初升高英语衔接教材暑假讲义专题3.6 介词（讲义）

这是一份初升高英语衔接教材暑假讲义专题3.6 介词（讲义），共15页。学案主要包含了2018·北京，2018·天津，2018·江苏，2017·江苏卷，2017·北京卷，2016·浙江，2015·重庆，2015·浙江等内容，欢迎下载使用。

中考&高考考点解读
基础知识梳理
I．分类：
1．常用简单介词：
abut, acrss, against, amng, after, at, behind, besides, beynd, by, cncerning, beneath, between, despite, except, during, dwn, fr, frm, past, than, under, until 等。
2．合成介词：
inside, utside, nt, ut f, within 等。
3．短语介词：
accrding t, ahead f, alng with, as fr, because f, be means f, due t, in spite f, n behalf f, wing t, with regard t 等。
2．介词与“……的”之关系：
在英语学习中，一遇到“……的”，大家就会立刻想到’S所有格或者f。实际上，在很多情况下，“……的”必须借助于介词才能准确表达。
美国的冬天→ the winter in America
停车场的入口→ the entrance t the parking lt
穿过森林的小路→ the path thrugh the frest
鲁迅的著作→ the wrks by Lu Xun
水中的月亮→ the mn reflected in water
历史的见证→ the witness t histry
对爱的渴望→ a lnging fr lve
对我们不利的证据→ the evidence against us
阳光下的漫步→ a walk in the sunlight
追求名誉的女人→ a lady after fame
两人之间的争论→ an argument between the tw persns
3重要介词的重要用法：
（1）frm：此介词表示“t”相反的方向。
He came frm Lndn.He went t Lndn.
二词常搭配使用“frm... t...”
We studied English frm mrning t afternn.
He'll start frm Beijing t Shanghai.
经典用法：
由于→ The girl is trembling frm fear.
免除→ Tramps are always free frm care. 流浪汉们总是无忧无虑。
分开→ The cuple parted frm each ther at the airprt.
由……制成→ The red wine is made frm grapes. 红葡萄酒是由葡萄制成的。
由frm引导的惯用法：
frm far 从远处
frm nw / then n 从现在/那时起
frm bad t wrse 每况愈下
frm time t time（ccasinally 时而）
习语：She cmes t visit me frm time t time.
（2）ut f：表示与"int"相反的语意。
He will be ut f twn.
I stepped ut f the dark rm.
ut f+ 名词 (= lack, t be withut 用完，用光）
He went t the shp because he was ut f paper.
ut f date (= ld-fashined 过时的）
The bk has been ut f date.
ut f wrk (= jbless 失业的)
He needs mney because be is ut f wrk.
ut f the questin (= impssible 不可能的)
Finishing the hard wrk is ut f the questin.
ut f questin (= dubtless 毫无疑问的）
That he can d it well is ut f questin.
ut f rder（= nt functining 失灵的）
Her radi is ut f rder, s she can't listen t it.
（3）by：表示从旁经过或在……附近。
He passed by me withut saying hell.
He lives by the sea.
经典用法：
通过→This is the nearest rad by which they came.
在……时候→The yung man wrks by day and steals mney by night.
由……所生→He has tw sns by her secnd wife.
抓住→She caught her child by his cat in the fld.
按……计算→The farmers sell their apples by the pund.
就（气质，特征）而言→He is an artist by temperament（气质）.
用于被动语意，导出动作执行者：
The glass was brken by the by.
by + 具体时间：
They usually have dinner by 8 'clck.
by + 交通工具 (bus, train, plan...)：
He travelled t Paris by air/plane.
by the end f + 时间名词：到……末为止
By the end f last year, they had learnt 100 texts.
By the end f this term, they will have learnt 100 texts.
by then：到那时
He will graduate in 1999, by then he will leave Beijing.
by way f (= via)：经由，取道
They are ging t the United States by way f Hng Kng.
by the way：顺便问
By the way, d yu knw where Mr. Li has gne?
by far：……得多（用于修饰比较级和最高级）
The bk is by far the best n the subject.
by accident：不小心，与n purpse（故意地）语意相反
The wrng infrmatin was put int the cmputer by accident.
（4）in：在……内部，与"ut" 语意相反。
All the students are in the classrm.
in + mnth / year: 在某月/年
in January, in 2000
in time：及时
They arrived at the statin in time.
in the way 挡住去路
He culdn't drive his car away because a big stne was in the way.
nce in a while 时而
Once in a while, he went t the Museum.
in n time at all 立刻，迅速
He finished his hmewrk in n time at all.
in the meantime 同时
He was having supper, and in the meantime he watched TV.
in a rw 坐在某一排上
We sat in the 20th rw f the cinema.
in the event that 如果
In the event that yu pass the exam, I'll telephne yu.
in case 万一，如果
Bring yu raincat in case it rains.
in the street 在街上
in the past 在过去
in the future 在未来
in the beginning 开始，起初
in the end 最后，终于
get in tuch with 与……取得联系
keep in tuch with 与……保持联系
（5）n：位于某物体表面上。
The dishes are n the rund table.
n a day / date 在某天及某天的上，下午，晚上
n Wednesday, n February 9th , 1999
n Friday afternn, n a dark night.
n a / the + (bus, plane, ship, train, bike)
He went t schl n a bus.
n a ... street 在某条街道
Mrs. Smith lives n 5th 'Avenue.
n the crner (f tw streets) 在两条街道相交的一角
That she stre is n the crner f 2nd Street and 5th Avenue.
n the televisin / the radi 在电视/ 收音机里
The manager will make a speech nthe TV.
n the telephne 打电话
Yu are wanted n the phne. 有您的电话
n sale 出售
The bks are n salefr $7 each.
n the flr f a building 位于某层楼
n time 准时（比in time 具体）
n the sidewalk 在人行道上
n the way 在途中
n the right/left 在右侧/左侧
n the whle 总的来说，总体上
n the ne hand, r the ther hand 一方面，另一方面
n ft 步行
（6）at：此介词通常用来指某一特定时间和地点。
at + 地点
Mr. Smith lives at 15, 16th Avenue.
注：在某条街道On... street，而在某街某号应用at。
at + 特定时间
At 7:00 in the mrning, he ges twrk.
中考真题链接
高考真题链接
单项选择
1.【2018·北京】
—Gd mrning, Mr. Lee’s ffice.
—Gd mrning. I’d like t make an appintment _________ next Wednesday afternn.
A. fr B. n C. in D. at
【答案】A
【解析】考查介词。句意：——早上好，Lee先生办公室。——早上好。我想预约下周三下午（和Mr. Lee见面）。make an appintment fr意为“为……预约”，是固定搭配，故A选项正确。
2.【2018·天津】11. Bb thught he culdn't g t the party because he had t write a reprt, but he went ___________.
A. at first B. after all
C. abve all D. at randm
【答案】B
【解析】根据语境得出用after all(毕竟)表示Bb虽然因为要写报告不想去参加聚会，最后毕竟还是去了。
3.【2018·江苏】33.China’s sft pwer grws ______the increasing appreciatin and understanding f China glbally.
A. in line with B. in reply t
C. in return fr D. in hnur f
【答案】A
【解析】考查介词短语词义辨析及语境理解。句意：中国的软实力增长与日俱增全球对中国的赏识和理解相一致。A. in line with按照；与...一致；B. in reply t答复；C. in return fr作为 ... 的报酬；D. in hnur f为纪念。故选A。
4.(2018▪山东莱芜) 23. —Wuld yu like smething t drink, Mum?
—Yes, I’d like a cup f cffee _______ nthing in it.
A. with B. withut C. fr D. t
【答案】A
【解析】考查介词的用法辨析。句意：——妈妈，你想要喝点什么吗?——是的，我想要一杯里面什么也不加的咖啡。with意为“有”；withut“没有”；fr“为了”；t“去”。根据句意可知选A。
5.(2018·江苏淮安）8. The Wrld Cup ________ Russia this year must be wnderful.
A. n B. in C. at D. t
【答案】B
【解析】考查介词辨析。句意：今年的俄罗斯世界杯一定会很精彩。表示“在某个国家”用介词in表达。
6.（2018·新疆阜康米泉）She wants t learn mre abut American histry. She is thirsty ______such knwledge.
A. at B. abut C. n D. fr
【答案】D
【解析】考查固定短语。句意“她想要学习更多的美国知识，她渴望这样的知识”。be thirsty fr渴望，渴求。
7.（2018·广西柳州）--Where is Kate?
--She is sitting next _______ Lily.
A.t B.in C.n
【答案】A
【解析】考查介词。句意：——凯特在哪里？——她正坐在Lily旁边。next t 紧挨着，紧靠着，是固定搭配。
8.(2018 • 乌鲁木齐) Mst f the villagers tk part in the Dragn Bat races 9:00 mrning f June 18.
at; inB. at; nC. n; inD. n; n
【答案】B
【解析】考查介词用法。句意：大多数村民在六月十八日上午九点钟就参加了龙舟赛。9:00 a.m.表示某一具体时刻，故用介词at；而“the mrning f June 18”表“六月十八日”是具体到了某一天的某个时刻应用介词n。
9. (2018·江苏徐州) Where d we usually see the sign?
A. On the bus. B. In the street.
C. Inside the museum. D. In the swimming pl.
【答案】B
【解析】考查标识题。此标识指示：禁止停车。通常出现在街道上。 On the bus. 在公共汽车上； In the street. 在街道上；Inside the museum. 在博物馆里； In the swimming pl.在游泳池里。根据常识可知选B。
10. (2018·江苏徐州) — What are yu ding?
— I’m lking ________ the kids. They shuld be back fr dinner nw.
A. after B. at C. fr D. up
【答案】C
【解析】考查介词的辨析。根据句意：——你在干什么？——我在找孩子们。他们现在该回家吃饭了。lk after照看；lk at盯着看；lk fr寻找；lk up 向上看；查询。
1.（2019年北京卷）
Earth Day，marked n 22 April，is an annual event aiming t raise public awareness abut envirnmental prtectin. First celebrated ___5___ 1970，the Day nw includes events in mre than 190 cuntries and regins(地区).
【解析】考查介词。句意：第一次庆祝是在1970年。如今，这一天的活动遍及190多个国家和地区。在年份前要用介词in。故填in。
2.(2019年全国2改错)
When I studied chemistry high schl, I recnsidered mg gal and decided t be a dctr.
【解析】考查介词。“在高中”需要用介词in或者at，故在high schl前加in/at。
3. （2018年全国1改错）At the end f ur trip, I tld my father that I planned t return fr every tw years, and he agreed.
【解析】 删除fr
考查介词的用法。时间名词有every，each，last等词修饰时，其前不用介词。故删除fr。
4.（2018年全国II改错）
Still I unwilling t play the games fr them smetimes.
【解析】fr—with 考查介词的固定搭配
Play games with sb和某人一起打游戏
5. When yu drive thrugh the Redwd Frests in Califrnia, yu will be _____ trees that are ver 1,000 years ld.
A. amng B. against
C. behind D. belw
【答案】A
【解析】试题分析： 句意：当你开车穿过加州的红木森林时，你将会位于超过百年历史的树木之间。 be amng 位于之间； be against 反对； be behind 在后面； be belw在之下。根据句意，故选A。
6.【2017·江苏卷】32.Determining where we are
_______ ur surrundings remains an essential skill fr ur survival.
A. in cntrast t B. in defense f
C. in face f D. in relatin t
【答案】D
【解析】
试题分析：考查介词短语的辨析。A. in cntrast t
对比，截然不同；B. in defense f为……辩护；
C. in face
f面对；D. in relatin t与……有关。句意：根
据周围的环境辨别方位仍然是我们生存的一项
极其重要的
技能。故选D。
7.【2017·北京卷】 Many peple wh live alng the cast make a living _______ fishing industry.
A. at B. in C. n D. by
【答案】B
【解析】许多住在海边上的人都是靠渔业来谋生的。此处用介词in,不用by,因为by后面通常接做什么事情来谋生，此处是指在捕鱼这个行业里，在这个行业里谋生，用in，故选B。
8. 【2016·浙江】 The study suggests that the cultures we grw up _______influence the basic prcesses by which we see wrld arund us.
A. n B. in
C. at D. abut
【答案】B
【解析】试题分析：句意：研究表明我们成长的文化影响我们看周围世界的基本过程。The cultures后面是定语从句，省略that，定语从句中cultures作宾语，那么还缺少一个介词，和cultures搭配用介词in，故选B。
9. 【2015·重庆】10. Last year was the warmest year n recrd, with glbal temperature 0.68 ℃____ the average.
A. belw B. n
C. at D. abve
【答案】D
【解析】考查介词。
复合宾语中第一部分宾语由名词和代词充当，第二部分补足语由形容词，副词，介词短语，动词不定式或分词充当。而本题考查with +名词/代词+介词短语,而介词的使用则根据当时语境的提示来做出相应的变化即句中的the warmest year n recrd起重要作用，可知高出平均气温。
10.【2015·浙江】3. Have yu ever heard f the trees that are hmes animals bth n land and sea?
A. abut B. t
C. with D. ver
【答案】 B
【解析】考查固定短语be hmes t 是…的家园。
中考英语考点解读
高考英语考点解读
初中介词的考查侧重考查在特定的语境中辨析短语的能力。对于短语而言，没有捷径可言，只有老老实实的记忆。考生除了要充分利用特定语境理解词义，还需要重点关注他们用法上的区别。
高中考查介词辨析及语境理解。介词不能独立在句中做成份，介词后必须与名词、代词、或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成份，表示人、物、事件等与其它人、物、事件等之间的关系。辨析介词短语没有捷径，只有加强平时的背诵，包括词组本身的含义，一词多义，做题时要弄懂句意和上下文的逻辑关系，进行判断。学生平时要特别注意这方面的积累。
at hme/schl/wrk 在家上学上班
at night 在晚上
at best 充其量
at times 有时
at peace 和平状态
at least 至少
at wrst 最差
at intervals 间或，时而
at randm 随意，胡乱地
at mst 至多
at present 目前，现在
at war 交战
at leisure 悠闲自得地
at a lss 不知所措
at large 逍遥法外
（7）其它介词短语：
in place f / instead f 代替 fr the mst part - mainly 主要地
in hpes f 希望…… ff and n 时断时续
all f a sudden 突然 fr gd 永远
（8）“动词短语+介词”构成的习语：
break ff 结束
The tw cuntries brke ff their diplmatic relatinship.
call n sb. 要求，拜访，呼吁
He called n the wrkers t struggle.
care fr 关心，照顾，喜爱
She nly cares fr new clthes.
I have t care fr my sn after schl.
check n 调查
cme alng with sb. 伴随，和某人在一起
cme dwn with 因……而生病
Last summer, many peple came dwn with intestinal disrders.
get by 设法生存
Despite the high cst f living, we will get by n ur salary.
get thrugh 完成，接通（电话）
It's nt easy t get thrugh the wrk in a day.
Hw can I get thrugh t yu?
get up 起床，组织
Aparty will be gt up in my huse.
hld n t 抓住，坚持
In spite f being a millinaire, he hlds n t his usual living ways.
hld up 抢劫，忍受，停止
The bank was held up last night.
He held up very well after the death f his wife.
The wrk had been held up.
run acrss 遇见，见到
I ran acrss sme ld friends yesterday.
run int 偶然碰见
When Tm was in Lndn, he ran int his gd friend at the theatre.
see abut 考虑
The yung man is seeing abut getting a ticket fr the ftball game.
take ver fr 替代
I tk ver fr Janet because she was ill.
try ut 试验，试行
They are trying ut a new idea t help the pr students.
turn in 上交，睡觉
After a tiring day, he turned in early.
watch ut fr 警觉
Please watch ut fr thieves.
weigh n sb. 压迫，使……焦虑
Sme prblems are weighing n me, s I can't sleep well.
bring up 抚养，提出
cunt n 依靠、指望
d away with 摆脱
draw up 起草
drp ut f (schl ... ) 退（学）
figure ut 弄明白，弄清楚
find ut 发现，查明（事实）
g alng with 同意
pass ut 昏迷
talk ver 讨论
高考考点敲黑板

高中介词考点
1.by的用法
by表“时间”时，意为“在……之前，不迟于”，多与过去完成时或将来完成时连用。
Will yu please finish the wrk by Friday? 请你星期五之前完成这项工作，好吗？
The train had left by the time we gt t the statin. 我们到达车站时，火车已离开。
By the time the letter reaches yu l will have left the cuntry．到你收到这封信的时候，我已离开这个国家。
★by可表示“方式、手段”，意为“借、靠”，后接动名词。
What d yu mean by saying that? 你那话是什么意思？
★by可表示“程度或增减的幅度”。
The bullet missed him by tw inches.子弹差一点点打中他。
★by可表“单位”，意为“按；以……计；依据”，此时，by之后表单位的名词通常加the。
I am paid by the hur．我是按小时拿工资的。
2.despite的用法
despite用作介词时，与 in spite f同义，表示“尽管”、“虽然”、“不顾”之意 。放在句首时，要接成分，成分也就是句子的组成部分，由词或词组充当。
如： Despite his advanced years，he is learning t drive．
虽然年事已高，他现在在学驾驶汽车。
Despite the drught，we expect a gd crp． 尽管天旱，丰收依然在望。
It is unbelievable that Mr. Lucas leads a simple life despite his great wealth.
难以置信的是Lucas先生尽管他拥有巨大财富，但还是过着一种简朴的生活.
3. 介词引导的定语从句分类举例解析
a、 在“介词+which/whm”结构中，关系代词用which 还是用whm，取决于它前面的先行词是物还是人。先行词是物，用which；若为人，就用whm。如：
(1) Nearby were tw ships in which they had cme t the island.
(2) I can’t remember the name f the persn t whm I gave the mney.
b、这一结构用什么介词取决于先行词的意义和定语从句中谓语动词结构及“介词+which/whm” 在句中的作用。
(1) This is the rm in which we lived last year.
(2) There were three peple frm whm we attempted t find ut infrmatin.
c、 因为含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在动词的后面。此种情况下关系代词可用which, that, wh, whm，或将他们省略。
(1) Is this the bk (which/that ) she was lking fr?
(2) The babies (whm /wh/that) the nurse are lking after are very healthy.
d、表示地点、时间和原因含义的“ 介词+which”结构可分别用关系副词where, when和why替换。
(1) The earth n which /where we live is a planet.
(2) I’ll never frget the day n which /when I jined the League.
(3) Is there any reasn fr which /why yu shuld have a hliday?
d、Of which可以代替whse 用来指物，其词序一般为“名词+ f which”
(1) They live in a huse whse dr/the dr f which pens t the nrth.
(2) He has written a bk whse name /the name f which I’ve cmpletely frgtten.
f、“复杂介词 in frnt f, at the back f, n the tp f, in the middle f 等+ which”结构可引导非限制性定语从句。
(1) He wrks in a factry, in frnt f which there is a river.
(2) In the evening we arrived at a hill, at the ft f which there was a temple.
g、“介词+which/whm”结构中的which和 whm不能替换为that，因为that不能做介词宾语。如果用that，介词必须反复到从句有关动词的后面去。
(1) The rm that/which he lives in is a small ne.
(2) The rm in which he lives is a small ne.
4. 介词fr用法
(表利益)为，为了。如：
D mre exercise fr the gd f yur health.为了健康你要多运动。
【用法说明】
(1) 有些后接双宾语的动词(如 buy, chse, ck, fetch, find, get, rder, prepare, sing, spare 等)，当双宾语易位时，通常用 fr 来引出间接宾语，表示间接宾语为受益者。如：
She made her daughter a dress. / She made a dress fr her daughter.
她为她女儿做了件连衣裙。
He cked us sme ptates. / He cked sme ptates fr us.
他为我们煮了些土豆。
注意，类似下面这样的句子必须用 fr：
He bught a new chair fr the ffice.他为办公室买了张新办公椅。
(2) 注意不要按汉语字面意思，在一些及物动词后误加介词 fr：
他们决定在电视上为他们的新产品打广告。
误：They decided t advertise fr their new prduct n TV.
正：They decided t advertise their new prduct n TV.
注：advertise 可用作及物或不及物动词，但含义不同：advertise sth＝为卖出某物而打广告；advertise fr sth＝为寻找某物而打广告。如：advertise fr a jb=登广告求职。由于受汉语“为”的影响，而此处误加了介词 fr。类似地，汉语中的“为人民服务”，说成英语是 serve the peple，而不是 serve fr the peple，“为某人的死报仇”，说成英语是 avenge sb’s death，而不是 avenge fr sb’s death，等等。
(表用途)用于，用来。如：
Knives are used fr cutting things.小刀是用来切东西的。
This knife is fr cutting bread.这把小刀是用于切面包的。
It’s a machine fr slicing bread.这是切面包的机器。
The dctr gave her sme medicine fr her cld.医生给了她一些感冒药。
为得到，为拿到，为取得。如：
He went hme fr his bk.他回家拿书。
He went t his friend fr advice.他去向朋友请教。
She ften asked her parents fr mney.她经常向父母要钱。
We all hpe fr success.我们都盼望成功。
Are yu cming in fr sme tea?你要不要进来喝点茶？
(表原因、理由)因为，由于。如：
I am srry fr it.对不起。
Thank yu fr cming t see me.谢谢你来看我。
Yu can’t see the wd fr the trees.你只见树木，不见森林。
He is famus fr his pems.他因为他的诗出名。
He was sent t prisn fr rbbery.他因为抢劫而坐牢。
I culdn’t speak fr laughing.我笑得说不出话来。
He culdn’t sleep fr jy.他高兴得不能入睡。
Fr several reasns, I’d rather nt meet her.由于种种原因，我宁愿不见她。
【用法说明】
有些表原因的特殊结构不宜用介词 fr 来引出，而用其他介词。如：
他由于努力工作而加了工资。
误：Fr the result f his hard wrk, he gt a pay rise.
正：As a [the] result f his hard wrk, he gt a pay rise.
注：as a [the] result f 是习语，意为“由于……的结果”。
因为母亲不在家，她只好自己做饭。
误：Fr Mther (being) away, she had t ck the meal herself.
正：With Mther (being) away, she had t ck the meal herself.
注：“with+宾语+宾语补足语”可用来表示原因，此时的 with 不能换成 fr。类似地，下例中的 with 也不能换成 fr：
With all this wrk t d, I dn’t knw if I’ll have time t g ut.
有这么多工作要做，我不知是否有时间出去。
我们祝贺你的成功。
误：We cngratulate yu fr yur success.
正：We cngratulate yu n yur success.
注：cngratulate 后习惯上接介词 n 表示原因。
(表交换)换，以……作交换。如：
He gave her sme magazines fr her dictinary.他用几本杂志换她的字典。
She bught the skirt fr $50.她花了50美元买这条裙子。
I bught a pund f apples fr 70 cents.我花了七角钱买了一磅苹果。
Dn’t translate wrd fr wrd.不要逐字硬译。
作为，当作。如：
Dn’t take him fr a fl.别把他当傻瓜。
He mistk a rpe fr a snake.他把一条绳子误认为是蛇。
He knew that fr a fact.他知道那是事实。
The missing persns were given up fr dead.
大家都认为那些失踪的人已死了。
【用法说明】
用于此义时，有时相当于 as, t be, as being，但要注意不同句型的搭配习惯。如：
I tk him fr an hnest man. / I tk him t be hnest.我看他为人老实。
It was built fr [as] a pleasure bat.这船建作游艇之用。
比较：
He tk her smile fr agreement.他把她的微笑视为同意。
Will yu take me as yur partner?你把我看作你的合伙人好吗？
按传统语法，take…fr… 通常指误认为是……，而 take…as [t be] 则主要指正确地认为是……。但在现代英语中，有时并未完全遵守此规则。
但是与 mistake 连用的则通常是 fr 而不是 as。如：
We mistk the huse fr a htel.我们把那房子误以为旅馆。
用 (表支持、赞成)支持，赞成。如：
Are yu fr r against the plan？你是支持还是反对这个计划？
I’m all fr the yung enjying themselves.
我完全赞成年轻人多玩玩。