2025-2026学年甘肃庆阳市西峰区黄官寨实验学校八年级下册英语期末自编模拟卷含答案

这是一份2025-2026学年甘肃庆阳市西峰区黄官寨实验学校八年级下册英语期末自编模拟卷含答案，文件包含新高考数学二轮复习解答题练习专题03新高考情景下的结构不良问题四大题型原卷版docx、新高考数学二轮复习解答题练习专题03新高考情景下的结构不良问题四大题型解析版docx等2份试卷配套教学资源，其中试卷共82页， 欢迎下载使用。
一、听力部分(20分)
第一节(5分)
听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳答案。每段对话读两遍。
( )1. What time will the train leave?
A. At 8: 00. B. At 8: 20. C. At 8:30.
( )2. What des Jeff d t relax himself?
A. Play sccer. B. Listen t light music. C. G utdrs.
( )3. Where will the girl g fr her spring field trip?
A. The Great Wall. B. The Summer Palace. C. The West Lake.
( )4. Where are the tw speakers nw?
A. In a z. B. In a hspital. C. In a htel.
( )5. What will the weather be like?
A. Sunny. B. Rainy. C. Windy.
第二节(10分)
听下面几段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳答案。每段对话或独白读两遍。
听下面一段对话，回答第6、7小题。
( )6. What is the relatinship between the tw speakers?
A. Mther and sn. B. Teacher and student. C. Brther and sister.
( )7. What shuld the by d at last?
A. Fry the meat. B. Add the rice. C. Add sme salt.
听下面一段对话，回答第8、9小题。
( )8. What is the first mdel wearing?
A. A kimn. B. A qipa. C. A Russian cstume.
( )9. Hw many mdels are they talking abut?
A. Tw. B. Three. C. Fur.
听下面一段独白，回答第10至12小题。
( )10. Hw des Lisa feel prbably?
A. Wrried. B. Excited. C. Relaxed.
( )11. What des Mandy advise Lisa t d?
A. Make a new friend. B. Tell her parents. C. Call her friend.
( )12. Hw lng des Mandy ask Lisa t listen t the shw everyday?
A. Fr 20 minutes. B. Fr 30 minutes. C. Fr 40 minutes.
听下面一段对话，回答第13至15小题。
( )13. Hw did Paul feel abut his vacatin?
A. Tired but happy. B. Tired and bred. C. Relaxed and happy.
( )14. What did Paul buy fr Anna?
A. A strybk. B. A dictinary. C. A ty.
( )15. What lessns des Anna have every Saturday afternn?
A. Tennis lessns. B. Pian lessns. C. Guitar lessns.
第三节(5分)
听下面一篇短文。根据短文内容，填写表格中所缺的单词，每空仅填一词。短文读两遍。
二、单项选择(10分)
( )1.Try yur best, and I'm sure we can be ne day.
A.successful B. careful C. clurful
( )2.—Gd news! It will be and ur teacher is ging t Ge Garden with us tmrrw.
-Great! Only if there isn't .
A. sunny; rain B. sunny; rainy C. sun;rain D.sun;rainy
( )3.—The schl sprts meet is cming.Will yu in the high jump?
-Certainly. I will try my best t win the race.
A.cheer B. cmpete C.relax
( )4. —I think we shuld help build mre reserves(保护区).
-I agree. They wildlife fd t eat and places t live.
A.prvide;fr B.prtect;fr C. prvide;with D.ffer;with
( )5. I'm afraid the washing machine will sme day if yu dn't fllw the instructins when using it.
A. get lst B. g wrng C. give up D. cme dwn
( )6.Cme n! Yu'll discver a new side f yurself yu get thrugh all the difficulties.
A.when B. as if C. unless D. even thugh
( )7.Tm has watered the flwers, but he hasn't fed the fish .
A.just;already B. yet; still C. already;yet D.yet;already
( )8.The students mrning exercises n the playgrund when a sudden strm hit at 9 a. m. last Friday.
A.d B.did C. are ding D. were ding
( )9.The math prblem is difficult fr us it.
A. t; finish B. t; t finish C. s; that finish D. s; that we can finish
( )10.My father n business fr tw weeks. He'll be back in tw days.
A.left B. has left C. has gne D. has been away
三、完形填空(10分)
志愿者是天下最幸福的人，因为他们给别人带来幸福。
Each natin has many vlunteers wh help t take care f thers. They may 1 bks t the peple in hspitals.Smetimes they just visit them and play games with them r sing 2 with them.
Other yung vlunteers g and wrk in the hmes f peple wh are sick r 3 .They paint, clean up, 4 their huses r d the shpping.
Fr bys wh dn't have 5 , there is an rganizatin called Big Brthers. Cllege students and ther men take these bys t baseball games r fishing places and help them t get t knw things that bys 6 learn frm their fathers.
Each city has a number f clubs where bys and girls can g t play games r learn crafts (工艺). Sme f these clubs rganize shrt trips t the muntains, beaches, r ther places f interest nearby. Mst f these clubs chse high schl and cllege students 7 vlunteers because they are yung enugh t 8 the names f bys and girls.
Vlunteers believe that the 9 peple in the wrld are thse wh help t 10 happiness t thers.
( )1.A. sell B.thrw C.read D. shw
( ) B. prblems C. sngs D.speeches
( ) B. happy C. hungry D. ld
( ) B. remve C. build D.repair
( ) B.sisters C.brthers D. mthers
( ) B.never C.usually D. seldm
( ) B.as C.t D. with
( ) B. frget C.reprt D. chse
( ) B.happiest C.yungest D.cldest
( ) B.lend C.take D.bring
四、阅读理解(20分)
A
在暑假里你有做志愿者的打算吗？下面的短文也许能给你提供一些信息。
Are yu a student f Grade Nine this year and lking fr a wnderful way t spend yur summer hliday? Cme and jin us t be a vlunteer! We can help make yur summer hliday mre wnderful.
Summer Camp
Yu can teach kids in an after-schl prgramme. If yu can sing, dance r draw, it will be better. N previus experience(以往的经验)is OK.
Date: June 25-July 21, Tuesdays & Thursdays
Time: 5:00 p. m.-7: 30 p. m.
Nursing Hme
We are lking fr vlunteers fr the nursing hme.
Yu can read newspapers t the ld peple, help them with meals r just help them clean flrs. Yu dn't need any previus experience t wrk here.
Date: July 20-August 25, Saturdays
Time: 9: 00 a. m.-4: 00 p. m.
Sccer Club
The sccer club is lking fr vlunteers t help teach kids skills.Have n previus experience? That's OK! But a lve fr sccer is necessary.
Date: June 21-August 30, Fridays
Time: 9: 00 a. m.-3: 30 p. m.
T be ne f us, yu must make an applicatin(申请) befre June 18. Fr mre infrmatin, please visit www. vlunteerclub.cm.
( )1. When can Jack teach kids smething if he wants t be a vlunteer in the summer hliday?
A. On Tuesdays, Fridays and Saturdays. B. On Tuesdays, Thursdays and Fridays.
C. On Thursdays, Fridays and Saturdays. D. On Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays.
( )2. Vlunteers can in the nursing hme accrding t the material(材料).
A. sing sngs B. draw pictures C. read newspapers D. wash clthes
( )3. Why may David's applicatin nt be successful?
A. Because he has n previus experience.
B. Because he can't dance r draw pictures.
C. Because he makes the applicatin n June 16.
D. Because he just finished primary schl.
( )4. Hw can we get mre infrmatin abut the sccer club accrding t the material?
A. By visiting a website. B. By visiting it urselves.
C. By making a call. D. By writing a letter.
( )5.Where may we read the material?
A. In a histry bk. B. In a newspaper.
C. In a travel bk. D. In a student's ntebk.
B
害羞是一种性格，但是我们有办法改变这种情况。
Hw d yu feel when yu have t make an English speech in frnt f class? What abut when yu g t a birthday party?Are yu shy? If yu are, yu are nt alne. In fact, nearly 50%f peple are shy, and almst 80% feel shy smetimes.
▲ It is fund that peple might be shy because f their family. Kids with n brthers r sisters may be shy. Grwing up alne, they ften play by themselves. They can't have the same scial (社交的) skills as kids frm big families.
It is als fund that peple might be shy because f technlgy(科技). As mre and mre peple use the internet,they g utside less. S they lse chances(机会) t talk with thers. Speaking t new peple face-t-face can make them feel nervus.
Fr shy peple, it can be difficult t make friends, speak in class and even get a gd jb. But sme scientists say shy peple can d better smetimes, because they think mre and talk less.Scientists als say if yu dn't want t be shy anymre, yu can d smething new and talk with thers mre ften.
Anyway, try yur best t vercme(克服) shyness! Dn't lse gd chances because f it! If yu need t sing a sng at birthday party r speak English in frnt f thers, just d it!
( )6.Which f the fllwing can be put in the ▲ ?
A. Why are peple shy? B. What is shyness?
C. Wh will be shy? D. When will peple be shy?
( )7. Which f the fllwing is NOT true?
A. Nearly 50% f peple are shy.
B. Almst 80% f peple feel shy smetimes.
C. Kids with n brthers r sisters must be shy.
D. It can be difficult fr shy peple t make friends.
( )8.What's the main purpse (目的) f the text?
A. T shw us what shyness is. B. T ask us t try new things.
C. T share the reasns f shyness. D. T tell us nt t be afraid f shyness.
9.Which is the best text structure? (①=Para.1 ②=Para. 2...)
A.①/②/③/④/⑤ B.①②/③/④/⑤ C.①/②③/④/⑤ D.①/②/③④/⑤
( )10.What's the writer's attitude(态度)t the shyness?
A. Sad. B. Psitive(积极的). C. Negative(消极的). D. Imprtant.
C
当你帮助别人的时候，一个小小的举动也会感动对方。
I'm in Bulder, Clrad, and I am ne f the luckiest nes withut fld(洪水) cming int my huse.精题详解But sme f my friends' huses are untidy after the fld. Tday I went t a friend's huse and helped her d sme cleaning.
Sme f her friends were helping her with husewrk when I arrived in the mrning. She asked me t mve the brken things ut f the rm and clear the mud(泥) in the rm. With anther helper, I gt busy cleaning the mud and brken things.
There was a desk in frnt f a dr and a tall cactus(仙人掌)was n it. My friend asked us t be careful with that plant,because it was the nly ne that meant a lt t her. It was nce her mther's.
I thught if we culd clean the tiles(瓷片) under the cactus,it wuld make ur friend feel better. S we mved the cactus and gt the mud ut. Then I asked my helper t get sme water t make it clean. It was a small jb. And I thught it wuld be easy fr her, since she wrked s well.
When ur friend came back, she was really mved(感动)by what we did fr her mum's plant. She smiled and put her hand t her heart. T her, it was nt ne little space withut mud, but smething that warmed her heart.
( )11. What did the writer g t her friend's huse t d?
A. T g shpping with her. B. T have a party.
C. T help her d sme cleaning. D. T take care f her children.
( )12. Why did the writer's friend ask them t take care f the cactus?
A. It was very weak. B. It was nce her mther's.
C. It was very expensive. D. T take care f her children.
( )13. What did the writer d with the cactus?
A. He cleaned the tiles under it. B. He did nthing with it.
C. He mved it t the rm. D. He planted it in a new place.
( )14. Which f the fllwing is TRUE accrding t the text?
A. The cactus was n the flr.
B. The writer gt sme water fr the cactus at last.
C. An earthquake just happened in Clrad.
D. The writer cleaned the rm with a helper.
( )15. Hw did the writer's friend feel when she saw the cactus?
A. Sad. B. Mved. C. Angry. D. Excited.
D
社区也需要志愿者，因为它是社会的一个重要组成部分。让我们一起阅读下面这篇文章，来了解作者在一个特殊教育学校志愿服务的经历吧。
Last year, I went t Beijing Qizhi Special Educatin Schl fr cmmunity service(社区服务). Befre we tk the bus, my friend asked me a questin: "Why are yu here?" I did nt knw hw t answer the questin. The schl was nt far frm my schl, but it lked like it. was in a different wrld. A grup f children were waiting fr us. A by walked tward me. He held my hands and pulled me t the grund. I kissed the earth and tasted nature. I culd nt understand what he was ding at first,s I was very angry. Thugh I was very angry, I cntrlled my anger.
A teacher stpped this awkward(尴尬的) silence when she shuted at the by. "What are yu ding right here, right nw?She said. "Yu will never see yur mum again if yu keep ding this. Nw, say srry!""Srry," he cried fearfully and nervusly. I said nthing, but I realized smething abut this child. After lunch I asked the teacher fr infrmatin abut the child's parents.
She said that the child was very different frm ther students because f an illness. His family culd nt affrd(支付得起) t treat him. He needed the kindness f his family, but they had abandned him. S he depended n the supprt(支持) frm the teachers and cmmunity service wrkers like us.
I suddenly realized I culd answer the questin my friends asked me at the beginning f the day.
Cmmunity service wrkers help thers and make everyne feel better. There are s many peple in the wrld that need help. Playing with lnely children may nt make a big difference.But it can light a crner in the children's hearts, making them knw they are lved by peple.
( )16. Hw did the writer reach Beijing Qizhi Special Educatin Schl?
A. By train. B. By car. C. By bus. D. By taxi.
( )17. Why did the writer get angry?
A. Because a by hit the writer's hands.
B. Because the writer did nt like t taste nature.
C. Because a by pushed the writer t the grund.
D. Because a by wasn't friendly t the writer.
( )18. The underlined wrd "abandned" mst prbably means “ ”.
A.hurt B. left C. sld D. frgtten
( )19. Frm the passage we can learn that the writer .
A. helped s many peple in the wrld
B. played with the lnely by after lunch
C. learned the meaning f cmmunity service
D. wasn't gd at cmmunity service
( )20.What's the best title fr the text?
A. An Unfriendly By B. A Relaxing Trip t the Beach
C. An Experience fr Cmmunity Service D. A Student frm the Special Schl
五、词汇运用(10分)
A.用所给单词的适当形式填空。
1. He greeted all the guests (warm)as they arrived.
2. He needed t make sme (dnate)t charity.
3. Happy as they were, there was smething (miss).
4. The plice (secret)filmed the cnversatins.
5. Over the past ten years, sme (prper)names have caused prblems.
B.根据汉语意思完成句子。
6.老师希望所有学生每天都能取得进步。
Teachers expect all their students t make prgress .
7.我正好及时赶上飞往夏威夷的航班。
I arrived just fr my flight t Hawaii.
8.每个人都可以为社区做些改变。
Everyne can d smething t t a cmmunity.
9.你想让我过去帮你一把吗？
D yu want me t and hld yur hand?
10.这就是她最想得到的。
It was what she wanted .
六、阅读还原(10分)
Recently, the term“carbn neutral(碳中和)”has been ften used at sme imprtant meetings. Many cuntries have put frward the gal f being carbn neutral. 1. What can we d t prtect the envirnment and live a lw-carbn life? Here are sme suggestins.
●Travel in a green way. Nw, mre Chinese peple have cars f their wn. It has brught us a lt f benefits but has created sme serius prblems as well.2By ding s, we can save energy and reduce pllutin.
●Cut dwn white pllutin. We shuld reduce the pllutin f plastic bags. When yu g t the supermarket, bring yur wn shpping bags.
● 3 .Lack(缺乏) f water resurces will affect the eclgical(生态的) envirnment. S please turn ff the tap after using it.
●Classify(分类) the rubbish. 4 .
●Use bth sides f the paper. The paper prductin prcess uses a lt f trees.
Nw is the time that we shuld take up ur respnsibility.We shuld d what we can in ur daily life t prtect ur envirnment frm being plluted.
If all f us take actin immediately, 5 .
A. Save water
B. S we'd better d mre walking, cycling and less driving
C. Ding rubbish classificatin in a right way can turn waste int wealth
D. It is necessary t use e-textbks instead f paper bks
E. Turn ff the pwer
F. we will make the wrld a better place t live in
G. China is expected t be carbn neutral by 2060
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. .
七、阅读表达(10分)
你知道怎样介绍自己的家乡吗？人文、历史、民情都需要涉及。
Yancheng, my hmetwn, is a beautiful seaside city in Jiangsu Prvince, China. Its name means "City f Salt", which cmes frm its lng histry f salt prductin.
Yancheng is famus fr its natural beauty. It has the largest wetland in China, which is hme t many rare birds, especially red-crwned cranes. Every winter, abut 600 red-crwned cranes fly here, making the wetland a magical place. Besides nature,Yancheng als has a rich culture. It played an imprtant part in China's revlutinary(革命的) histry, and yu can learn abut this at the N4A Memrial Hall.
What's mre, Yancheng has delicius lcal fd. Seafd is very fresh here. One ppular dish is "drunken crab"made with rice wine. It tastes amazing!
Peple in Yancheng are friendly and hardwrking. They lve their city and wrk tgether t prtect its envirnment. I feel prud t call Yancheng my hmetwn. It's a place where nature,histry, and mdern life mix perfectly.
If yu ever visit, dn't frget t explre the wetlands and try the lcal dishes. Yu'll lve it!
每题答案不超过6个单词。
1. Where is Yancheng?
.
2. Hw many red-crwned cranes fly t Yancheng t spend their winter?
.
3. Where can peple learn abut China's revlutinary histry in Yancheng?
.
4. Hw are the peple in Yancheng?
.
5. What can yu d in Yancheng as a visitr?
.
八、短文填空(15分)
你经常种树吗？你对种树有什么看法？
My father tld me there was a large frest nearby. He culd see it at hme when he was yung. But the wner f it cut 1. the trees year by year. The number f the trees was als 2. (little)year by year. 3. there were n trees at last.
One day, ur teacher tk us ut and we had a picnic there.We walked arund and talked abut the frest. One f my classmates is frm the 4. (nrth) part f ur cuntry.He tld us, "Trees are very 5. (imprtance)fr us.They can d a lt f things fr us. I'm sad t learn that the frest here disappeared. This makes the earth nt s beautiful. This makes sme animals 6. (hme)as well. S we shuld lk 7.
the nature well. We shuld cnsider 8. (careful) abut what t d fr the earth. "He tuched ur heart.
"Spring is a gd time t plant trees. It's spring nw. Let's plant sme trees tgether!" said ur teacher. After carrying yung trees, we first 9. (dig)a deep enugh hle. Then we put the yung tree int the hle and filled it 10. sil.We als gave the tree sme water t drink. During that spring,we planted hundreds f trees.
Until this year, we 11. (plant)trees here fr five years. Nw, trees here are even taller than I am. It feels great 12. (turn)the wrld int a better place. I 13.
(grw) mre trees in the future. Then ur earth will be better and better.
In 14. wrd, we can't live withut plants.Planting trees depends 15.
everyne instead f smene. Let's act tgether!
九、书面表达(15分)
学校读书俱乐部正在举办“世界文学名著荐书”系列活动。请为本次阅读的名著“The Old Man and the Sea”写一篇英语读书推荐。
主要内容：1.介绍写作背景(the American writer:Ernest Hemingway; in 1952； wn the Pulitzer Prize in 1953..)；2.描述主要内容；3.提出推荐理由。
写作要求：1.包括所有内容要点，并适当拓展，以使语言通顺，行文连贯；2.文中不能出现真实的校名和姓名等真实信息；
3.词数在80~100之间。
Bk Recmmendatin fr "The Old Man and the Sea"





听力材料
第一节 听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳答案。每段对话读两遍。
1. W: Shall we leave fr the train statin?
M: Sure. It's 8: 00 nw. The train will leave in 20 minutes.
2. W: If I am tired after study, I listen t light music t relax myself. Hw abut yu, Jeff?
M: I will g utdrs t relax myself.
3. W: I'm ging n a spring field trip tmrrw, Mike.
M: Where will yu g?
W: The West Lake.
4. W: Gd mrning. Can I help yu?
M: Yes. I hurt my arm just nw. I cme t see Dr Smith.
5. W: Take an umbrella with yu, Paul. The weather reprt says it will rain this afternn.
M: OK, thank yu very much.
第二节 听下面几段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳答案。每段对话或独白读两遍。
听下面一段对话，回答第6、7小题。
M: Mum, I'd like t make fried rice. Wuld yu mind teaching me?
W: Of curse nt. It's very easy. First, cut sme cked meat. Next, put sme il in the pan and fry the meat.
M: Like this?
W: Yes. Well dne. Then add the rice.
M: What d I need t d after that?
W: Yu need t fry the rice fr a few minutes. Finally, add sme salt.
M: Yeah! Cking is fun!听下面一段对话，回答第8、9小题。
W: Lk! Here cme the mdels!
M: Ww! Hw beautiful they are!
W: Lk at the first mdel! She is shwing a qipa, a traditinal dress fr Chinese wmen.
M: What abut the secnd mdel?
W: Oh, she is wearing a kimn, the traditinal cstume f Japan.
M: Ww! Yu knw abut the clthes s much.
听下面一段独白，回答第10至12小题。
Dear Lisa,
I'm srry t hear that yu have sme prblems. It's cmmn t get int a fight with clse friends. The mst imprtant thing is hw yu deal with it. In my pinin, yu shuld say srry t yur friend this time, s just call her up.Secndly, yu didn't d well in yur English test. Here is my advice. Listen t the English shw fr half an hur everyday.It will help yu imprve yur English quickly.
Yurs,
Mandy
听下面一段对话，回答第13至15小题。
W: Hi, Paul. Where did yu g fr yur vacatin?
M: Hi, Anna. I went t America with my parents.
W: Sunds great! Hw d yu feel nw?
M: Tired but happy.
W: When did yu cme back t China?
M: On Thursday afternn. I bught a gift fr yu. It is the mst ppular bk in America. Here yu are.
W: Ww. . It's my favurite strybk. Thank yu, Paul. I like it very much.
M: Yu're welcme. By the way, are yu free this Saturday?I want t play tennis.
W: I'm s srry, Paul. I have guitar lessns every Saturday afternn. Hw abut Sunday afternn?
M: OK. See yu then.
第三节 听下面一篇短文。根据短文内容，填写表格中所缺的单词，每空仅填一词。短文读两遍。
The Greens enjyed themselves last weekend. Mr Green went fishing with his brther. His wife Mrs Green was very busy in the mrning. She cleaned the huse and did sme cking at hme. After she finished ding the husewrk, she went shpping in Starlight Shpping Mall and bught sme new chpsticks and frks fr the family. Their sn David had a gd time with his classmates. They visited Tian'anmen Square in the mrning. They ate the famus Beijing Rast Duck in a restaurant at nn. The Greens all lk frward t next weekend.
参考答案
一、1~5 BCCBB 6~10 ACBAA 11~15 C B A A C
16. brther 17. cking 18. frks 19. mrning 20.famus
二、1-5 AABCB 6-10 ACDBD
三、1-5 CCDDA 6-10 CBABD
四、1-5 BCDAB 6-10 ACDCB 11-15 CBADB 16-20 CCBCC
五、A.1. warmly 2. dnatin 3. missing 4. secretly 5.imprper
B. 6. day by day 7. in time 8. make a difference 9. cme alng 10. mst f all
六、1-5 GBACF
七、1. In Jiangsu Prvince, China.
2. Abut 600 red-crwned cranes.
3. At the N4A Memrial Hall.
4. They are friendly and hardwrking.
5. I can explre the wetlands and try the lcal dishes.
八、1. dwn 2. less 3. S 4. nrthern 5. imprtant 6. hmeless 7. after 8. carefully 9. dug 10. with 11. have planted 12. t turn 13. will grw 14. a 15. n
九、One pssible versin:
Bk Recmmendatin fr "The Old Man and the Sea"
The masterpiece The Old Man and the Sea wn the Pulitzer Prize in 1953. In 1952, It was written by Ernest Hemingway, a famus American writer wh devted himself t writing. Hemingway's writing features: cncise wrds,memrable images, rich emtins and prfund thughts.
There is n dubt that the stry mainly tells abut an ld fisherman, wh has been unlucky and always failed t d things. But he isn't disheartened and keeps n trying and is able t lk fr victry frm defeat. The nvel has a say n a philsphy f struggle. I make a cnclusin: smetimes the result may be a failure, but we all have t struggle.
题序
一
二
三
四
五
六
七
八
九
总分
得分
The Greens' last weekend
Mr Green went fishing with his 16. .
Mrs Green cleaned the huse and did sme 17. at hme.Mrs Green bught sme new chpsticks and 18. in Starlight Shpping Mall.
David and his classmates visited Tian'anmen Square in the 19. .They ate the 20.
Beijing Rast Duck in a restaurant at nn.