专题08 阅读理解主旨大意题 -高考英语二轮热点题型归纳与变式演练（上海专用）

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目录
TOC \ "1-3" \h \z \u \l "_Tc148898652" 题型综述2
\l "_Tc148898652" 解题攻略3
\l "_Tc148898653" 题型01 文章大意题3
\l "_Tc148898654" 题型02 段落大意题5
\l "_Tc148898655" 题型03 标题归纳题7
\l "_Tc148898657" 高考练场9
\l "_Tc148898657" 变式演练 PAGEREF _Tc148898657 \h 13
题型简介
主旨大意题主要考查考生对文章中心思想或段落大意的归纳、概括和总结能力。它要求考生能够理解文章的整体结构和主要内容，把握作者的写作意图。
这种题型在高考英语阅读中占有重要地位，因为它能体现考生对文章全局的把握，是一种高层次的阅读理解能力考查。一般来说，每篇阅读理解文章都会涉及至少一道主旨大意题，或者与主旨相关的题目，如最佳标题题等。主旨大意题的设问方式多样，位置通常在文章后的题目开头或结尾部分，但也可能出现在中间位置。
命题类型
文章主旨题：这类题目要求概括整篇文章的中心思想。例如，“What's the main idea f the passage?” 或者 “The passage is mainly abut...”。 答案选项通常是对文章核心内容的综合表述，涵盖了文章多个段落的要点信息。
段落主旨题：主要针对文章中的某一个段落，考查考生对该段落中心内容的理解。如 “What's the main pint f the third paragraph?”。答案往往是该段落主题句的同义替换或者对段落细节信息的概括。
最佳标题题：要求考生从选项中选择一个最适合文章的标题。像 “Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?”。标题要能够准确地反映文章的主题，并且具有吸引力，同时还要简洁明了，避免范围过大或过小。
解题思路
寻找主题句法
位置判断：主题句在文章中的位置通常有一定规律。大部分情况下，主题句出现在文章的开头部分，开门见山地阐述文章主旨；有些文章主题句在结尾，起到总结全文的作用；还有少数文章主题句在中间，需要结合上下文来判断。
特点把握：主题句一般具有概括性强、涵盖范围广的特点，能够准确地表达文章或者段落的核心内容。例如，在一篇讲述环境保护措施的文章中，开头的主题句可能是 “Varius effective measures have been taken t prtect the envirnment in recent years.”。
归纳法
细节整合：如果文章没有明显的主题句，就需要对文章的细节信息进行归纳总结。把各个段落的主要内容提炼出来，寻找它们的共同点或者关联点，从而概括出文章的主旨。
注意事项：在归纳过程中，要避免遗漏重要信息，同时也要排除那些只涉及部分内容的选项。比如，一篇文章分别介绍了科技对教育、医疗和交通的积极影响，归纳主旨时就要涵盖这三个方面，不能只强调其中一个领域。
关注关键词法
高频词识别：注意文章中反复出现的关键词。这些关键词往往与文章的主题密切相关。例如，一篇文章多次出现 “AI（人工智能）”“machine learning（机器学习）”“big data（大数据）” 等词汇，那么文章主旨很可能是关于人工智能技术及其相关应用的。
同义替换词注意：同时还要留意与这些关键词意思相近的表达，它们也有助于确定文章主旨。比如，除了 “AI” 之外，还出现了 “artificial intelligence technlgy” 等表达。
命题方式
【常见考法】主旨大意题经常使用的提问方式有：
1) What is the text mainly abut?
2) What is the best title fr the text?
3) What can be a suitable title fr the text?
4) What's the mainly abut?
5) What's the main idea discussed in the first/secnd/third/.. paragraph?
题型01 段落大意题

一、常见设问方式
 What des the authr tell us in Paragraph
 The main idea f the secnd paragraph prbably is ________.
 The first paragraph is mainly abut ________.
 Which f the fllwing can best summarize Para.1?
 What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
二、首尾兼顾法寻找主题句：
1.段首段尾：段首--主题句多为段首一两句(观点或对象)；段尾--主题句也常为段尾句(结论或总结)。
2.段中：主题句有时在段中(前面的话是为引出主题）。
3.无主题句：有时没有主题句，需根据段落内容自己概括。
（2025年长宁一模）
Unemplyment is a significant prblem in many develping cuntries. Withut steady wrk, individuals struggle t rise ut f pverty, and the cmmunity as a whle als misses ut. Many unemplyed peple culd have dne much gd thrugh their labur if they had been given the pprtunity t cntribute. Wrse, withut pprtunities fr prper emplyment, yung peple smetimes turn t crime and vilence in rder t prvide fr themselves. Thus, giving peple pprtunities t wrk is essential fr the cmmunity’s well-being.
43. What is paragraph 1 mainly abut?
A. The rle f the gvernment in creating jb pprtunities.
B. The imprtance f educatin fr reducing unemplyment rates.
C. The necessity f prviding wrk pprtunities t prevent crime.
D. The cnsequences f unemplyment n individuals and cmmunities.
【答案】43. D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了在许多发展中国家，失业是一个严重的问题，并通过卢旺达的一个创业案例说明支持年轻人创业是帮助减少失业、解决社区问题的有效途径。
【43题详解】
主旨大意题 。根据文章第一段“Unemplyment is a significant prblem in many develping cuntries. Withut steady wrk, individuals struggle t rise ut f pverty, and the cmmunity as a whle als misses ut.(失业是许多发展中国家的一个重要问题。没有稳定的工作，个人难以摆脱贫困，整个社区也无法受益)”和“Wrse, withut pprtunities fr prper emplyment, yung peple smetimes turn t crime and vilence in rder t prvide fr themselves.(更糟糕的是，没有适当就业的机会，年轻人有时会为了养活自己而诉诸犯罪和暴力。)”可知，本段主要讨论失业对个人和社区的影响。故选D。
题型02 文章大意题

一、提问方式
 What’s the main idea/pint f the passage?
 The passage is mainly abut ________.
 The passage is mainly cncerned abut ________.
 Which f the fllwing best states the main idea f the passage?
 Which f the fllwing statements best expresses the main idea/theme f the passage?
 In this passage the authr discusses primarily ________.
 The subject discussed in this text is ________.
 The general/main idea f the passage is abut ________.
二、主旨大意归纳法：
1.略读法：读文章标题；读首尾段落；读段落首尾句；留意表句段关系的关联词之后的内容。
2.文体法：新闻报道、议论文和说明文--主题句在首段；记叙文、议论文--主题句一般在尾段。
3.词语法：在文中出现频率较高的主题词。
4.概括法：无主题句的文章，需读者自己概括大意。
✱找主题句的技巧：
1. 段落中出现表示转折的词语(如hwever, but, in fact, actually等)时，该句很可能是主题句。
2. 首段出现疑问句时，对该问句的回答很可能就是文章主旨。
3. 作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。
4. 表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefre, thus, in shrt, cnclude, cnclusin等词，通常是主旨。
（2025年普陀区一模）
Summerhill
This is a stry f a mdern schl—Summerhill. Summerhill began as an experimental schl. It is n lnger such;it is nw a demnstratin schl, fr it demnstrates that freedm wrks. When my wife and I began the schl, we had ne main philsphy:t make the schl fit the child— instead f making the child fit the schl.
Obviusly, a schl that makes active children sit at desks studying mstly useless subjects is a bad schl. It is a gd schl nly fr thse wh believe in such a schl, fr thse uncreative citizens wh want bedient, uncreative children wh will fit int a civilizatin whse standard f success is fame and frtune.
I had taught in rdinary schls fr many years. I knew the ther way well. I knew it was all wrng. It was wrng because it was based n an adult cnceptin f what a child shuld be and f hw a child shuld learn.
Well, we set ut t make a schl in which we shuld allw children freedm t be themselves. In rder t d this, we had t abandn all disciplines, all directins, all suggestins, all mral training, and all religius instructins. We have been called brave, but it did nt require curage. All it required was what we had—a cmplete belief in the child as a gd, nt an evil, being.
My view is that a child is brn wise and realistic. If left t himself withut adult suggestins f any kind, he will develp as far as he is capable f develping. Lgically, Summerhill is a place in which peple wh have the inherent ability and wish t be schlars will be schlars;while thse wh are nly fit t sweep the streets will sweep the streets. But we have nt prduced a street cleaner s far. Nr d I write this snbbishly(势利的), fr I wuld rather see a schl prduce a happy street cleaner than an anxius schlar.
38. What is the main idea f the passage?
A. Summerhill Schl uses a unique educatinal apprach centered n giving children freedm.
B. Summerhill Schl believes every child has the ptential t becme a successful schlar.
C. Summerhill Schl rejects strict discipline and fcuses n a child-centered envirnment.
D. Summerhill Schl challenges the traditinal mdel by emphasizing children's independence.
【答案】 A
【导读】本文主要介绍了 Summerhill 学校。该校从一所实验学校发展为示范学校，其核心理念是让学校适应孩子，而非让孩子适应学校。学校摒弃传统的纪律、指导等，坚信孩子天生善良、明智且现实，给予孩子充分自由，旨在培养快乐的个体，而非仅仅追求学术成就。
【38 题详解】
主旨大意题。文章开篇介绍 Summerhill 学校的创办理念是让学校适应孩子，接着阐述学校摒弃传统的纪律等，给予孩子自由，以让孩子自由发展。A 选项 “Summerhill 学校采用一种以给予孩子自由为核心的独特教育方法” 全面概括了文章主旨；B 选项 “Summerhill 学校认为每个孩子都有成为成功学者的潜力” 过于片面，文章强调孩子可以自由发展成适合自己的样子，不只是成为学者；C 选项 “Summerhill 学校拒绝严格纪律，专注于以孩子为中心的环境”，没有突出给予孩子自由这一核心要点；D 选项 “Summerhill 学校通过强调孩子的独立性来挑战传统模式”，文章重点强调的是给予孩子自由，而非单纯强调独立性。所以答案是 A。
（2025年嘉定一模）
Sme dishes give ff an unmistakable air f elegance. Take a flawlessly clear cnsmmé (清炖肉汤) fr instance. Others are less s, like a pizza with a dense crust. And then there are dishes that seem t bridge the gap, appearing n menus acrss the range f taste and class. The chclate fndant is ne such dessert, lved fr its simple, rich pleasure and luxury.
Thugh different in technique, bth chéfs shared a visin f the fndant as a fancy, rich treat, a dessert designed t satisfy bth the taste buds (味蕾) and a desire fr elegance. Initially, it was a delicacy reserved fr high-end dining rms and the mst exclusive restaurants. In America, it became a symbl f refined dessert culture, representing a particular kind f elegance.
46. What is the main idea f the passage?
A. The chclate fndant's simplicity makes it easy fr chefs t prepare.
B. The chclate fndant has gne frm a high-end dessert t a cmmn treat.
C. The chclate fndant riginates in France and then spread t the whle wrld.
D. The chclate fndant is superir t ther desserts because f its mlten center.
【答案】 46. B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了巧克力软糖的发明以及从高端甜点如何变成普通食物的过程。
【46题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第三段“Initially, it was a delicacy reserved fr high-end dining rms and the mst exclusive restaurants. In America, it became a symbl f refined dessert culture, representing a particular kind f elegance. (最初，它是高端餐厅和最高档餐厅的美食。在美国，它成为精致甜点文化的象征，代表着一种特殊的优雅。)”以及最后一段“Over time, the fndant evlved int what many nw knwn as the “mlten chclate cake” r “chclate lava cake.” (随着时间的推移，这种糖演变成了现在人们所知的“熔融巧克力蛋糕”或“巧克力熔岩蛋糕”。)”结合文章主要介绍了巧克力软糖的发明以及从高端甜点如何变成普通食物的过程。可知，这篇文章的主旨是巧克力软糖已经从一种高端甜点变成了一种普通的食物。故选B。
题型03 标题归纳题

一、提问方式
 The best title f the passage is ________.
 Which f the fllwing is the best title f the passage?
 What wuld be the best title fr the passage?
 The mst apprpriate title f the passage is ______.
二、文章标题四大特性：
1.概括性：概括全文，体现主旨；
2.针对性：内涵相符，范围一致；
3.新颖性：新颖奇特，吸引眼球；
4.简短性：名词短语,动名词短语或祈使句。
文章标题干扰项特点：断章取义(仅为文中一细节)；以偏概全；离题太远。
(一)理解标题的三大特点：1. 概括性——准确而又简短；2. 针对性——标题外延正好与文章内容相符；3. 醒目性——能引发读者的阅读欲望。
(二)确定文章标题：1. 正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，看哪个选项能准确概括主旨；2. 反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文章对照，一一排除不符选项；3. 研读、比较四个选项：研读四个选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、概括性等。
（2025年长宁一模）
We ften picture tday’s teens as scial-media addicts. They stare at their phnes 24/7 and lash ut when they can’t have their WeChat fix. But the truth is mre cmplicated: While they depend n scial media t keep up with friends, it des have a tendency t make them feel helpless under the pressure, and they knw it.
When I spke t fur students at Ntre Dame High Schl in Sherman Oaks, Calif., as part f my natin-wide teen listening tur, they tld me they make cnscius chices abut wh they share things with n scial media, hw they manage their accunts and hw they handle their wn burnut.
While teens generally acknwledge that scial media helps them keep up with their friends, arund 45% f them say they feel trubled by the drama they ften encunter, accrding t Pew Research Center. Rughly fur in 10 teenagers say they feel pressure t pst nly things that shw them in a psitive light r that generate a lt f cmments r likes.
The Sherman Oaks teens I spke with say they t have taken breaks t avid burnut. They all have friends wh dn’t even bther with scial media, and they say they admire it. Still, the fear f missing ut usually draws them back. Or, as ne f the fur students tld me, “It kind f gets a little lnely after a while.”
39. Which f the fllwing is the best title f the passage?
A. The dwnside f scial media: Why teens get addicted
B. The scial media: Mre cnnectivity than islatin amng teens
C. The unseen cnsequences f scial media: A teenage perspective
D. The influence f scial media: A cmprehensive teenage analysis
【答案】
39. C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。本文主要讲述了在社交媒体上的一些行为对于青少年的影响。
【39题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“But the truth is mre cmplicated: While they depend n scial media t keep up with friends, it des have a tendency t make them feel helpless under the pressure, and they knw it.(但事实要复杂得多：虽然他们依靠社交媒体与朋友保持联系，但这确实会让他们在压力下感到无助，他们也知道这一点)”以及大意可知，本文主要讲述了在社交媒体上的一些行为对于青少年的影响。结合选项可知，C项：The unseen cnsequences f scial media: A teenage perspective“社交媒体的隐性后果：青少年的视角”符合题意，故答案为C。
（2025年金山一模）
I was walking hme when a well-dressed man plitely stpped me. “Culd yu tell me which way t Blr and…” He struggled t get the next wrd ut with a pained lk, but I knew better than t finish his sentence fr him. “… Bathurst?” he said after several secnds f trying. When I answered, he tld me that he didn’t actually need t knw. He was practising stuttering (口吃) penly, he explained, hping t becme mre cnfident ding s arund strangers.
As fr me, I’d say that my stutter has nt “magically disappeared” because I’ve simply fund ways t cnceal (隐藏) it. But I have a better therapy nw-I will grw alngside it, an identity inseparable frm the way that I speak. Thinking abut this, I decided t tell the man, wh was still lking at me hpefully: “______.”
39. What’s the best title fr this passage?
A. My stutter, myselfB. New definitins fr stutter
C. Stutter, a life-changing disabilityD. A special encunter with stutterers
【答案】
39. A
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。讲述了作者遇到一个穿着考究的男人来问路，虽然有口吃，但是男人阻止了作者的接话，因为他想在与陌生人交谈时更勇敢一些。这让作者想到了自己曾经也有口吃，但是作者选择了让口吃成为自己的一部分。
【39题详解】
主旨大意题。根据最后一段“As fr me, I’d say that my stutter has nt “magically disappeared” because I’ve simply fund ways t cnceal (隐藏) it. But I have a better therapy nw-I will grw alngside it, an identity inseparable frm the way that I speak.(至于我，我想说我的口吃并没有“神奇地消失”，因为我只是找到了隐藏它的方法。但我现在有了更好的治疗方法——我将与它一起成长，一种与我说话方式密不可分的身份)”结合文章讲述了作者遇到一个穿着考究的男人来问路，虽然有口吃，但是男人阻止了作者的接话，因为他想在与陌生人交谈时更勇敢一些。这让作者想到了自己曾经也有口吃，但是作者选择了让口吃成为自己的一部分。可知，A选项“我的口吃——我的一部分”最符合文章标题。故选A。
题型01 段落大意题
(上海市实验学校2024-2025学年高三上学期十月月考试题)
These are knwn prblems, and there are plenty f ideas ut there t slve them. “Figure-strming” is a way fr peple t cmbat grup-think by pretending t be an influential persn trying t address the prblems. Sme simpler rules are much mre likely t help. Define the limits f a brainstrming sessin upfrnt. Try t make a specific thing wrk better rather than t sht fr the Mn. Invlve peple yu dn’t knw, as well as thse yu d. Start by getting peple t write their ideas dwn in silence, s extrverts and bsses have less chance t dminate. And be clear abut the next steps after the sessin is ver; the attractin f hlding a “design sprint (冲刺)”, a weeklng, clear-the-diary way fr a team t develp and test prduct prttypes, is that the thread cnnecting ideas t utcmes is tight. All f them wuld make brainstrming a little mre thught-prvking and less heart-sinking.
46. What is the last paragraph mainly abut?
A. Varius slutins t the prblems with brainstrming.
B. Hw “figure-strming” cntributes t brainstrming.
C. Reasns why brainstrming sessins are painful.
D. Thught-prvking versus heart-sinking.
【答案】 46. A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了头脑风暴这一概念，讨论了造成头脑风暴痛苦的原因及其解决办法，通过分析其内环的平衡点如创造力和可行性、管理者和非管理者、不同个性和思维风格的冲突，提出了改善头脑风暴过程的一些技巧和方法。
【46题详解】
主旨大意题。根据最后一段中“These are knwn prblems, and there are plenty f ideas ut there t slve them. (这些都是已知的问题，有很多想法可以解决它们)”可知，本段主要讨论的是解决头脑风暴中已知问题的各种方法。故选A项。
(2024年新课标高考英语I卷B篇)
“I am nt crazy,” says Dr. William Farber, shrtly after perfrming acupuncture (针灸) n a rabbit. “I am ahead f my time.” If he seems a little defensive, it might be because even sme f his cwrkers ccasinally laugh at his unusual methds. But Farber is certain he’ll have the last laugh. He’s ne f a small but grwing number f American veterinarians (兽医) nw practicing “hlistic” medicine – cmbining traditinal Western treatments with acupuncture, chirpractic (按摩疗法) and herbal medicine.
Farber, a graduate f Clrad State University, started ut as a mre cnventinal veterinarian. He became interested in alternative treatments 20 years ag when he suffered frm terrible back pain. He tried muscle-relaxing drugs but fund little relief. Then he tried acupuncture, an ancient Chinese practice, and was amazed that he imprved after tw r three treatments. What wrked n a veterinarian seemed likely t wrk n his patients. S, after studying the techniques fr a cuple f years, he began ffering them t pets.
Leigh Tindale’s dg Charlie had a serius heart cnditin. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared t put him t sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dg’s suffering s much that she was able t keep him alive fr an additinal five mnths. And Priscilla Dewing reprts that her hrse, Nappy, “mves mre easily and rides mre cmfrtably” after a chirpractic adjustment.
Farber is certain that the hlistic apprach will grw mre ppular with time, and if the past is any indicatin, he may be right: Since 1982, membership in the American Hlistic Veterinary Medical Assciatin has grwn frm 30 t ver 700. “Smetimes it surprises me that it wrks s well,” he says. “I will d anything t help an animal. That’s my jb.”
26. What des paragraph 3 mainly talk abut?
A. Steps f a chirpractic treatment.
B. The cmplexity f veterinarians’ wrk.
C. Examples f rare animal diseases.
D. The effectiveness f hlistic medicine.
题型02 文章大意题
(上海市宝山区上海大学附属中学2024-2025学年高三上学期期中英语考试)
Almst half a millin yung ak (橡树) trees have been saved after The Times revealed they were due t be destryed because f delays in gvernment help t create mre wdland.
A tree nursery said in March that it had been unable t find buyers fr the ne and tw-year-ld seedlings f England’s natinal tree.
After The Times reprted n the plan, dzens f charities, cmmunity grups and individuals all ver the cuntry gt in tuch with Maelr t ask if they culd help.
Natasha Smers, a vlunteer fr Save the Oaks, said, “The supprt we’ve seen shws hw a cmmunity can cme tgether in difficult times. It’s clear that peple want t act fr a better future, ne where humanity and nature are cnnected.”
39. What is the passage mainly abut?
A. A prspective apprach t planting.
B.A natinwide effrt t save ak trees.
C. A tree nursery devted t preserving endangered trees.
D. A species f trees that are threatened with extinctin.
【答案】39. B
【导语】这是一篇新闻稿。文章讲述通过《泰晤士报》报道，全国各组织一起努力拯救了50万棵橡树苗的故事。
【39题详解】
主旨大意题。由文章第一段“Almst half a millin yung ak (橡树) trees have been saved after The Times revealed they were due t be destryed because f delays in gvernment help t create mre wdland.(《泰晤士报》透露，由于政府在帮助创造更多林地方面的延误，近50万棵年轻的橡树将被摧毁，此后这些橡树得以幸存)”、第五段“After The Times reprted n the plan, dzens f charities, cmmunity grups and individuals all ver the cuntry gt in tuch with Maelr t ask if they culd help.(在《泰晤士报》报道了该计划后，全国各地的数十家慈善机构、社区团体和个人与Maelr联系，询问他们是否可以提供帮助)”以及上下文可知，文章主要讲通过《泰晤士报》报道，全国各组织一起努力拯救了50万棵橡树苗的故事。所以B项A natinwide effrt t save ak trees.(全国范围内拯救橡树的努力)符合语境。故选B项。
(2024年新课标高考英语II卷C篇)
We all knw fresh is best when it cmes t fd. Hwever, mst prduce at the stre went thrugh weeks f travel and cvered hundreds f miles befre reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a slid chice t reduce the jurney, Babyln Micr-Farm (BMF) shrtens it even mre.
BMF is an indr garden system. It can be set up fr a family. Additinally, it culd serve a larger audience such as a hspital, restaurant r schl. The innvative design requires little effrt t achieve a reliable weekly supply f fresh greens.
Specifically, it’s a farm that relies n new technlgy. By cnnecting thrugh the Clud, BMF is remtely mnitred. Als, there is a cnvenient app that prvides grwing data in real time. Because the system is autmated, it significantly reduces the amunt f water needed t grw plants. Rather than watering rws f sil, the system prvides just the right amunt t each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pd (容器) t get the next grwth cycle started.
Mrever, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zer emissins (排放) frm transprting plants frm sil t salad. In additin, there’s n need fr pesticides and ther chemicals that pllute traditinal farms and the surrunding envirnment.
BMF emplyees live ut sustainability in their everyday lives. Abut half f them walk r bike t wrk. Inside the ffice, they encurage recycling and waste reductin by limiting garbage cans and aviding single-use plastic. “We are passinate abut reducing waste, carbn and chemicals in ur envirnment,” said a BMF emplyee.
11. What des the text mainly talk abut?
A. BMF’s majr strengths.B. BMF’s general management.
C. BMF’s glbal influence.D. BMF’s technical standards.
题型03 标题归纳题
(上海市向明中学2024-2025学年高三上学期期中测试卷)
“Gd mrning, everyne. Gd mrning.” It’s 5:30 a. m. , and a speaker-annuncement jlts me awake frm a dead sleep. “We have abut 20 r s humpback whales utside ur ship.”
I launch myself ut f bed, darting ut f my cabin and up t a viewing deck. There they are, arching their knbby drsal fins gracefully abve the water and casting their flukes int the crisp mrning air befre taking a shallw dive. Shrtly after, the sunrise annunces itself. Then, icebergs appear ut f the mist.
Once a pstdc and research scientist at the University f Michigan, Kurt Hillig takes phts f everything frm flwers t glaciers alng the way. Recrd keeping. “This is here nw and I’m here nw,” he says. “I’m trying t capture it befre it disappears, s I can share it with ther peple shw them this is what the wrld culd have been, if we hadn’t been s driven by prfit instead f pleasure.”
39. The best title fr the passage is ________.
A. Last-Chance TurismB. A Sustainable Expeditin
C. Escaping t Endangered PlacesD. Risky Adventures: The Last Frntier
【答案】 39. A
【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议的文章。本文主要讲述了作者乘坐探险游轮前往冰岛，途中看到了濒危的座头鲸和冰山，由此引发了作者对于“末日旅游”的思考。作者认为，在濒危之地被彻底改变或消失之前，见证这些美景是非常有意义的。
【39题详解】
主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其最后一段“I’m trying t capture it befre it disappears, s I can share it with ther peple shw them this is what the wrld culd have been, if we hadn’t been s driven by prfit instead f pleasure.”(我正在尝试在它消失之前捕捉到这些画面，这样我就可以与其他人分享，向他们展示如果我们不是如此追求利润而是追求快乐，世界本可能是什么样子。)”可知，文章主要讲述了作者和Kurt Hillig的“末日旅游”，他们想在濒危之地被彻底改变或消失之前，见证这些濒危之地的美景。由此可知，A选项“Last-Chance Turism(末日旅游)”最符合文章标题。故选A项。
(2024年全国高考英语甲卷B篇)
Animals can express their needs using a lt f ways. Fr instance, almst all animals have distinct vcals (声音) that they rely n t either ask fr help, scare away any dangerus animals r lk fr shelter. But cats are special creatures wh pssess amazing vcalizatin skills. They are able t have entire cnversatins with humans using mews and yu're able t interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep mewing t attract attentin and find fd. Hwever, when a cat is lking fr affectin, they tend t prduce stretched and sft mews. Mewing starts as sn as a baby cat is brught t life and uses it t get the mther's attentin and be fed.
Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense f smell is quite impressive. They use their nses t assess their envirnment and lk ut fr any signs f danger. They will sniff ut specific areas befre they chse a place t relax. Hwever, anther way the cats are able t distinguish between situatins is by lking fr familiar smells. Yur cat will likely smell yur face and stre the smell in its memry and use it t recgnize yu in the future. That's why mst pet cats are able t tell immediately if their wners were arund any ther cats, which they dn't usually like.
Dgs are knwn fr their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavir up a ntch. Many cats will find randm bjects utside and bring them t their wners. This is a very ld habit that's been present in all kinds f predatrs (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts fr their wners t shw they lve yu. These adrable little hunters are just ding smething that it's been in their nature since the beginning f time. S just g alng with it!
7. What is a suitable title fr the text?
A. Tips n Finding a Smart CatB. Understanding Yur Cat's Behavir
C. Have Fun with Yur CatD. Hw t Keep Yur Cat Healthy
（2025年崇明一模）
The Pulitzers are American awards given within the United States fr utstanding achievement in jurnalism as well as bks, drama and music. Under these headings, there are 22 categries including nline jurnalism, newspaper reprting, fictin, histry, music, drama, petry, phtgraphy and mre. Recipients can be a news rganizatin, an individual r a grup f peple.
Each f the first 21 winners receives a $15,000 cash prize and a certificate. The twenty-secnd prize, hwever, is the Public Service Prize, which is always given t a news agency. Instead f cash, the news rganizatin receives the Pulitzer Gld Medal. The name f the year’s winner is n ne side f the cin and the year is n the ther. All winners are hnred and awarded their prizes at an annual lunch party. The event takes place at Clumbia University, which was riginally tasked with administering the award, and usually ccurs in May.
If it hadn’t been fr a Hungarian-American named Jseph Pulitzer, the awards wuld never have cme int existence. Pulitzer was brn int a wealthy family in Hungary in 1847. He made his way t America and built a career in jurnalism. He develped a reputatin as an ambitius and energetic yung jurnalist. By 1872 Pulitzer had becme a publisher, and six years later he wned a newspaper cmpany. In 1883 he purchased yet anther newspaper. He became knwn as smene wh was nt afraid t take a public stand against crruptin (腐败).
After a successful career in jurnalism, seven years befre his death, Pulitzer wrte a will, leaving $2,000,000 t Clumbia University. The mney was t establish a schl f jurnalism at Clumbia and a set f awards. Pulitzer’s desire was t raise the standards f jurnalism. He hped the prize wuld act as a stimulus fr jurnalists t wrk fr excellence — then and int the future.
Faithfully fllwing Pulitzer’s instructins, Clumbia University awarded the very first Pulitzer Prizes in 1917. Tday these awards are cnsidered sme f the mst distinguished prizes in America.
36. What can be knwn abut the Pulitzers?
A.Their recipients all get cash prizes. B. There are 21 winners each year.
C. They are awarded wrldwide.D. They g beynd jurnalism.
37. It can be inferred frm the passage that Jseph Pulitzer _____.
A. was humrus and curageus B. was raised up in a jurnalist’s family
C. had a strng sense f justice D. sught a gal f prducing wealth
38. Pulitzer established the prizes mainly t _____.
A. facilitate better jurnalismB. diversify ways f access t jurnalism
C. supprt Clumbia University D. stimulate peple t becme jurnalists
39. Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the passage?
A. Pulitzer Prizes: Jseph Pulitzer’s Lifetime Ambitin
B. Pulitzer Prizes: Sme f America’s Greatest Hnrs
C. Pulitzer Prizes: Awards fr Distinguished Jurnalists
D. Pulitzer Prizes: Annual Events at Clumbia University
【答案】36. D 37. C 38. A 39. B
【导读】
本文介绍了普利策奖，它是美国在新闻、书籍、戏剧和音乐等领域颁发的奖项，涵盖 22 个类别。获奖者包括新闻机构、个人或团体，除公共服务奖外，其他 21 个奖项的获得者可获现金奖励和证书。该奖由匈牙利裔美国人约瑟夫・普利策设立，他在新闻领域取得成功后，留下 200 万美元给哥伦比亚大学，用于建立新闻学院和设立奖项，以提高新闻行业标准。1917 年，哥伦比亚大学首次颁发普利策奖，如今该奖已成为美国最杰出的奖项之一。
【解析】
36. 细节理解题：
根据第一段 “The Pulitzers are American awards given within the United States fr utstanding achievement in jurnalism as well as bks, drama and music. Under these headings, there are 22 categries including nline jurnalism, newspaper reprting, fictin, histry, music, drama, petry, phtgraphy and mre.” 可知，普利策奖不仅涉及新闻领域，还包括书籍、戏剧、音乐等多个领域，D 选项 “它们超越了新闻领域” 正确。
A 选项，公共服务奖获得者获得的是普利策金牌而非现金奖励，所以 A 选项错误；B 选项，每年有 22 个奖项，而不是 21 个获奖者，所以 B 选项错误；C 选项，普利策奖是在美国国内颁发，并非全球范围，所以 C 选项错误。所以答案是 D。
37. 推理判断题：
由第三段 “He became knwn as smene wh was nt afraid t take a public stand against crruptin (腐败).” 可知，约瑟夫・普利策敢于公开反对腐败，这表明他有强烈的正义感，C 选项正确。
A 选项，文中未提及他幽默；B 选项，他出生于匈牙利的富裕家庭，并非新闻工作者家庭；D 选项，他设立奖项的目的是提高新闻行业标准，而非追求财富，所以 A、B、D 选项错误。所以答案是 C。
38. 细节理解题：
根据第四段 “Pulitzer’s desire was t raise the standards f jurnalism. He hped the prize wuld act as a stimulus fr jurnalists t wrk fr excellence — then and int the future.” 可知，普利策设立奖项主要是为了促进更好的新闻工作，提高新闻行业标准，A 选项正确。
B 选项 “使进入新闻行业的方式多样化”，文中未提及；C 选项 “支持哥伦比亚大学”，设立奖项的主要目的不是支持大学，而是提高新闻标准；D 选项 “激励人们成为记者”，重点是激励记者追求卓越，而非激励人们成为记者，所以 B、C、D 选项错误。所以答案是 A。
39. 主旨大意题：
文章介绍了普利策奖的设立背景、涵盖领域、奖项设置以及其意义，如今普利策奖被认为是美国最杰出的奖项之一，B 选项 “普利策奖：美国一些最伟大的荣誉” 能全面概括文章内容，正确。
A 选项 “普利策奖：约瑟夫・普利策的毕生抱负”，文章不仅仅围绕他的抱负展开；C 选项 “普利策奖：杰出记者的奖项”，普利策奖不仅针对记者，还涉及其他领域；D 选项 “普利策奖：哥伦比亚大学的年度活动”，这只是普利策奖颁奖的地点和形式，不能概括全文，所以 A、C、D 选项错误。所以答案是 B。
【重点词块】
utstanding achievement 杰出成就
recipient 接受者
news agency 新闻机构
administer the award 管理奖项
take a public stand against 公开反对
write a will 立遗嘱
raise the standards f 提高…… 的标准
act as a stimulus 起到激励作用
【复杂句式】
1. The Pulitzers are American awards given within the United States fr utstanding achievement in jurnalism as well as bks, drama and music.”
分析：句子主干是 “The Pulitzers are American awards”，“given within the United States fr utstanding achievement in jurnalism as well as bks, drama and music” 是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰 “awards”，说明普利策奖是在美国国内为新闻、书籍、戏剧和音乐等领域杰出成就而设立的奖项。
翻译：普利策奖是在美国国内颁发的美国奖项，旨在表彰新闻、书籍、戏剧和音乐等领域的杰出成就。
2. “The twenty - secnd prize, hwever, is the Public Service Prize, which is always given t a news agency. Instead f cash, the news rganizatin receives the Pulitzer Gld Medal.”
分析：第一句是主从复合句，“The twenty - secnd prize, hwever, is the Public Service Prize” 是主句，“which is always given t a news agency” 是非限制性定语从句，对 “the Public Service Prize” 进行补充说明。第二句是简单句，“Instead f cash” 是状语，表明不是获得现金。
翻译：然而，第 22 个奖项是公共服务奖，该奖总是授予一家新闻机构。新闻机构获得的不是现金，而是普利策金牌。
3. “If it hadn’t been fr a Hungarian - American named Jseph Pulitzer, the awards wuld never have cme int existence.”
分析：这是一个虚拟条件句，“If it hadn’t been fr...” 是对过去情况的虚拟，意思是 “如果不是……”，表示一种假设的情况，主句 “the awards wuld never have cme int existence” 使用了与过去事实相反的虚拟语气结构 “wuld + have + 过去分词”。
翻译：如果不是因为一位名叫约瑟夫・普利策的匈牙利裔美国人，这些奖项就永远不会存在。
4. “Pulitzer’s desire was t raise the standards f jurnalism. He hped the prize wuld act as a stimulus fr jurnalists t wrk fr excellence — then and int the future.”
分析：第一句是简单句，“t raise the standards f jurnalism” 是动词不定式作表语，说明普利策的愿望。第二句是主从复合句，“He hped” 是主句，“the prize wuld act as a stimulus fr jurnalists t wrk fr excellence — then and int the future” 是省略了引导词 “that” 的宾语从句，作 “hped” 的宾语，“t wrk fr excellence” 是动词不定式作目的状语，表明奖项对记者起到激励作用的目的。
翻译：普利策的愿望是提高新闻行业的标准。他希望这个奖项能激励记者们追求卓越 —— 无论是当时还是未来。
（2025年青浦一模）
Human dctrs perfrm amputatins, surgical remvals f an arm, leg, r finger, after a serius injury. But new research shws that sme ants perfrm amputatins n injured ants t help them survive an injury. The behavir was dcumented in Flrida carpenter ants.
Tw carpenter ants are seen in a labratry at the University f Lausanne. Scientists said they either cleaned the wund using their muthparts r amputated the limb, r leg, by biting it ff. The chice f care depended n the injury’s lcatin. When it was further up the leg, they always amputated. When it was further dwn, they never amputated.
Erik Frank f the University f Würzburg in Germany is the lead writer f the research. Frank said the study describes “fr the first time hw a nn-human animal uses amputatins n anther individual t save their life.” He believes “that the ants’ ‘medical system’ t care fr the injured is the mst cmplicated in the animal kingdm,” and cmpares well t human medicine.
“Injuries further dwn the leg have an increased flw f hemlymph (血淋巴),” Frank said. S harmful bacteria can enter the bdy after nly five minutes. An amputatin wuld nt help infectin after that time. He cntinued, “Injuries further up the leg have a much slwer hemlymph flw, giving enugh time fr timely and effective amputatins.”
The study fund that after an upper leg injury, an ant that experiences amputatin has a survival rate f 90 t 95 percent. Fr lwer leg injuries in which just cleaning was perfrmed, the survival rate was abut 75 percent, cmpared t abut 15 percent fr injuries that received n care.
Ants can functin well withut ne f their six legs. And nly female ants perfrm the treatment f wunds by cleaning r amputatin. “All wrker ants are female. Males play nly a minr rle in ant cmmunity,” Frank said.
S why d ants d these amputatins? Frank said, “There is a very simple evlutinary reasn fr caring fr the injured. It saves resurces.” He nted that if an ant culd be saved with little effrt t remain prductive, “there is a very high value f ding s.” “At the same time, if an individual is t heavily injured, the ants will nt care fr her, but rather leave her behind t die,” Frank added.
43. The type f treatments applied t injured ants depends n ______.
A. hw the medical system f the ants is develped
B. whether the ant still remains prductive and valuable
C. which kind f ants perfrms the treatments f wunds
D. whether the ant suffers frm an upper leg injury r a lwer ne
44. What can we infer frm the survival rates mentined in the text?
A. The lcatin f the injury and the crrespnding treatment greatly affect the ant’s survival.
B. Cleaning the wund is mre effective than amputatin fr all leg injuries.
C. Injured ants with n care have a similar survival rate t thse with treatment in sme cases.
D. Amputatin is always the best way t ensure the survival f injured ants.
45. It can be cncluded frm Frank’s study that ______.
A. male ants prvide medical care fr the ant cmmunity
B. slightly-injured ants will receive n care t save resurces
C. the heavily injured ants will eventually die fr lack f medical care
D. the cleaning f an upper leg injury greatly increases the ants’ survival rate
46. What is the passage mainly abut?
A. Hw ants perfrm amputatins.B. Hw injured ants are dealt with.
C. Hw ants evlve and reprduce.D. Hw amputatins affect ants.
【答案】 43. D 44. A 45. C 46. B
【导读】
本文介绍了一项关于佛罗里达木蚁的新研究。研究发现，木蚁会对受伤的同伴进行伤口处理，处理方式包括清洁伤口或截肢，具体选择取决于伤口位置。若伤口在腿部较高位置，它们会截肢；若在较低位置，则只清洁伤口。研究还表明，经过适当处理的受伤蚂蚁存活率更高，且只有雌性工蚁承担照顾受伤蚂蚁的工作，这一行为背后存在进化原因，即节省资源。
【解析】
43. 细节理解题：根据第二段 “The chice f care depended n the injury’s lcatin. When it was further up the leg, they always amputated. When it was further dwn, they never amputated.” 可知，对受伤蚂蚁采用的治疗方式取决于伤口是在腿部较高位置还是较低位置，所以答案是 D。
44. 推理判断题：从第五段 “after an upper leg injury, an ant that experiences amputatin has a survival rate f 90 t 95 percent. Fr lwer leg injuries in which just cleaning was perfrmed, the survival rate was abut 75 percent, cmpared t abut 15 percent fr injuries that received n care.” 可知，伤口位置和相应的治疗方式对蚂蚁的存活率影响很大，A 选项正确。B 选项，对于腿部较高位置的伤口，截肢的存活率更高，并非清洁伤口更有效；C 选项，有治疗和无治疗的受伤蚂蚁存活率差异很大，并非相似；D 选项，对于腿部较低位置的伤口，清洁伤口而非截肢更合适，所以截肢并非总是确保受伤蚂蚁存活的最佳方式。所以答案是 A。
45. 推理判断题：根据最后一段 “if an individual is t heavily injured, the ants will nt care fr her, but rather leave her behind t die” 可知，重伤的蚂蚁会因缺乏照料最终死亡，C 选项正确。A 选项，文中提到只有雌性工蚁承担照顾受伤蚂蚁的工作，雄性蚂蚁在蚁群中作用较小；B 选项，轻微受伤的蚂蚁会得到照料以节省资源；D 选项，文中提到对于腿部较高位置的伤口，截肢能大幅提高存活率，而非清洁伤口。所以答案是 C。
46. 主旨大意题：文章主要讲述了蚂蚁如何处理受伤的同伴，包括根据伤口位置选择清洁伤口或截肢等处理方式，B 选项 “受伤的蚂蚁是如何被处理的” 符合主旨。A 选项 “蚂蚁如何进行截肢” 只是其中一部分内容；C 选项 “蚂蚁如何进化和繁殖” 文中未提及；D 选项 “截肢如何影响蚂蚁” 并非文章重点。所以答案是 B。
【重点词块】
surgical remval 手术切除
labratry 实验室
muthparts 口器
lead writer 主要作者
evlutinary reasn 进化原因
remain prductive 保持生产力
【复杂句式】
1. “Frank said the study describes ‘fr the first time hw a nn - human animal uses amputatins n anther individual t save their life.’”
分析：这是一个主从复合句，“Frank said” 是主句，后面省略了引导词 “that”，“the study save their life” 是宾语从句，在这个宾语从句中，“hw a nn - human animal uses amputatins n anther individual t save their life” 是 “describes” 的宾语，作宾语从句中的宾语成分，其中 “t save their life” 是目的状语。
翻译：弗兰克说，这项研究 “首次描述了一种非人类动物如何通过对另一个个体进行截肢来挽救其生命”。
2. “Injuries further dwn the leg have an increased flw f hemlymph (血淋巴), s harmful bacteria can enter the bdy after nly five minutes.”
分析：这是一个由 “s” 连接的并列句，前一句 “Injuries further dwn the leg have an increased flw f hemlymph” 是主谓宾结构，“further dwn the leg” 作后置定语修饰 “Injuries”；后一句 “harmful bacteria can enter the bdy after nly five minutes” 是主谓宾结构，“after nly five minutes” 是时间状语。
翻译：腿部较低位置的伤口血淋巴流量会增加，所以有害细菌只需五分钟就能进入体内。
3. “At the same time, if an individual is t heavily injured, the ants will nt care fr her, but rather leave her behind t die.”
分析：这是一个主从复合句，“if an individual is t heavily injured” 是条件状语从句，“the ants will nt care fr her, but rather leave her behind t die” 是主句，其中 “but rather” 连接两个并列的谓语 “will nt care fr” 和 “leave”。
翻译：与此同时，如果一只蚂蚁受伤过重，其他蚂蚁不会照顾它，而是会把它丢在一边任其死亡。