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2021高三统考人教英语一轮（经典版）学案：第二部分专题二第1讲定语从句
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专题二 句法篇
第1讲 定语从句
考点一 定语从句概述及关系代词引导的定语从句一、定语从句概述
1．定义：在复合句中，修饰限定某一名词(或代词)的句子，叫定语从句。
2．先行词：被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词。
先行词一般是名词或不定代词，如：some， any， every， no与body, thing的合成词或all, none, any, some, that, those等代词。数词和人称代词也同样可作先行词。
3．关系词：连接先行词与从句的词叫关系词。
关系代词：who, whom, which, that, whose, as等。
关系副词：when, where, why等。
4．分类：定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两类。
区别：限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限定作用，而非限制性定语从句对先行词起补充说明作用，先行词与定语从句往往由逗号隔开。试比较：
5．功能：相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语。
6．位置：定语从句常置于被修饰词之后；as引导的非限制性定语从句可置于主句前、句中，也可置于主句之后。
①Those who are for the plan raise your hands, please.
请支持这个计划的人举手。
②As is known to us all, the earth is spinning around the sun.
我们都知道，地球围绕太阳旋转。
二、关系代词引导的定语从句
引导定语从句的关系代词有：that, which, who, whom, whose, as等，关系代词可作主语、宾语、定语等。
1．who, whom, that这些词代替的先行词是表示人的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。
I've made good friends with several of the students in my school who/whom/that I met in the English speech contest last year.
我已与去年在英语演讲比赛中遇到的我校的几个学生结交为好朋友。
2．whose既可指人又可指物，在定语从句中作定语。指物时，“whose＋名词”可用“the＋名词＋of which”或“of which＋the＋名词”来代替。
①Do you know the boy whose handwriting is very beautiful?
你认识那个书法非常漂亮的男孩吗？
②I'd like a room whose window looks out over the sea.
→I'd like a room, the window of which looks out over the sea.
→I'd like a room, of which the window looks out over the sea.
我想要一个窗户面临大海的房间。
3．which, that所代替的先行词是表示事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。
①He was reading a book which/that was about war.
他正在读一本关于战争的书。
A：指物时，关系代词that和which一般情况下可换用，但以下几种情况下一般用that，而不用which。
(1)先行词是all, everything, something, anything, nothing, none, few, little, much等不定代词，或先行词被all, every, some, any, no, few, little等修饰时。
②I have read all the books (that) you gave me.
你给我的所有书我都已经读过了。
[注意] 当something确指某物或某事时，用that或which都可以。
There is something that/which keeps worrying me.
有一件事一直令我不安。
(2)先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词(如：the first，the second, ...，the last等)修饰时。
③This is the best film (that) I have ever seen.
这是我看过的最好的电影。
(3)先行词被the only, the very, the right等修饰时。
④The only thing that matters is to find our way home.
唯一要紧的事情是找到我们回家的路。
(4)先行词既有人又有物时。
⑤They talked about the persons and things (that) they remembered in the school.
他们谈论起他们记得的学校里的人和事。
B：在以下情况中，只能用which，不能用that。
(1)在非限制性定语从句中，如果从句中缺少主语或宾语，并指物，只能用which。
⑥Our football team won the final, which made us excited.
我们的足球队赢得了决赛，这使我们非常兴奋。
(2)关系代词充当介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前时，只能用which。
⑦The house in which I used to live has become a shoe shop.
过去我居住的房子已变成了一家鞋店。
4．as引导的定语从句
A：as作为关系代词，在定语从句中缺少主语或宾语时使用，通常先行词由the same, as, such, so等修饰时，关系代词用as。
①They could only read such stories as had been rewritten in simple English.(as作主语)
他们只能读类似这样的一些用简易英语改写的故事。
②These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected.(as作宾语)
这些房子以人们期望的低价出售。
③This is the same knife as I lost.(as作宾语)
这把小刀和我丢的那把很相似。
[注意] such ... as ... 与such ... that ... 的区别
such ... as ... 中的as引导的是定语从句，而such ... that ... 中的that引导的是结果状语从句。当as引导定语从句时，as在从句中一般作主语或宾语，而that引导结果状语从句时，that在从句中不作任何成分。
This is such a difficult problem as most of us can't work out.
这是一个我们大多数人都不能解决的难题。
(从句中的work out缺少宾语，前面的as是关系代词，用作work out的宾语。)
This is such a difficult problem that most of us can't work it out.
这个问题很难，我们大多数人不能解决它。
(状语从句是完整的句子，前面的that只起引导从句的作用，在从句中不作成分。)
B：关系代词as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别
(1)位置不同
as引导的非限制性定语从句可以置于主句之前、之中或之后，而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句之后。
④As is often the case, little boys tend to be very active and out of control.
小男孩总是很活泼好动，很难控制，这是常见的情况。
⑤Einstein, as is well known, is a famous scientist.
众所周知，爱因斯坦是一位著名的科学家。
⑥There was a bank around here, as I remember.
我记得过去这儿附近有一家银行。
⑦He failed in the exam, which was unexpected.
他考试没及格，这是意料之外的。
(2)意义不同
as常译作“正如，像”，多用于下列习惯用语中：as anybody can see “正如人人都能看到的那样”；as is well known＝as is known to all “众所周知”；as we had expected “正如我们所预料的那样”；as often happens “正如经常发生的那样”；as is often the case “正如经常发生的那样”；as has been said before “如上所述”；as is mentioned above “正如上面提到的”；as I remember “正如我所记得的那样”。which常译作“这一点，这件事”，此时指前面主句所提到的那件事。
⑧He opposed the idea, as could be expected.
不出所料，他反对这个意见。
⑨Tom has made great progress, which makes his parents very happy.
汤姆进步很大，这使他父母很高兴。
(3)用法不同
a．当非限制性定语从句是否定句或表示否定意义时，只能用which。
⑩He came here very late, which was unexpected/not expected.
他来得很晚，这是未预料到的。
b．当as在句中作主语时，后常接动词的被动语态，如：be known, be said, be reported等。如果从句中动词是主动语态，一般用which作主语。
⑪She has been absent again, as is expected.
她又缺席了，正如预料的那样。
即时练1 单句语法填空
①The house windows face the north belongs to him.
②The man you met just now is my old friend.
③The man is walking in the playground is my old friend.
④Take the book is lying on the table.
⑤She is such a girl is always finding fault with other people.
⑥I refuse to accept the blame for something was someone else's fault.
⑦Whenever I met her, was fairly often, she greeted me with a sweet smile.
⑧All the presents your friends gave you on your birthday should be put away.
⑨This is the very book I have been looking for.
⑩He was late for the opening ceremony, was very surprising to me.
⑪ is known to us all，China has the largest population in the world.
⑫A lot of language learning, has been discovered, is happening in the first year of life, so parents should talk much to their children during that period.
⑬He pretended not to know me, I didn't understand.
答案：①whose ②(who/whom/that) ③who/that ④which/that ⑤as ⑥that ⑦which ⑧(that) ⑨(that) ⑩which ⑪As ⑫as ⑬which
考点二 关系副词引导的定语从句
当定语从句中不缺少主语、宾语、定语和表语时，要选用关系副词。其中when, where, why是常见的三个关系副词。
when＝表时间的介词(如：in, on, at, during等)＋which；
where＝表地点的介词(如：in, at, on, under等)＋which；
why＝表原因的介词(如：for)＋which。
1．关系副词when, where, why的先行词是表示时间、地点或理由的名词，关系副词在从句中作状语。
①Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment where they live.
现在人们更加关心他们居住的环境。
②I'll never forget the day when my son was born.
我永远忘不了我儿子出生的那一天。
[注意] (1)当先行词为一些表示抽象地点的名词，如：point， situation， case， stage， family等时，如果引导词在从句中作状语，常用关系副词where引导定语从句；如果不作状语，则用关系代词that/which。
Remember that there is still one point that/which we must make clear at the conference tomorrow.,记住在明天的会议上我们还有一点必须弄清楚。,She's in a hopeless situation， where we will keep a very close eye on her.
她处于无望的处境中，在这种情况下我们将密切注意她。
(2)先行词occasion当“时刻”讲时，用关系副词when；当“场合”讲时，用关系副词where。
Please describe an occasion where you met real difficulties.
请描述你遇到真正困境的场景。
Occasions are rare when I have the time to spend a day with my kids.
我有时间和孩子们度过一天的时机很少。
2．way和time后接定语从句的情况。
(1)当先行词是way(意为“方式、方法”，且关系词在定语从句中作状语)时，引导定语从句的关系词可以是that, in which或省略。
①I don't like the way (that/in which) he looks at me.
我不喜欢他看我的方式。
(2)先行词是time时，若time作“次数”讲，应用关系代词that引导定语从句，that可省略；若time作“一段时间，时代”讲，应用关系副词when或“介词at/during＋which”引导定语从句。
②This is the first time (that) I have talked with a foreigner face to face.
这是我第一次和一个外国人面对面交流。
③There was a time when I hated going to school.
曾经有一段时间我讨厌上学。
即时练2 单句语法填空
①I want to know the date you were born.
②I have forgotten the date you told me.
③Do you know the reason he is absent today?
④That is the reason I want to know.
⑤This is the factory his father built.
⑥Sales director is a position communication ability is just as important as sales skills.
⑦This is the second time I have been here.
⑧Can you still remember the time we spent together in our childhood?
答案：①when/on which ②(that/which) ③why ④(that/which) ⑤(that/which) ⑥where ⑦(that) ⑧(that/which)
考点三 “介词＋which/whom”引导的定语从句掌握“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，要注意以下几点：
1．关系代词的确定
在介词后作宾语的关系代词只有which和whom。如果先行词是物，引导词用which；如果先行词是人，则引导词用whom。
①This is the train on which I went to Shanghai.
这就是我去上海所乘坐的那列火车。
②This is the student for whom I bought the dictionary.
这就是我为他买词典的那个学生。
2．介词的位置
介词一般放在关系代词which和whom之前，但也可以放在原来的位置上。
①The house in which we live is very large.
→The house (which) we live in is very large.
我们住的房子很大。
②This is the man from whom I learned the news.
→This is the man (whom) I learned the news from.
就是这个男人，我从他那里获悉的这个消息。
[注意] 如果介词和句中动词组成固定词组时，这个介词一般不前置。
My youngest brother， whom I have to look after， is demanding.
我得照看我最小的弟弟，他真是让人费神。
3．关系代词前介词的确定
(1)依据定语从句中动词或形容词的习惯搭配来确定。
①The fellow to whom I spoke made no answer at first.
我与之说话的那个人起初没有回答。(speak to)
②The West Lake, for which Hangzhou is famous, is a beautiful place.
西湖是一个美丽的地方，杭州因此而闻名。(be famous for)
(2)根据先行词来确定。
③I'll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.
我永远不会忘记我在乡村度过的童年时光。(during the time)
④Air, without which man can't live, is really important.
空气真的很重要，没有它人类就不能生存。(without air)
4．“名词/代词＋介词＋关系代词”结构
此类结构常见的有“some/many/most/all/none＋of＋which/whom”等。
①Here are the questions, some of which I think are difficult for you.
问题都在这儿，其中一些我认为对你来说很难。
②He has three sons, none of whom are doctors.
他有三个儿子，没有一个是当医生的。
5．“复合介词短语＋关系代词which”引导的定语从句，其从句部分常与先行词用逗号隔开，且从句部分常用倒装语序。
He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tree.
他住在一所大房子里，房子前面有一棵大树。
6．“介词＋which/whom＋不定式”结构
The poor man has no house in which to live.
→The poor man has no house to live in.
→The poor man has no house in which he can live.
那个穷人没房子住。
[注意] 有时为表达清楚，也可以在关系副词where/when前加介词from/to等，平时也应掌握，但非高考重点。
China is the birthplace of kites， from where kite flying spreads to Japan， Thailand， India and so on.
中国是风筝的发源地，从这里，放风筝传到了日本、泰国、印度等国家。
即时练3 用“介词＋关系代词”填空
①He may win the competition, case he is likely to get into the national team.
②I bought a great many books, I spent all of my money that I saved.
③He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most hadn't been cleaned for at least a year.
④In the dark street, there wasn't a person she could turn for help.
答案：①in which ②on which ③of which ④to whom
误区一 关系词的漏用或关系词的误用
(1)【误】There are many people think that wealth is better than health.
【正】There are many people who/that think that wealth is better than health.
【正】There are many people thinking that wealth is better than health.
[分析] 此句是there be句型，故判断“think that ...”用作定语；先行词是people，从句中缺少主语，故用who/that引导定语从句，相当于现在分词thinking。
(2)【误】I still remember the days when I spent with farmers in the countryside.
【正】I still remember the days (that/which) I spent with farmers in the countryside.
[分析] 先行词是the days，从句动词spent缺少宾语，故用关系代词that/which引导定语从句，并在从句中作宾语，可省略。
(3)【误】All the books which were borrowed from the library must be returned on time.
【正】All the books that were borrowed from the library must be returned on time.
[分析] 当定语从句的先行词被all, some, any, no, few等修饰时，关系代词用that。
(4)【误】Until now, we have raised 50,000 pounds for the poor children, who is quite unexpected.
【误】Until now, we have raised 50,000 pounds for the poor children, as is quite unexpected.
【正】Until now, we have raised 50,000 pounds for the poor children, which is quite unexpected.
[分析] 考查非限制性定语从句，先行词并非children，而应为整个主句所述的内容，另as在引导非限制性定语从句时，常用于肯定，而which常用于否定，故本题应用which来引导非限制性定语从句。
[注意] 造成上面错误主要因为以下几点：
(1)对先行词判断不准，特别是当先行词被其他句子成分分离开时。
(2)不清楚关系代词和关系副词的区别。
(3)不了解特殊关系词的区别，如关系代词as与which， that与which的区别。
针对以上错因，可从以下几方面着手：
(1)准确判断先行词，解题时，如遇过长过繁的句子，应学会简化，将干扰项移除。
(2)找对先行词后，将其代入定语从句，一般而言，代入之后，不需加介词的，应用关系代词来引导从句，而需要加介词的，则用关系副词来引导。
(3)加强基础知识的学习，如：关系词何时可省略，特殊先行词之后的定语从句，特殊关系词的用法区别等。
误区二 关系代词与替代词的重复或与普通代词的误用
(1)【误】He was the lost boy that his parents were looking for him everywhere.
【正】He was the lost boy that his parents were looking for everywhere.
[分析] 定语从句中关系代词作从句中动词look for的宾语，而him与关系代词that指代的内容重叠，均是the lost boy，因此him多余，需删除。
(2)【误】They were deeply moved, most of them were with tears in their eyes.
【正】They were deeply moved, most of whom were with tears in their eyes.
【正】They were deeply moved, and most of them were with tears in their eyes.
【正】They were deeply moved, most of them with tears in their eyes.
[分析] 分析句式可知，此处是“介词＋关系代词”型的定语从句，先行词指人，故用whom引导定语从句。此句还可以改为并列句或独立主格形式。
[注意] 造成以上错误主要是由于几个方面掌握不牢而致。
(1)关系代词的作用：既指代先行词又起连接句子的作用，因此关系代词与指代同为先行词的代词不能重复出现在定语从句中。
(2)定语从句的定义：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的句子叫作定语从句，定义中要求把握几点：首先要有主句，其次关系词引导的为从句，再次从句要修饰主句中的某个名词或代词，因此要知晓定语从句与并列句或其他句式的区别，才能避免错误的发生。
误区三 定语从句中主谓不一致或与其他结构的误用
(1)【误】This is one of the rooms that was damaged in the fire.
【正】This is one of the rooms that were damaged in the fire.
[分析] 句意：这个房间是那次大火中被烧毁的房间之一。在one of ... 结构中，先行词为of后的复数名词或代词，从句谓语用复数形式。但当先行词是“the only/very one of＋复数名词”时，从句谓语则用单数形式。比较：
This is the only one of the rooms that was damaged in the fire.
这就是那次大火中唯一一个被烧毁的房间。
(2)【误】The university in France that I am applying for having its own requirement.
【正】The university in France that I am applying for has its own requirement.
[分析] 此题中that I am applying for为定语从句，修饰先行词the university，介词for与have无关。分析句式结构可知，该句主语为the university，缺少谓语，且谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。
[注意] 造成以上错误一是由于对先行词，特别是特殊先行词把握不好，二是定语从句起了干扰作用。因此在解题时，首先要找对先行词，并要学会简化句式结构，化繁为简，这需要我们在平时训练时多分析、多积累。
误区四 定语从句与强调句型结合考查时造成的误用
【误】Could it be in the restaurant that you had dinner with me yesterday where you lost your handbag?
【正】Could it be in the restaurant where you had dinner with me yesterday that you lost your handbag?
[分析] 本句中where引导的为定语从句，而that为强调句型中的连接词，如颠倒误用则导致句子结构混乱、语义不明。
[注意] 造成以上错误主要是因为定语从句与强调句型结合考查时，不能进行分辨而致。在解此类题型时，要首先判断哪一部分为强调句型(强调句型强调的是句子中的一个完整成分，详参本书“特殊句式”部分)，然后再判断是否为定语从句。
1．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am to 5 pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, she opened with her late husband Les.
答案：which
2．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)They were well trained by their masters had great experience with caring for these animals.
答案：who
3．(2019·浙江高考)On the edge of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth gives off light in the dark.
答案：that/which
4．(2019·江苏高考)We have entered into an age dreams have the best chance of coming true.
答案：when
5．(2018·北京高考)She and her family bicycle to work, helps them keep fit.
答案：which
6．(2018·天津高考)Kate, sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia.
答案：whose
1．若两个句子中间无连词，且跟在名词或代词后，则很可能考查定语从句中的关系词。
2．判断从句中是否缺主语、宾语、定语，如果缺少，则填关系代词。考虑：①先行词是表示人还是物；②先行词是否有特殊情况。
3．若从句中不缺少主语、宾语、定语成分，则要填关系副词或考虑“介词＋which/whom”(注意介词后只能填which/whom)。
[注意] (1)从句中缺少宾语的情况无外乎两种：
①介词＋宾语 ②及物动词＋宾语,所以对从句中存在介词或及物动词的情况要引起高度重视。
(2)what不引导定语从句；that不引导非限制性定语从句，不用在介词之后引导定语从句。
1．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)One afternoon where I was in primary school, I was walking by the school playground.
答案：where→when
2．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)They also had a small pond which they raised fish.
答案：which前加in或which→where
3．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)In their spare time, they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house.
答案：that→which
4.(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)Around me in the picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time.
答案：they→that/which
5．(2016·四川高考)The dishes what I cooked were Mom's favorite.
答案：what→which/that或去掉what
短文改错中定语从句的4个易错点：
(1)缺失关系词；
(2)定语从句中没有考虑关系词充当的成分；
(3)定语从句中谓语动词的单复数弄错；
(4)定语从句中介词漏用或错用、介词后关系代词的错用。遇到这几种情况，应灵活运用定语从句基础知识作答。
专题二 句法篇
第1讲 定语从句
考点一 定语从句概述及关系代词引导的定语从句一、定语从句概述
1．定义：在复合句中，修饰限定某一名词(或代词)的句子，叫定语从句。
2．先行词：被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词。
先行词一般是名词或不定代词，如：some， any， every， no与body, thing的合成词或all, none, any, some, that, those等代词。数词和人称代词也同样可作先行词。
3．关系词：连接先行词与从句的词叫关系词。
关系代词：who, whom, which, that, whose, as等。
关系副词：when, where, why等。
4．分类：定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两类。
区别：限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限定作用，而非限制性定语从句对先行词起补充说明作用，先行词与定语从句往往由逗号隔开。试比较：
5．功能：相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语。
6．位置：定语从句常置于被修饰词之后；as引导的非限制性定语从句可置于主句前、句中，也可置于主句之后。
①Those who are for the plan raise your hands, please.
请支持这个计划的人举手。
②As is known to us all, the earth is spinning around the sun.
我们都知道，地球围绕太阳旋转。
二、关系代词引导的定语从句
引导定语从句的关系代词有：that, which, who, whom, whose, as等，关系代词可作主语、宾语、定语等。
1．who, whom, that这些词代替的先行词是表示人的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。
I've made good friends with several of the students in my school who/whom/that I met in the English speech contest last year.
我已与去年在英语演讲比赛中遇到的我校的几个学生结交为好朋友。
2．whose既可指人又可指物，在定语从句中作定语。指物时，“whose＋名词”可用“the＋名词＋of which”或“of which＋the＋名词”来代替。
①Do you know the boy whose handwriting is very beautiful?
你认识那个书法非常漂亮的男孩吗？
②I'd like a room whose window looks out over the sea.
→I'd like a room, the window of which looks out over the sea.
→I'd like a room, of which the window looks out over the sea.
我想要一个窗户面临大海的房间。
3．which, that所代替的先行词是表示事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。
①He was reading a book which/that was about war.
他正在读一本关于战争的书。
A：指物时，关系代词that和which一般情况下可换用，但以下几种情况下一般用that，而不用which。
(1)先行词是all, everything, something, anything, nothing, none, few, little, much等不定代词，或先行词被all, every, some, any, no, few, little等修饰时。
②I have read all the books (that) you gave me.
你给我的所有书我都已经读过了。
[注意] 当something确指某物或某事时，用that或which都可以。
There is something that/which keeps worrying me.
有一件事一直令我不安。
(2)先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词(如：the first，the second, ...，the last等)修饰时。
③This is the best film (that) I have ever seen.
这是我看过的最好的电影。
(3)先行词被the only, the very, the right等修饰时。
④The only thing that matters is to find our way home.
唯一要紧的事情是找到我们回家的路。
(4)先行词既有人又有物时。
⑤They talked about the persons and things (that) they remembered in the school.
他们谈论起他们记得的学校里的人和事。
B：在以下情况中，只能用which，不能用that。
(1)在非限制性定语从句中，如果从句中缺少主语或宾语，并指物，只能用which。
⑥Our football team won the final, which made us excited.
我们的足球队赢得了决赛，这使我们非常兴奋。
(2)关系代词充当介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前时，只能用which。
⑦The house in which I used to live has become a shoe shop.
过去我居住的房子已变成了一家鞋店。
4．as引导的定语从句
A：as作为关系代词，在定语从句中缺少主语或宾语时使用，通常先行词由the same, as, such, so等修饰时，关系代词用as。
①They could only read such stories as had been rewritten in simple English.(as作主语)
他们只能读类似这样的一些用简易英语改写的故事。
②These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected.(as作宾语)
这些房子以人们期望的低价出售。
③This is the same knife as I lost.(as作宾语)
这把小刀和我丢的那把很相似。
[注意] such ... as ... 与such ... that ... 的区别
such ... as ... 中的as引导的是定语从句，而such ... that ... 中的that引导的是结果状语从句。当as引导定语从句时，as在从句中一般作主语或宾语，而that引导结果状语从句时，that在从句中不作任何成分。
This is such a difficult problem as most of us can't work out.
这是一个我们大多数人都不能解决的难题。
(从句中的work out缺少宾语，前面的as是关系代词，用作work out的宾语。)
This is such a difficult problem that most of us can't work it out.
这个问题很难，我们大多数人不能解决它。
(状语从句是完整的句子，前面的that只起引导从句的作用，在从句中不作成分。)
B：关系代词as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别
(1)位置不同
as引导的非限制性定语从句可以置于主句之前、之中或之后，而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句之后。
④As is often the case, little boys tend to be very active and out of control.
小男孩总是很活泼好动，很难控制，这是常见的情况。
⑤Einstein, as is well known, is a famous scientist.
众所周知，爱因斯坦是一位著名的科学家。
⑥There was a bank around here, as I remember.
我记得过去这儿附近有一家银行。
⑦He failed in the exam, which was unexpected.
他考试没及格，这是意料之外的。
(2)意义不同
as常译作“正如，像”，多用于下列习惯用语中：as anybody can see “正如人人都能看到的那样”；as is well known＝as is known to all “众所周知”；as we had expected “正如我们所预料的那样”；as often happens “正如经常发生的那样”；as is often the case “正如经常发生的那样”；as has been said before “如上所述”；as is mentioned above “正如上面提到的”；as I remember “正如我所记得的那样”。which常译作“这一点，这件事”，此时指前面主句所提到的那件事。
⑧He opposed the idea, as could be expected.
不出所料，他反对这个意见。
⑨Tom has made great progress, which makes his parents very happy.
汤姆进步很大，这使他父母很高兴。
(3)用法不同
a．当非限制性定语从句是否定句或表示否定意义时，只能用which。
⑩He came here very late, which was unexpected/not expected.
他来得很晚，这是未预料到的。
b．当as在句中作主语时，后常接动词的被动语态，如：be known, be said, be reported等。如果从句中动词是主动语态，一般用which作主语。
⑪She has been absent again, as is expected.
她又缺席了，正如预料的那样。
即时练1 单句语法填空
①The house windows face the north belongs to him.
②The man you met just now is my old friend.
③The man is walking in the playground is my old friend.
④Take the book is lying on the table.
⑤She is such a girl is always finding fault with other people.
⑥I refuse to accept the blame for something was someone else's fault.
⑦Whenever I met her, was fairly often, she greeted me with a sweet smile.
⑧All the presents your friends gave you on your birthday should be put away.
⑨This is the very book I have been looking for.
⑩He was late for the opening ceremony, was very surprising to me.
⑪ is known to us all，China has the largest population in the world.
⑫A lot of language learning, has been discovered, is happening in the first year of life, so parents should talk much to their children during that period.
⑬He pretended not to know me, I didn't understand.
答案：①whose ②(who/whom/that) ③who/that ④which/that ⑤as ⑥that ⑦which ⑧(that) ⑨(that) ⑩which ⑪As ⑫as ⑬which
考点二 关系副词引导的定语从句
当定语从句中不缺少主语、宾语、定语和表语时，要选用关系副词。其中when, where, why是常见的三个关系副词。
when＝表时间的介词(如：in, on, at, during等)＋which；
where＝表地点的介词(如：in, at, on, under等)＋which；
why＝表原因的介词(如：for)＋which。
1．关系副词when, where, why的先行词是表示时间、地点或理由的名词，关系副词在从句中作状语。
①Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment where they live.
现在人们更加关心他们居住的环境。
②I'll never forget the day when my son was born.
我永远忘不了我儿子出生的那一天。
[注意] (1)当先行词为一些表示抽象地点的名词，如：point， situation， case， stage， family等时，如果引导词在从句中作状语，常用关系副词where引导定语从句；如果不作状语，则用关系代词that/which。
Remember that there is still one point that/which we must make clear at the conference tomorrow.,记住在明天的会议上我们还有一点必须弄清楚。,She's in a hopeless situation， where we will keep a very close eye on her.
她处于无望的处境中，在这种情况下我们将密切注意她。
(2)先行词occasion当“时刻”讲时，用关系副词when；当“场合”讲时，用关系副词where。
Please describe an occasion where you met real difficulties.
请描述你遇到真正困境的场景。
Occasions are rare when I have the time to spend a day with my kids.
我有时间和孩子们度过一天的时机很少。
2．way和time后接定语从句的情况。
(1)当先行词是way(意为“方式、方法”，且关系词在定语从句中作状语)时，引导定语从句的关系词可以是that, in which或省略。
①I don't like the way (that/in which) he looks at me.
我不喜欢他看我的方式。
(2)先行词是time时，若time作“次数”讲，应用关系代词that引导定语从句，that可省略；若time作“一段时间，时代”讲，应用关系副词when或“介词at/during＋which”引导定语从句。
②This is the first time (that) I have talked with a foreigner face to face.
这是我第一次和一个外国人面对面交流。
③There was a time when I hated going to school.
曾经有一段时间我讨厌上学。
即时练2 单句语法填空
①I want to know the date you were born.
②I have forgotten the date you told me.
③Do you know the reason he is absent today?
④That is the reason I want to know.
⑤This is the factory his father built.
⑥Sales director is a position communication ability is just as important as sales skills.
⑦This is the second time I have been here.
⑧Can you still remember the time we spent together in our childhood?
答案：①when/on which ②(that/which) ③why ④(that/which) ⑤(that/which) ⑥where ⑦(that) ⑧(that/which)
考点三 “介词＋which/whom”引导的定语从句掌握“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，要注意以下几点：
1．关系代词的确定
在介词后作宾语的关系代词只有which和whom。如果先行词是物，引导词用which；如果先行词是人，则引导词用whom。
①This is the train on which I went to Shanghai.
这就是我去上海所乘坐的那列火车。
②This is the student for whom I bought the dictionary.
这就是我为他买词典的那个学生。
2．介词的位置
介词一般放在关系代词which和whom之前，但也可以放在原来的位置上。
①The house in which we live is very large.
→The house (which) we live in is very large.
我们住的房子很大。
②This is the man from whom I learned the news.
→This is the man (whom) I learned the news from.
就是这个男人，我从他那里获悉的这个消息。
[注意] 如果介词和句中动词组成固定词组时，这个介词一般不前置。
My youngest brother， whom I have to look after， is demanding.
我得照看我最小的弟弟，他真是让人费神。
3．关系代词前介词的确定
(1)依据定语从句中动词或形容词的习惯搭配来确定。
①The fellow to whom I spoke made no answer at first.
我与之说话的那个人起初没有回答。(speak to)
②The West Lake, for which Hangzhou is famous, is a beautiful place.
西湖是一个美丽的地方，杭州因此而闻名。(be famous for)
(2)根据先行词来确定。
③I'll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.
我永远不会忘记我在乡村度过的童年时光。(during the time)
④Air, without which man can't live, is really important.
空气真的很重要，没有它人类就不能生存。(without air)
4．“名词/代词＋介词＋关系代词”结构
此类结构常见的有“some/many/most/all/none＋of＋which/whom”等。
①Here are the questions, some of which I think are difficult for you.
问题都在这儿，其中一些我认为对你来说很难。
②He has three sons, none of whom are doctors.
他有三个儿子，没有一个是当医生的。
5．“复合介词短语＋关系代词which”引导的定语从句，其从句部分常与先行词用逗号隔开，且从句部分常用倒装语序。
He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tree.
他住在一所大房子里，房子前面有一棵大树。
6．“介词＋which/whom＋不定式”结构
The poor man has no house in which to live.
→The poor man has no house to live in.
→The poor man has no house in which he can live.
那个穷人没房子住。
[注意] 有时为表达清楚，也可以在关系副词where/when前加介词from/to等，平时也应掌握，但非高考重点。
China is the birthplace of kites， from where kite flying spreads to Japan， Thailand， India and so on.
中国是风筝的发源地，从这里，放风筝传到了日本、泰国、印度等国家。
即时练3 用“介词＋关系代词”填空
①He may win the competition, case he is likely to get into the national team.
②I bought a great many books, I spent all of my money that I saved.
③He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most hadn't been cleaned for at least a year.
④In the dark street, there wasn't a person she could turn for help.
答案：①in which ②on which ③of which ④to whom
误区一 关系词的漏用或关系词的误用
(1)【误】There are many people think that wealth is better than health.
【正】There are many people who/that think that wealth is better than health.
【正】There are many people thinking that wealth is better than health.
[分析] 此句是there be句型，故判断“think that ...”用作定语；先行词是people，从句中缺少主语，故用who/that引导定语从句，相当于现在分词thinking。
(2)【误】I still remember the days when I spent with farmers in the countryside.
【正】I still remember the days (that/which) I spent with farmers in the countryside.
[分析] 先行词是the days，从句动词spent缺少宾语，故用关系代词that/which引导定语从句，并在从句中作宾语，可省略。
(3)【误】All the books which were borrowed from the library must be returned on time.
【正】All the books that were borrowed from the library must be returned on time.
[分析] 当定语从句的先行词被all, some, any, no, few等修饰时，关系代词用that。
(4)【误】Until now, we have raised 50,000 pounds for the poor children, who is quite unexpected.
【误】Until now, we have raised 50,000 pounds for the poor children, as is quite unexpected.
【正】Until now, we have raised 50,000 pounds for the poor children, which is quite unexpected.
[分析] 考查非限制性定语从句，先行词并非children，而应为整个主句所述的内容，另as在引导非限制性定语从句时，常用于肯定，而which常用于否定，故本题应用which来引导非限制性定语从句。
[注意] 造成上面错误主要因为以下几点：
(1)对先行词判断不准，特别是当先行词被其他句子成分分离开时。
(2)不清楚关系代词和关系副词的区别。
(3)不了解特殊关系词的区别，如关系代词as与which， that与which的区别。
针对以上错因，可从以下几方面着手：
(1)准确判断先行词，解题时，如遇过长过繁的句子，应学会简化，将干扰项移除。
(2)找对先行词后，将其代入定语从句，一般而言，代入之后，不需加介词的，应用关系代词来引导从句，而需要加介词的，则用关系副词来引导。
(3)加强基础知识的学习，如：关系词何时可省略，特殊先行词之后的定语从句，特殊关系词的用法区别等。
误区二 关系代词与替代词的重复或与普通代词的误用
(1)【误】He was the lost boy that his parents were looking for him everywhere.
【正】He was the lost boy that his parents were looking for everywhere.
[分析] 定语从句中关系代词作从句中动词look for的宾语，而him与关系代词that指代的内容重叠，均是the lost boy，因此him多余，需删除。
(2)【误】They were deeply moved, most of them were with tears in their eyes.
【正】They were deeply moved, most of whom were with tears in their eyes.
【正】They were deeply moved, and most of them were with tears in their eyes.
【正】They were deeply moved, most of them with tears in their eyes.
[分析] 分析句式可知，此处是“介词＋关系代词”型的定语从句，先行词指人，故用whom引导定语从句。此句还可以改为并列句或独立主格形式。
[注意] 造成以上错误主要是由于几个方面掌握不牢而致。
(1)关系代词的作用：既指代先行词又起连接句子的作用，因此关系代词与指代同为先行词的代词不能重复出现在定语从句中。
(2)定语从句的定义：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的句子叫作定语从句，定义中要求把握几点：首先要有主句，其次关系词引导的为从句，再次从句要修饰主句中的某个名词或代词，因此要知晓定语从句与并列句或其他句式的区别，才能避免错误的发生。
误区三 定语从句中主谓不一致或与其他结构的误用
(1)【误】This is one of the rooms that was damaged in the fire.
【正】This is one of the rooms that were damaged in the fire.
[分析] 句意：这个房间是那次大火中被烧毁的房间之一。在one of ... 结构中，先行词为of后的复数名词或代词，从句谓语用复数形式。但当先行词是“the only/very one of＋复数名词”时，从句谓语则用单数形式。比较：
This is the only one of the rooms that was damaged in the fire.
这就是那次大火中唯一一个被烧毁的房间。
(2)【误】The university in France that I am applying for having its own requirement.
【正】The university in France that I am applying for has its own requirement.
[分析] 此题中that I am applying for为定语从句，修饰先行词the university，介词for与have无关。分析句式结构可知，该句主语为the university，缺少谓语，且谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。
[注意] 造成以上错误一是由于对先行词，特别是特殊先行词把握不好，二是定语从句起了干扰作用。因此在解题时，首先要找对先行词，并要学会简化句式结构，化繁为简，这需要我们在平时训练时多分析、多积累。
误区四 定语从句与强调句型结合考查时造成的误用
【误】Could it be in the restaurant that you had dinner with me yesterday where you lost your handbag?
【正】Could it be in the restaurant where you had dinner with me yesterday that you lost your handbag?
[分析] 本句中where引导的为定语从句，而that为强调句型中的连接词，如颠倒误用则导致句子结构混乱、语义不明。
[注意] 造成以上错误主要是因为定语从句与强调句型结合考查时，不能进行分辨而致。在解此类题型时，要首先判断哪一部分为强调句型(强调句型强调的是句子中的一个完整成分，详参本书“特殊句式”部分)，然后再判断是否为定语从句。
1．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am to 5 pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, she opened with her late husband Les.
答案：which
2．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)They were well trained by their masters had great experience with caring for these animals.
答案：who
3．(2019·浙江高考)On the edge of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth gives off light in the dark.
答案：that/which
4．(2019·江苏高考)We have entered into an age dreams have the best chance of coming true.
答案：when
5．(2018·北京高考)She and her family bicycle to work, helps them keep fit.
答案：which
6．(2018·天津高考)Kate, sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia.
答案：whose
1．若两个句子中间无连词，且跟在名词或代词后，则很可能考查定语从句中的关系词。
2．判断从句中是否缺主语、宾语、定语，如果缺少，则填关系代词。考虑：①先行词是表示人还是物；②先行词是否有特殊情况。
3．若从句中不缺少主语、宾语、定语成分，则要填关系副词或考虑“介词＋which/whom”(注意介词后只能填which/whom)。
[注意] (1)从句中缺少宾语的情况无外乎两种：
①介词＋宾语 ②及物动词＋宾语,所以对从句中存在介词或及物动词的情况要引起高度重视。
(2)what不引导定语从句；that不引导非限制性定语从句，不用在介词之后引导定语从句。
1．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)One afternoon where I was in primary school, I was walking by the school playground.
答案：where→when
2．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)They also had a small pond which they raised fish.
答案：which前加in或which→where
3．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)In their spare time, they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house.
答案：that→which
4.(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)Around me in the picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time.
答案：they→that/which
5．(2016·四川高考)The dishes what I cooked were Mom's favorite.
答案：what→which/that或去掉what
短文改错中定语从句的4个易错点：
(1)缺失关系词；
(2)定语从句中没有考虑关系词充当的成分；
(3)定语从句中谓语动词的单复数弄错；
(4)定语从句中介词漏用或错用、介词后关系代词的错用。遇到这几种情况，应灵活运用定语从句基础知识作答。
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