2021高三统考外研英语一轮（经典版）学案：专题9 形容词和副词
展开专题九 形容词和副词
1.(2019·浙江高考，65)School uniforms are ________ (tradition) in Britain, but some schools are starting to get rid of them.
答案：traditional 此处形容词作表语，用来说明主语school uniforms的特点。
2．(2019·浙江高考，60)When the children are walking or cycling to school on dark mornings, car drivers can ________ (easy) see them.
答案：easily 此处修饰动词see，用easy的副词形式easily。
3．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ，68)Scientists have responded by noting that hungry bears may be congregating (聚集) around human settlements, leading to the illusion (错觉) that populations are ________ (high) than they actually are.
答案：higher 根据空格后的than可知，此处应用high的比较级形式higher。
4．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ，61)On our way to the house, it was raining ________ hard that we couldn't help wondering how long it would take to get there.
答案：so 分析句子结构可知，此处是so ... that ... 结构，意为“如此……以至于……”，so修饰副词hard。
5．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ，68)They also shared with us many traditional stories about Hawaii that were ________ (huge) popular with tourists.
答案：hugely 所填词修饰形容词popular，故应用huge的副词形式hugely。be hugely popular with “非常受……欢迎”。
6．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ，63)He screams the ________ (loud) of all.
答案：loudest 由后面提到的“of all”可知，指代三者以上“最大的声音”，用最高级。
7．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ，66)As a result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing. Even ________ (bad), the amount of fast food that people eat goes up.
答案：worse 设空处句意：更糟糕的是，人们所吃快餐的数量增加了。even worse “更糟糕的是”，习惯搭配。
8．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ，短文改错)I became interesting in playing football thanks to a small accident.
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答案：interesting→interested become interested in “变得对……感兴趣”。
9．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ，短文改错)First, I wanted to be a fireman, whose uniform looked so coolly.
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答案：coolly→cool 连系动词look后跟形容词作表语。
10．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ，短文改错)What I want is not just an ordinarily cafe but a very special one.
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答案：ordinarily→ordinary 此处用形容词ordinary修饰名词cafe。
形容词
1．形容词的作用
形容词用来修饰名词或代词，表示人或事物的性质、状态或特征。在句中作定语、表语、宾语补足语以及状语。
In the valleys colourful butterflies flew around us.
She can be really stubborn.
I found it difficult to calm down.
[注意] ①有些形容词通常作表语，不能像普通形容词那样作前置定语，这样的形容词称为表语形容词，如alive, alone, asleep, alike, afraid, awake, ashamed, sure。
②有些形容词只能作定语，不能作表语，这样的形容词称为定语形容词，如golden, wooden, silken, live, elder, former, latter, front, back, outer。
2．形容词在句中的位置
(1)单个形容词作定语时，一般放在被修饰的名词之前；两个或两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时，排列顺序一般应考虑以下两种情况：
①和被修饰的名词关系比较密切的形容词位置更靠近名词。
Jane Eyre is a moving English novel.
②音节少的形容词在前，音节多的形容词在后。
I have a small but beautiful room.
(2)多个形容词排序
常见形容词顺序归纳为口诀如下：限定描绘大长高，形状年龄与新老，颜色国籍出材料，作用类别往后靠。即限定词(冠词、代词、数词等)＋描绘性形容词(beautiful、interesting ...)＋大小、长短、高低形容词＋形状、年龄、新旧形容词＋颜色、国籍、出处、材料形容词＋用途、类别形容词＋中心名词。 可以简单地记为：“县官行令宴国才(限冠形龄颜国材)。”
The old lady wants to buy a beautiful red Chinese silk dress for her daughter as a present.
They bought a charming big round new black French wooden writing desk last year.
(3)单个形容词作定语时，在下列情况之下，形容词应放在被修饰的词之后。
①形容词修饰不定代词something, nothing, anything等时应后置。
I have something important to tell you.
There is nothing dangerous here.
②表语形容词作定语时需后置，如alive, present, possible, afraid, alone, awake。
He is the greatest writer alive.
He is the only person awake at the moment.
3．倍数表达法的句式
倍数表达法主要有以下5种：
(1) ... 倍数＋as＋形容词/副词原级＋as ...
(2) ... 倍数＋形容词/副词比较级＋than ...
(3) ... 倍数＋the size/length/weight/height of ...
(4) ... 倍数＋that of ...
(5) ... 倍数＋what ...
[注意] 表示倍数的词始终在前面。
①我们的新房子是旧房子的三倍大。
Our new house is three times as large as the old one.
＝Our new house is three times larger than the old one.
＝Our new house is three times the size of the old one.
②2017年的汽车产量比2016年的产量大六倍。
The output of cars in 2017 is seven times that of 2016.
＝The output of cars in 2017 is seven times what it was in 2016.
副词
1．副词的作用
副词是一种用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或全句的词，说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。常在句中作状语、表语、定语、宾语补足语、介词宾语等成分。
He got up early this morning.
The building there looks very small.
[注意] 有些副词可修饰名词，用以加强语气，相当于状语。常用的这类副词为quite, rather, even等。
We held quite a party last weekend.
Even a child won't believe such a story you told.
2．副词的分类
时间副词 | now, today, recently, late, soon, yet |
频率副词 | often, always, usually, seldom, frequently |
地点副词 | away, abroad, anywhere, downstairs, home, here, there |
方式副词 | clearly, carefully, badly, quietly, quickly |
程度副词 | almost, a little, much, very, rather, quite, fairly, deeply |
疑问连接副词 | when, where, why, how |
否定副词 | not, hardly, scarcely, rarely, never |
3．副词在句中的位置
时间副词和地点副词一般放在句尾。如果这两种副词同时出现在句中，则把地点副词放在时间副词前面，也可把时间副词放在句首。但always, seldom, often, never, rarely等副词通常放在行为动词之前，放在情态动词、助动词和be动词之后。
They will go there tomorrow.
I often go to school at seven in the morning.
My brother is seldom late for school.
[注意] ①enough作为副词时总是置于被修饰的形容词或副词之后。
The book is easy enough for little kids.
②enough作形容词时，可置于名词之前或之后。
We haven't enough time/time enough to prepare for the meeting.
形容词与副词的比较级和最高级
1．比较级和最高级的基本构成
(1)规则变化
构成法 | 原级 | 比较级 | 最高级 |
一般单音节词末尾加er, est | tall | taller | tallest |
great | greater | greatest | |
以不发音的e结尾的单音节词和少数以le结尾的双音节词只加r, st | nice | nicer | nicest |
simple | simpler | simplest | |
以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单音节词，双写结尾的辅音字母，再加er, est | big | bigger | biggest |
hot | hotter | hottest | |
以辅音字母＋y结尾的双音节词，改y为i，再加er, est | easy | easier | easiest |
busy | busier | busiest | |
少数以er, ow结尾的双音节词末尾加er, est | clever | cleverer | cleverest |
narrow | narrower | narrowest | |
其他双音节词和多音节词，在前面加more, most来构成比较级和最高级 | important | more important | most important |
easily | more easily | most easily |
(2)不规则变化
原级 | 比较级 | 最高级 |
good/well | better | best |
bad/ill | worse | worst |
old | older/elder | oldest/eldest |
续表
原级 | 比较级 | 最高级 |
much/many | more | most |
little | less | least |
far | farther/further | farthest/furthest |
2．比较级和最高级的用法
(1)比较级的用法
①“比较级＋than”，表示一方超过另一方。
Our school is better than that one.
②“less＋原级＋than”，表示一方不及另一方。
This park is less beautiful than that one.
③“the＋比较级 ...，the＋比较级 ...”，表示“越……，越……”。
The higher the temperature is, the greater the pressure is.
④“比较级＋and＋比较级”，表示“越来越……”。
The weather is getting colder and colder.
[注意] 比较级可以被even, a lot, a bit, a little, still, much, far, yet, any, rather, no, a great deal, by far等修饰。
He works even harder than before.
(2)与比较等级相关的常用表达
①more B than A ＝ less A than B “与其说A不如说B”。
He is more lazy than slow at his work.
＝He is less slow than lazy at his work.
②more than “不仅仅……”；no more than＝only “仅仅，只不过”；not more than “至多，不超过”。
Language is more than a tool with which people communicate with each other.
③no＋比较级＋than ... “都不”，是对两者的共同否定，且侧重前者；而not＋比较级＋than ... “不及”，表前者不如后者。
Josie speaks Chinese no more fluently than her brother.
I don't run faster than anyone else in my class.
(3)最高级的用法
①三者或三者以上相比，表示最高程度时，用“the＋最高级”的结构表示。这种句式一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语。
Zhang Hua is the tallest of the three.
He works (the) hardest in his class.
②最高级可被序数词以及much, by far, nearly, almost, by no means, not quite, not really, nothing like等词语所修饰。
The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.
This is by far the best movie that I have ever seen.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2020·陕西省部分学校第一学期摸底检测)In addition, singing in groups helped people feel ________ (little) stressed, enhanced their mood and increased their confidence, social skills and feeling of well－being.
答案：less 根据后面的“enhanced their mood ... feeling of well－being”可知，合唱帮助人们缓解压力，即帮助人们感受到更少的压力，故用副词little的比较级less，修饰其后的形容词“stressed”。
2．How ________ (consider) and wonderful of you to remember my birthday!
答案：considerate 句意：您真的很体贴很好，还记得我的生日！how后面接形容词，构成感叹句。
3．(2019·广东省五校联考)In the 2014 PISA rankings, which measures global educational standards, Thai students performed below the global average and much ________ (bad) than those from poorer Vietnam in subjects like maths and science.
答案：worse 根据空格后than的提示可知，设空处应为比较级，bad的比较级为worse。
4．(2019·内蒙古赤峰二中高三第二次月考)As Artificial Intelligence becomes ________ (increasing) complicated, there are growing concerns that robots could become a threat.
答案：increasingly 修饰动词短语becomes complicated，应该使用副词作状语。
5．I am writing to express my warm congratulations on your winning the first prize in the English Speech Contest ________ (recent) held in our city.
答案：recently 句意：我写信表达热烈的祝贺。祝贺你在我市最近举办的英语演讲比赛中获得一等奖。 修饰过去分词held用副词形式。
6．I'm very happy to know that you have ________ (success) got the gold medal in the International Science and Technology Innovation Contest this year.
答案：successfully 句意：我很高兴获悉你在今年的国际科技创新大赛中成功获取金牌。修饰动词have got用副词形式。
7．After all the work had been done, we headed home, ________ (tire) but happy.
答案：tired 句意：所有工作完成之后，我们回家了，虽然疲劳但是开心。 说明句子主语we的状态，所以用形容词作状语。
8．I don't think what he said is ________ (relevance) to the topic we are discussing. He has missed the point.
答案：relevant relevant “有关的，贴切的”。be relevant to “与……相关的”，固定搭配。
9．(2019·广东省高三“六校联盟”第一次联考)The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Met) is one of the world's ________ (large) art museums.
答案：largest 句意：大都会艺术博物馆是世界上最大的博物馆之一。根据“one of the＋形容词最高级＋复数名词”的结构可知，此处使用largest。
10．________ (hope), we'll meet again on Thursday.
答案：Hopefully 句意：希望咱们星期四再见面。修饰整个句子，用副词作状语。
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．We could see very clear a strange light ahead of us.
__________________________________________________________________
答案：clear→clearly 修饰动词see应用clear的副词形式。
2．They often get up earlier and water the vegetables together.
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答案：earlier→early 由句子中的副词often可知，是一个经常发生的动作，无比较的对象，故需用原级。
3．They have also bought some gardening tools. Beside, they often get some useful information from the Internet.
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答案：Beside→Besides beside是介词，意为“在旁边”，根据句意和beside后面的逗号可知，此处应用副词besides(而且，此外)。
4．I enjoyed studying difference kinds of cars and planes, playing pop music, and collecting the latest music albums.
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答案：difference→different 名词kinds前应该用形容词作定语，different kinds of ... “不同种类的……”。
5．At one time, I even felt my parents couldn't understand me so I hoped I could be freely from them.
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答案：freely→free be free from “免于，不受……的影响，没有……的影响”，固定搭配。
