2021高三统考外研英语一轮（经典版）学案：专题2 非谓语动词
展开专题二 非谓语动词
1.(2019·全国卷Ⅱ，61)A 90－year－old has been awarded “Woman Of The Year” for ________ (be) Britain's oldest full－time employee—still working 40 hours a week.
答案：being 介词for后跟动词时，要用其动名词形式。
2．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ，68)When we got a call ________ (say) she was short－listed, we thought it was a joke.
答案：saying say与前面的a call之间是主动关系，故填saying，用现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰a call。
3．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ，64)I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid ________ (look) directly into his eyes so he doesn't feel challenged.
答案：looking 动词avoid后面接名词或动名词。此处表示“避免直接看他的眼睛”，应填looking。
4．(2019·天津高考，4)________(learn) to think critically is an important skill today's children will need for the future.
答案：Learning 本空在主句中作主语，应该用动名词形式。
5．(2019·天津高考，10)Most colleges now offer first－year students a course specially ________ (design) to help them succeed academically and personally.
答案：designed a course与design之间是被动关系，因此用过去分词作后置定语。
6．(2019·浙江高考，63)But some students didn't want ________ (wear) the uniform.
答案：to wear want to do sth. “想要做某事”，固定用法。
7．(2019·江苏高考，30)________ (enjoy) the convenience of digital payment, many senior citizens started to use smart phones.
答案：To enjoy 句意：为了享受电子支付的便利，许多老年人开始使用智能手机。使用智能手机的目的是享受电子支付的便利，故用不定式短语作目的状语。
8．(2019·江苏高考，32)China's image is improving steadily, with more countries ________ (recognize) its role in international affairs.
答案：recognizing 句意：中国的形象正在稳步提升，更多的国家认识到中国在国际事务中的作用。此处是with复合结构(with＋宾语＋宾补)，more countries与recognize (承认，认识，认可)之间是主动关系，故用现在分词作宾补。
9．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ， 短文改错)All the football players on the playground cheered loudly, say that I had a talent for football.
__________________________________________________________________
答案：say→saying 分析句子结构可知，cheered是谓语动词，say前没有并列连词，所以say只能用非谓语动词形式；主语与say之间是主动关系，故用现在分词短语作状语。
10．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ，短文改错)If I succeed in manage one, I will open more.
__________________________________________________________________
答案：manage→managing succeed in doing sth. “成功做某事”。
动词ing形式
1．动词ing形式作主语、宾语或表语
| 用法 | 例句 |
作主语 | 动词ing形式作主语时，谓语动词用单数 | ①It is no use sending him a letter of apology. ②Being exposed to sunlight for too much time does harm to one's skin. |
作宾语 | 动词ing形式可以作介词的宾语也可以作动词的宾语 | ①Nothing can stop the plan from being carried out. ②Have you considered making contributions to your hometown after graduation？ |
作表语 | 动词ing形式作表语时，有两种不同的含义 | ①My job is teaching.(说明主语的内容) ②The news is exciting.(说明主语的性质) 比较：He is reading.(正在进行的动作) |
[注意] ①常见的后面接动词ing形式作宾语的动词或短语有：
动词 | 后接动词的形式 | 意义 |
finish, practice, enjoy, mind, avoid, admit, appreciate, feel like, suggest, stand, risk, consider, escape, miss, delay, dislike, imagine, understand, look forward to, insist on, can't help, get down to | ＋doing | 词义不变 |
continue, like, love, begin, start, learn | ＋doing | 意义基本相同 |
＋to do | ||
go on, remember, forget, regret, try, mean, stop | ＋doing | 与已做的事有关 |
＋to do | 表示将来要做的事情 | |
advise, allow, permit, forbid, encourage | ＋doing | “建议/允许/禁止/鼓励”做某事 |
＋sb. to do sth. | “建议/允许/禁止/鼓励”某人做某事 |
②有关动词ing形式的短语或句型：
spend some time doing sth.花时间做某事
have fun/have a good time/have a bad time doing sth.很(不)愉快做某事
have (no) difficulty doing sth.做某事(没)有困难
catch sb. doing sth.逮住某人在做某事
there is no point doing sth.做某事没有意义
there is no denying that ... 毋庸置疑……
It's no use/good doing sth.做某事没有用/没好处
be worth doing sth.某事值得(被)做
be busy doing sth. 忙于做某事
can't help doing sth. 情不自禁做某事
sth. needs doing某事需要被做
end up doing sth. 结果做了某事
2．动词ing形式作状语、定语、宾语补足语
| 形式 | 用法 | 例句 |
作状语 | doing | 表示主动的动作，可以表示原因、条件、伴随等。作结果状语时，表示顺理成章的结果 | ①Finding her car stolen, she turned to a policeman for help.(原因) ②He ran too fast, falling to the ground.(结果) ③Working hard(If you work hard), you will surely succeed.(条件) |
having done | 表示主动，该动作发生在主句谓语动词之前 | Not having received any reply, he decided to write again. | |
having been done | 表示被动、完成，该动作发生在主句谓语动词之前 | Having been kept in the fridge for two hours, the food has gone bad. | |
作定语 | doing | 表示主动的动作，如果是动词ing短语，要置于所修饰的名词之后 | ①I have had rather a depressing time. ②There were some children swimming in the river. |
being done | 作后置定语，表示被动、且正在进行的动作 | The question being discussed at the meeting now is very important. | |
作宾语补足语 | doing | 表示主动或正在进行的动作。如果是被动语态，那么，宾语补足语就变成主语补足语 | ①I can see some kids playing on the playground. ②The boy was caught cheating in the exam. |
[注意] 英语中有些动词既可以用动词ing形式作宾语补足语也可以用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语，但表达的意义有所不同。如see sb. do sth. (看到某人做了某事，表示看到事情的全过程)和see sb. doing sth. (看到某人正在做某事，表示看到的是正在发生的事情)。常见的用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：feel, hear, notice, see, watch, obverse, listen to, look at等。
过去分词
| 用法 | 例句 |
作状语 | 过去分词作状语，表示被动的动作，相当于状语从句，可以表示时间、原因、条件等，可以转换为相应的状语从句 | ①Seen from the hill, the city looks more beautiful. ②United, we stand; divided, we fall. |
状语从句改成过去分词作状语时，有时还可保留连词，构成“连词＋过去分词”结构作状语 | ①When given a medical examination, you should keep calm. ②I won't go to the party unless invited. | |
作定语 | 过去分词作定语表示被动，相当于省略了 “which/that＋be”的定语从句。过去分词用作定语，如果是单个的词，常置于其所修饰的名词之前 | ①The boy looked up with a pleased expression. ②The bridge, built in 1950, still stands today. |
作宾语补足语 | 作表示感觉或心理状态的动词的宾语补足语。此类动词有：see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel, notice, think等 | ①I heard the song sung in English. ②He felt himself cheated. |
作表示“致使”意义的动词的宾语补足语。此类动词有：have, get, keep, leave等 | ①I'll have my hair cut tomorrow. ②He got his tooth pulled out yesterday. ③Don't leave those things undone. | |
make后面接反身代词，接过去分词作宾补，表示“使自己被……” | He spoke in a louder voice in order to make himself heard. | |
在“with＋复合宾语”结构中，表示被动的动作 | With everything done, we went home. | |
作表语 | 过去分词作表语常常用来修饰人，而用动词ing形式修饰物 | The book is interesting and I'm interested in it. |
动词不定式
1．动词不定式作主语、表语、宾语或宾语补足语
动词不定式可以作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语，也可以和疑问词构成不定式短语作主语、宾语或表语。
| 用法 | 例句 |
作主语 | 不定式作主语时，谓语动词用单数 | Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. |
不定式作主语时，可以用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语置于后面，即“It is＋形容词或名词＋(for/of sb.)to do sth.” | ①It is important for you to learn Chinese well. ②It is kind of you to have given us so much help. | |
作表语 | 当主语部分有what/all/everything等代词和实义动词do(表示“做”)的某种形式，那么作表语的不定式可以不带to | ①What we should do at the moment is (to) study hard. ②All he did at work was (to) press the button if necessary. |
作宾语 | ①常接不定式作宾语的动词有：afford, agree, arrange, ask, beg, care, choose, decide, demand, determine, expect, fear, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, aim, fail, long, happen, hesitate, struggle，attempt, volunteer, desire等 ②不定式符号to代替整个不定式时，be和have不能省略 | ①We managed to put the fire out. ②He wanted to swim across the river but I warned him not to. ③His mother wanted him to be a teacher when he grew up, but he didn't want to be. |
续表
| 用法 | 例句 |
作宾语补足语 | ①常见的用“带to的不定式作宾语补足语”的及物动词或短语有：allow, ask, beg, cause, command, forbid, force, get, help, intend, invite, would like, order, permit, persuade, request, teach, tell, remind, train, want, warn, wish, advise, encourage, instruct, urge, call on, count on, depend on, long for, rely on, vote for, wait for等 ②常见的用“不带to的不定式作宾语补足语”的动词有：feel, hear, have, help, let, make, notice, see, watch, listen to, look at等 | ①We don't allow them to take away any books from our library. ②We listened to him play a piece by Chopin on the piano. ③Someone was heard to open the door.(用于被动语态时，要特别注意作主语补足语的不定式必须带 “to”) |
2．动词不定式作状语、定语
(1)作状语
动词不定式作状语可以表示目的、结果、原因、程度等。动词不定式作目的状语，如果置于主句后，不定式前面常常不用逗号(出乎意料的结果除外)。
①He ran fast to catch the bus.(目的状语)
②I returned home that day，only to find that everything was being in good order.(结果状语，表示出乎意料的结果。如果表示顺理成章的结果，用动词ing形式)
③I am sorry to hear that.(原因状语)
④She wouldn't be so silly to say that.(程度状语)
(2)作定语
动词不定式作定语往往表示将来的动作。
①He has nothing to do.
②We reached an agreement to do the work together.
③They made a plan to develop new products.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2019·福建省百所重点校高三年级联合考试)________ (use) a different mental approach might help explain why people with math anxiety struggle more with complex problems.
答案：Using 分析句子结构可知，此处缺少主语，故使用动名词using和后面的a different mental approach一起作主语。
2．From our survey, we were happy ________ (find) the farmers' living standard greatly improved.
答案：to find be happy to do sth. “很高兴做某事”。
3．(2020·湖北省孝感市第一中学高三年级月考)Eating soil can produce more effective results ________ (compare) to eating slimming pills, claimed researchers from an Australian university.
答案：compared 句意：澳大利亚的一个大学的研究团队声称，吃土可能比吃减肥药的效果还好。分析句子可知，“compare”属于非谓语，与其逻辑主语“eating soil”之间是动宾关系，故用过去分词形式compared。
4．________ (work) in several countries, the young man seems to have the experience we're looking for.
答案：Having worked 句意：这个年轻人在几个国家工作过，似乎拥有我们所需要的经验。表示发生在主句谓语动词之前的主动的动作，用having worked。
5．You can trust him. He is a man ________ (know) throughout the business field for his honesty.
答案：known 句意：你可以信任他。他是一个在商业界因诚实而著称的人。know与其修饰的名词man之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系，用过去分词known。
6．(2019·黑龙江牡丹江市一中高三摸底考试) ________ (face) with a difficult situation, Amold decided to ask his boss for advice.
答案：Faced 固定短语be faced with “面对着……”；该短语是对句子主语Amold的情况进行说明。句意：面对着艰难的形势，Amold决定向老板征询建议。
7．Our English teacher started a WeChat Group ________ (communicate) with us after school.
答案：to communicate 句意：我们英语老师建了一个微信群，为了课后交流。表示目的，用动词不定式形式。
8．________ (cover) 840 square miles, the national park has beautiful lakes, mountains, and forests.
答案：Covering 句意：占地面积840平方英里，这个国家公园里有湖泊、山脉和森林。逻辑主语the national park与cover之间构成主动关系，用动词ing形式，故填Covering。
9．The experience ________ (gain) from failure is of great value to us.
答案：gained 句意：从失败中获得的经验对我们很有价值。 该动词gain与其所修饰的名词experience之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系，用gained。
10．A growing trend in China now gives customers the options ________ (pay) the bill by scanning a QR code or cash.
答案：to pay 句意：在中国现在有一个越来越火的趋势，让顾客选择扫码或者现金付账单。修饰名词options，用动词不定式作后置定语。
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．To make it easier to get in touch with us, you'd better to keep this card at hand.
__________________________________________________________________
答案：去掉better后的to 句意：为了更容易地和我们取得联系，你最好把这张卡片放在手头上。had better do sth. “最好做某事”，为固定搭配。
2．Seeing from the top of the hill, the garden looks more beautiful.
________________________________________________________________________
答案：Seeing→Seen the garden与see之间是被动关系，因此用过去分词作状语。
3．Our company is going on very well. Employ dozens of local women, we produce handmade goods with unique designs that sell well overseas.
__________________________________________________________________
答案：Employ→Employing we是employ这一动作的执行者，因此用现在分词短语作状语。
4．(2019·福建省厦门一中高三第一次月考)Offered the opportunity to speak at the graduation ceremony made me overjoyed.
__________________________________________________________________
答案：Offered→Being offered 句意：被给予在毕业典礼上发言的机会让我欣喜若狂。本句的谓语动词是made，其前部分内容应该是主语且“我”应是“被给予机会”，故应用动名词的被动式作主语。
5．(2019·桂林市第十八中学高三第二次月考)With nothing leaving to burn, the fire became weak and finally died out.
__________________________________________________________________
答案：leaving→left 句意：由于没有什么东西可燃烧的了，火越来越弱最后熄灭了。句中nothing和动词leave之间是被动关系，故用过去分词作宾补。
