few came.
②________ (consider) that she is interested in children, I'm sure teaching is a right career for her.
③________ (see) that you are already at the door, I suppose I must invite you inside.
答案：①Given ②Considering ③Seeing
(2)单句写作
I have to be careful with money, ____________________________________.
考虑到我赚的不多，我用钱必须得仔细。
答案：given that I don't earn much
句中的given为介词，意为“考虑到，鉴于”，表示原因；另外given that可视为连词，后接从句，意为“考虑到；假定”。
引导条件状语从句，用法相似的表达还有：
considering (that) 考虑到
seeing (that) ... 鉴于，既然
provided/providing (that) ... 如果，假定
suppose/supposing (that) ... 假定，如果
assuming (that) 假设，如果
课文回练 升华运用
根据课文内容，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
It is reported __1__ Earth's climate is being changed and human beings will face global warming. Global warming refers __2__ an average increase in the Earth's temperature that, __3__ turn, leads to climate change. The global average temperature has increased __4__ 1 over the last 100 years because of human activities. If the situation continues, we are condemning life on Earth and should face __5__ (terror) climate changes, serious diseases and bad effects on some __6__ (industry) as well as the __7__ (rise) sea levels. So how can we stop these disasters from happening? Governments all over the world have a __8__ (responsible) to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide __9__ (produce) by their countries. Everyone can play his role by making small changes in his __10__ (day) life.
1.________ 2.________ 3.________ 4.________
5.________ 6.________ 7.________ 8.________
9.________ 10.________
答案：1.that 2.to 3.in 4.by 5.terrible 6.industries 7.rising 8.responsibility 9.produced 10.daily
基础达标 自主训练
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.The photo now proves, ________ doubt, that my client is innocent.
答案：beyond beyond doubt “毫无疑问，毋庸置疑”。句意：这张照片毫无疑问证明了我的客户是无辜的。
2.We have only twenty minutes left, so please get to the point and don't say anything that isn't ________ (relevance) to our problem.
答案：relevant be relevant to “与……相关”。句意：我们只剩下20分钟了，所以请说重点，不要说与问题不相关的话了。
3.Every possible means ________ (try).
答案：has been tried means是单复数同形的名词，作主语时前有every, each, one等修饰语时，谓语用单数。句意：一切方法都试过了。
4.Firefighters tried every means to save residents ________ (trap) in the burning building.
答案：trapped 分析句子结构可知，空处作后置定语，修饰residents, residents与trap之间为被动关系，故填过去分词trapped。
5.It is necessary for us to think of others and be ________ (consider) towards them.
答案：considerate 此处为形容词作表语。 be considerate towards sb. “对某人体贴入微”。
6.Many experts advocate ________ (reward) your child for good behaviour.
答案：rewarding advocate doing sth. “提倡做某事”。
7.I have tried hard to improve my English. But by ________ means is the teacher satisfied with my progress.
答案：no 短语by no means “决不，一点也不”，放在句首时句子要用部分倒装。
8.________ (give) that he supports us, we will win the election.
答案：Given given that＋从句，意为“如果，假定”。
9.The old computer doesn't work. We must substitute a new one ________ it.
答案：for substitute A for B “用A替代B”。
10.He complained that Beijing ________ hot in summer.
答案：is 间接引语中转述的内容为客观事实时，时态用一般现在时。
Ⅱ.单句写作
1.The scenery in my hometown is beautiful ____________________ (无法形容).
答案：beyond description
2.His illness led to his ________________________ (不能) attend school.
答案：not being able to
3.The little child's wish is ________________ to Disneyland.
这个小孩子的愿望是被领着去迪斯尼乐园。
答案：to be taken
4.His parents died in the car accident when the boy was five years old, ________________________ (剩下他成了孤儿).
答案：leaving him an orphan
5.______________________________________________________________
要不是你的帮助，我不能这么快完成工作。(but for)
答案：I couldn't have finished the work so soon but for your help.
Ⅲ.语法填空
(2019·西藏拉萨市高三第三次模拟)Climate scientists from the University of Sydney in Australia say tourism causes over 8% of greenhouse gases. Their study looked at the carbon footprints of many __1__ (vary) areas of tourism. Up to now, it __2__ (study) the CO2 emissions (排放) from transport, events, hotels, restaurants __3__ shopping. The researchers spent 18 months carrying out the research. They researched the tourist __4__ (activity) of 189 countries. Researcher Dr Arunima Malik said her team analysed the influence __5__ the environment of over one million businesses __6__ (involve) in tourism.
The researchers said domestic (国内的) travel was a __7__ (big) cause of CO2 emissions than international or business travel. Air travel was the largest part of tourism's footprints. The researchers said flying would continue to increase global emissions as more people in the world become richer. The countries __8__ (cause) the most harm are the biggest and richest nations.The USA, India and Germany have the largest tourism carbon footprints, in __9__ carbon emissions will continue to increase as more of their citizens travel. The researchers encouraged holidaymakers and travelers to try to reduce their carbon footprints __10__ (great) when on vacation so their travel causes less harm to the planet.
1.________ 2.________ 3.________ 4.________
5.________ 6.________ 7.________ 8.________
9.________ 10.________
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了旅游会产生温室气体，呼吁旅游者在旅游的同时减少自己的碳排放量。
1.various/varied 考查词性转换。修饰名词areas of tourism要用形容词，故用vary的形容词形式various/varied。
2.has studied 考查动词的时态。由本句的时间状语Up to now可知该句时态为现在完成时；由it可知应该用第三人称单数形式，故填has studied。
3.and 考查连词。此处shopping和transport, events, hotels, restaurants为并列关系，故用and连接。
4.activities 考查名词。由空后的189 countries可知，此处应为复数形式，故填activities。
5.on/upon 考查介词。the influence on/upon “对……的影响”，固定搭配，故用介词on/upon。
6.involved 考查非谓语动词。business和involve之间为被动关系，故用动词的过去分词involved作后置定语，表示“被包括在内”。
7.bigger 考查形容词的比较级。由后面的than可知考查比较级，故用big的比较级bigger。
8.causing 考查非谓语动词。countries和cause之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，故用动词的现在分词作定语修饰countries。
9.which 考查定语从句的引导词。此处为“介词加关系代词”引导的定语从句，which代指先行词The USA, India and Germany；in可以放到句中去，为carbon emissions will continue to increase as more of their citizens travel in the USA, India and Germany。故填关系代词which。
10.greatly 考查词性转换。修饰动词reduce，所以用副词形式，故填greatly。
Ⅳ.短文改错
(2019·兰州一中高三月考)Fang Tong is 34 years old, an actor, director and teacher of Beijing Opera Theatre. Most of his students are from other part of China and have come to Beijing at a very young age of sixteen or seventeen. He hopes create an environment for his students that it is much more relaxing than the one he used to study in. He thought that an actor should relax himself when performing. Yet his students deep respect him and he never needs to raise his voice in order to be hearing. For his opinion, actors should go on even when they feel they have made mistake in their performances because the moment is already gone but people can never be back to it. So art is always changing and developing.
答案：
Fang Tong is 34 years old, an actor, director and teacher of Beijing Opera Theatre. Most of his students are from other of China and have come to Beijing at very young age of sixteen or seventeen. He hopes create an environment for his students that is much more relaxing than the one he used to study in. He that an actor should relax himself when performing. Yet his students respect him and he never needs to raise his voice in order to be . his opinion, actors should go on even when they feel they have made / in their performances because the moment is already gone people can never be back to it. So art is always changing and developing.
难项分析：
第六处：deep→deeply 考查副词。deep作副词，表示“深深地”，表具体含义，而副词deeply意为“深深地”，但表抽象含义，一般用于情感或思想方面，此处表示“深深地尊敬”，故应用deeply。
第七处：hearing→heard 考查被动形式。表示“为了被听见”，这里应用不定式的被动式。
第十处：but→and 考查连词。前后两分句之间是表示顺承的并列关系，故将but改为and。
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