2021高三统考外研英语一轮（经典版）学案：专题4 定语从句
展开专题四 定语从句
1.(2019·全国卷Ⅱ，62)Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am to 5 pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, ________ she opened with her late husband Les.
答案：which 分析句子结构可知，逗号后是非限制性定语从句，the pet shop是先行词，定语从句中缺少opened的宾语，故用which引导非限制性定语从句。
2．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ，64)They were well trained by their masters ________ had great experience with caring for these animals.
答案：who 分析句子结构可知，所填词引导定语从句，修饰指人的先行词their masters，且在从句中作主语，故填关系代词who。
3．(2019·浙江高考，58)On the edge of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth ________ gives off light in the dark.
答案：that/which 此处引导定语从句来修饰先行词a piece of cloth，而且在从句中作主语，所以用that或which来引导。
4．(2019·江苏高考，21)We have entered into an age ________ dreams have the best chance of coming true.
答案：when 句意：我们已经进入了一个梦想最有可能实现的时代。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导定语从句，先行词是表示时间的名词an age，在从句中作时间状语，故用关系副词when引导定语从句。
5．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ，69)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government started a soiltesting program ________ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers—and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.
答案：that/which 设空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词program，同时在定语从句中作主语，所以用that/which。
6．(2018·天津高考，2)Kate, ________ sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia.
答案：whose 设空处引导非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少定语，指代Kate的姐姐。故应用whose引导该从句。
7．(2018·浙江高考，57)Many westerners ________ come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.
答案：who/that 设空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词westerners，指人，在从句中作主语，所以用who/that。
8．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ，70)Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, ________ is not good for the health.
答案：which 句意：很可能摄入过多(脂肪和盐)，那对健康没有好处。分析句子结构可知，“________ is not good for the health”为非限制性定语从句，补充说明主句内容，关系词在从句中作主语。故填关系代词which。
9．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ，短文改错)One afternoon where I was in primary school, I was walking by the school playground.
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答案：where→when 先行词one afternoon是表示时间的名词，后面的定语从句应用when引导。
10．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ，短文改错)They also had a small pond which they raised fish.
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答案：which前加in或which→where 此处引导定语从句，修饰表示地点的先行词pond，而此处的引导词在定语从句中作状语，所以用in which或者where。
关系代词和关系副词引导的定语从句
在一个主从复合句中修饰某一个名词、代词或修饰整个主句的从句叫定语从句，即作定语的句子。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引导。这些关系词的意义和功能比较如下：
类别 | 引导词 | 句子成分 | 指代 | 例句 |
关系代词 | who | 主、宾、表 | 人 | Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way. |
whom | 宾、表 | 人 | The man who/whom you met just now is my friend. | |
whose | 定 | 所属关系，意为“……的” | I once lived in a house whose roof was broken. | |
which | 主、宾、表 | 物或整个句子 | Football is a game which is liked by most boys. | |
that | 主、宾、表 | 人或物 | The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises by one million. | |
as | 主、宾、表 | 人、物或整个句子 | As is known to all, China is a developing country. | |
关系副词 | when | 时间状语 | 时间 | The time when we got together finally came. |
where | 地点状语 | 地点 | The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. | |
why | 原因状语 | 原因 | Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. |
关系代词that与which, which与as的用法区别
that与which | 只用that的情况 | 当先行词既有人又有物时 | The writer and his novel that you have just talked about are really well known. |
先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时；先行词本身就是序数词或形容词的最高级时 | ①That is one of the most interesting books that are sold in the bookshop. ②The first thing that we should do is to get some food. ③The best that I could do was to apologize. | ||
当先行词是something, anything, nothing, everything, few, all, none, little, some等不定代词时，或由every, any, all, no, some, little, few, much等修饰时 | ①Is there anything that I can do for you? ②We should do all that is useful to the people. ③There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. ④Any man that has a sense of duty won't do such a thing. ⑤All the guests that were invited to her wedding were important people. | ||
当主句是以who，which开头的特殊疑问句时 | ①Who is the man that is standing in front of the crowd? ②Which is the room that Mr Wang lives in? | ||
当先行词由the last, the only, the right, the very等修饰时 | ①This is the very book that I'm looking for. ②Cucumber is the only vegetable that I like to eat. | ||
只用which的情况 | “介词＋关系代词”修饰的先行词指物时 | The table under which the boy crawled was put up for writing. | |
引导非限制性定语从句，指物或前面整个句子时 | He invited us to dinner, which was very kind of him. | ||
先行词本身是that时 | What's that which flashed in the sky just now？ |
续表
which与as | 在限制性定语从句中，当先行词前有such, the same或so修饰时，关系代词要用as | ①I bought the same book as you have. ②I'll give you such things as you may need. ③She is so nice a girl as we all like. |
在非限制性定语从句中，which引导的从句一般在主句之后，而as引导的从句，可在主句前、主句后，也可插在主句中 | ①He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy. ②As can be seen, oceans cover more than 70% of the earth. ③Einstein, as we know(＝as is well known), is a famous scientist. ④There was an Internet café around here, as I remember. | |
在非限制性定语从句中，which通常意为“这；这一点”；as通常表示说话人的态度、看法、解释等，意为“正如；就像” | ①He failed in the exam again, which was unexpected. ②He failed in the exam again, as was expected. |
“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中的注意事项
“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中的注意事项 | “介词＋关系代词”在定语从句中作时间、地点、原因状语，相当于关系副词when, where, why | ①I'll never forget the day on which/when I joined the army. ②The factory in which/where his father works is far away from my hometown. ③I don't know the reason for which/why he was late for school. |
“介词＋which”指物，“介词＋whom”指人 | ①This is the camera with which he often takes photos. ②This is the pilot with whom my brother has worked for ten years. | |
some, any, none, both, all, few, neither, most＋of＋关系代词(whom/which)，表示“所有”关系，或“整体与部分”的关系 | ①The Greens have two daughters, both of whom are college students. ②I have many books, some of which are on chemistry. | |
介词＋whose＋名词 | Mr Wang, with whose help I finished the work on time, is one of the teachers I love and respect. |
定语从句的其他事项
先行词是way时的定语从句 | way作先行词，表示“方式”，且在定语从句中作状语时，后面的定语从句用that或in which引导，也可以省略；表示“方式、方法”，且在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，后面的定语从句用that或which引导，作宾语时，引导词也可省略 | ①The way (that/in which) he spoke to us was suspicious. ②This is the way (that/which) he used to deal with the pollution. |
“介词＋关系代词”定语从句中介词的确定 | 根据与定语从句中动词的搭配来确定介词 | Water is the natural medium in which fish live. |
对于那些由动词与介词构成的短语动词，通常不宜将它们拆开使用，此时应注意介词的位置应放在动词后 | The boy (whom) my sister is looking after is getting better. | |
根据与定语从句中形容词的搭配来确定介词 | Physics is the subject in our school in which every student is interested. | |
根据与先行词的搭配来确定介词 | I will offer you a better way in which you can do the job. | |
根据句意来确定介词的使用 | This is the book from which I got the story. | |
定语从句中的主谓一致 | 定语从句中，关系代词在从句中作主语时，其后谓语动词的人称和数要与先行词保持一致 | Here's a letter from Mr Brown, who wants to come to Paris. |
在“one of＋复数名词”结构中，后接定语从句时，谓语动词通常用复数形式，但在“the only one of＋复数名词”结构中，定语从句谓语动词用单数形式 | He is the only one of the students who is often late. |
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2020·河南省南阳市第一中学高三上学期第三次月考)________ is known to all, smoking is harmful for health.
答案：As 本句是一个由as引导的非限制性定语从句，as指代后面的主句。
2．(2019·广东省深圳市南山区高三摸底)I had to stay and fight this rule again for girls ________ want to play football.
答案：who/that 句意：我不得不再次留下来为那些想踢足球的女孩们反抗这个规定。先行词是girls，定语从句中缺少主语，故填who或that。
3．We are living in an age ________ QR codes (二维码) are becoming more and more popular in our daily life.
答案：when 句意：我们生活在一个日常生活中二维码越来越受欢迎的时代。when引导定语从句，在从句中作时间状语。
4．(2019·广西桂林市十八中高三月考)Just as I was in the middle of my descent (下降), a gentleman entered the main entrance ________ was right in front of the staircase.
答案：which/that 句意：当我正在下楼梯的时候，一位男士走进了正门，而正门就在楼梯前面。设空处引导定语从句，修饰前面的先行词entrance，虽然entrance表示“入口处”，有地点的意味，但是从句中缺少主语，故填which/that。
5．They worked for two hours to rescue the man ________ was injured in the accident.
答案：who/that 句意：他们工作两个小时，挽救事故中受伤的那个人。who/that引导定语从句，在从句中作主语，修饰先行词the man。
6．Please go through the text and underline the words ________ meanings you don't know.
答案：whose 句意：请通读全文，划出你不知道意思的那些单词。whose引导定语从句，在从句中作定语。
7．Lichun is a Chinese word for one of the 24 solar terms, ________ means the beginning of spring.
答案：which 句意：立春是中国二十四节气中的一个节气，意味着春天的开始。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语，所以用which。
8．(2019·吉林省长春市实验中学学期初考试)We are talking about one of the most interesting devices ________ allow people to deal with lots of aspects of their lives.
答案：that 先行词devices前面有最高级the most interesting修饰，同时后面的句子缺少主语，应用that引导定语从句。
9．Two blocks beyond the school is a field ________ we often played football during childhood.
答案：where 句意：我们学校两个街区之外是一个运动场，我们孩提时代常常去那儿踢球。where引导定语从句，在从句中作地点状语。
10．Chongyang Festival, ________ is also known as the Double Ninth Festival, falls on the ninth day of the ninth month of the Chinese lunar calendar.
答案：which 句意：重阳节，也叫双九节，是在中国农历的9月9日。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语，所以用which。
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．(2019·中央民大附中月考)Which is often the case, however, there are others who find the theory less convincing.
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答案：Which→As 句意：然而，情况往往是这样的，有些人发现这个理论说服力不强。as is often the case “情况往往是这样”，此处as引导非限制性定语从句，位于句首，故把Which改为As。
2．In their spare time, they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house.
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答案：that→which 先行词为garden，且在从句中作主语，that不能引导非限制性定语从句，故需将that改成which。
3．The dishes what I cooked were Mom's favorite.
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答案：what→which/that或去掉what 关系代词在从句中作宾语，指物，用关系代词that/which；也可省略， what不用来引导定语从句。
4．I didn't become a serious climber until the fifth grade, which I went up to rescue a kite that was stuck in the branches of a tree.
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答案：which→when 本句中，逗号后是一个非限制性定语从句，补充说明和修饰先行词the fifth grade，关系词在从句中作状语，表时间，故改which为when。
5．Please send us all the information which you have about the candidate for the position.
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答案：which→that 先行词为information，在定语从句中充当have的宾语，先行词被all修饰，故关系词只能用that，不用which。
