专题03 阅读理解词义猜测题 -高考英语二轮热点题型归纳与变式演练（新高考通用）

专题03 阅读理解词义猜测题目录 TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc148898652" 题型综述 2 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc148898652" 解题攻略 3 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc148898653" 题型01 定义法猜词义题 3 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc148898654" 题型02 对比法猜词义题 4 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc148898655" 题型03 因果法猜词义题  PAGEREF _Toc148898655 \h 5 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc148898656" 题型04 常识联想法猜词义题 6题型05 例举法 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc148898656" 猜词义题 7题型06 语境线索法猜词义 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc148898656" 题 8题型07 根据构词法知识猜词义 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc148898656" 题  PAGEREF _Toc148898656 \h 9 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc148898657" 高考练场  PAGEREF _Toc148898657 \h 10题型简介词义猜测题是高考英语阅读理解中的常见题型。主要考查考生根据上下文语境来推测单词、短语或句子含义的能力。在阅读过程中，考生难免会遇到一些生词或具有特殊含义的词汇，这种题型就是检验考生能否通过文章的线索和逻辑关系来理解这些词汇的真实意思。它不仅要求考生有一定的词汇量，还需要具备较强的语境理解能力。高考英语对于词义猜测题的考查，每年都有一到两题。该题型涉及的文章体裁丰富多样，无论是记叙文、说明文还是议论文都有可能出现词义猜测题。尤其是科技类说明文中，作者通常会对一些关键词或专业术语进行解释。常见的有对该词下定义或后跟同位语、定语从句、冒号、破折号、括号等引出解释说明部分。通过阅读定义或解释部分，读者便可理解该词或短语的意思。而且，被猜测的词可能是超纲词，也可能是熟悉词汇的生僻含义。命题类型猜测单词的意思：这是最常见的类型，文章中出现一个生词，要求考生根据上下文来猜测其含义。例如，在描述一种新的科学技术的文章中，出现了一个专业术语，通过对该技术的原理、应用场景等周边信息的描述来猜测这个专业术语的意思。猜测短语的意思：一些由两个或多个单词组成的短语，其含义可能不是各个单词意思的简单相加。比如，“a far - cry from” 这个短语在句子中的意思需要结合上下文来理解，可能是 “与…… 大不相同” 的意思，而不是从字面理解的 “从远处哭泣”。猜测句子的含义：要求考生理解一个句子的隐含意义。这个句子可能是含有隐喻、象征等修辞手法，或者是在特定的文化、技术等语境下具有特殊的含义。例如，“The new policy is the light at the end of the tunnel for the struggling company.” 这里的句子意思不是简单的字面意思，而是表示 “新政策是这家陷入困境的公司的希望之光”。解题思路利用上下文语境：这是最关键的方法。通过观察生词所在句子的前后文，寻找解释、定义、举例、对比、因果等线索。例如，如果句子中有 “that is”“in other words”“namely” 等词，后面的内容很可能是对生词的解释；如果有 “such as”“for example”，则后面的例子可以帮助我们理解生词的含义。利用逻辑关系：注意文章中的转折、并列、因果等逻辑关系。如果出现 “but”“however” 等转折词，那么生词的意思可能与前面的内容相反；如果是 “and”“also” 等并列词，生词的意思可能与相邻词汇相近。利用构词法：对于一些有词根、词缀的单词，可以通过分析其词根、词缀来猜测大致意思。例如，“un -” 这个前缀通常表示否定，“pre - ” 表示 “在…… 之前”。但要注意，有些词缀在不同的单词中有不同的意思，而且有些单词不能单纯依靠构词法来准确猜测。代入验证：将猜测的意思代入原文，看是否符合上下文的逻辑和语境。如果代入后句子通顺，并且与文章的主题、情节等相符，那么这个猜测很可能是正确的。一般来说，词义猜测题常用解题方法：定义法、对比法、因果法、常识联想法、例举法、语境线索法、构词法等。猜词题可以使用以下口决：1.指代词：出现指代往前找，单复人物要看好；2.半熟悉词，利用构词法：半生不熟看构词，结合语境来把持；3.纯生词，则利用逻辑关系、同义解释、上下文语境：同义语境和逻辑，上下求索寻真义。命题方式【常见考法】词义猜测题经常使用的提问方式有：1) The word “ABC” in the passage probably means ________.2) The underlined word “ABC” in the passage refers to/means _______. 3) Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the second paragraph？4) The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means ____．5) The word "it（them）" in the first paragraph refers to ____． 题型01 定义法 有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释。一般通过定义、定语从句、同位语短语或从句等来确定词义。有时通过or, that is, that is to say, namely, in other words等来释义。需要解释的单词和短语大多是专有名词、生僻词或文中较重要的词。标点符号，如逗号后的解释(名词同位语)、破折号后的解释、括号内的解释等。定义常用的谓语动词多为：be, mean, deal with, be considered to be, be called, define, represent, refer to, signify (意味，表明)等。这都是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。解这类题时，学生要学会分析句子结构，把握句子的主干部分，利用好一些标识词，然后做出恰当的猜测。(安徽省示范高中培优联盟2024-2025学年上学期12月联考试卷)British Paralympic bronze medalist John McFall carried the Paralympic flag at the opening ceremony of the Paris 2024 Paralympic Games. He was one of only two flag bearers to represent the whole Paralympic Games, rather than a specific country................After undergoing strict testing, he passed all the evaluations, proving that an astronaut with a disability like his could successfully operate in space, Wired magazine reported. Although he has been referred to as a “parastronaut”, McFall prefers to be seen simply as a normal crew member.McFall hopes his experience, along with those 4,000 athletes at the Paris Paralympic Games, can send an encouraging message to others facing any kind of life-changing circumstances.10．Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word in paragraph 4?A．entrances B．examinations C．questions D．tracks【答案】 10．B【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述残奥会铜牌得主McFaⅡ将要成为第一个登上太空的残疾宇航员的故事。10．词义判断题。根据第四段“After undergoing strict testing, he passed all the …(经过严格的测试后，他通过了所有的……)”，可知，上文说的是严格的测试，与选项中examinations的意思接近。故选B。题型02 对比法 利用前后对比来猜测词义。转折连词“but”、让步状语从句、条件从句和“unlike”, “in spite of”, “on the contrary”, “on the other hand”, “however”等介词、副词能构成前后意义上的对比关系。而as, like, just as also等词则可以帮助构成意义上相似、成份上对应的比较关系。这些都是我们解决猜词的标识词语。看准标识词，弄清楚它们的意思，再通过上下文进行猜测。有些是表示相似的标识词，有些是表示相反的标识词。(安徽省江淮十校2025届高三第二次联考)For many people, the cruelest part of daily life is the transition between wakefulness and sleep. When you should be sleeping, you want to be awake; when you should be awake, you want to stay asleep. It is easy to regard sleep as a torment: hard to attain and then hard to give up, day after day after day.It is no fresh news to most people that adequate sleep improves well-being. One recent study of more than 30,000 U. K. residents found that people who increased their quantity of sleep over a four-year period got about the same happiness benefits as they would have from eight weeks of therapy, or from winning up to $280,000 in a lottery. Well-rested people are more social and have more positive emotional experiences with co-workers and romantic partners. Sleep insufficiency, however, lowers happiness by weakening emotional-memory recall and encouraging a scarcity mindset, pitting people against others..........32. What does the underlined word “torment” mean?A. Consciousness. B. Suffering. C. Refreshment. D. Amusement.【答案】32. B 【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了睡眠不足带来的影响以及“睡前拖延症”的成因。【32题详解】词句猜测题。由第一段中“When you should be sleeping, you want to be awake; when you should be awake, you want to stay asleep. It is easy to regard sleep as a torment: hard to attain and then hard to give up, day after day after day. (当你应该睡觉的时候，你想醒着；当你应该醒着的时候，你想保持睡眠。人们很容易将睡眠视为一种torment：难以获得，然后难以放弃，日复一日)”可知，日复一日，难以企及，也难以放弃，所以人们很容易将睡眠视为一种折磨，torment的意思是“折磨”，即suffering。故选B项。题型03 因果法 因果关系是一种常见的、行之有效的提供生词词义信息的逻辑关系，一定的原因会导致一定的结果，某一结果总是由某种或某些原因引起的，不管生词出现在原因分句还是结果分句，我们都能从因果关系中推出其含义。在一篇阅读文章中，根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。作者在叙述原因的过程中就必然会把词或句子置于因果关系中。常见的表示因果关系的词汇：since, as, because, for, so, thus, consequently, therefore, hence, due to, owing to, thanks to, on account of, result in, result from, as a result, for this reason, accordingly, so...that..., so that, such ... that等。在做这类题时，根据前后的因果关系来推断其中的某个生词或短语的意思，既可由因推果，也可由果推因。(湖北省十一校2024-2025学年高三上学期12月联考英语试题) For decades, “simpler is better” has been accepted as a universal truth in marketing. Nick Light, assistant professor of marketing at the UO Lundquist College of Business, has tested that assumption. He found that most consumers prefer offerings that appear to be easy to use and understand. However, pushing simplicity can have a hidden, costly downside.“Simplicity is not a silver bullet,” Light said. This method might work for established companies with track records to back up their claims. But it can be risky for a start-up with no history or a company in a complicated market category where failures or breakdowns are more common..........12. What does the underlined words “a silver bullet” in paragraph 2 mean?A. A risky investment. B. A business strategy. C. A quick-fix method. D. A cure-all solution.【答案】12. D 【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了品牌过度简化可能带来的负面影响和消费者的反应。【12题详解】词句猜测题。根据第二段中“Simplicity is not (简化不是)”，以及“But it can be risky for a start-up with no history or a company in a complicated market category where failures or breakdowns are more common. (但对于没有历史的初创企业或处于复杂市场类别，失败或故障的公司来说，这可能存在风险)”可知，这里simplicity并不是一个能解决所有问题的方案，因此a silver bullet指的是cure-all solution“万能药”。故选D。题型04 常识联想法 在仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系和语境无法猜出词义时，我们可以借助生活经验和普通常识确定词义。阅读题文段题材丰富，涉及社会、科普、政治、文化、经济、历史、生活、风俗等多方面知识。解此类阅读题时，也要根据英语国家社会文化背景等，作出正确的判断。(河南省九师联盟2024-2025学年高三11月质量检测试题)Children are taught that the polite thing to do is always say “please”. Today’s babies are even taught it using sign language. But how often do you really say “please” in everyday conversations? A new research published in Social Psychology Quarterly found people used the word “please” when making a request only 7% of the time.“We definitely were surprised by the results,” says Tanya Stivers, a professor of sociology at University of California at Los Angeles and one of the authors of the study. “Having such a low number feels counterintuitive.”........12. What does the underlined word “counterintuitive” in paragraph 2 mean?A. The same as the fact. B. Contrary to common sense.C. Reasonable to accept. D. Difficult to disagree with.【答案】12. B 【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了一项关于“please”在日常请求中使用情况的研究，介绍了研究结果、原因以及专家对此的看法和建议。【12题详解】词句猜测题。结合第一段中关于人们使用“please”一词的频率的研究数据和第二段中“We definitely were surprised by the results(我们对结果感到惊讶)”以及“Having such a low number feels counterintuitive. (有这么低的数字感觉是_____。)”可知，人们对“please”在日常请求中的使用频率之低感到惊讶，这与人们的普遍预期或直觉是相反的。故划线词counterintuitive意为“与直觉相反的，违反常理的”，与B项Contrary to common sense(与常识相反)意思相近。故选B项。题型05例举法 通过一些例子说明生词的词义, 用such as, for example, like, for instance等来引出。在特定的情况下，作者通过一连串同一类型或范畴的词语来表达其思想，如果有一生词就在一系列同范畴的词语中，可以通过这些词的特征和语义范围来推断出生词的词义范围。解决这类题时，学生要看准表示举例的标识词，除了前面提到的外，还可能有i.e., that is, that is to say等。 (陕西省西安市2024-2025学年高三上学期第四次月考英语试卷) Maria is a 10-year-old elementary school student who comes home with ringing in her ears — a sign of hearing loss — after attending a program in her school hall. There are “Marias” in every school in the US. Twenty percent of American kids will suffer permanent hearing loss due to noise by the age of nineteen. Actually noise－induced (噪音诱发的) hearing loss (NIHL) is an epidemic in the US. Now nationwide there are about fifty million people suffering it. Each of us has approximately 18,000 tiny hair cells in our inner ears that transmit (传输) sound via the auditory nerve (听觉神经) to our brains. When exposed to dangerously loud sound, some of these hair cells become damaged and die. This is usually pain-free and often happens so gradually that we are not aware of our hearing loss. Then one day, we wake up and find that we have severely and permanently damaged our ability to hear. ...........1．What does the author mean by saying “There are ‘Marias’ in every school in the US”？A．Many girls attend programs run by US schools.B．Maria is a commonly used name in the country.C．Permanent hearing loss is common in US schools.D．Permanent hearing loss is hard to avoid in US schools.【答案】1．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是噪音诱发的听力损失在美国学生中的普遍现象及其严重性，强调预防措施的重要性以保护听力。1．句意猜测题。根据第一段“Twenty percent of American kids will suffer permanent hearing loss due to noise by the age of nineteen. Actually noise-induced (噪音诱发的) hearing loss (NIHL) is an epidemic in the US. Now nationwide there are about fifty million people suffering it.(到19岁时，20%的美国儿童将因噪音而遭受永久性听力损失。实际上，噪音引起的听力损失（NIHL）在美国是一种流行病。现在全国大约有5000万人患有此病)”可知，作者的意思是“听力永久性受损在美国学校里很普遍”。故选C。题型06语境线索法 根据综合语境，通过一定的语言逻辑关系，加以推理判断，从而理解生词词义。阅读题文段题材丰富。涉及社会、科普、政治、文化、经济、历史、生活、风俗等多方面知识。解阅读题时，也要根据英语国家社会文化背景等，作出正确的判断。这类题型包括文化语境线索、语境标记线索和词汇语境线索。语言标记中的标点符号逗号、分号、破折号、括号，甚至还包括句号，对语境线索的提示作用和句子间的关联作用很重要。(2025届浙江省绍兴市诸暨市高三上学期一模考试英语试题)Glass is referred to as a material which can infinitely be recycled without it impacting its quality, purity or durability. Recycled glass can be crushed into glass pieces, which can be melted down and used to produce more glass. Glass used for packaging has a high recycling rate compared to other packaging materials. In Europe, the average glass recycling rate is 76%, compared to 41% for plastic packaging and 31% for wooden packaging.When glass is left in the natural environment, it is less likely to cause pollution than plastic. Unlike plastics, which break down into microplastics that can get into soils and water, glass is non-toxic. “Glass is mainly made of silica, which is a natural substance,” says Franziska Trautmann, the co-founder of Glass Half Full, a New Orleans-based company that recycles glass into sand that can be used for coastal restoration and disaster relief. Silica, also known as silica dioxide, makes up 59% of the Earth’s crust. Since it is a natural compound, there is no concern about environmental degradation...........29. What does the underlined word in the second paragraph probably mean?A. Damage. B. Conservation. C. Assessment. D. Transformation.【答案】 29. A【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了玻璃的无限可回收性、对环境的影响及节能再利用的重要性。【29题详解】词句猜测题。根据第二段中的““Glass is mainly made of silica, which is a natural substance,” says Franziska Trautmann, the co-founder of Glass Half Full, a New Orleans-based company that recycles glass into sand that can be used for coastal restoration and disaster relief. (“玻璃主要由二氧化硅制成，这是一种天然物质，”新奥尔良公司Glass Half Full的联合创始人Franziska Trautmann说。该公司将玻璃回收成沙子，可用于海岸修复和救灾。)”和“Since it is a natural compound, there is no concern about environmental degradation. (由于它是一种天然化合物，因此无需担心其会造成环境的degradation。)”可知，玻璃主要是由二氧化硅（一种天然物质）制成的，因此不用担心破坏环境。degradation的意思是“破坏”。此处应该是指不用担心环境受到损害，A. Damage损坏，破坏；B. Conservation保护；C. Assessment评估；D. Transformation转型。故选A。题型07构词法 在英语中，有很多词可以通过增加前缀和后缀的方式，构成新词。乍看起来，这个词可能是新词，但在掌握了一定的构词知识之后，就不难猜出它的词义。中学英语常见的前缀和后缀有：super-超;过于 inter-互相;在…之间 micro-极微小的re-再, 反复 sub-次于..., 在…底下 co-共同post- (在…之)后 pre- (在…之)前 trans-超越；转换under-在之…下；低于； anti-反；防(止) mis-不；非un/in/im/ir- dis-不；非; 无 non-不；非 Sino-中国(人)的-able可被…的 -hood状态；性质；时期 -ish如…的；有点儿…的-proof防…的； 抗…的 -ship身份；资格；权力； -some引起…的;产生…的-wards向 -less不能…的；无…的学生应该尽可能多记一些前后缀，不要混淆。还有一些常见的前缀或后缀，比如un/in/im/ir- dis-不；非; 无，都可以表示否定，则应该重点记住高中阶段学过的一些词。(安徽省卓越联盟2024-2025学年高三上学期11月期中考试英语试题)It’s tough enough to be a woman traveling alone, but one mom was especially nervous about taking a trip with her one-year-old. How would she manage in a strange place without her usual support network? What about the dangers of solo (单独的) travel? These were definitely reasonable concerns, but this mom found that people are sometimes kinder than you expect them to be.In a video on social media, the woman recounted the many strangers who helped her while she was traveling alone. Keeping a toddler entertained during a long trip can be a challenge, so the mom was relieved when other travelers played with her son. One elderly man even held the little boy on his lap so that he could see out the window!Obviously, the biggest concern for a woman traveling alone is safety. Luckily, this mom encountered some really sweet people who were happy to look out for her and her son. An Uber driver, for example, didn’t want these two to be stuck at the station late at night, so he let them stay in his car until their train arrived...........5. What does the underlined word “recounted” in paragraph 2 mean?A. Identified. B. Described. C. Impressed. D. Satisfied.【答案】 5. B 【解析】【导语】这篇文章是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了一位独自旅行的母亲和她一岁孩子的经历，来展示人们在旅途中的善良和帮助。【5题详解】词义猜测题。根据第二段第三句话“Keeping a toddler entertained during a long trip can be a challenge, so the mom was relieved when other travelers played with her son.(在长途旅行中让一个小孩始终觉有趣是一个挑战，所以当其他旅行者和儿子玩耍时，这位妈妈感到松了一口气。)”以及第四句“One elderly man even held the little boy on his lap so that he could see out the window! (甚至有位老人把小男孩抱到自己的腿上，这样他就能透过窗户看到外面了！)”可知，这都是这位妈妈在讲述她受他人帮助的经历。所以该词的意思应指讲述。故选B项。题型01 对比法(2024年全国高考英语甲卷B篇节选).............Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of predators (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it!6. Which best explains the phrase "take. . . up notch" in paragraph 3?A. Perform appropriately. B. Move faster. C. Act strangely. D. Do better.【答案】 6. D 【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了猫通过叫声、嗅觉和带回礼物来表达需求、评估环境和展示爱意。【6题详解】词句猜测题。根据第三段划线词前半句“Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit,  (狗以其令人印象深刻的抓取习惯而闻名)”和后句“Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. (许多猫会在外面随意找到一些东西，并把它们带给主人。)”可知，狗以取回东西而闻名，但猫可以从外边找到东西带回来，因此在这一行为上更上一层楼。短语take ... up a notch是用来形容猫在带回东西这一行为上做得更好或更出色。故选D。题型02 因果法(2024年1月浙江省高考英语B篇节选)When was the last time you used a telephone box? I mean to make an actual phone call — not to shelter from the rain. Ages ago, right? The last time I used a phone box for its intended purpose was…2006. I was conducting auditions (试演) for my play in my tiny old shared house in London. Hoping to impress some talented actors to come and work for me for nothing, I spread some throws over the sofas and lit candles to make it seem a bit more ”young professional”. .............4. What does the underlined word “it” in the first paragraph refer to?A. The play. B. The shared house.C. The sofa. D. The telephone box.【答案】4. B 【解析】【导语】这是一篇记叙文。随着手机的普及，电话亭渐渐地被人们遗忘，作者家附近的最后一个电话亭被改造成了“迷你图书馆”，作者偶然发现那里有很多不错的免费书籍，这让作者觉得很棒。【4题详解】词句猜测题。根据第一段第五句“I was conducting auditions (试演) for my play in my tiny old shared house in London.(我当时在伦敦我那狭小的合租房子里为我的剧本进行试演。)”可知，此处是指使“我”的合租房看起来更“年轻专业”一点，所以it代指“合租房”。故选B。题型03 常识联想法(2021年6月新高考2卷B篇）I have worked as a keeper at the National Zoo, Paris for 11 years. Spot and Stripe are the first tiger cubs that have ever been born here. Globally, a third of Sumatran cubs in zoos don’t make it to adulthood, so I decided to give them round-the-clock care at home. I’ve got two children—the younger one, Kynan, was extremely happy about the tigers arriving - but all of us really looked forward to being part of their lives and watching them grow. I wasn’t worried about bringing them into my home with my wife and kids. These were cubs. They weighed about 2.5 kg and were so small that there was absolutely no risk. As they grew more mobile, we let them move freely around the house during the day, but when we were asleep we had to contain them in a large room, otherwise they’d get up to mischief. We’d come down in the morning to find they’d turned the room upside down, and left it looking like a zoo.Things quickly got very intense due to the huge amount of energy required to look after them. There were some tough times and I just felt extremely tired. I was grateful that my family was there to help. We had to have a bit of a production line going, making up “tiger milk”, washing baby bottles, and cleaning the floors. When Spot and Stripe were four months old, they were learning how to open doors and jump fences, and we knew it really was time for them to go. It was hard for us to finally part with them. For the first few days, Kynan was always a bit disappointed that the cubs weren’t there. I’m not sad about it. I'm hands-on with them every day at the zoo, and I do look back very fondly on the time that we had them.5. What do the underlined words “get up to mischief” mean in paragraph 3?A. Behave badly. B. Lose their way. C. Sleep soundly. D. Miss their mom.【答案】 5. A 【解析】词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“As they grew more mobile, we let them move freely around the house during the day, but when we were asleep we had to contain them in a large room, otherwise they’d ”（随着它们的活动越来越多，我们白天让它们在房子里自由活动，但当我们睡觉时，我们必须把它们关在一个大房间里，否则它们会）以及后文“We’d come down in the morning to find they’d turned the room upside down, and left it looking like a zoo.”（我们早上下楼时发现他们把房间弄得乱七八糟，让它看起来像个动物园。）可知，作者不得不把老虎们在一个大房间里，否则它们就会调皮捣蛋，表现不好。早上下楼时发现他们把房间弄得乱七八糟，看起来像个动物园。故画线词意思是“表现不好”。故选A。题型04例举法(2024年新课标高考英语I卷C篇节选)...........When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding. The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks – like identifying the main idea in a reading passage – to ones that require mental abstraction – such as drawing inferences from a text.............28. What does the underlined phrase “shine through” in paragraph 2 mean?A. Seem unlikely to last. B. Seem hard to explain.C. Become ready to use. D. Become easy to notice.【答案】28. D【导语】本文是议论文。主要讨论了纸质阅读与数字阅读、音频和视频学习方式的差异和效果。28. 词句猜测题。根据前文“When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding.(当阅读几百字或更多的文本时，在纸上学习通常比在屏幕上学习更成功。大量的研究证实了这一发现)”可知，在纸上学习更有成效，以及后文“when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text.(当实验人员从提出简单的任务(如识别阅读文章的主旨)转移到需要思维抽象的任务(如从文本中推断)时)”推知，此处应是表达“当实验者从简单的任务转向需要精神抽象的任务时，纸质阅读的益处就变得显而易见”之意，所以shine through应是“显而易见”之意，和D项意思相近。故选D项。题型05语境线索法(2024年新课标高考英语II卷D篇节选)Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革). In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI. As we soon come to learn from AI by Design, AI is already super-smart and will become more capable, moving from the current generation of “narrow-AI” to Artificial General Intelligence. From there, Campbell says, will come Artificial Dominant Intelligence. This is why Campbell has set out to raise awareness of AI and its future now-several decades before these developments are expected to take place. She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse. ...............12. What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in paragraph 2 probably mean?A. If read by someone poorly educated. B. If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned.C. If written by someone less competent. D. If translated by someone unacademic.【答案】12. C【12题详解】词句猜测题。根据文章第二段“such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades' professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI. (这样一本书可能会像驱动人工智能的计算机代码一样复杂，但值得庆幸的是，坎贝尔有20多年的专业经验，可以将令人兴奋的内容转化为可理解的内容。她从商业人士的实际角度而不是学者的角度出发，撰写了一本非常通俗易懂、内容丰富的指南，读完后会让你觉得自己几乎和人工智能一样聪明)”可知，坎贝尔撰写的这本书是通俗易懂的，如果别人写这本书的话可能就不是这样了，推测划线短语表示 “如果是由能力较差的人写的”。故选C项。A（2024·河北石家庄·一模）I often wake up to my alarm after a short night and step out of bed to a day I’ve fought through countless times. I rush my morning routine and run to my car. My radio switches to my favorite song, but I have to listen to an audible (可听的) book for an assignment due tomorrow.When I get to school, I start with Spanish, my hardest class. Despite being around all year, I have no clue what’s going on. I then walk to my English class, in which I was stuck in the language rules. The assignments take much energy that my perfectionist nature is unable to take on in school, so I save them for later, most probably late at night.This is my reality as a student with dyslexia, a learning disorder in reading and spelling: assignments that take three times as long as they’re meant to, late nights and early mornings to even slightly keep up with my classes.I was told that Advanced Placement U. S. History would be my hardest class. But here, I am in my element. Despite being three assignments behind, I’m actively engaged. Yes, my passion for history heightens my focus, but my teacher’s willingness to work with me is what allows me to fly high.Teachers need to offer alternative structures that make learning more accessible. I’ve had teachers who teach lecture-based classes where students are expected to take notes and listen. As a student with dyslexia, this doesn’t work. A fix for that is as simple as providing alternative resources: a slide show students can go back to after class, or perhaps even an activity that further plays with the concepts.Now, many schools are shifting to approaches that meet the needs of all kids. However, advocacy work can still be done to support students with dyslexia. If school systems are willing to provide support and education by creating an accessible class structure from the start, students won’t be stuck into academic tracks that don’t push them to their full potential.1．Why does the author have to do his homework late at night?A．He is assigned extra homework. B．He fails to manage his spare time.C．He needs time to do it well enough. D．He dislikes tasks related to languages.2．What does the underlined part “in my element” in paragraph 4 mean?A．Burning the midnight oil. B．Biting off more than I can chew.C．Feeling like a fish in water. D．Having butterflies in my stomach.3．What does the author think of lecture-based classes?A．Satisfying. B．Inspiring. C．Rewarding. D．Demanding.4．What does the author advise schools to do for students?A．Offer classes with alternatives. B．Ask educational experts to give lectures.C．Advocate out-of-class activities. D．Get teachers trained in special education.【答案】1．C 2．C 3．D 4．A【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者作为一名有阅读障碍的学生的日常生活和学习经历，来展现自己所面临的挑战和困难，并表达了对教育方式和教师支持的需求和看法。1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“The assignments take much energy that my perfectionist nature is unable to take on in school, so I save them for later, most probably late at night.(作业耗费了我太多精力，而我追求完美的性格又让我无法在学校完成它们，所以我总是把它们留到以后，很可能就是深夜。)”可知，作者不得不深夜做家庭作业是因为作者追求完美，所以需要更多的时间来完成作业。故选C。2．词句猜测题。根据划线词句上文“I was told that Advanced Placement U. S. History would be my hardest class.(我曾被告知，美国历史高级课程将是我最难的一门课。)”可知，美国历史高级课程是一门最难的课。而划线单词下文“Despite being three assignments behind, I’m actively engaged.(尽管我已经落后了三项作业，但我仍然积极参与其中。)”则表明作者喜欢这门课程。由此可知，作者对这门课程感到自在和舒适，愿意参与其中。选项C“Feeling like a fish in water”的意思是“如鱼得水，感到自在和舒适”，这个短语强调的是在某个环境或领域中感到自在和舒适，能够充分发挥自己的能力。符合句意。故选C。3．推理判断题。根据文章第五段“I’ve had teachers who teach lecture-based classes where students are expected to take notes and listen. As a student with dyslexia, this doesn’t work.(我曾遇到过一些以讲座为基础的老师，他们期望学生记笔记并听讲。但作为一名阅读障碍学生，这种方式行不通。)”可知，作者作为阅读障碍的学生，觉得基于讲座的课程对他来说并不适用，因为它可能要求很高的听力和笔记能力，这是作者难以应对的。因此，可以推断出作者认为基于讲座的课程是要求高的。故选D。4．推理判断题。根据文章第五段“Teachers need to offer alternative structures that make learning more accessible.(教师需要提供替代性的学习结构，使学习更加容易。)”以及最后一段“Now, many schools are shifting to approaches that meet the needs of all kids. However, advocacy work can still be done to support students with dyslexia. If school systems are willing to provide support and education by creating an accessible class structure from the start, students won’t be stuck into academic tracks that don’t push them to their full potential.(现在，许多学校正在转向满足所有孩子需求的教学方法。然而，仍然可以开展宣传工作来支持阅读障碍学生。如果学校系统愿意从一开始就创造一个容易接受的学习环境并提供教育支持，那么学生就不会被困在那些无法充分发挥他们潜力的学术轨道上。)”可知，作者认为学校应该提供满足所有孩子需求的方法，可以提供替代性课程，从而满足学生的需求。故选A。B（2024·浙江绍兴·一模）Glass is referred to as a material which can infinitely be recycled without it impacting its quality, purity or durability. Recycled glass can be crushed into glass pieces, which can be melted down and used to produce more glass. Glass used for packaging has a high recycling rate compared to other packaging materials. In Europe, the average glass recycling rate is 76%, compared to 41% for plastic packaging and 31% for wooden packaging.When glass is left in the natural environment, it is less likely to cause pollution than plastic. Unlike plastics, which break down into microplastics that can get into soils and water, glass is non-toxic. “Glass is mainly made of silica, which is a natural substance,” says Franziska Trautmann, the co-founder of Glass Half Full, a New Orleans-based company that recycles glass into sand that can be used for coastal restoration and disaster relief. Silica, also known as silica dioxide, makes up 59% of the Earth’s crust. Since it is a natural compound, there is no concern about environmental degradation.However, glass requires higher temperatures than plastic and aluminum to melt and form, says Alice Brock, a PhD researcher at University of Southampton in the UK. Raw materials for making virgin glass also release greenhouse gases during the melting process, adding to its environmental footprint. According to the International Energy Agency, the container and flat-glass industries emit over 60 megatons of CO2 per year. A key problem with glass recycling is that it involves the remelting process, which is the most energy intensive part of glass production. It accounts for 75% of the energy consumption during production.Even though glass containers can be reused an average of 12-20 times, glass is often treated as single-use. Single-use glass disposed of at landfills can take up to one million years to decompose. So the next time you want to drop a glass bottle, perhaps consider reusing it first. Glass is a resilient, long-lasting material that is not made to be thrown away after only being used once.5．What does the passage focus on?A．Glass production. B．Glass restoration. C．Glass prospect. D．Glass recycling.6．What does the underlined word in the second paragraph probably mean?A．Damage. B．Conservation. C．Assessment. D．Transformation.7．What can we learn from paragraph 3?A．Glass melting process is complicated. B．Glass reduces environmental footprint.C．Glass items are meant for permanent use. D．Glass production consumes much energy.8．Why does the author advocate reuse of glass containers?A．To confirm their durability. B．To suggest being economical.C．To promote the green idea. D．To propose a new energy plan.【答案】5．D 6．A 7．D 8．C【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了玻璃的无限可回收性、对环境的影响及节能再利用的重要性。5．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段中“Glass is referred to as a material which can infinitely be recycled without it impacting its quality, purity or durability. (玻璃是一种可以无限回收而不影响其质量、纯度或耐用性的材料。)”、第二段中“When glass is left in the natural environment, it is less likely to cause pollution than plastic. (当玻璃留在自然环境中时，它比塑料更不容易造成污染。)”可知，文章主要讲述了玻璃回收的过程、优点以及存在的问题。因此，文章的重点是玻璃回收。故选D。6．词句猜测题。根据第二段中的““Glass is mainly made of silica, which is a natural substance,” says Franziska Trautmann, the co-founder of Glass Half Full, a New Orleans-based company that recycles glass into sand that can be used for coastal restoration and disaster relief. (“玻璃主要由二氧化硅制成，这是一种天然物质，”新奥尔良公司Glass Half Full的联合创始人Franziska Trautmann说。该公司将玻璃回收成沙子，可用于海岸修复和救灾。)”和“Since it is a natural compound, there is no concern about environmental degradation. (由于它是一种天然化合物，因此无需担心其会造成环境的degradation。)”可知，玻璃主要是由二氧化硅（一种天然物质）制成的，因此不用担心破坏环境。degradation的意思是“破坏”。此处应该是指不用担心环境受到损害，A. Damage损坏，破坏；B. Conservation保护；C. Assessment评估；D. Transformation转型。故选A。7．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“However, glass requires higher temperatures than plastic and aluminum to melt and form, says Alice Brock, a PhD researcher at University of Southampton in the UK. Raw materials for making virgin glass also release greenhouse gases during the melting process, adding to its environmental footprint. According to the International Energy Agency, the container and flat-glass industries emit over 60 megatons of CO2 per year. A key problem with glass recycling is that it involves the remelting process, which is the most energy intensive part of glass production. (然而，英国南安普顿大学的博士研究员Alice Brock说，玻璃需要比塑料和铝更高的温度才能熔化和形成。制造玻璃的原材料在熔化过程中也会释放温室气体，增加了对环境的影响。根据国际能源署的数据，集装箱和平板玻璃行业每年排放超过6000万吨的二氧化碳。玻璃回收的一个关键问题是它涉及到重熔过程，这是玻璃生产中最耗能的部分。)”可知，玻璃需要比塑料和铝更高的温度来熔化和成形，玻璃回收的一个关键问题是它涉及重新熔化的过程，这是玻璃生产过程中最耗能的部分。因此，我们可以从第三段中可知，玻璃生产消耗大量能源。故选D。8．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“Even though glass containers can be reused an average of 12-20 times, glass is often treated as single-use. Single-use glass disposed of at landfills can take up to one million years to decompose. So the next time you want to drop a glass bottle, perhaps consider reusing it first. Glass is a resilient, long-lasting material that is not made to be thrown away after only being used once. (尽管玻璃容器平均可以重复使用12-20次，但玻璃通常被视为一次性使用的。被丢弃在垃圾填埋场的一次性玻璃可能需要长达一百万年的时间才能分解。因此，下次当你想要扔掉玻璃瓶时，也许可以考虑先将其重复使用。玻璃是一种坚固耐用的材料，并非仅供一次性使用后就扔掉。)”可知，作者提倡重用玻璃容器是为了推广绿色理念，减少垃圾的产生和环境的污染。故选C。C（2024·湖南长沙·模拟预测）We all notice bright colors. People who choose to go eye-catching, whether they express themselves through clothes or accessories (配饰), hear everything from “No one is going to miss you at the party” to “I would never have the courage to wear that.” But according to research, those comments may be both accurate and expected.Adam D．Pazda and Christopher A．Thorstenson examined how we perceive people at first impression who wear bright colors. They specifically examined the effect of chroma (色度).They found that targets, both male and female, who were wearing or surrounded by high-chroma colors were perceived as more open and outgoing than in a low-chroma setting. They concluded that chroma is a variable of perception that can influence first impressions of personality.Drilling down further, they found that high-chroma colors strengthened viewer perspective of openness and extraversion (外向), but not other personalities. These observations are important because some job responsibilities capitalize on some of the personalities inferred through bright colors.Pazda and Thorstenson recognize what job seekers no doubt consider as they look for a career to match their personal nature: in some occupations, success is fueled by possessing certain personality qualities. They give examples of industries such as sales and marketing as well as customer service as fields where extraverts thrive (繁荣). Accordingly, applicants for these positions may be viewed more favorably and judged as more competent if they wear highly chromatic clothing.Regarding the generality of their results, Pazda and Thorstenson note that one of the limitations of their study was their use of participants living in the United States, which means their findings may not predict results in other cultures. They note the possibility that chroma may influence the perception of personality differently in non-Western countries, and that high-chroma clothing may be seen as conflicting with social conventions in other cultures.The practical takeaway, at least in the United States, appears to be that bright colors, like the peacock’s tail, will get you noticed. But depending on your goals, consider tailoring your chroma to the circumstances, personally and professionally.9．What is the focus of the study mentioned in the passage?A．The cultural implications of high chroma colors.B．The influence of clothing on viewer perceptions.C．The impact of high chroma colors on first impression.D．The possible connection between clothing and job suitability.10．What does the underlined phrase “capitalize on” in paragraph 4 probably mean?A．Weigh on. B．Draw on. C．Make up for. D．Give rise to.11．What can we learn about the findings of the study according to the passage?A．High chroma colors enhance viewer perspective of all personalities.B．The culturally specific findings of the study contribute to its limitations.C．The chroma a person wears can influence the formation of his or her personality.D．High-chroma colors have a consistent impact on the perception of personality globally.12．What is the practical advice given by the author in the last paragraph?A．Reserve bright colors for social events.B．Always wear bright colors to be noticed.C．Avoid bright colors in professional settings.D．Use bright colors strategically based on your goals.【答案】9．C 10．B 11．B 12．D【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Adam D. Pazda和Christopher A. Thorstenson关于色度对人第一印象影响的研究。9．细节理解题。根据第二段“Adam D. Pazda and Christopher A. Thorstenson examined how we perceive people at first impression who wear bright colors. They specifically examined the effect of chroma (色度).(Adam D. Pazda和Christopher A. Thorstenson研究了我们对穿鲜艳颜色衣服的人的第一印象是如何的。他们专门研究了色度的影响)”可知，文章提到的研究的重点是“色度对第一印象的影响”。故选C项。10．词句猜测题。根据划线短语上文“Drilling down further, they found that high-chroma colors strengthened viewer perspective of openness and extraversion (外向), but not other personalities.(进一步深入研究，他们发现高色度的颜色增强了观看者对开放性和外向性的看法，但对其他性格没有作用)”可知，高色度的颜色让观看者觉得穿衣服的人更开放和外向。结合划线短语所在句“These observations are important because some job responsibilities...(这些观察很重要，因为一些工作职责……)”可推知，上文的观察结论很重要，因为一些工作职责就是要“利用”到通过观察鲜艳颜色所推断出的这些个性。故划线短语意思与draw on相近，意为“利用，借鉴”。故选B项。11．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“Regarding the generality of their results, Pazda and Thorstenson note that one of the limitations of their study was their use of participants living in the United States, which means their findings may not predict results in other cultures.(关于他们研究结果的普遍性，Pazda和Thorstenson指出，他们研究的局限性之一是使用居住在美国的参与者，这意味着他们的研究结果可能无法预测其他文化中的结果)”可知，这项研究的参与者都居住在美国，所以研究的文化特殊性导致了它的局限性。故选B项。12．细节理解题。根据最后一段“The practical takeaway, at least in the United States, appears to be that bright colors, like the peacock’s tail, will get you noticed. But depending on your goals, consider tailoring your chroma to the circumstances, personally and professionally.(至少在美国，实际的收获似乎是，鲜艳的颜色，就像孔雀的尾巴，会让你引人注目。但根据你的目标，考虑在个人和职业上根据环境调整你的色度)”可知，作者在最后一段给出的实际建议是“根据自己的目标，有策略地使用鲜艳颜色”。故选D项。D（2024·浙江绍兴·一模）Your own experience of revising for exams might tell you that sessions of uninterrupted concentration can help you to better remember key pieces of information. Indeed, many students will engage in intensive revision just before a test — in the belief that essential subject facts and figures will be memorized ready for exam day. However, this commonly held wisdom has been contradicted by an observation made in a psychological study. Now known as the Zeigarnik effect, it was found that interruption during a task that requires focus can in fact improve a person’s ability to remember it afterwards. The psychologist Bluma Zeigarmik observed the effect of interruption on memory processing in 1927. In the experiment, she asked each participant to complete a series of separate tasks, such as solving a puzzle or assembling a flat-pack box. During around half of the assignments, participants were subtly interrupted by the experiment supervisor, while during the remaining tasks, they were allowed time to complete them uninterrupted. Following the experiment, Zeigarnik interviewed each participant, asking them to recall details of each task that they had attempted. Zeigarnik’s initial findings revealed that participants were able to recall details of interrupted tasks around 90% better than those who had been able to complete undisturbed. These results suggest that a desire to complete a task can cause it to be retained in a person’s memory until it has been completed, and that the finality of its completion enables the process of forgetting it to take place. One way of employing the Zeigarnik effect when attempting to memorize a detailed piece of information, such as a long phone number, or when revising a subject, might be to avoid trying to remember it in its entirety in one sitting. Take a look at the information, familiarize yourself with it, then “interrupt yourself” — look away from where it is written for a few moments and think of something else, before returning a few more times to remember chunks of the number. Finally, piece these chunks together and attempt to recall the number in its entirety.13．What does the underlined phrase “this commonly held wisdom” in paragraph 2 refer to?A．Remembering essential subject facts guarantees success in exams.B．Interruption on memory processing generates unexpected results.C．Uninterrupted concentration contributes to effective revision.D．Revision with full concentration boosts long-term memory.14．How did Zeigarnik measure the effect of interruption on participants’ memory?A．By conducting brain scans. B．By rating participants’ memory.C．By enquiring about task details. D．By observing physical reactions.15．Which strategy should be used to avoid forgetting when revising a subject?A．Repeated writing and recalling. B．Entire remembering in one sitting.C．Rapid memorization without breaks. D．Breaks in review and repeating in chunks.16．What is the passage mainly about?A．The origin of the Zeigarnik Effect. B．The discovery of the Zeigarnik Effect.C．The evaluation of the Zeigarnik Effect. D．The application of the Zeigarnik Effect.【答案】13．C 14．C 15．D 16．B【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了心理学家Bluma Zeigarnik在1927年观察到的中断对记忆处理的影响，并将其命名为Zeigarnik效应。文章详细解释了这一效应的发现过程、实验结果以及在实际记忆中的应用。13．词句猜测题。根据文章第一段中“Your own experience of revising for exams might tell you that sessions of uninterrupted concentration can help you to better remember key pieces of information. (你自己复习考试的经验可能会告诉你，不间断的集中注意力可以帮助你更好地记住关键信息。)”以及第二段首句“However, this commonly held wisdom has been contradicted by an observation made in a psychological study.(然而，this commonly held wisdom却被一项心理学研究的观察结果所反驳)”中的“this commonly held wisdom”指的就是前文中提到的“不间断的专注有助于有效复习”的观点。因此，选项C“Uninterrupted concentration contributes to effective revision(不间断的专注有助于有效复习)”符合题意。故选C。14．细节理解题。根据文章第三段中“Following the experiment, Zeigarnik interviewed each participant, asking them to recall details of each task that they had attempted.(实验结束后，Zeigarnik采访了每位参与者，要求他们回忆自己尝试过的每项任务的细节。)”可知，Zeigarnik通过询问参与者任务的细节来衡量中断对参与者记忆的影响。因此，选项C“By enquiring about task details(通过询问任务细节)”符合题意。故选C。15．细节理解题。文章第五段提到“One way of employing the Zeigarnik effect when attempting to memorize a detailed piece of information, such as a long phone number, or when revising a subject, might be to avoid trying to remember it in its entirety in one sitting. Take a look at the information, familiarize yourself with it, then ‘interrupt yourself’ — look away from where it is written for a few moments and think of something else, before returning a few more times to remember chunks of the number. Finally, piece these chunks together and attempt to recall the number in its entirety.(在尝试记忆一个详细的信息（如一个长电话号码）或复习一个科目时，运用Zeigarnik效应的一种方法可能是避免一次性全部记住。看一下信息，熟悉一下，然后“打断自己”——把目光从所写的东西上移开一会儿，去想别的事情，然后再回来几次记住数字的几个部分。最后，把这些部分拼凑起来，试着完整地回忆这个数字)”可知，为了避免在复习一个科目时忘记，应该使用在复习中穿插休息，然后分块重复的策略。因此，选项D“Breaks in review and repeating in chunks(在复习中穿插休息并分块重复)”符合题意。故选D。16．主旨大意题。根据第二段中“Now known as the Zeigarnik effect, it was found that interruption during a task that requires focus can in fact improve a person’s ability to remember it afterwards.( 现在被称为Zeigarnik效应的研究发现，在需要集中注意力的任务中被打断实际上可以提高一个人事后的记忆能力。)”以及通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了心理学家Bluma Zeigarnik在1927年观察到的中断对记忆处理的影响，并将其命名为Zeigarnik效应。文章详细解释了这一效应的发现过程、实验结果以及在实际记忆中的应用。因此，文章的主要内容是关于Zeigarnik效应的发现。选项B“The discovery of the Zeigarnik Effect(Zeigarnik效应的发现)”概括文章主旨。故选B。