专题04 阅读理解主旨大意题 -高考英语二轮热点题型归纳与变式演练（新高考通用）

专题04 阅读理解主旨大意题目录 TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc148898652" 题型综述 2 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc148898652" 解题攻略 3 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc148898653" 题型01 文章大意题 3 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc148898654" 题型02 段落大意题 5 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc148898655" 题型03 标题归纳题 7 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc148898657" 高考练场 9题型简介主旨大意题主要考查考生对文章中心思想或段落大意的归纳、概括和总结能力。它要求考生能够理解文章的整体结构和主要内容，把握作者的写作意图。这种题型在高考英语阅读中占有重要地位，因为它能体现考生对文章全局的把握，是一种高层次的阅读理解能力考查。一般来说，每篇阅读理解文章都会涉及至少一道主旨大意题，或者与主旨相关的题目，如最佳标题题等。主旨大意题的设问方式多样，位置通常在文章后的题目开头或结尾部分，但也可能出现在中间位置。命题类型文章主旨题：这类题目要求概括整篇文章的中心思想。例如，“What's the main idea of the passage?” 或者 “The passage is mainly about...”。 答案选项通常是对文章核心内容的综合表述，涵盖了文章多个段落的要点信息。段落主旨题：主要针对文章中的某一个段落，考查考生对该段落中心内容的理解。如 “What's the main point of the third paragraph?”。答案往往是该段落主题句的同义替换或者对段落细节信息的概括。最佳标题题：要求考生从选项中选择一个最适合文章的标题。像 “Which of the following is the best title for the text?”。标题要能够准确地反映文章的主题，并且具有吸引力，同时还要简洁明了，避免范围过大或过小。解题思路寻找主题句法位置判断：主题句在文章中的位置通常有一定规律。大部分情况下，主题句出现在文章的开头部分，开门见山地阐述文章主旨；有些文章主题句在结尾，起到总结全文的作用；还有少数文章主题句在中间，需要结合上下文来判断。特点把握：主题句一般具有概括性强、涵盖范围广的特点，能够准确地表达文章或者段落的核心内容。例如，在一篇讲述环境保护措施的文章中，开头的主题句可能是 “Various effective measures have been taken to protect the environment in recent years.”。归纳法细节整合：如果文章没有明显的主题句，就需要对文章的细节信息进行归纳总结。把各个段落的主要内容提炼出来，寻找它们的共同点或者关联点，从而概括出文章的主旨。注意事项：在归纳过程中，要避免遗漏重要信息，同时也要排除那些只涉及部分内容的选项。比如，一篇文章分别介绍了科技对教育、医疗和交通的积极影响，归纳主旨时就要涵盖这三个方面，不能只强调其中一个领域。关注关键词法高频词识别：注意文章中反复出现的关键词。这些关键词往往与文章的主题密切相关。例如，一篇文章多次出现 “AI（人工智能）”“machine learning（机器学习）”“big data（大数据）” 等词汇，那么文章主旨很可能是关于人工智能技术及其相关应用的。同义替换词注意：同时还要留意与这些关键词意思相近的表达，它们也有助于确定文章主旨。比如，除了 “AI” 之外，还出现了 “artificial intelligence technology” 等表达。命题方式【常见考法】主旨大意题经常使用的提问方式有：1) What is the text mainly about?2) What is the best title for the text?3) What can be a suitable title for the text?4) What's the first/second/third....paragraph mainly about?5) What's the main idea discussed in the first/second/third/.. paragraph? 题型01 段落大意题 一、常见设问方式 What does the author tell us in Paragraph ...? The main idea of the second paragraph probably is ________. The first paragraph is mainly about ________. Which of the following can best summarize Para.1? What is the first paragraph mainly about?二、首尾兼顾法寻找主题句：1.段首段尾：段首--主题句多为段首一两句(观点或对象)；段尾--主题句也常为段尾句(结论或总结)。2.段中：主题句有时在段中(前面的话是为引出主题）。3.无主题句：有时没有主题句，需根据段落内容自己概括。归纳段落大意的2种方法：方法一、概括段落大意：(1)总分——主题句就在段首；(2)分总——主题句就在段尾；(3)分总分——主题句在段中；(4)总分总——主题句在段首/段尾；(5)并列式行文，这种结构的段落一般会在一段中讨论两个平行的内容，整个段落可以从中间处分开，前后是平行关系，段落大意涉及两个平行的内容；(6)对比各事物的文章，段落大意是两个事物的共同点或不同点。方法二、揣摩段落大意：作者可能不直接写出主题句，而是通过各种方法暗示给读者。(山东师范大学附属中学2024~2025学年高三12月月考英语试题) People usually wash their produce before eating to remove residue (残留物) from pesticides. But are your fruits and vegetables really clean enough to eat? Now14-year-old Sirish Subash from Georgia has won the 2024 3M Young Screentest Challenge for inventing an AI-based handheld pesticide detector that is very accurate in detecting pesticide residue.Now in its 17th year, the competition supports middle school students to think creatively and apply STEM principles to discover real world-solutions. When the finalists are chosen, they are paired with a 3M scientist who mentors them over the summer to help take their ideas from just concepts to models.Sirish’s journey to winning the award came from watching his mother washing vegetables and fruits and cautioning him always do so. He wondered whether washing actually made a difference. Since pesticide residues are linked to illnesses like cancer and Alzheimers’s, it’s very important to know if the fruits and vegetables are safe. That’s how PestiSCAND is designed.The device works by shining light on the surface of the produce and measuring the. wavelengths that bounce back. PestiSCAND uses a sensor and AI-based processor to achieve an accuracy of over 85 percent. Sirish tested the device on more than12,000 food samples including strawberries, apples, and tomatoes.Sirish aims on making this technology widely accessible so that consumers will be able to make safe food choices. But he still believes you should wash your produce anyway. He plans to use the $25,000 prize from the competition to help fund his educational goal of attending. MIT.“This year’s Young Scientist Challenge finalists have demonstrated an incredible ability to develop creative solutions to some of the world’s most pressing challenges,” Torie Clarke, EVP and chief public affairs officer at 3M, said in the press release. “I am beyond impressed and inspired by their intelligence and their scientific minds.”6. What does paragraph 4 mainly focus on?A. The design process. B. The wide application.C. The working principle. D. The theoretical foundation.【答案】6. C【解析】【导语】这是一篇新闻报道。文章主要说明了来自乔治亚州的14岁的Sirish Subash发明了一种基于人工智能的手持式农药检测器，在检测农药残留方面非常准确，赢得了2024年3M青年筛检挑战赛。【6题详解】主旨大意题。根据第四段“The device works by shining light on the surface of the produce and measuring the. wavelengths that bounce back. PestiSCAND uses a sensor and AI-based processor to achieve an accuracy of over 85 percent. Sirish tested the device on more than12,000 food samples including strawberries, apples, and tomatoes.(该装置的工作原理是将光照射在农产品表面并测量其质量。反射回来的波长。PestiSCAND使用传感器和基于人工智能的处理器来实现超过85%的精度。Sirish对包括草莓、苹果和西红柿在内的12000多种食物样本进行了测试)”可知，第4段的重点是工作原理。故选C。题型02 文章大意题 一、提问方式 What’s the main idea/point of the passage? The passage is mainly about ________. The passage is mainly concerned about ________. Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage? Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea/theme of the passage? In this passage the author discusses primarily ________. The subject discussed in this text is ________. The general/main idea of the passage is about ________.二、主旨大意归纳法：1.略读法：读文章标题；读首尾段落；读段落首尾句；留意表句段关系的关联词之后的内容。2.文体法：新闻报道、议论文和说明文--主题句在首段；记叙文、议论文--主题句一般在尾段。3.词语法：在文中出现频率较高的主题词。4.概括法：无主题句的文章，需读者自己概括大意。✱找主题句的技巧：1. 段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however, but, in fact, actually等)时，该句很可能是主题句。2. 首段出现疑问句时，对该问句的回答很可能就是文章主旨。3. 作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。4. 表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion等词，通常是主旨。各段落的主旨→整篇文章的主旨：情况一：找出每小段的主题句，各段的主题句常在该段的首句或尾句，各段主题句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。情况二：有的文章无明显主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中，需要进一步加工概括。(安徽省卓越联盟2024-2025学年高三上学期11月期中考试英语试题)Google is considering charging for artificial intelligence (AI)-powered search in what would be the biggest change of its business model since it was founded. The large search company, which is owned by Alphabet, has never before put any of its key products behind a paywall. However, bosses are considering charging for new advanced search features powered by AI.The company is dealing with how to make use of the AI technology without threatening its advertising-funded business model. There are fears that the invention of AI chatbots (聊天机器人) will weaken search engines such as Google by allowing people to ask for the information they require rather than searching for it. This would rob (掠夺) Google of the valuable data it collects from users.Its leaders are now reportedly weighing up whether to put AI-powered search features behind a paywall in a way that would allow it to take advantage of the new technology without competing with its core search engine. Alphabet is looking at putting AI-powered search into its advanced subscription services.Engineers are reportedly developing the functionality needed for the changes but the leaders have not made a decision on whether or when to begin the plan. Under the plans being considered, Google’s search engine would remain free. A spokesman of Alphabet said: “We’re not working on or considering an ad-free search experience. We’ll go on building new capabilities and services to enhance our subscription offerings across Google.” The spokesman added: “For years, we’ve been reinventing Search to help people access information in the way that’s most natural to them. With our generative AI experiments in Search, we’ve already served billions of queries (询问). We will keep rapidly improving the product to serve new user needs.”Last year, Google’s income from search and advertising made up more than half of its total sales. The company was caught flat-footed by the huge success of ChatGPT, which has been backed by its competitor Microsoft. Google launched its own AI chatbot, Gemini, in response but the technology received a lot of complaints for placing stress on diversity and harmless answers instead of accuracy. Later Google stopped the tool’s ability to draw pictures and apologized.11. What is mainly talked about in the text?A. The competition among technology companies.B. Google’s new search engine.C. The importance of AI technology.D. A change in Google’s business model.【答案】 11. D【解析】【导语】本文是新闻报道。文章主要讲述了谷歌考虑对其AI搜索功能收费以适应AI发展的商业策略变化。【11题详解】主旨大意题。根据第一段中“Google is considering charging for artificial intelligence (AI)-powered search in what would be the biggest change of its business model since it was founded. (谷歌正在考虑对人工智能（AI）搜索收费，这将是该公司成立以来对其商业模式的最大改变)”并结合文章主要介绍了谷歌考虑对人工智能驱动的搜索收费，以及这一变化可能对其商业模式的影响，故本文主要是关于谷歌商业模式的改变，D选项“谷歌商业模式的改变”符合题意。故选D。题型03 标题归纳题 一、提问方式 The best title of the passage is ________. Which of the following is the best title of the passage? What would be the best title for the passage? The most appropriate title of the passage is ______.二、文章标题四大特性：1.概括性：概括全文，体现主旨；2.针对性：内涵相符，范围一致；3.新颖性：新颖奇特，吸引眼球；4.简短性：名词短语,动名词短语或祈使句。文章标题干扰项特点：断章取义(仅为文中一细节)；以偏概全；离题太远。(一)理解标题的三大特点：1. 概括性——准确而又简短；2. 针对性——标题外延正好与文章内容相符；3. 醒目性——能引发读者的阅读欲望。(二)确定文章标题：1. 正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，看哪个选项能准确概括主旨；2. 反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文章对照，一一排除不符选项；3. 研读、比较四个选项：研读四个选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、概括性等。(2024-2025学年高三上学期湖北省市级示范高中智学联盟12月月考英语试题) Cutting back on animal protein in our diets can save on resources and greenhouse gas emissions. But convincing meat-loving consumers to switch up their menu is a challenge. Looking at this problem from a mechanical engineering angle, Stanford engineers are pioneering a new approach to food texture (n.质地，纹理) testing that could pave the way for artificial steaks that fool even committed meat lovers. In a new paper in Science of Food, the team demonstrated that a combination of mechanical testing and machine learning can describe food texture with striking similarity to human taste testers. Such a method could speed up the development of better plant-based meats. The team also found that some plant-based products are already presenting the texture of the meats they’re imitating. “We were’ surprised to find that today’s plant-based products can reproduce the whole texture of animal meats,” said Ellen Kuhl, professor of mechanical engineering and senior author of the study. Meat substitutes have come a long way from when tofu was the only option, she added. Industrial animal agriculture contributes to climate change, pollution, habitat loss, and so on. That burden on the planet can be eased by exchanging animal proteins for plant proteins in diets. One study estimated that plant-based meats, on average, have half the environmental impact as animal meat. But many meat eaters are reluctant to change; only about a third of Americans in one survey indicated they were “very likely” to buy plant-based alternatives. “People love meat,” said Skyler St. Pierre, a PhD student in mechanical engineering and lead author of the paper. “If we want to convince the meat eaters that alternatives are worth trying, the closer we can imitate animal meat with plant-based products, the more likely people might be open to trying something new.”To successfully imitate animal meat, food scientists analyze the texture of plant-based meat products. Unfortunately, traditional food testing methods are not standardized and the results are rarely made available to science and to the public, said St. Pierre. This makes it harder for scientists to create new recipes for alternatives.35. Which of the following is the best title for the article?A. Food Testing: A Key to Meat Revolution.B. Plant or Meat? That’ s a question.C. New Tech in Our Daily Food.D. Plant-based meat: The New Fashion on the Table.【答案】35. A【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了斯坦福大学工程师从机械工程角度出发，采用机械测试与机器学习相结合的新方法进行食品质地测试，旨在开发出能媲美真肉质地的人造牛排，以推动植物基肉类的发展，缓解因畜牧业对环境造成的压力，同时提及该研究的背景、新方法的优势、面临的挑战及意义等内容。【35题详解】主旨大意题。根据第二段“In a new paper in Science of Food, the team demonstrated that a combination of mechanical testing and machine learning can describe food texture with striking similarity to human taste testers. Such a method could speed up the development of better plant-based meats. The team also found that some plant-based products are already presenting the texture of the meats they’re imitating.(在《食品科学》的一篇新论文中，该团队证明，机械测试和机器学习的结合可以描述与人类味觉测试仪惊人相似的食物质地。这种方法可以加快更好的植物性肉类的开发。该团队还发现，一些植物性产品已经呈现出他们模仿的肉类的质地)”以及文章内容可知，文章核心围绕斯坦福大学开发的新食品质地测试方法展开，该方法对植物基肉类发展意义重大，可能引发肉类领域的变革，所以“食品检测：肉类革命的关键”适合作文章标题。故选A项。题型01 段落大意题(2024年新课标高考英语I卷B篇)B“I am not crazy,” says Dr. William Farber, shortly after performing acupuncture (针灸) on a rabbit. “I am ahead of my time.” If he seems a little defensive, it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods. But Farber is certain he’ll have the last laugh. He’s one of a small but growing number of American veterinarians (兽医) now practicing “holistic” medicine – combining traditional Western treatments with acupuncture, chiropractic (按摩疗法) and herbal medicine.Farber, a graduate of Colorado State University, started out as a more conventional veterinarian. He became interested in alternative treatments 20 years ago when he suffered from terrible back pain. He tried muscle-relaxing drugs but found little relief. Then he tried acupuncture, an ancient Chinese practice, and was amazed that he improved after two or three treatments. What worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients. So, after studying the techniques for a couple of years, he began offering them to pets.Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment.Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time, and if the past is any indication, he may be right: Since 1982, membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700. “Sometimes it surprises me that it works so well,” he says. “I will do anything to help an animal. That’s my job.”26. What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about?A. Steps of a chiropractic treatment.B. The complexity of veterinarians’ work.C. Examples of rare animal diseases.D. The effectiveness of holistic medicine.【答案】26. D【导语】本文是记叙文。文章讲述兽医威廉·法伯(William Farber)博士在从针灸中受益后，将综合医疗应用于动物，并取得了初步成效。26. 主旨大意题。根据第三段内容“Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment.(利·廷代尔的狗查理患有严重的心脏病。廷代尔说，查理心脏病发作后，她准备让他进入睡眠状态，但法伯的治疗大大减轻了她的狗的痛苦，她能够让它多活五个月。普里西拉·杜因(Priscilla Dewing)报告说，她的马纳皮(Nappy)经过脊椎按摩调整后，“行动更容易，乘车更舒服”。) ”可知，本段主要讲述了两个例子，一个是Farber通过整体医学方法帮助了患有严重心脏病的狗Charlie，另一个是马Nappy在接受脊椎按摩治疗后移动和骑行更为舒适。这些例子都是为了说明整体医学的有效性。故选D。题型02 文章大意题(2024年新课标高考英语II卷C篇)We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens. Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started. Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment. BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee.11. What does the text mainly talk about?A. BMF’s major strengths. B. BMF’s general management.C. BMF’s global influence. D. BMF’s technical standards.【答案】 11. A【11题详解】主旨大意题。根据第一段“While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. (虽然农贸市场是减少旅程的可靠选择，但巴比伦微型农场（BMF）甚至缩短了旅程)”、第三段“By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. (通过云连接，对BMF进行远程监控。此外，还有一个方便的应用程序可以实时提供不断增长的数据。由于该系统是自动化的，因此大大减少了种植植物所需的水量。该系统不是给一排排土壤浇水，而是为每株植物提供合适的水量)”以及最后一段“BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. (BMF员工在日常生活中追求可持续发展。大约一半的人步行或骑自行车上班。在办公室里，他们通过限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减少浪费。BMF的一名员工表示：“我们热衷于减少环境中的废物、碳和化学品。”)”可知，文章主要介绍了巴比伦微农场（BMF）的一些主要优势，包括减少食物运输距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等。故选A。题型03 标题归纳题(2024年全国高考英语甲卷B篇)Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (声音) that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. But cats are special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills. They are able to have entire conversations with humans using meows and you're able to interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep meowing to attract attention and find food. However, when a cat is looking for affection, they tend to produce stretched and soft meows. Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother's attention and be fed. Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place to relax. However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells. Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future. That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they don't usually like. Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of predators (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it!7. What is a suitable title for the text?A. Tips on Finding a Smart Cat B. Understanding Your Cat's BehaviorC. Have Fun with Your Cat D. How to Keep Your Cat Healthy【答案】 7. B【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了猫通过叫声、嗅觉和带回礼物来表达需求、评估环境和展示爱意。【7题详解】主旨大意题。根据第一段“Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways.( 动物可以用很多方式来表达他们的需求。)”及全文可知，文章都在介绍和解释猫的各种行为方式，包括叫声、嗅觉和带回礼物的习惯，以及这些行为背后的原因和意义。所以“Understanding Your Cat’s Behavior(了解你的猫的行为)”作文文章标题最为合适。故选B。A（24-25高三上·安徽合肥·阶段练习）I first saw the earth — the whole earth from the shuttle Challenger in 1984. The view takes your breath away and fills you with childlike wonder. That’s why every shuttle crew has to clean nose prints off their space raft’s windows several times a day.An incredibly beautiful tapestry (织锦) of blue and white, tan, black and green seems to glide beneath you at an elegant, stately pace. But you are actually going so fast that the entire map of the world spins before your eyes with each 90-minute orbit. After just one or two laps, you feel, maybe for the first time like a citizen of a planet. All the colors and patterns you see — the visible evidence of the complex working of the natural systems that make our planet habitable — seem both vast and precise, powerful and yet somehow fragile.You see volcanoes spewing smoke, hurricanes roiling the oceans and even fine tendrils’ of Saharan dust reaching across the Atlantic.You also see the big, gray smudges of fields, paddies and pastures, and at night you marvel at the lights, like brilliant diamonds, that reveal a mosaic of cities, roads and coastlines — impressive signs of the hand of humanity. Scientists tell us that our hand is heavy, that we are wiping out of other species at an unprecedented rate and probably transforming our climate.Will the immense power of global systems withstand the impact of humanity? Or is it possible that our collective actions will change the nature of our planet enough to cripple its ability to support life?I no longer believe that we can wait for all the scientific data needed to answer these questions conclusively. We must recognize immediately what it means to be citizens of this planet.It means accepting the obligation to be the stewards of the earth’s life-giving capacities. As homeowners, we wouldn’t neglect or damage our houses until they weren’t fit to live in. Why would we do that with our planet?1．What does the writer want to express in Paragraph 1?A．They are awed by the view of the earth. B．They are homesick in the space shuttle.C．They feel scared flying in the outer-space. D．They feel excited to explore the universe.2．What’s the main function of Paragraph 3?A．Providing data for the writer’s argument. B．Summarizing the main idea of the text.C．Setting the stage for further discussion. D．Introducing different ideas on human impact.3．According to the last paragraph, which of the following statement does the writer agree with?A．It’s not clear what humans can do to natureB．We must act now to take care of nature before it’s too lateC．Human beings are not the only creature of the earthD．The earth is strong enough to support more lives.4．What is the best title of the text?A．A Glimpse of Home B．Going Green with Our EarthC．Flying to the Future D．My Experience as an Astronaut【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．A【导语】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章主要介绍了作者从太空中看到地球的美景和对地球的思考。1． 细节理解题。根据第一段“I first saw the earth — the whole earth from the shuttle Challenger in 1984. The view takes your breath away and fills you with childlike wonder. That’s why every shuttle crew has to clean nose prints off their space raft’s windows several times a day.(我第一次看到地球——整个地球，是从1984年的挑战者号航天飞机上。这景色会让你屏住呼吸，让你充满孩子般的惊奇。这就是为什么每个航天飞机机组人员每天都要清理几次他们的飞船窗户上的鼻印。)”可知，作者第一次从航天飞机上看到地球的全貌时，被地球的美景震撼，充满了童真的惊奇。故选A。2．推理判断题。根据第三段“You see volcanoes spewing smoke, hurricanes roiling the oceans and even fine tendrils’ of Saharan dust reaching across the Atlantic.(你会看到火山喷出烟雾，飓风在海洋中肆虐，甚至撒哈拉沙漠的尘埃细沙也横跨大西洋。)”可知，第三段描述了地球上发生的灾难，为后续讨论人类应如何保护地球做铺垫。故选C。3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“It means accepting the obligation to be the stewards of the earth’s life-giving capacities. As homeowners, we wouldn’t neglect or damage our houses until they weren’t fit to live in. Why would we do that with our planet?(它意味着接受成为地球赋予生命的能力的管理者的义务。作为房主，我们不会忽视或损坏我们的房子，直到它们不适合居住。我们为什么要这样对待我们的星球呢？)”可知，作者认为我们要立即认识到作为地球公民的责任，在为时已晚之前保护好我们的星球并保护好自然。故选B。4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段“I first saw the earth — the whole earth from the shuttle Challenger in 1984. The view takes your breath away and fills you with childlike wonder. That’s why every shuttle crew has to clean nose prints off their space raft’s windows several times a day. (我第一次看到地球——整个地球，是从1984年的挑战者号航天飞机上。这景色会让你屏住呼吸，让你充满孩子般的惊奇。这就是为什么每个航天飞机机组人员每天都要清理几次他们的飞船窗户上的鼻印。)”可知，文章主要描述了作者从太空中看到地球的美景和对地球的思考，最好的标题是选项A“A Glimpse of Home (家园一瞥)”。故选A。B（24-25高三上·广东东莞·阶段练习）If a stranger offered you a free cookie, you might well eat it. But what if they offered to also give you $2? You might politely decline and walk away thinking, “Something smells fishy.” In a study published in Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, researchers found that people tend to turn down offers of “free money” (as well as unusually high salaries or suspiciously cheap services) because they seem “too good to be true”. The research bridges economics and psychology to explain why financial attraction can backfire.In the initial experiment, nearly 40 percent of participants ate a cookie offered freely, compared with about 20 percent of those offered $2 as well. “People typically imagine things like that someone did something disgusting to the cookie,” says study lead author Andrew J. Vonasch, a psychological scientist at University of Canterbury in New Zealand. Nine further experiments, involving more than 4,000 participants, used online questionnaires to present other cases. These included being offered money to accept a ride home, incredibly high construction-job wages and surprisingly cheap flights. In each case, past a certain threshold (门槛), higher financial profit reduced participants’ potential of accepting the offer.If someone seems to go against accepted norms such as self-interest without explanation, we assume they have hidden motives and infer there will be “phantom costs”: imagined consequences that reduce what Vonasch calls an offer’s “psychological value”.Factors beyond the present moment may come into play. “Understanding that others’ perceived over generosity may put us in their debt could also help explain people’s reluctance,” says Rachel McCloy, a psychologist studying decision-making at England’s University of Reading. “The old saying ‘there’s no such thing as a free lunch’ is clearly alive and well.”Another experiment found that high scorers on measures of distrust inferred more phantom costs. The researchers also showed how to alleviate the effect: simply provide a reason for the deal. The “cheap flights” experiment included a condition where the seats were revealed to be very uncomfortable. “Uncomfortable seats aren’t typically a selling point,” Vonasch says. “But telling people the seats were uncomfortable made them more willing to take them because it was sufficient explanation.”5．What does the underlined word “backfire” in Para. 1 mean?A．Result in an opposite effect.B．Boost the success of an offer.C．Increase the appeal of a proposal.D．Cause a positive outcome unexpectedly.6．Why is the quote “there’s no such thing as a free lunch” mentioned by the author?A．To prove the phantom costs.B．To promote generosity in society.C．To doubt hidden costs of generous offers.D．To remind people to be cautious of free items.7．What helps make the “cheap flights” more acceptable according to the experiment?A．Offering more flight credits.B．Discounting the price further.C．Providing additional unrelated gifts.D．Giving a seemingly reasonable explanation.8．Which could be the best title for the text?A．Why People Embrace High-Value OffersB．Why People Reject Free Money and OffersC．Why Some Deals Seem Too Good to Be TrueD．How Offers of Money Increase Acceptance Rates【答案】5．A 6．A 7．D 8．C【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要探讨了人们为何倾向于拒绝看似“好得令人难以置信”的免费或高价值提议，一项研究结合心理学和经济学，解释了这种心理现象，表明原因在于人们认为这些提议可能隐藏着未知的成本或风险。5．词句猜测题。画线词的上文“In a study published in Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, researchers found that people tend to turn down offers of “free money” (as well as unusually high salaries or suspiciously cheap services) because they seem “too good to be true”. (在《人格与社会心理学公报》上发表的一项研究中，研究人员发现，人们倾向于拒绝“免费的钱”（以及异常高的薪水或可疑的廉价服务），因为它们看起来“好得令人难以置信”)”提到超出预期的绝好提议往往会被拒绝，这与人们通常趋利的倾向相反。由此可知，该研究解释的是为什么经济吸引力可能适得其反，画线词意思应该是“Result in an opposite effect (导致相反的效果)”。故选A项。6．推理判断题。第三段“If someone seems to go against accepted norms such as self-interest without explanation, we assume they have hidden motives and infer there will be “phantom costs”: imagined consequences that reduce what Vonasch calls an offer’s “psychological value”. (如果某人似乎毫无缘由地违背了自我利益等公认的准则，我们就会认为他们有隐藏的动机，并推断出会有“幽灵成本”：一些想象出来的后果，可能会减少Vonasch称一项提议的“心理价值”)”用“幽灵成本”的概念解释了为什么人们往往会拒绝看似过度慷慨的东西，再结合第四段中“The old saying ‘there’s no such thing as a free lunch’ is clearly alive and well. (“天下没有免费的午餐”这句老话显然很有道理)”可知，作者肯定了这句谚语的意义，进一步强调看似免费的东西实际上可能存在隐藏的风险，证明了“幽灵成本”的存在。故选A项。7．细节理解题。根据最后一段““Uncomfortable seats aren’t typically a selling point,” Vonasch says. “But telling people the seats were uncomfortable made them more willing to take them because it was sufficient explanation.” (“不舒服的座位通常不是卖点，”Vonasch说。“但告诉人们座位不舒服会让他们更愿意坐，因为这是一个充分的解释。”)”可知，给出一个看似合理的解释有助于让人们更容易接受“廉价航班”。故选D项。8．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中“If a stranger offered you a free cookie, you might well eat it. But what if they offered to also give you $2? You might politely decline and walk away thinking, “Something smells fishy.” (如果一个陌生人给你一块免费的饼干，你很可能会吃掉它。但如果他们还愿意给你2美元呢？你可能会礼貌地拒绝，然后走开，心想：“有东西闻起来很可疑。”)”可知，文章围绕人们倾向于拒绝看似“好得令人难以置信”的免费或高价值提议这一现象展开，介绍了一项结合心理学和经济学的研究，该研究解释了这种心理现象，表明原因在于人们认为这些提议可能隐藏着未知的成本或风险。因此，C项“为什么有些交易看起来好得令人难以置信”最契合文章主旨，适合作为文章标题。故选C项。C（24-25高三上·重庆·阶段练习）Have you ever joyously stepped out to your backyard garden only to find your well-cared-for plants withered and dying? Was the soil too dry? Did pests find their way in? During times like these, some frustrated gardeners may wish their plants would just tell them what they need. A new Microsoft-partnered project in the UK is trying to see if that concept can be demonstrated in the real world.Next year, at the Chelsea Flower Show, the Royal Horticultural Society in England will show off an “intelligent garden” that uses an AI model to monitor the garden’s environment and inform gardeners when it needs care. Visitors can ask the AI-powered garden questions. The model could then respond with phrases like “I need a bit more water,” or “I could use a haircut” depending on data captured in the soil. Aside from the pleasant novelty of chatting with plants, the garden will provide visitors with a physical representation of the many ways AI technologies could be used to enhance sustainability efforts.The Intelligent garden will rely on a network of sensors nestled throughout the garden measuring environmental factors like soil moisture and nutrient levels as well as wind and rainfall. All of that data is then sent to a specially designed AI model. The model, powered by Microsoft’s Azure Open AI Service, can then analyze those factors and inform gardeners on feeding, watering, or trimming.Onsite plant caretakers aren’t the only ones who can interact with the garden. Visitors to the show can also walk up to virtual platforms and ask the intelligent garden questions about its current environmental state. The AI language module will then interpret the data and respond to the visitors in a conversational dialogue.In theory, insights provided by models like this could help gardeners allocate resources efficiently and avoid over-watering plants before rainfall, both of which can aid in sustainability efforts. Those tools could bring convenience to casual growers or businesses looking to reduce costs. It’s unclear, however, whether even the best models can provide the same level of care as experienced gardeners.9．What’s the possible effect of the intelligent garden project?A．It’ ll increase the profits for gardening industry.B．It’ ll replace human gardeners with AI technology.C．It’ ll promote sustainable development of gardening.D．It’ ll create an attraction at the Chelsea Flower Show.10．How does the intelligent garden know what plants need?A．Via dialogues with gardeners.B．Through computers in the garden.C．By analyzing data from the sensors.D．By examining plants for signs of pests.11．What can we infer from the last paragraph?A．The AI model will be widely used.B．The AI model helps save resources.C．The AI model can forecast the weather.D．The AI model makes gardeners unnecessary.12．What is the text mainly about?A．Future gardens will be controlled by AI.B．The Chelsea Flower Show amazes audience.C．The intelligent garden is embraced by gardeners.D．AI technology helps to make gardens sustainable.【答案】9．C 10．C 11．B 12．D【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了微软在英国的一个合作项目将AI技术运用于园艺，文章介绍了智能花园及其应用潜力，通过监测环境数据，智能花园可以帮助促进园艺的可持续发展。9．细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句“Aside from the pleasant novelty of chatting with plants, the garden will provide visitors with a physical representation of the many ways AI technologies could be used to enhance sustainability efforts.(除了与植物聊天这一令人愉快的新事物之外，这个花园还将为游客提供一个实体展示，展示人工智能技术可以以多种方式促进可持续发展工作)”可知，智能花园项目可能产生的效果是促进园艺的可持续发展。故选C。10．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The Intelligent garden will rely on a network of sensors nestled throughout the garden measuring environmental factors like soil moisture and nutrient levels as well as wind and rainfall. All of that data is then sent to a specially designed AI model. The model, powered by Microsoft’s Azure Open AI Service, can then analyze those factors and inform gardeners on feeding, watering, or trimming.(智能花园将依靠遍布花园的传感器网络来测量环境因素，如土壤湿度和营养水平以及风和降雨量。所有这些数据然后被发送到一个专门设计的AI模型。该模型由微软的Azure Open AI服务提供支持，然后可以分析这些因素，并告知园丁施肥、浇水或修剪)”可知，智能花园是通过 AI 模型分析来自传感器采集的数据从而了解植物的需求。故选C。11．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“In theory, insights provided by models like this could help gardeners allocate resources efficiently and avoid over-watering plants before rainfall, both of which can aid in sustainability efforts. Those tools could bring convenience to casual growers or businesses looking to reduce costs.(从理论上讲，像这样的模型所提供的见解可以帮助园丁有效地分配资源，并避免在降雨前过度浇水，这两点都有助于可持续发展工作。这些工具可以为偶尔种植者或寻求降低成本的企业带来便利)”可推断，人工智能模型有助于节约资源。故选B。12．主旨大意题。短文第一段介绍了有时植物会枯萎，但园丁们并不知道原因，并提到英国一个与微软合作的项目试图将这个概念在现实中展现出来。第二段提到皇家园艺学会将在切尔西花展上展示一个使用AI模型来监测花园环境并告知园丁何时需要照顾的“智能花园”，并提到这个花园将为游客提供一个实体展示，展示人工智能技术可以以多种方式促进可持续发展工作。第三段详细说明了智能花园是如何知道植物需要什么的。第四段提到游客也可以与智能花园互动。最后一段提到这种模型所提供的见解可以帮助园丁有效地分配资源，并避免在降雨前过度浇水，这两点都有助于可持续发展工作。综合各段内容可知，短文主要讲述了AI技术有助于使花园可持续，选项D“人工智能技术有助于使花园可持续发展”是本文最佳主旨大意，故选D。D（24-25高三上·重庆沙坪坝·期中）Rare is the chief executive who praises the virtues of a lie-in. Tim Cook, boss of Apple, maker of the iPhone, wakes between 4 am and 5 am. Two-thirds of the chief executives of large American companies are up by 6 o’ clock; for average Americans the share is less than one in three. For those desiring corporate greatness, the message seems clear: you snooze (打盹), you lose.Plenty of research finds benefits in early rising. In a study conducted in 2012 at the University of Toronto, “early birds”, larks, reported feeling happier and healthier. “Night owls” (猫头鹰), tend to have less sleep, which can weigh on their mood and health - as well as their productivity. “Early birds” are certainly held in higher regard. Rolling into the office late continues to be frowned upon in most work-places. Moreover, “night owls” were perceived as being lazy, undisciplined and immature.Rising early is not, though, all upside. Urgent tasks often come up during the day, meaning that those who come in early may end up working just as late as their dawn-averse colleagues. Waking before sunrise also risks turning you into a bore. Some “larks” go home early rather than socialize after hours. “Night owls”, by contrast, boast abundant time to enjoy themselves.Efforts to alter your sleep pattern, which is largely a product of your genes, are likely to end in sleepy frustration. Dimming your lights at night and buying a special alarm clock will not magically transform you into a morning person. Those early hours will be of little use if they are spent staring blankly at a screen through sleepy eyes.Perhaps the best advice, then, is to stop worrying about your body clock. Most people are neither“early birds” nor “night owls”, but in between. They do not perform well first thing in the morning or late in the evening. Many, get sleepy in the afternoon, too. That is why most offices operate between 9 and 5 - and why they ought to have nap rooms.13．Why is “Tim Cook” mentioned in paragraph 1?A．To approve of his good habit. B．To praise the virtues of a lie-in.C．To show bosses favor getting up early. D．To illustrate the success of his business.14．What’s an advantage of being a “night owl”?A．Being more productive. B．Finishing more tasks.C．Having more time to socialize. D．Feeling more positive.15．What’s the author’s attitude towards changing your sleep pattern?A．Supportive. B．Disapproving.C．Indifferent. D．Conservative.16．What’s the best title of the passage?A．The Benefits of Being Early Birds B．How to Alter Your Biological Clock?C．The Harmful Effects of Staying up Late D．Is It Better to Be Early Birds or Night Owls?【答案】13．C 14．C 15．B 16．D【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了早起的人和夜猫子两种生活方式的利弊，建议大家不要轻易改变自己的作息习惯。13．推理判断题。根据第一段“Rare is the chief executive who praises the virtues of a lie-in. Tim Cook, boss of Apple, maker of the iPhone, wakes between 4 am and 5 am. Two-thirds of the chief executives of large American companies are up by 6 o’ clock; for average Americans the share is less than one in three. (很少有首席执行官会称赞睡懒觉的好处。蒂姆·库克，苹果公司的老板，iPhone的制造商，每天早上4点到5点起床。三分之二的美国大公司首席执行官6点就起床了；对于普通美国人来说，这一比例不到三分之一。)”可知几乎没有老板喜欢赖床，反之老板喜欢早起的生活方式。所以提到Tim Cook，苹果公司的老板，是为了说明老板都喜欢早起。故选C。14．细节理解题。根据第三段“Some “larks” go home early rather than socialize after hours. “Night owls”, by contrast, boast abundant time to enjoy themselves. (有些“百灵鸟”宁愿早早回家，也不愿下班后参加社交活动。相比之下，“夜猫子”自诩有充足的时间享受生活。)”可知早起的百灵鸟回家早而不出去社交，而夜猫子却有很多时间享受自己，也就是夜猫子有更多的时间进行社交。故选C。15．推理判断题。根据第四段“Efforts to alter your sleep pattern, which is largely a product of your genes, are likely to end in sleepy frustration. Dimming your lights at night and buying a special alarm clock will not magically transform you into a morning person. Those early hours will be of little use if they are spent staring blankly at a screen through sleepy eyes.(你的睡眠模式很大程度上是由你的基因决定的，改变这种模式的努力很可能以困倦的挫败告终。晚上调暗灯光，买一个特殊的闹钟不会神奇地把你变成一个早起的人。如果用睡眼惺忪的眼神茫然地盯着屏幕，那么早起的时间就没什么用了。)”可知，作者认为睡眠模式很大程度上是由基因决定的，所以不建议更改这种模式，即反对改变生物钟。故选B。16．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其最后一段“Perhaps the best advice, then, is to stop worrying about your body clock. Most people are neither “early birds” nor “night owls”, but in between. They do not perform well first thing in the morning or late in the evening. Many, get sleepy in the afternoon, too. That is why most offices operate between 9 and 5 - and why they ought to have nap rooms. (也许最好的建议就是不要再担心你的生物钟了。大多数人既不是“早起鸟”也不是“夜猫子”，而是介于两者之间。他们在早上或晚上的第一件事就表现不佳。许多人在下午也会犯困。这就是为什么大多数办公室的工作时间是9点到5点，也是为什么他们应该有午休室的原因。)”可知文章讨论了早起的人和夜猫子两种生活方式的利弊，作者建议大家不要轻易改变自己的作息习惯，因为大部分人都是普通人，所以D选项“早起的鸟好还是夜猫子好？”适合做文章的标题，故选D。