2021版新高考英语（人教版）一轮复习教师用书：板块2第1讲　名词和数词

第1讲　名词和数词[全国卷考情分析]题型典题试做命题解读语法填空1．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes (cause)．2．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)This switch has decreased pollution(pollute) in the country's major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.3．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I'm a scientist (science) who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.1．给出名词提示词，考查名词的数；2．不同词性和词形之间的相互变化。短文改错1．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Last winter when I went there again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken.chicken→chickens2．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)When I was little, Friday's night was our family game night.Friday's→Friday 3．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)Besides，they often get some useful informations from the Internet.informations→information4．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)In the summer holiday following my eighteen birthday, I took driving lessons.eighteen→eighteenth1．可数名词单复数的错用；2．混淆名词的可数与不可数；3．考查序数词和基数词的基本用法。考点一名词的数Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．(2019·福州四校联考)I have noticed how the music can change one's view, and I am thankful for the way musicians work to the best of their         (able) to provide this music for their audience.abilities　[考查词性转换。根据空前的their可知，空处应用名词形式，且ability作“能力”讲时为可数名词，结合语境可知，应用其复数形式，故填abilities。to the best of one's ability “竭尽全力”。]2．(2019·沈阳质量监测一)China has once again showed its ability to change the world with its “four great new         (invent)”—high­speed rail, electronic payment, shared bicycle, and online shopping.inventions　[考查名词和名词的数。前面有four great new修饰，故用其对应名词的复数形式，故填inventions。]3．(2019·陕西质量检测一)Like many other         (university) at that time, the Harvard at the early stage often ran into financial crisis. The school board often had to go to Europe to raise         (donate), but as you can predict, they often came back with their hands empty.universities　[考查名词的复数形式。句意：和当时的其他许多大学一样，早期的哈佛大学经常遭遇金融危机。university为可数名词，此处表示“其他许多大学”，故用其复数形式。]donation(s)　[考查名词。句意：学校董事会经常不得不去欧洲筹集捐款，但正如你所能预测的，他们经常空手而归。根据该句中的及物动词raise可知，空处作此及物动词的宾语，故用名词形式。]Ⅱ.单句改错4．(2019·太原阶段测评)It is one of the official language of the United Nations to develop more effective communication.        language→languages　[考查固定用法。“one of＋可数名词复数”为固定用法，故此处应用名词复数形式。]5．(2019·合肥第一次质量检测)My favourite sport is swimming, so I decided to go swimming in the sea one afternoon with my friend, Wang Fei and Li Lei.        friend→friends　[考查名词单复数。根据该句中的“Wang Fei and Li Lei”可知，作者和两个朋友一起去游泳了。friend为可数名词，故用复数形式。]名词按其词汇意义可分为专有名词和普通名词。普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词有单数和复数之分， 不可数名词没有单复数之分。一、可数名词的数可数名词都有单数和复数之分。(一)名词复数的规则变化变化规则例词一般情况加­smap—maps；girl—girls；house—houses；mouth—mouths以­s，­x，­sh，­ch结尾的加­esclass—classes；box—boxes；brush—brushes；match—matches，但是stomach(胃)的复数是stomachs；ox(公牛)的复数是oxen“辅音字母＋y”结尾的变y为i加­escity—cities；country—countries；party—parties；factory—factories，注意：以元音字母＋y结尾的则直接加­s，如boy—boys；toy—toys以­o结尾的名词许多加­estomato—tomatoes；potato—potatoes；hero—heroes；Negro—Negroes；mango—mangoes；volcano—volcanoes；zero—zeroes/zeros但是，以下这些以­o结尾的名词复数直接加­s：radio—radios；zoo—zoos；bamboo—bamboos；piano—pianos；kilo—kilos；photo—photos以­f，­fe结尾的名词，通常变f或fe为v再加­eshalf—halves；leaf—leaves；shelf—shelves；thief—thieves；wolf—wolves；wife—wives；life—lives；knife—knives。但是也有的直接加­s，如roof—roofs；chief—chiefs；handkerchief—handkerchiefs/handkerchieves合成名词构成复数时，通常只将里面所含的主体名词变成复数，如果没有主体名词，则将最后一部分变成复数sons­in­law女婿；passers­by过路人；story­tellers讲故事的人；go­betweens中介人；grown­ups成年人(二)名词复数的不规则变化变化情况例词特殊变化child—children；foot—feet；tooth—teeth；mouse—mice；man—men；woman—women注意：由man或woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是­men和­women，如an Englishman—two Englishmen；但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans单复数同形deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese，means集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数people，police，cattle有些名词的单复数有不同的拼写方法细菌bacterium(单数)—bacteria(复数)；资料、数据datum(单数)—data(复数)；现象phenomenon(单数)—phenomena(复数)二、不可数名词不可数名词包括专有名词、物质名词和抽象名词，一般没有单复数之分。1．常考的不可数名词advice建议equipment装备experience经验(注：作“经历”讲时可数)exercise锻炼(注：作“练习；体操”讲时可数)fun开心、快乐的事furniture家具news/information/word消息，新闻baggage/luggage行李progress进步practice练习wealth财富，富裕knowledge知识jewelry珠宝change零钱(注：作“变化”讲时为可数名词)2.抽象名词具体化抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常见的和常考的有：单词抽象名词意义具体化名词意义beauty美；美丽美丽的人或事物comfort安慰；慰藉令人感到安慰的人或事物success成功成功的人或事failure失败失败的人或事honor荣幸令人荣幸的事情pride骄傲令人骄傲的事情shock震惊令人震惊的事情delight高兴令人高兴的事情surprise惊奇令人惊奇的事情pleasure乐趣令人高兴的事情3.物质名词的复数现象(1)有些物质名词用复数形式表示与原来不同的事物。paper(纸)—papers(证件，论文) custom(风俗习惯)—customs(海关)arm(胳膊)—arms(武器，装备)air(空气)—airs(摆架子，装腔作势)(2)有一些物质名词用复数形式，表示由大量该物质组成的事物。sand(沙子)—sands(沙滩，沙漠)water(水)—waters(水域，水体)time(时间)—times(时代)wood(木头，木材)—woods(树林)(3)有些物质名词用复数形式表示不同的种类，如food, wine, metal, fish, vegetable等。The wines of France are among the best in the world.法国的酒在世界上是最好的。三、与名词有关的词形转化1．名词后缀(t)ion表行为或状态；ment表行为或结果；er/or表人物；ist/ian表专家或从事……的人；ice表性质，状态；dom表集体，领域或状态。2．名词与形容词之间的转化①“名词＋y”构成形容词。例如：rain—rainy；cloud—cloudy等。②“名词＋ly”构成形容词。例如：friend—friendly；mother—motherly等。 ③“名词＋ish”构成形容词。例如：fool—foolish；child—childish等。④“名词＋en”构成形容词。例如：gold—golden；wood—wooden等。考点二名词的固定搭配和所有格Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．(2019·江西五校第一次联考)In addition, the       (hostess) cooking will guarantee you a wonderful chance of tasting delicious Chinese food.hostess'　[考查名词所有格。这里指女主人的厨艺，应用名词所有格。]2．(2019·河北石家庄二中联考)I would appreciate it if you could take me into          (consider). Looking forward to receiving your reply.consideration　[句意：如果你能考虑我， 我将不胜感激。盼望收到你的回复。介词into后需加名词形式。此处take...into consideration(考虑到……)为固定短语。]3．(2019·陕西检测一)What         (happy) should we find in reviewing the past，and what regrets?happiness　[考查词性转换。What修饰名词，所以happy应该变成名词形式。另外，根据“what regrets”也可以判断此处应用名词形式，故用名词happiness。]Ⅱ.单句改错4．(2019·福州质量检测)But with my teammates encouragement, I was able to communicate smoothly with them.        teammates→teammates'　[考查名词所有格。分析句子结构可知此处作定语，修饰encouragement，意为“队友的鼓励”，表示人的名词变所有格时，在该名词后加's或'，根据上下文可知，这里teammate是可数名词，表示不止一个，因此用复数，故把teammates改为teammates'。]一、固定搭配名词构成的固定搭配主要有两类：“介词＋名词”和“动词＋名词＋介词”。常考的高频短语：1．介词＋名词with patience耐心地　　　　by chance/accident偶然at a loss不知所措　　　　　in advance提前on purpose故意地beyond recognition无法辨认2．动词＋名词＋介词have/gain access to可以获得take advantage of利用， 趁……之机make use of利用find fault with挑……的错keep pace with与……同步put an end to结束……take notice of注意到catch sight of看见do damage to损害……attach importance to重视……take the place of取代， 代替take pride in以……自豪take possession of占有make preparations for为……做准备make contributions to对……做出贡献二、名词的所有格1．有生命的名词，其所有格一般在名词后加­'s。his father's boss 他爸爸的老板2．表示时间、城市、地域、团体、机构等非生命的事物后也可加­'s表示其所有格。today's paper 今天的报纸England's shore 英国的海岸the car's design 这辆车的设计We accepted the invitation without a moment's hesitation. 我们毫不犹豫的接受了邀请。3．在某些习惯用语中，也需要加­'s所有格。for friendship's sake 为了友情at a stone's throw 一箭之远at arm's length 保持距离；在伸手可及处at one's wits' end 黔驴技穷4．无生命的名词，借用of表示所属关系。the window of the room 这个房间的窗户5．如果一样东西为两个人共有，则只在后一个名词后加­'s，如果不是共有的则两个名词后都要加­'s。Jane and Mary's mother 简和玛丽的妈妈(共有，暗示简和玛丽是姐妹关系)Jane's and Mary's mothers 简的妈妈和玛丽的妈妈(不是共有，分别指两位妈妈)6．双重所有格：“a/two/some ...＋名词＋of＋名词's/名词性物主代词”构成双重所有格，“of＋名词所有格”中的名词必须表示人，不能表示事物。a friend of her mother's 她妈妈的一个朋友two photos of hers 她的两张照片考点三数词Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．(2019·滨州二模)40% of the students in our school (be) from the other parts of Hunan, which          (be) a relatively large number.are; is　[句意：我们学校百分之四十的学生来自湖南的其他地方，这是一个相对较大的数量。分数或百分数作主语时，谓语动词应依据分数或百分数所指代的名词而定，本句第一空40%指代的是the students，故谓语动词应用复数；第二空which指代的是先行词40%本身，故谓语动词应用单数，且句子描述一般事实，应用一般现在时。]2．(2019·运城月考)A survey shows that four hours of exercise every week          (be) good for our health.is　[“four hours of exercise”被看成一个整体，所以谓语动词用单数。]Ⅱ.单句改错3．(2019·河南周口一模)The population of this city, forty percent of which are Germans, have risen by 15% in the last three years.        have→has　[句意：这个城市40%的人是德国人，其人口在过去的三年里已经增加了15%。population指人口多少，如用作主语，谓语动词用单数形式，且本句描述一般事实，应用一般现在时。]1．数词的定义数词是表示数目多少或先后顺序的词，有基数词和序数词两种。表数量的数词叫基数词，如one, two, three，...表顺序的数词叫序数词，如first, second, third, fourth, fifth，... 2．基数词构成①1－12单独记one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve②13－19词尾为­teen：thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen③20－90逢整十词尾为­ty：twenty, thirty, forty, fifty，...④21－99在十位数和个位数之间加连字符构成，如：73 seventy­three, 88 eighty­eight3．序数词(1)基数词变为序数词，记忆口诀一二三要单独记：one→first, two → second, three → thirdth要从四加起：four → fourth, five → fifth，...eight少个t：eight → eighthnine去掉e：nine → ninthve用f来代替：five → fifth, twelve → twelfthty变成tie：twenty → twentieth表第“几十几”，基数加序数记心里：twenty­one→twenty­first(2)序数词的使用①序数词在句中主要作定语，一般情况下序数词前要加定冠词。Monday is the second day of a week. 星期一是一周的第二天。②序数词前有时加不定冠词，表示“又一、再一”，相当于another。Would you like a second cup of tea? 你还想再来一杯茶吗？I had a fourth apple.我(吃了三个苹果后)又吃了一个苹果。③first, second等有时可表示一批人或物。The first milu deer came from China in the 1860s.最早的麋鹿是在十九世纪六十年代来自中国的。④有时序数词作状语，不加冠词。He came out first in the contest.他在比赛中获得第一名。⑤first, second等在用来指“冠军、亚军”等获胜名次时也常不加冠词。He is first.他是冠军。 4．百分数、分数、小数的构成及用法(1)百分数：基数词加百分号%(percent): 89%→eighty­nine percent(2)分数：分子基数词，分母序数词。分子大于1，分母用复数。1/3: one third，2/5: two fifths[易错提醒]　1．one and a half后的名词用复数，谓语动词一般用单数，不过事实上也可用复数。2．①当hundred，thousand，million，billion前面有基数词时，用单数形式，词尾不加­s；前面有many, several，a few修饰时，仍用单数形式：several billion years ②表示概数时，用ten, hundred, thousand, billion的复数形式加of，后面接复数名词。 thousands of lakes and forests3．“许多；很多；大量”的表达在英语中，表示“许多，很多，大量”含义的单词除了many和much以外，还有许多较常用的词组。①只接可数名词复数的有several, (a good/great) many, hundreds of, a (large/good/great) number of, numbers of, few, a few, quite a few, not a few等。②只接不可数名词的有little, a little, quite a little, an amount of, amounts of(谓语动词用复数形式), a good/great deal of, a large sum of 等。③既可接可数名词复数也可接不可数名词的有some, any, all, none, enough, plenty of, a lot of, lots of, a (large) quantity of, quantities of(谓语动词用复数形式), a diversity of, diversities of, a variety of, varieties of, a world of, a wealth of 等。【技法点拨】在语法填空中：1．词性转换题：“句子成分”是关键(1)如果要填的词在句中作主语、宾语或表语要考虑名词形式；(2)如果要填的词被形容词、定冠词或形容词性物主代词所修饰，要考虑名词形式；2．名词复数题：“牢记规则”辨是非(1)如果空格处被these，several，many和数词等修饰时，要考虑名词的复数形式；(2)如果一般现在时的谓语动词是动词原形或are，要考虑用名词的复数形式。3．数词的复数形式前要注意基数词的应用；可数名词单数前要注意序数词的应用，序数词前通常有定冠词。[易错提醒]　在短文改错中：1．遇到名词，首先想到是可数名词还是不可数名词；2．看到several，a few，many，one of，three，a number of等要想到名词应用复数形式；3．看到information，advice，progress，knowledge等，要想到它们是不可数名词，没有复数形式；4．看到冠词等修饰词，要想到应用名词形式；5．形容词和名词都可作表语，但形容词作表语说明主语的特点(how)，名词作表语则说明主语的身份、职业等(what)；6．“第几个”要用序数词；“多少”要用基数词。Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．(2019·四川雅安月考)Her question was so difficult that I could hardly make any sense          it at all.of　[make sense of “理解，弄懂，明白”，固定短语。]2．(2019·陕西83中二模)I think the boss, rather than the workers,          (be) to blame for the fire that caused so many          (dead) last week.was; deaths　[当主语后接由rather than引导的短语时，谓语动词的形式依主语的单复数和人称而定，且由caused可知用一般过去时，故第一空填was; death意为“死亡事件/人数”时，为可数名词，且第二空格前有many修饰，空格处应填名词的复数形式，故填deaths。]3．(2019·吉林松原模拟)After about one and a half         (hour) climbing, we saw two mountain paths before us.hours'　[此处用所有格形式，one and a half hours' climbing表示“爬了一个半小时的山”。]4．(2019·广东佛山质检二)I made up my mind to develop different          (skill) so that I would be able to work in this field in the future.skills　[根据空格前的形容词different可知，此处填名词，且skill在此处表示“技术，技能”，为可数名词，故应填其复数形式。]5．(2019·河南濮阳二模)College students in China won't have to fear         (fail) as much when launching their own businesses under a new Ministry of Education regulation.failure　[fear是及物动词，后缺少宾语，用动词fail的名词failure作其宾语。表示在教育部的新规则下，大学生在创业时不必过多地害怕失败。此处failure为抽象名词。]6．There is no need to tell me your answer now. Give it some          (think) and then let me know.thought　[句意：现在没必要告诉我你的答案。认真考虑，然后告诉我。some后应跟名词，thought “思索，考虑”。]7．Only a few dollars can help to fill a          (child) hungry stomach.child's　[此处表示“仅仅几美元就能帮助一个孩子不挨饿”，空后是名词stomach，提示词是child，空前是不定冠词a，故用child的所有格形式。]8．—Why is the chemical plant closed?—Because large quantities of waste water          (release) into the Yangtze River.have been released　[“(large) quantities of＋不可数名词/可数名词”作主语，谓语动词需用复数，有类似用法的还有amounts of ...。根据化工厂被关闭这一语境可知大量的废水已经被排放到长江，故用现在完成时的被动语态。]Ⅱ.单句改错1．(2019·武汉武昌区调研)For another reason, it will be much more convenient for you to look after your parent as they are getting old.        parent→parents　[考查名词。根据下文中的they可知，此处要用parent的复数形式。]2．(2019·福州质量检查)From this experience I've gained several skill for interviewing people as a journalist.        skill→skills　[考查名词的数。several修饰可数名词的复数形式。]3．(2019·广州调研)Some work to help pay their school expenses, others work to gain experience in their chosen professions; still others work just for the funny of it.        funny→fun　[考查名词。句意：……还有一些(学生)工作只是为了其中的乐趣。根据句中的定冠词the可知，此处应用名词fun，表示“乐趣”。]4．(2019·云南11校区调研)What was worse, many tourists threw rubbishes here and there.        rubbishes→rubbish　[考查名词。rubbish作“垃圾”讲时，为不可数名词。]5．(2019·郸城一模)Several friends of me together with me will visit our headmaster.        第一个me→mine　[考查双重所有格。此处表示“我的几个朋友”，应用“n.＋of＋名词性物主代词”结构。]Ⅰ.语法填空(2019·山东高三下学期高考预测)The famous Peking Opera artist Yuan Huiqin hosted two culture talks 1．         were called “Charm(魅力) of Peking Opera” in Stockholm and St.Petersburg last year.The two sessions，as programs of Chinese Culture Talk，2.        (organize) by the Bureau for External Cultural Relations of the Ministry of Culture of China，Chinese embassies and local cultural organizations.3.        (member) of Chinese embassies，famous sinologists(汉学家) and those 4.        (show) an interest in Peking Opera，attended the two culture talks.The host，Yuan Huiqin，is a national class artist of China National Peking Opera Company and a winner of the Plum Blossom Prize.During the talks，she 5.       (patient) shared the charm of Peking Opera in more than one way.With the help of the local sinologists，6．        (she) talks were translated into Swedish and Russian.These words explored the concepts and artistic characteristics of 7．        (tradition) Chinese operas，which got audience 8.        (experience) the distinct charm of Peking Opera.9．        addition，young artists from the China National Peking Opera Company performed classic opera selections.During the interaction of the talks，some opera lovers performed with young artists and on 10.        spot the audience tried costumes(戏装) of Peking Opera with great curiosity.1．which/that　[考查定语从句。空处引导定语从句，先行词是talks，空处在从句中作主语，故用which或that。]2．were organized　[考查时态和语态。此处讲述的是过去的动作，应用一般过去时；主语是The two sessions，与organize是被动关系，故应用被动语态。]3．Members　[考查名词的单复数。根据本句中的of Chinese embassies可知，应用member的复数形式。]4．showing　[考查非谓语动词。空处是非谓语动词作后置定语，show与those是逻辑上的主谓关系，故用现在分词。]5．patiently　[考查副词。此处修饰谓语动词，故用副词。]6．her　[考查代词。句意：她的演讲被翻译成瑞典语和俄语。故使用she的形容词性物主代词。]7．traditional　[考查形容词。这里使用形容词修饰后面的Chinese operas，表示“传统的中国戏剧”。]8．to experience　[考查非谓语动词。get sb.to do sth.表示“使某人做某事”，experience在此作动词用，表示“经历，体验”。]9．In　[考查介词。in addition意为“此外，除此之外”，相当于besides。]10．the　[考查冠词。on the spot“当场”，是固定搭配，故填the。]Ⅱ.短文改错(2019·贵阳适应性考试一)Knowing from your website that a competition for freely tickets to the Mulan musical is being held，I am writing apply for one.The following can well explain why I should deserve it.She was told about the story of Mulan by my grandpa when I am only three years old.Since then I have been crazy about the brave or dutiful girl.I've collected and read over 20 different book version of Mulan，seen all the Mulan movies and attend play performances twice.I've read if it's an unbelievable show with wonderful songs，amazing costumes and remarkable sets.So you can imagine how exciting I am to hear the musical is coming to town.Thanks for organizing the competition and I hope I'll be one of the lucky winners.If I am，the ticket can be sent it to 91 Renmin Road.【答案】　Knowing from your website that a competition for  tickets to the Mulan musical is being held，I am writing  apply for one.The following can well explain why I should deserve it. was told about the story of Mulan by my grandpa when I  only three years old.Since then I have been crazy about the brave  dutiful girl.I've collected and read over 20 different book  of Mulan，seen all the Mulan movies and  play performances twice.I've read  it's an unbelievable show with wonderful songs，amazing costumes and remarkable sets.So you can imagine how  I am to hear the musical is coming to town.Thanks for organizing the competition and I hope I'll be one of the lucky winners.If I am，the ticket can be sent to 91 Renmin Road.