2026届高三英语二轮复习课件：专题1　阅读理解　第3讲　知晓阅读理解4大文体（含解析）

这是一份2026届高三英语二轮复习课件：专题1　阅读理解　第3讲　知晓阅读理解4大文体（含解析），共157页。PPT课件主要包含了文体1　应用文，文体2　记叙文，文体3　说明文，文体4　议论文，结构模型2 等内容，欢迎下载使用。
目 录 索 引
应用文包括通知、广告、便条、申请书、个人简介、商品说明与介绍、新闻报道等,形式多样,题材各异(如图示、表格等),措辞简洁明了,直截了当,其目的是向读者传输信息。
[典例](2024新课标Ⅰ卷,A)HABITAT RESTORATION TEAMHelp restre and prtect Marin’s natural areas frm the Marin Headlands t Blinas Ridge.We’ll explre beautiful park sites while cnducting invasive(侵入的) plant remval,winter planting,and seed cllectin.Habitat Restratin Team vlunteers play a vital rle in restring sensitive resurces and prtecting endangered species acrss the ridges and valleys.GROUPSGrups f 5 r mre require special arrangements and must be cnfirmed in advance.Please review the List f Available Prjects and fill ut the Grup Prject Request Frm.
AGE,SKILLS,WHAT TO BRINGVlunteers aged 10 and ver are welcme.Read ur Yuth Plicy Guidelines fr yuth under the age f 15.Bring yur cmpleted Vlunteer Agreement Frm.Vlunteers under the age f 18 must have the parent/guardian apprval sectin signed.We’ll be wrking rain r shine.Wear clthes that can get dirty.Bring layers fr changing weather and a raincat if necessary.Bring a persnal water bttle,sunscreen,and lunch.N experience necessary.Training and tls will be prvided.Fulfills(满足) cmmunity service requirements.
UPCOMING EVENTS
21.What is the aim f the Habitat Restratin Team?A.T discver mineral develp new wildlife prtect the lcal cnduct bilgical is the lwer age limit fr jining the Habitat Restratin Team?A.5.　　　B.10.　　　C.15.　　　D.18.
23.What are the vlunteers expected t d?A.Bring their wn even in bad a team at least three prjects.
▶语篇解读本文是一篇应用文。作者介绍了一个生物栖息地修复工作队的工作内容和招募志愿者的相关信息和要求。▶篇章结构
▶思路点拨21.根据第一段的“Help restre and prtect Marin’s natural areas frm the Marin Headlands t Blinas Ridge.”可知,Habitat Restratin Team的目的是帮助恢复和保护马林的一些自然区,也就是保护当地的生态系统。故选　　　项。 22.根据AGE,SKILLS,WHAT TO BRING 下面列出的“Vlunteers aged 10 and ver are welcme.Read ur Yuth Plicy Guidelines fr yuth under the age f 15.”和“Vlunteers under the age f 18 must have the parent/guardian apprval sectin signed.”可知,最低年龄限制为10岁。故选　　　项。 23.根据AGE,SKILLS,WHAT TO BRING 下面列出的第三条“We’ll be wrking rain r shine.Wear clthes that can get dirty.Bring layers fr changing weather and a raincat if necessary.”可知,不管下雨天还是晴天,志愿者都要工作。故选　　　项。 
A(2024浙江1月卷,A)Tm Sawyer Play Is an AdventureA 35-minute hand-clapping,ft-stmping musical versin f a Mark Twain favrite returns with this Tall Stacks festival.“Tm Sawyer:A River Adventure” has all the gd stuff,including the fence painting,the graveyard,the island and the cave.It is adapted by Je McDnugh,with music by David Kisr.That’s the lcal stage writing team that creates many f the Children’s Theatre f Cincinnati’s riginal musicals, alng with the hliday family musicals at Ensemble Theatre.This year Nathan Turner f Burlingtn is Tm Sawyer,and Rbbie McMath f Frt Mitchell is Huck Finn.
Turner,a 10th-grader at Schl fr Creative and Perfrming Arts,is a familiar presence n Cincinnati’s stages.He is a star actr f Children’s Theatre,having played leading rles in “The Legend f Sleepy Hllw” and “The Wizard f Oz”,and is fresh frm Jersey Prductin “Ragtime”.McMath is a junir at Beechwd High Schl.He was in the cast f “Tm Sawyer” when it was first perfrmed and is a Children’s Theatre regular, with five shws t his credit.This summer he attended Kentucky’s Gvernr’s Schl fr the Arts in Musical Theatre.Nte t teachers:Children’s Theatre has a study guide demnstrating hw math and science can be taught thrugh “Tm Sawyer”.Fr dwnladable lessns,visit the fficial website f Children’s Theatre.
【语篇导读】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍由马克·吐温的作品所改编的音乐剧《汤姆·索亚:河上历险记》。
1.Wh wrte the music fr “Tm Sawyer:A River Adventure”?A.David Kisr.　　B.Je Turner.D.Rbbie McMath.
细节理解题。根据第二段中的“It is adapted by Je McDnugh,with music by David Kisr.”可知,本剧是由大卫·基索作曲的。
2.What can we learn abut the tw actrs?A.They study in the same wrked tgether in “Ragtime” are experienced n became friends ten years ag.
推理判断题。根据第四段可知,Turner经常出现在辛辛那提的舞台上,是儿童剧院的明星演员,曾在《断头谷的传说》和《绿野仙踪》中担任主角;根据第五段中的“McMath is a junir at Beechwd High Schl.He was in the cast f ‘Tm Sawyer’ when it was first perfrmed and is a Children’s Theatre regular,with five shws t his credit.”可知,McMath也是儿童剧院的老演员;综合以上信息可知,这两位演员在舞台上经验丰富。
3.What des Children’s Theatre prvide fr teachers?A.Research resurces.
细节理解题。根据最后一段可知,儿童剧院为教师提供了一份学习指南,展示如何通过《汤姆·索亚》教授数学和科学,可通过儿童剧院的网站下载课程;由此可知,儿童剧院为教师提供了教育资源。
B(2024新课标Ⅱ卷,A)Chice f Walks fr Beginner and Experienced WalkersThe Carlw Autumn Walking Festival is a great pprtunity fr the beginner,experienced r advanced walker t enjy the challenges f Carlw’s muntain hikes r the peace f its wdland walks.Walk 1-The Natural WrldWith envirnmentalist Éanna Lamhna as the guide,this walk prmises t be an infrmative tur.Walkers are sure t learn lts abut the habitats and natural wrld f the Blackstairs.Date and Time:Saturday,1st Octber,at 9:00Start Pint:Scrates BridgeWalk Duratin:6 hurs
Walk 2-Intrductin t HillwalkingEmmanuel Chappard,an experienced guide,has a passin fr making the great utdrs accessible t all.This muntain walk prvides an insight int the skills required fr hillwalking t ensure yu get the mst frm future walking trips.Date and Time:Sunday,2nd Octber,at 9:00Start Pint:Deerpark Car ParkWalk Duratin:5 hurs
Walk 3-Mnlight Under the StarsWalking at night-time is a great way t step ut f yur cmfrt zne. Breathtaking views f the lwlands f Carlw can be enjyed in the presence f welcming guides frm lcal walking clubs.A trch(手电筒) alng with suitable clthing is essential fr walking in the dark.Thse wh are dressed inapprpriately will be refused permissin t participate.Date and Time:Saturday,1st Octber,at 18:30Start Pint:The Twn HallWalk Duratin:3 hurs
Walk 4-Phtgraphic Walk in Kilbrannish FrestThis infrmative walk led by Richard Smyth intrduces yu t the basic principles f phtgraphy in the wild.Bring alng yur camera and enjy the wnderful views alng this well-surfaced frest path.Date and Time:Sunday,2nd Octber,at 11:45Start Pint:Kilbrannish Frest Recreatin AreaWalk Duratin:1.5 hurs
【语篇导读】本文是一篇应用文。卡洛秋季徒步节提供不同难度的徒步活动,适合初学者和有经验的徒步者,包括自然探索、山地技能学习、夜间徒步和森林摄影。
4.Which walk takes the shrtest time?A.The Natural t Under the Walk in Kilbrannish Frest.
细节理解题。根据“Walk 1-The Natural Wrld”中的“Walk Duratin:6 hurs”;“Walk 2-Intrductin t Hillwalking”中的“Walk Duratin:5 hurs”; “Walk 3-Mnlight Under the Stars”中的“Walk Duratin:3 hurs”以及“Walk 4-Phtgraphic Walk in Kilbrannish Frest”中的“Walk Duratin:1.5 hurs”可知,Phtgraphic Walk in Kilbrannish Frest用时最短。
5.What are participants in Walk 3 required t d?A.Wear prper a walking special a survival guide.
细节理解题。根据“Walk 3-Mnlight Under the Stars”中的“A trch alng with suitable clthing is essential fr walking in the dark.”可知,Walk 3的参与者需要穿着合适的衣服并携带手电筒。
6.What d the fur walks have in cmmn?A.They invlve difficult are fr experienced share the same start are scheduled fr the weekend.
细节理解题。通读全文可知,Walk 1和Walk 3在周六进行,而 Walk 2和Walk 4在周日进行。因此文中徒步活动的共同点是都被安排在周末。
记叙文是以写人、记事、状物为主要内容,以记叙和描写为主要表达方式的文章。一篇记叙文,无论长短都应该是一个完全独立的事实,描写人物、地点、事件和发生过程,表达作者的某种情感。
[典例](2024新课标Ⅰ卷,B)“I am nt crazy,” says Dr.William Farber,shrtly after perfrming acupuncture(针灸) n a rabbit.“I am ahead f my time.” If he seems a little defensive,it might be because even sme f his cwrkers ccasinally laugh at his unusual methds.But Farber is certain he’ll have the last laugh.He’s ne f a small but grwing number f American veterinarians(兽医) nw practicing “hlistic”medicine—cmbining traditinal Western treatments with acupuncture,chirpractic(按摩疗法) and herbal medicine.
Farber,a graduate f Clrad State University,started ut as a mre cnventinal veterinarian.He became interested in alterative treatments 20 years ag when he suffered frm terrible back pain.He tried muscle-relaxing drugs but fund little relief.Then he tried acupuncture,an ancient Chinese practice,and was amazed that he imprved after tw r three treatments.What wrked n a veterinarian seemed likely t wrk n his patients.S,after studying the techniques fr a cuple f years,he began ffering them t pets.
Leigh Tindale’s dg Charlie had a serius heart cnditin.After Charlie had a heart attack,Tindale says,she was prepared t put him t sleep,but Farber’s treatments eased her dg’s suffering s much that she was able t keep him alive fr an additinal five mnths.And Priscilla Dewing reprts that her hrse,Nappy,“mves mre easily and rides mre cmfrtably” after a chirpractic adjustment.Farber is certain that the hlistic apprach will grw mre ppular with time,and if the past is any indicatin,he may be right:Since 1982,membership in the American Hlistic Veterinary Medical Assciatin has grwn frm 30 t ver 700.“Smetimes it surprises me that it wrks s well,” he says.“I will d anything t help an animal.That’s my jb.”
24.What d sme f Farber’s cwrkers think f him?A.He’s dd.　　　　B.He’s ’s brave.D.He’s did Farber decide t try acupuncture n pets?A.He was trained in it at was inspired by anther benefited frm it as a wanted t save mney fr pet wners.
26.What des paragraph 3 mainly talk abut?A.Steps f a chirpractic cmplexity f veterinarians’ f rare animal effectiveness f hlistic des the authr mentin the American Hlistic Veterinary Medical Assciatin?A.T prve Farber’s emphasize its praise advcate animal prtectin.
▶语篇解读本文是一篇记叙文。兽医William Farber奉行中西医结合的整体医学疗法,融合西方传统疗法与东方针灸、按摩等疗法,通过个人经历和治疗案例,展示了整体医学疗法在兽医实践中的应用并取得了良好疗效。▶篇章结构
▶思路点拨24.根据第一段中的“I am nt crazy”和“If he seems a little defensive,it might be because even sme f his cwrkers ccasinally laugh at his unusual methds.”可知,William Farber的一些同事嘲笑他不同寻常的治疗方法,他极力辩解“我没有疯”。由此可知,他的一些同事认为他很怪异,故选　　　项。 25.根据第二段最后三句可知,William Farber通过中医针灸治疗并取得很好的疗效。他受到启发,经过多年的研习之后,他决定把中医和西医结合起来给自己的“病人”——宠物,进行治疗。故选　　　项。 
26.作者在第三段列举了两个具体的治疗案例及其疗效,这说明整体医学疗法对于动物治疗是有效的。故选　　　项。 27.根据最后一段可知,William Farber相信他的治疗方法将会随着时间的推移而越来越受欢迎。自1982年以来,美国整体医疗兽医协会会员人数的增加也印证了这一观点。故选　　　项。 
A(2024浙江1月卷,B)When was the last time yu used a telephne bx?I mean t make an actual phne call—nt t shelter frm the rain.Ages ag,right?The last time I used a phne bx fr its intended purpse was cnducting auditins (试演) fr my play in my tiny ld shared huse in Lndn.Hping t impress sme talented actrs t cme and wrk fr me fr nthing,I spread sme thrws ver the sfas and lit candles t make it seem a bit mre “yung prfessinal”.
As I rushed utdrs t empty the wastepaper baskets,the dr swung shut behind me.Suddenly I was lcked utside.My mbile phne was inside, but luckily there was a telephne bx acrss the street.S,I called Directry Assistance,gt put thrugh t ur landlady’s managing agent,and had a spare key sent t me with just enugh time t get back in befre the actrs arrived.As it has been many years since I last used ne,I shuld hardly be surprised that there are n lnger any public telephnes near my huse.The last ne standing has just been turned int a “mini cmmunity library”:any passer-by can “brrw” a bk frm its shelves,and return it later,r replace it with anther title frm their wn cllectin.
Fr a few mnths after the “library” pened,I didn’t bther taking a lk, as I had assumed that it wuld be stuffed full f cheesy lve stries.Then I nticed flk cnducting spring cleans drpping bxes f vluminus bks n varius subjects there.And these bks were free.This unbeatable price pint encuraged me t experiment with dzens f titles that I wuld never nrmally cnsider buying.And I’ve discvered sme great bks!If I ever get trapped utside my huse again,my lcal telephne bx will, sadly,n lnger be able t cnnect me with my keys.But it can certainly keep me entertained while I wait fr my wife t rescue me.【语篇导读】本文是一篇记叙文。随着手机的普及,电话亭渐渐地被人们遗忘,作者家附近的最后一个电话亭被改造成了“迷你图书馆”,作者偶然发现那里有很多不错的免费书籍,这让作者觉得很棒。
1.What des the wrd “it” underlined in the first paragraph refer t?A.The play.　　　B.The shared sfa.D.The telephne bx.
词句猜测题。根据第一段中的“ my tiny ld shared huse in Lndn.”及“ spread sme thrws...‘yung prfessinal’.”可知,此处是指使“我”的合租房看起来更“年轻专业”一点,所以it代指“合租房”。
2.Why did the authr use the telephne bx in 2006?A.T place an urgent put up a shelter frm the hld an auditin.
细节理解题。根据第二段中的“S,I called Directry Assistance,gt put thrugh t ur landlady’s managing agent,and had a spare key sent t me with just enugh time t get back in befre the actrs arrived.”可知,作者在2006年使用电话亭是为了拨打紧急电话。
3.What d we knw abut the “mini cmmunity library”?A.It prvides phne service fr can cntribute t its is ppular amng yung must be returned within a mnth.
细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The last ne standing has just been turned int a ‘mini cmmunity library’:any passer-by can ‘brrw’ a bk frm its shelves,and return it later,r replace it with anther title frm their wn cllectin.”可知,任何人都可以为“迷你社区图书馆”捐赠图书。
4.Why did the authr start t use the “library”?A.He wanted t brrw sme lve was encuraged by a clse fund there were excellent free thught it was an ideal place fr reading.
推理判断题。根据第四段中的“This unbeatable price pint encuraged me t experiment with dzens f titles that I wuld never nrmally cnsider buying.And I’ve discvered sme great bks!”可知,作者发现“迷你图书馆”里有很多免费的很棒的书,所以开始使用。
B(2023全国乙卷,B)Living in Iwa and trying t becme a phtgrapher specializing in landscape(风景)can be quite a challenge,mainly because the crn state lacks gegraphical variatin.Althugh landscapes in the Midwest tend t be quite similar,either farm fields r highways,smetimes I find distinctive character in the hills r lakes. T make sme f my landscape shts,I have travelled up t fur hurs away t sht within 10-minute time frame.I tend t travel with a few f my friends t state parks r t the cuntryside t g n adventures and take phts alng the way.
Being at the right place at the right time is decisive in any style f phtgraphy.I ften leave early t seek the right destinatins s I can set up early t avid missing the mment I am attempting t phtgraph.I have missed plenty f beautiful sunsets/sunrises due t being n the spt nly five minutes befre the best mment.
One time my friends and I drve three hurs t Devil’s Lake,Wiscnsin,t climb the purple quartz(石英) rck arund the lake.After we fund a crazy-lking rad that hung ver a bunch f rcks,we decided t phtgraph the scene at sunset.The psitin enabled us t lk ver the lake with the sunset in the backgrund.We managed t leave this spt t climb higher because f the spare time until sunset.Hwever,we did nt mark the rute(路线)s we ended up almst missing the sunset entirely.Once we fund the place,it was stressful getting lights and cameras set up in the limited time.Still,lking back n the phts,they are sme f my best shts thugh they culd have been s much better if I wuld have been prepared and managed my time wisely.【语篇导读】本文是一篇记叙文。文章叙述了作者不畏艰险,拍摄出高质量的风景照的故事。
5.Hw des the authr deal with the challenge as a landscape phtgrapher in the Midwest?A.By teaming up with ther shting in the cuntryside r state studying the gegraphical creating settings in the crn fields.
细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“T make sme f my landscape shts,I have travelled up t fur hurs away t sht within 10-minute time frame.I tend t travel with a few f my friends t state parks r t the cuntryside t g n adventures and take phts alng the way.”可知,为了拍摄一些风景照片,作者经常和几个朋友一起去州立公园或乡村探险,沿途拍照。故选B项。
6.What is the key t successful landscape phtgraphy accrding t the authr?A.Prper time shting styles.
细节理解题。根据第三段第一句“Being at the right place at the right time is decisive in any style f phtgraphy.”可知,作者认为,成功拍照的关键在于,在正确的时间出现在正确的地点,即适当的时间管理。故选A项。
7.What can we infer frm the authr’s trip with friends t Devil’s Lake?A.They went crazy with the purple quartz felt stressed while waiting fr the reached the shting spt later than had prblems with their equipment.
推理判断题。根据最后一段第五句“Hwever,we did nt mark the rute s we ended up almst missing the sunset entirely.”可知,作者他们险些错过了日落,即到达拍摄地点比预计的晚了一些。故选C项。
8.Hw des the authr find his phts taken at Devil’s Lake?
推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“Still,lking back n the phts,they are sme f my best shts thugh they culd have been s much better if I wuld have been prepared and managed my time wisely.”可知,尽管作者认为还有些缺憾,但照片拍得还是不错的,作者对此感到很满意。故选B项。
说明文通常是通过举例子、作比较、分类别、析结果、列数字和作引用等手段,具体描述一项研究或者介绍一项新产品、新技术的文章,旨在让读者了解信息。
(一)实验研究与报告[结构模型]
[典例] (2023新课标Ⅱ卷,D)As cities balln with grwth,access t nature fr peple living in urban areas is becming harder t find.If yu’re lucky,there might be a pcket park near where yu live,but it’s unusual t find places in a city that are relatively wild.Past research has fund health and wellness benefits f nature fr humans, but a new study shws that wildness in urban areas is extremely imprtant fr human well-being.
The research team fcused n a large urban park.They surveyed several hundred park-gers,asking them t submit a written summary nline f a meaningful interactin they had with nature in the park.The researchers then examined these submissins,cding(编码)experiences int different categries. Fr example,ne participant’s experience f “We sat and listened t the waves at the beach fr a while” was assigned the categries “sitting at beach” and “listening t waves.”Acrss the 320 submissins,a pattern f categries the researchers call a “nature language” began t emerge.After the cding f all submissins,half a dzen categries were nted mst ften as imprtant t visitrs.These include encuntering wildlife,walking alng the edge f water,and fllwing an established trail.
Naming each nature experience creates a usable language,which helps peple recgnize and take part in the activities that are mst satisfying and meaningful t them.Fr example,the experience f walking alng the edge f water might be satisfying fr a yung prfessinal n a weekend hike in the park.Back dwntwn during a wrkday,they can enjy a mre dmestic frm f this interactin by walking alng a funtain n their lunch break.“We’re trying t generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactins back int ur daily lives.And fr that t happen,we als need t prtect nature s that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn,a senir authr f the study.
32.What phenmenn des the authr describe at the beginning f the text?A.Pcket parks are nw nature is hard t find in cities are enjy living clse t did the researchers cde participant submissins int categries?A.T cmpare different types f park- explain why the park attracts analyze the main features f the find patterns in the visitrs’ summaries.
34.What can we learn frm the example given in paragraph 5?A.Walking is the best way t gain access t peple are t busy t interact with same nature experience takes different nature language enhances wrk shuld be dne befre we can interact with nature accrding t Kahn?A.Language cmmunicatin.
▶语篇解读本文是一篇说明文。作者通过对一项新的研究结果及其过程的描述,向读者介绍了与大自然互动对人类健康的重要性,同时也指出要保护大自然。▶篇章结构根据实验研究与报告说明文的结构模型可将文章结构梳理如下:
▶思路点拨32.考查研究背景。 根据第一段中的“access t nature fr peple living in urban areas is becming harder t find”以及“it’s unusual t find places in a city that are relatively wild”可知,在城市里很难接触大自然。故　　　项正确。 33.考查研究方法。根据第四段第一句话“Acrss the 320 submissins,a pattern f t emerge.”可知,研究人员这样做是为了从访客的总结材料中找出类别规律。故　　　项正确。 
34.考查研究的意义。根据第五段所举的例子“the experience f walking alng the edge f water might be funtain n their lunch break”可知,年轻的职业人士周末可以在公园徒步旅行,在工作日可以沿着喷泉散步,用不同的形式去体验自然,即同样的与自然的互动体验会有不同的表现形式。故　　　项正确。 35.考查主题的升华。根据最后一段Kahn的话“And fr that t happen,we als need t prtect nature s that we can interact with it”可知,人们在与大自然互动以前需要保护自然,故　　　项正确。  
(二)新发明/新技术[结构模型1]
[典例](2025浙江1月卷,C)A nvel design apprach t gardening has been gaining in ppularity wrldwide.Referred t as matrix planting,this apprach aims fr nature t d a lt mre f the heavy lifting in the garden,and even sme f the designing. Eschewing fertilizers(化肥) and pwer tls,it’s based n an elegantly simple principle:t garden mre like nature des.The cncept was brn when German city planners sught t plant large areas f parkland after Wrld War Ⅱ in a reprducible way that wuld need minimal maintenance.Planners created planting mixes that culd be used mdularly(模块化).In a matrix garden,plants with similar cultural needs are gruped s that they will grw tgether abve and belw grund,frming a cperative ecsystem that cnserves water and discurages weeds.
Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudlf’s gardens ppularized this style,adding artistic flavrs t the planting mixes while playing with clr and frm,including fur-seasn interest and serving the needs f wildlife.Beautiful year-rund,they invite yu t enjy the smallest detail,frm the sund f grasses in the gentle wind t the sculpture f dd-lking seed heads.It takes a lt f thught t lk this natural.While matrix gardens appear wild,they are carefully planned,with cultural needs the first cnsideratin.Led by the cncept f “right plant,right place,” they match plants that enjy the same sil,sun and weather cnditins,and arrange them accrding t their patterns f grwth.
The benefits are substantial fr bth gardener and planet.With human inputs dramatically reduced,the garden’s eclgy can develp well.Established matrix gardens shuld nt need the life supprt we give mst gardens:fertilizer, dividing,regular watering.Cmpared t traditinal garden plts,they increase carbn absrptin,reduce strmwater runff and bst habitat and bidiversity significantly.
28.What des the underlined wrd “Eschewing” in the first paragraph mean?A.Running ut away up advantage was the idea f matrix planting intrduced?A.T cntrl weeds in large bring in freign species f cnserve sil and water develp lw-maintenance parkland.
30.Which f the fllwing best describes Piet Oudlf’s gardens?A.Traditinal.　　　B.Odd-D.Well- f the fllwing can be a suitable title fr the text?A.The future f gardening is WILDB.Nature treats all lives as EQUALSC.Matrix gardens need mre CARED.Old garden plts wrk WONDERS
▶语篇解读本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一种新型园艺设计方法——矩阵种植。▶篇章结构根据介绍新兴技术的文章结构模型可将文章结构梳理如下:
▶思路点拨28.根据上文“Referred t as matrix planting,this apprach aims fr nature t d a lt mre f the heavy lifting in the garden,and even sme f the designing.”可知,矩阵种植是让大自然自身承接更多的工作;结合常识和画线词所在句“Eschewing fertilizers(化肥) and pwer tls,it’s based n an elegantly simple principle:t garden mre like nature des.”中“t garden mre like nature des”可推知,要像大自然那样进行园艺种植,让大自然自身承接更多的工作,就不需要使用化肥和电动工具。所以画线词“Eschewing”的意思是“避开、远离”,与“Keeping away frm”同义。故选　　　项。 
29.根据第二段中“The cncept was brn when German city planners sught t plant large areas f parkland after Wrld War Ⅱ in a reprducible way that wuld need minimal maintenance.”可知,引入矩阵种植的想法是为了开发低维护成本的公园绿地。故选　　　项。 30.根据第三段中“Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudlf’s gardens ppularized this style,adding artistic flavrs t the planting mixes while playing with clr and frm,including fur-seasn interest and serving the needs f wildlife.”可知,Piet Oudlf的花园有艺术气息,很有品位。故选　　　项。 
31.通读全文,根据第一段中“Referred t as matrix planting,this apprach aims fr nature t d a lt mre f the heavy lifting in the garden,and even sme f the designing.Eschewing fertilizers(化肥) and pwer tls,it’s based n an elegantly simple principle:t garden mre like nature des.”和最后一段中“With human inputs dramatically reduced,the garden’s eclgy can develp well.Established matrix gardens shuld nt need the life supprt we give mst gardens:fertilizer,dividing,regular watering.Cmpared t traditinal garden plts,they increase carbn absrptin,reduce strmwater runff and bst habitat and bidiversity significantly.”可知,文章主要介绍了矩阵种植这种新型园艺设计方法,它让花园更接近自然、野生的状态,未来园艺可能会朝着这种更自然、野生的方向发展。故选　　　项。 
(三)问题解决[结构模型]
[典例](2024新课标Ⅰ卷,D)In the race t dcument the species n Earth befre they g extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have cllected billins f recrds.Tday,mst recrds f bidiversity are ften in the frm f phts,vides,and ther digital recrds.Thugh they are useful fr detecting shifts in the number and variety f species in an area,a new Stanfrd study has fund that this type f recrd is nt perfect.
“With the rise f technlgy it is easy fr peple t make bservatins f different species with the aid f a mbile applicatin,”said Barnabas Daru,wh is lead authr f the study and assistant prfessr f bilgy in the Stanfrd Schl f Humanities and Sciences.“These bservatins nw utnumber the primary data that cmes frm physical specimens(标本),and since we are increasingly using bservatinal data t investigate hw species are respnding t glbal change,I wanted t knw:Are they usable?”Using a glbal dataset f 1.9 billin recrds f plants,insects,birds,and animals,Daru and his team tested hw well these data represent actual glbal bidiversity patterns.
“We were particularly interested in explring the aspects f sampling that tend t bias(使有偏差) data,like the greater likelihd f a citizen scientist t take a picture f a flwering plant instead f the grass right next t it,” said Daru.Their study revealed that the large number f bservatin-nly recrds did nt lead t better glbal cverage.Mrever,these data are biased and favr certain regins,time perids,and species.This makes sense because the peple wh get bservatinal bidiversity data n mbile devices are ften citizen scientists recrding their encunters with species in areas nearby.These data are als biased tward certain species with attractive r eye-catching features.
What can we d with the imperfect datasets f bidiversity?“Quite a lt,” Daru explained.“Bidiversity apps can use ur study results t infrm users f versampled areas and lead them t places—and even species—that are nt well-sampled.T imprve the quality f bservatinal data,bidiversity apps can als encurage users t have an expert cnfirm the identificatin f their upladed image.”
32.What d we knw abut the recrds f species cllected nw?A.They are becming are mstly in electrnic are limited in are used fr public des Daru’s study fcus n?A.Threatened applicatins.
34.What has led t the biases accrding t the study?A.Mistakes in data quality f upladed way f data cllectin is Daru’s suggestin fr bidiversity apps?A.Review data frm certain experts t check the the identity f the guidance t citizen scientists.
▶语篇解读本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了斯坦福大学的一项研究发现,数字生物多样性记录存在偏差,建议应用程序引导公民科学家获取更好的数据。
▶篇章结构根据问题解决类的文章结构模型可将文章结构梳理如下:
▶思路点拨32.根据第一段中“Tday,mst recrds f bidiversity are ften in the frm f phts,vides,and ther digital recrds.”可知,现在收集的物种记录大多是以电子形式存在的。故选　　　项。 33.根据第二段中“These bservatins nw utnumber the primary data that cmes frm physical specimens(标本),and since we are increasingly using bservatinal data t investigate hw species are respnding t glbal change,I wanted t knw:Are they usable?”和第四段可知,Daru的研究聚焦于观察数据,即人们通过移动应用记录的物种观察数据。故选　　　项。 
34.根据第四段以及第五段中“This makes sense because the peple wh get bservatinal bidiversity data n mbile devices are ften citizen scientists recrding their encunters with species in areas nearby.”可知,导致数据偏差的原因是采样方式的不当。故选　　　项。 35.推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Bidiversity apps can use ur study results t infrm users f versampled areas and lead them t places—and even species—that are nt well-sampled.T imprve the quality f bservatinal data,bidiversity apps can als encurage users t have an expert cnfirm the identificatin f their upladed image.”可知,Daru 建议生物多样性应用应该给公民科学家提供指导。故选　　　项。 
(四)社会发展新现象[结构模型]
[典例](2023新课标Ⅰ卷,D)On March 7,1907,the English statistician Francis Galtn published a paper which illustrated what has cme t be knwn as the “wisdm f crwds” effect.The experiment f estimatin he cnducted shwed that in sme cases, the average f a large number f independent estimates culd be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes n the fact that when peple make errrs,thse errrs aren’t always the same.Sme peple will tend t verestimate,and sme t underestimate.When enugh f these errrs are averaged tgether,they cancel each ther ut,resulting in a mre accurate estimate.If peple are similar and tend t make the same errrs,then their errrs wn’t cancel each ther ut.In mre technical terms,the wisdm f crwds requires that peple’s estimates be independent.If fr whatever reasns,peple’s errrs becme crrelated r dependent,the accuracy f the estimate will g dwn.
But a new study led by Jaquin Navajas ffered an interesting twist(转折) n this classic phenmenn.The key finding f the study was that when crwds were further divided int smaller grups that were allwed t have a discussin,the averages frm these grups were mre accurate than thse frm an equal number f independent individuals.Fr instance,the average btained frm the estimates f fur discussin grups f five was significantly mre accurate than the average btained frm 20 independent individuals.
In a fllw-up study with 100 university students,the researchers tried t get a better sense f what the grup members actually did in their discussin. Did they tend t g with thse mst cnfident abut their estimates?Did they fllw thse least willing t change their minds?This happened sme f the time,but it wasn’t the dminant respnse.Mst frequently,the grups reprted that they “shared arguments and reasned tgether.”Smehw,these arguments and reasning resulted in a glbal reductin in errr.Althugh the studies led by Navajas have limitatins and many questins remain,the ptential implicatins fr grup discussin and decisin-making are enrmus.
32.What is paragraph 2 f the text mainly abut?A.The methds f underlying lgic f the causes f peple’s design f Galtn’s ’ study fund that the average accuracy culd increase even if 　　　. A.the crwds were relatively smallB.there were ccasinal underestimatesC.individuals did nt cmmunicateD.estimates were nt fully independent
34.What did the fllw-up study fcus n?A.The size f the dminant discussin individual is the authr’s attitude tward Navajas’ studies?A.Unclear.　　　　D.Apprving.
▶语篇解读本文是说明文,主题语境为社会热点问题,主要介绍了“群体智慧”效应——多人对同一个对象的评估会有偏差,但平均起来会更准确。
▶篇章结构根据社会发展新现象类的文章结构模型可将文章结构梳理如下:
▶思路点拨32.本段首先点明人们所犯的错误是不一样的,然后具体说明往往有的人高估,有的人低估,但是当足够多的评估平均起来时,评估相互抵消,会产生一个更加准确的评估结果,但是如果人们的错误相互影响,评估的准确率就会下降。因此,第二段主要讲述了“群体智慧”效应的潜在逻辑(underlying lgic)。故选　　　项。 
33.根据题干关键词Navajas’ study和the average accuracy culd increase可定位到第三段第二句。根据“when crwds were further divided int smaller grups that were allwed t have a discussin,the averages frm these grups were mre accurate than thse frm an equal number f independent individuals”可知,如果人群被进一步划分成允许进行讨论的小组(允许讨论的话,评估就不是完全独立的了),评估的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。故选　　　项。 
34.根据题干关键词the fllw-up study可定位到第四段。根据“In a fllw-up study with 100 university students,the researchers tried t get a better sense f what the grup members actually did in their discussin.”可知,在后续的研究中,研究者努力更好地理解小组成员在讨论过程中做了什么。故选　　　项。 35.根据最后一段可知,作者认为,尽管这项研究具有局限性,但是对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。由此可推断出,作者对这项研究持赞成(Apprving)态度。故选　　　项。 
(五)社会发展与变迁[结构模型]
[典例](2025全国一卷,C)While safety imprvements might have been made t ur streets in recent years,transprt studies als shw declines in pedestrian(行人) mbility, especially amng yung children.Many parents say there’s t much traffic n the rads fr their children t walk safely t schl,s they pack them int the car instead.Dutch authrs Thalia Verkade and Marc te Brömmelstret are bthered by facts like these.In their new bk Mvement:Hw t Take Back Our Streets and Transfrm Our Lives,they call fr a rethink f ur streets and the rle they play in ur lives.
Life n city streets started t change decades ag.Whle neighburhds were destryed t make way fr new rad netwrks and kids had t play elsewhere.Sme cmmunities fught back.Mst famusly,a Canadian jurnalist wh had mved her family t Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign t stp the destructin f her lcal park.Describing her alarm at its prpsed replacement with an expressway,Jane Jacbs called n her mayr(市长) t champin “New Yrk as a decent place t live,and nt just rush thrugh.” Similar campaigns ccurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well.
Althugh these campaigns were widespread,the reality is that the majrity f the western cities were cmpletely redesigned arund the needs f the mtr car.The number f cars n rads has been increasing rapidly.In Australia we nw have ver twenty millin cars fr just ver twenty-six millin peple, amng the highest rate f car wnership in the wrld.We invest a lt in rads that help us rush thrugh,but we fail t accunt fr the true csts.D we really recgnise what it csts us as a sciety when children can’t mve safely arund ur cmmunities?The authrs f Mvement have it right:it’s time t think differently abut that street utside yur frnt dr.
28.What phenmenn des the authr pint ut in paragraph 1?A.Cars ften get stuck n the accidents ccur walk less and drive fail t fllw the were the Canadian jurnalist and ther campaigners trying t d?A.Keep their cities cultural the needy expressways accessible.
30.What can be inferred abut the campaigns in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s?A.They bsted the sales f turned ut largely wn gvernment advcated building new can be a suitable title fr the text?A.Why the Rush?　　B.What’s Next?C.Where t Stay?D.Wh t Blame?
▶语篇解读本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了西方城市过度围绕汽车设计导致行人流动性下降,尤其是儿童步行减少的现象,并通过历史案例和现状分析呼吁反思街道功能,重视城市宜居性。
▶篇章结构根据社会发展与变迁类文章结构模型可将文章结构梳理如下:
▶思路点拨28.根据文章第一段可知,作者指出的现象是人们步行减少、开车增多。故选　　　项。 29.推理判断题。根据文章第三段中“Mst famusly,a Canadian jurnalist wh had mved her family t Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign t stp the destructin f her lcal park.Describing her alarm at its prpsed replacement with an expressway,Jane Jacbs called n her mayr(市长) t champin ‘New Yrk as a decent place t live,and nt just rush thrugh.’”可推知,加拿大记者和其他运动参与者旨在保持城市宜居性。故选　　　项。 
30.根据文章倒数第二段中“Althugh these campaigns were widespread,the reality is that the majrity f the western cities were cmpletely redesigned arund the needs f the mtr car.The number f cars n rads has been increasing rapidly.”可推知,20世纪60年代末和70年代澳大利亚的抗争活动未能阻止汽车发展,基本上没有效果。故选　　　项。 31.通读全文,并根据文章最后一段中“We invest a lt in rads that help us rush thrugh,but we fail t accunt fr the true csts.D we really recgnise what it csts us as a sciety when children can’t mve safely arund ur cmmunities?”可推知,本文批判城市过度追求交通效率、忽视行人需求的现象,故选　　　项。 
A(2025全国二卷,C)When Snja Detrinidad pened her nline shp selling huseplants,she didn’t have high hpes fr it.But the ppsite happened:She was flded, shipping ut 1,200 rders in June f 2020 alne.In the past year,Detrinidad sent ut mre than 70,000 plants.Her success is just ne example f increased time at hme leading t an explsin in the huseplant industry.
“Plants are in fashin right nw,” says Dr.Melinda Knuth,a researcher frm the University f Flrida.“Peple wh live in plant-rich envirnments reprt a higher life satisfactin rating,” she says.“Adding mre nature t ur envirnment can change ur md and hw we think.” Plants can imprve ur state f mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing ur level f crtisl,the stress hrmne(激素) in ur bdy.“Students wh are arund plants perfrm better academically than students wh are in a classrm withut plants,” says Knuth.“This prductivity als translates int the wrkplace fr adults.Our study shwed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave fr peple wh were in plant-rich wrkplaces.”
If yu’re amng the grups f peple wh are enjying the mental and physical health benefits f surrunding yurself with plants,dn’t beat yurself up if ne (r a few!) desn’t make it.“Dctrs practice medicine and lawyers practice law and yu shuld allw yurself the practice it takes t sustain a plant.Tending t plants is an exercise in patience and learning.Be invested in taking care f it,but if it dies,g get anther ne,” Detrinidad says.
【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要通过Detrinidad的创业经历和专家研究,说明室内植物对人们心理健康和工作效率的积极影响,以及近年来居家趋势推动了室内植物产业的发展。
1.Hw was Detrinidad’s business when it started?A.It faced tugh suffered a great gt lts f financial went surprisingly well.
细节理解题。根据第一段中的“When Snja Detrinidad pened her nline shp selling huseplants,she didn’t have high hpes fr it.But the ppsite happened:She was flded,shipping ut 1,200 rders in June f 2020 alne.”可知,Snja Detrinidad刚开始开网店卖室内植物时,并没有抱太大希望,但实际情况是订单很多,生意出奇地好。故选D项。
2.What is ne f Knuth’s findings abut plants?A.They appeal mre t purify the raise the crtisl enhance prductivity.
细节理解题。根据第三段可知,Knuth的研究发现,接触植物的学生学业表现更好,成年人在植物丰富的工作环境中生产率提高,病假率降低,因此,“植物能提升生产率”是她的发现之一。
3.What des Detrinidad try t explain by mentining dctrs and lawyers?A.The necessity f scial meaning f imprtance f repeated value f prfessinal pinins.推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“‘Dctrs practice medicine and lawyers practice law and yu shuld allw yurself the practice it takes t sustain a plant.Tending t plants is an exercise in patience and learning.Be invested in taking care f it,but if it dies,g get anther ne,’ Detrinidad says.”可知,Detrinidad通过类比医生和律师需要不断实践来强调“照顾植物需要反复尝试”。她认为养植物失败是正常的,重要的是持续努力。由此推断,她提到医生和律师是为了解释“重复努力的重要性”。
4.What can be a suitable title fr the text?A.Time t Replace HuseplantsB.Plants Bst Yur MdC.Tips n Chsing HuseplantsD.Plants Brighten Yur Hme
主旨大意题。文章第一段以Detrinidad的成功为例引出室内植物行业的兴起,第二段至第三段通过Knuth的研究说明植物能通过降低皮质醇水平改善心情、提升生产率,第四段鼓励人们尝试养植物。全文核心围绕“植物对情绪和健康的积极影响”展开。选项B“Plants Bst Yur Md(植物改善你的情绪)”最能概括文章主旨,适合作为文章的标题。故选B项。
B(2022全国乙卷,D)The Gvernment’s sugar tax n sft drinks has brught in half as much mney as Ministers first predicted it wuld generate,the first fficial data n the plicy has shwn.First annunced in April,2016,the tax which applies t sft drinks cntaining mre than 5g f sugar per 100ml,was intrduced t help reduce childhd besity(肥胖).It is believed that tday’s children and teenagers are cnsuming three times the recmmended level f sugar,putting them at a higher risk f the disease.
Initially the sugar tax was expected t make ￡520m a year fr the Treasury.Hwever,data f the first six mnths shwed it wuld make less than half this amunt.At present it is expected t generate ￡240m fr the year ending in April 2019,which will g t schl sprts.It cmes after mre than half f sft drinks sld in shps have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers (制造商) s they can avid paying the tax. Drinks nw cntain 45 millin fewer kils f sugar as a result f manufacturers’ effrts t avid the charge,accrding t Treasury figures.Since April drinks cmpanies have been frced t pay between 18p and 24p fr every litre f sugary drink they prduce r imprt,depending n the sugar cntent.
Hwever,sme high sugar brands,like Classic Cca Cla,have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing t change fr fear f upsetting cnsumers.Fruit juices,milk-based drinks and mst alchlic drinks are free f the tax,as are small cmpanies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.Tday’s figures,accrding t ne gvernment fficial,shw the psitive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millins f punds fr sprts facilities (设施) and healthier eating in schls.Helping the next generatin t have a healthy and active childhd is f great imprtance,and the industry is playing its part.【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。英国从2016年开始对软饮料制造商征收“糖税”,这个做法是为了确保儿童的身体健康。事实证明,截至目前,该政策已经卓有成效。
5.Why was the sugar tax intrduced?A.T cllect mney fr imprve the quality f prtect children’s encurage research in educatin.
细节理解题。根据第二段第一句可知,向制造商征收“糖税”的目的是帮助减少儿童肥胖问题,也就是为了保护儿童健康。故选C项。
6.Hw did sme drinks cmpanies respnd t the sugar tax?A.They turned t verseas raised the prices f their cut dwn n their reduced their prducts’ sugar cntent.
细节理解题。根据第四段第一句可知,一些饮料制造商为了避免缴纳“糖税”,设法减少饮料的含糖量。故选D项。
7.Frm which f the fllwing is the sugar tax cllected?A.Mst alchlic drinks.　B.Milk-based juices.D.Classic Cke.
细节理解题。根据第五段内容可知,A、B、C三项都是免税的,只有经典可乐接受了要缴纳“糖税”这件事。故选D项。
8.What can be inferred abut the adptin f the sugar tax plicy?A.It is a shrt-sighted is a success benefits upsets custmers.
推理判断题。根据最后一段内容可知,推行“糖税”迫使一些软饮料制造商减少了产品中糖的含量,而缴纳的税费被用于增加学校的体育设施和为学生提供更加健康的饮食。由此推断,这种做法非常成功。故选B项。
议论文,也叫说理文,是一种剖析事物、论述事理、发表意见、提出主张的文体。作者通过摆事实、讲道理、辨是非等方法,来确定其观点的正确或错误,树立或否定某种主张。议论文的三要素是论点、论据和论证。论点是一篇文章的灵魂、统帅;论据是支撑论点的材料;论证是用论据来证明论点的方法和过程。
(一) 事理阐释[结构模型]
[典例](2024浙江1月卷,D)The Stanfrd marshmallw (棉花糖) test was riginally cnducted by psychlgist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s.Children aged fur t six at a nursery schl were placed in a rm.A single sugary treat,selected by the child,was placed n a table.Each child was tld if they waited fr 15 minutes befre eating the treat,they wuld be given a secnd treat.Then they were left alne in the rm.Fllw-up studies with the children later in life shwed a cnnectin between an ability t wait lng enugh t btain a secnd treat and varius frms f success.
As adults we face a versin f the marshmallw test every day.We’re nt tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats,but by ur cmputers,phnes,and tablets — all the devices that cnnect us t the glbal delivery system fr varius types f infrmatin that d t us what marshmallws d t preschlers.We are tempted by sugary treats because ur ancestrs lived in a calrie-pr wrld,and ur brains develped a respnse mechanism t these treats that reflected their value — a feeling f reward and satisfactin.But as we’ve reshaped the wrld arund us,dramatically reducing the cst and effrt invlved in btaining calries,we still have the same brains we had thusands f years ag,and this mismatch is at the heart f why s many f us struggle t resist tempting fds that we knw we shuldn’t eat.
A similar prcess is at wrk in ur respnse t infrmatin.Our frmative envirnment as a species was infrmatin-pr,s ur brains develped a mechanism that prized new infrmatin.But glbal cnnectivity has greatly changed ur infrmatin envirnment.We are nw ceaselessly bmbarded (轰炸) with new infrmatin.Therefre,just as we need t be mre thughtful abut ur calric cnsumptin,we als need t be mre thughtful abut ur infrmatin cnsumptin,resisting the temptatin f mental “junk fd” in rder t manage ur time mst effectively.
32.What did the children need t d t get a secnd treat in Mischel’s test?A.Take an examinatin respect fr the their treats with eating fr fifteen t paragraph 3,there is a mismatch between 　　　. A.the calrie-pr wrld and ur gd appetitesB.the shrtage f sugar and ur nutritinal needsC.the rich fd supply and ur unchanged brainsD.the tempting fds and ur effrts t keep fit
34.What des the authr suggest readers d?A.Absrb new infrmatin selective infrmatin diverse infrmatin the infrmatin f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?A.Eat Less,Read MreB.The Bitter Truth Abut Early HumansC.The Later,the BetterD.The Marshmallw Test fr Grwnups
▶语篇解读本文是议论文。文章首段介绍了心理学经典实验——棉花糖实验,然后提出论点——成年人每天都在面对“棉花糖实验”,受到大量信息的诱惑,接下来分析了其原因并给出了建议。
▶篇章结构根据事理阐释类论说文的文章结构模型可将文章结构梳理如下:
▶思路点拨32.根据题干关键词get a secnd treat可定位到第一段。根据“if they waited fr 15 minutes befre eating the treat,they wuld be given a secnd treat”可知,如果孩子们等15分钟再吃糖果,就可以再得到一颗糖果。故选　　　项。 33.第三段最后一句中的“this mismatch”提示,mismatch所指代的内容应该在上文。根据“ur ancestrs lived in a calrie-pr wrld”以及“But as we’ve reshaped the wrld arund us”可知,当今世界已被改变,我们可以轻易获取各种食物。再结合“we still have the same brains we had thusands f years ag”可知,我们的大脑还和数千年前一样。由此可以推知,这种不匹配是当今社会丰富的食物供应和我们未改变的大脑间的不匹配。故选　　　项。
34.根据最后一段中的“we als need t be mre thughtful abut ur infrmatin cnsumptin,resisting the temptatin f the mental ‘junk fd’ in rder t manage ur time mst effectively”可知,作者建议我们慎重考虑我们的信息消费,抵制精神“垃圾食品”的诱惑,以便最有效地管理时间。也就是说,作者建议读者做认真选择的(selective)信息消费者。故选　　　项。 35.通读文章可知,文章首段用心理学经典实验——棉花糖实验引入话题,在第二段提出论点——成年人每天都在面对类似的“棉花糖实验”,即受到大量信息的诱惑,第三、四段分析了其原因并给出了建议。由此可知,本文主要介绍了成年人面对的“棉花糖实验”。因此,　　　项最适合作文章标题。
(二)书评[结构模型]
[典例](2024新课标Ⅱ卷,D)Given the astnishing ptential f AI t transfrm ur lives,we all need t take actin t deal with ur AI-pwered future,and this is where AI by Design: A Plan fr Living with Artificial Intelligence cmes in.This absrbing new bk by Catrina Campbell is a practical radmap addressing the challenges psed by the frthcming AI revlutin(变革).In the wrng hands,such a bk culd prve as cmplicated t prcess as the cmputer cde(代码) that pwers AI but,thankfully,Campbell has mre than tw decades’ prfessinal experience translating the heady int the understandable.She writes frm the practical angle f a business persn rather than as an academic,making fr a guide which is highly accessible and infrmative and which,by the clse,will make yu feel almst as smart as AI. 
As we sn cme t learn frm AI by Design,AI is already super-smart and will becme mre capable,mving frm the current generatin f “narrw-AI” t Artificial General Intelligence.Frm there,Campbell says,will cme Artificial Dminant Intelligence.This is why Campbell has set ut t raise awareness f AI and its future nw—several decades befre these develpments are expected t take place.She says it is essential that we keep cntrl f artificial intelligence,r risk being sidelined and perhaps even wrse.
Campbell’s pint is t wake up thse respnsible fr AI—the technlgy cmpanies and wrld leaders—s they are n the same page as all the experts currently develping it.She explains we are at a “tipping pint” in histry and must act nw t prevent an extinctin-level event fr humanity.We need t cnsider hw we want ur future with AI t pan ut.Such structured thinking, fllwed by glbal regulatin,will enable us t achieve greatness rather than ur dwnfall.AI will affect us all,and if yu nly read ne bk n the subject,this is it.
32.What des the phrase “In the wrng hands” in paragraph 2 prbably mean?A.If read by smene prly reviewed by smene ill- written by smene less translated by smene is a feature f AI by Design accrding t the text?A.It is packed with cmplex adpts a dwn-t-earth writing prvides step-by-step is intended fr AI prfessinals.
34.What des Campbell urge peple t d regarding AI develpment?A.Observe existing regulatins n expert pinins abut jint effrts t keep it under frm prir experience t slw it is the authr’s purpse in writing the text?A.T recmmend a bk n give a brief accunt f AI clarify the definitin f hnr an utstanding AI expert.
▶语篇解读本文介绍了Catrina Campbell的新书《人工智能设计:与人工智能共生的计划》分析了当前人工智能的发展趋势和未来的AI革命,呼吁人们共同面对,携手共进。
▶篇章结构根据书评类文章结构模型可将文章结构梳理如下:
▶思路点拨32.根据第二段画线短语后的“but”及“thankfully”可知前后语意转折,前句应该是假设一位不是Campbell的作者,与后句中丰富经验的作者进行对比。故选　　　项。 33.根据第二段中“She writes frm the practical angle f a business persn rather than as an academic,making fr a guide which is highly accessible and infrmative”可知,本书实用、易理解,和B项中的dwn-t-earth相符,故选　　　项。 
34.第三段最后一句中,Campbell建议必须保持对人工智能的控制。第四段指出,Campbell期望科技公司和世界领导人与当前正在开发它的所有专家保持一致,并表示人类处在历史的“转折点”,必须立即采取行动,以防止面临灭绝级别的事件。这表明了她呼吁人们共同努力来控制人工智能的发展,以避免潜在的灾难。C项中的keep it under cntrl同义替换文中的 keep cntrl f artificial intelligence。故选　　　项。 35.本文通过介绍作者的背景,对书中主要论点和观点进行简要阐述,最后进行总结,在最后一段强调了本文的写作目的,即强烈推荐本书。故选　　　项。 
A(2024九省联考,C)In his 1936 wrk Hw t Win Friends and Influence Peple,Dale Carnegie wrte:“I have cme t the cnclusin that there is nly ne way t get the best f an argument — and that is t avid it.” This distaste fr arguments is cmmn,but it depends n a mistaken view f arguments that causes prblems fr ur persnal and scial lives — and in many ways misses the pint f arguing in the first place.
Carnegie wuld be right if arguments were fights,which is hw we ften think f them.Like physical fights,verbal(言语的) fights can leave bth sides bldied.Even when yu win,yu end up n better ff.Yu wuld be feeling almst as bad if arguments were even just cmpetitins—like,say,tennis turnaments.Pairs f ppnents hit the ball back and frth until ne winner cmes ut frm all wh entered.Everybdy else lses.This kind f thinking explains why s many peple try t avid arguments.
Hwever,there are ways t win an argument every time.When yu state yur psitin,frmulate(阐述) an argument fr what yu claim and hnestly ask yurself whether yur argument is any gd.When yu talk with smene wh takes a stand,ask them t give yu a reasn fr their view and spell ut their argument fully.Assess its strength and weakness.Raise bjectins (异议) and listen carefully t their replies.This methd will require effrt,but practice will make yu better at it. 
These tls can help yu win every argument—nt in the unhelpful sense f beating yur ppnents but in the better sense f learning abut what divides peple,learning why they disagree with us and learning t talk and wrk tgether with them.If we readjust ur view f arguments — frm a verbal fight r tennis game t a reasned exchange thrugh which we all gain respect and understanding frm each ther—then we change the very nature f what it means t “win” an argument.
【语篇导读】本文是一篇议论文,作者阐述了争论的意义和赢得争论的方法。
1.What is the authr’s attitude tward Carnegie’s understanding f argument?A.Critical.　D.Uncertain.
推理判断题。第一段作者提到卡耐基看待争论的态度是:赢得争论的唯一办法就是避免争论,接着作者说道“This distaste fr arguments is cmmn, but it depends n a mistaken view f arguments that causes prblems”,即作者认为厌恶争论(或避免争论)是源自对争论有错误的看法,并在第二段分析了这种错误看法,即若把争论看作是打架或竞争,结果只能是两败俱伤,没有赢家。由此可知,作者对卡耐基对争论的看法是批判性的,A项正确。
2.Why d many peple try t avid arguments?A.They lack debating may feel bad even if they fear being are nt cnfident f themselves.
细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Like physical fights,verbal fights can leave bth sides bldied.Even when yu win,yu end up n better ff.Yu wuld be feeling almst as bad if arguments were even just cmpetitins”可知,作者认为把争论看作是打架或竞争的结果是两败俱伤,再结合第二段最后一句“This kind f thinking explains why s many peple try t avid arguments.”可知,很多人尽量避免争论是因为即使赢了也会有糟糕的感受,故B项正确。
3.What des the underlined phrase “spell ut” in paragraph 3 prbably mean?A.Defend.D.Repeat.
词句猜测题。根据画线词前面的and可知,spell ut their argument与ask them t give yu a reasn fr their view是并列关系,spell ut的意思与give a reasn的意思接近或顺承give a reasn的意思,再结合画线词后面的“Assess its strength and weakness.Raise bjectins and listen carefully t their replies.”以及最后一段尤其是其中的关键词a reasned exchange可知,双方的交流方式是各自给出自己的观点和理由,然后倾听对方的观点和理由,由此推断spell ut的意思与explain最接近。
4.What is the key t “winning” an argument accrding t the authr?A.Sense f supprting frm bth sides.
细节理解题。根据最后一段尤其是最后一句“If we readjust ur view f arguments — frm a verbal fight r tennis game t a reasned exchange thrugh which we all gain respect and understanding frm each ther — then we change the very nature f what it means t ‘win’ an argument.”可知,获得彼此的尊重和理解是“赢得”争论的关键,故D项是正确答案。
B(2024全国甲卷,D)“I didn’t like the ending,” I said t my favrite cllege prfessr.It was my junir year f undergraduate,and I was ding an independent study n Victrian literature.I had just finished reading The Mill n the Flss by Gerge Elit,and I was heartbrken with the ,with all his patience, asked me t think abut it beynd whether I liked it r nt.He suggested I think abut the difference between endings that I wanted fr the characters and endings that were right fr the characters,endings that satisfied the stry even if they didn’t have a traditinally psitive utcme.Of curse,I wuld have preferred a different ending fr Tm and Maggie Tulliver,but the ending they gt did make the mst sense fr them.
This was an aha mment fr me,and I never thught abut endings the same way again.Frm then n,if I wanted t read an ending guaranteed t be happy,I’d pick up a lve rmance.If I wanted an ending I culdn’t guess,I’d pick up a mystery(悬疑小说).One where I kind f knew what was ging t happen,histrical fictin.Chsing what t read became easier.But writing the end—that’s hard.It’s hard fr writers because endings carry s much weight with readers.Yu have t balance creating an ending that’s unpredictable,but desn’t seem t cme frm nwhere,ne that fits what’s right fr the characters.
That’s why this issue(期) f Writer’s Digest aims t help yu figure ut hw t write the best ending fr whatever kind f writing yu’re ding.If it’s shrt stries,Peter Muntfrd breaks dwn six techniques yu can try t see which ne helps yu stick the landing.Elizabeth Sims analyzes the final chapters f five great nvels t see what key pints they include and hw yu can adapt them fr yur wrk.This issue wn’t tell yu what yur ending shuld be—that’s up t yu and the stry yu’re telling—but it might prvide what yu need t get there.
【语篇导读】本文是一篇议论文。本文的作者从自己的阅读体验出发,认识到结局应适合角色而非仅追求快乐,这对写作结局有重要启示。
5.Why did the authr g t Prf.Gracie?A.T discuss a submit a bk argue fr a ask fr a reading list.
推理判断题。根据第一段中的“I didn’t like the ending”可知,作者跟教授说自己不喜欢一本小说的结尾。结合第一段第三句可知,作者刚刚读完《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》这本小说,其结尾令人心碎。由此推测,作者是为了和教授探讨一本小说。
6.What did the authr realize after seeing Prf.Gracie?A.Writing is a matter f persnal are ften carried away by type f literature has its unique ending.D.A stry which begins well will end well.
细节理解题。根据第二段中的“This was an aha mment fr me,and I never thught abut endings the same way again.”以及下文所罗列出来的不同文学作品的不同结尾可知,作者意识到每种类型的文学作品都有其独特的结尾。
7.What is expected f a gd ending?A.It satisfies readers’ fits with the stry is usually is pen fr imaginatin.
细节理解题。根据第三段的第三句“Yu have t balance creating an ending that’s unpredictable,but desn’t seem t cme frm nwhere,ne that fits what’s right fr the characters.”可知,一个好的结尾不能显得突兀,必须符合人物的设定,必须与故事的发展相匹配。