专题22 概要写作之实验研究报告 -高考英语二轮热点题型归纳与变式演练（上海专用）

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目录
TOC \ "1-3" \h \z \u \l "_Tc148898652" 题型综述2
\l "_Tc148898652" 解题攻略3
\l "_Tc148898657" 高考练场6
\l "_Tc148898657" 变式演练 PAGEREF _Tc148898657 \h 13
（一）题型解读
1. 题型特点
文本类型：实验研究报告类文体通常围绕某一实验或研究展开，包括研究背景、目的、方法、结果和结论。
上海高考英语中的实验研究报告类文体概要写作，重点考查考生对这类具有科学性、逻辑性较强文本的理解与概括能力。
2. 常见主题
研究发现类：介绍某项研究的主要发现和结论。
实验过程类：描述实验的具体过程和结果。
问题解决类：通过实验研究提出问题的解决方案。
（二）写作步骤与技巧
通读全文，明晰研究目的与背景
梳理实验关键要素（如：实验对象、实验方法与步骤）
提取核心实验结果与结论
转换表达，合理精简内容
整合内容，注重逻辑连贯
（三）模板及句型
1.通用模板示例
开头：The experiment reprted in the article aims t explre...（点明文章所报道实验的研究目的，填入具体研究内容）.
主体内容：Firstly, the experiment was cnducted n...（首先，说明实验对象是谁或是什么）. The experimental methd adpted was...（接着阐述采用的实验方法）. The main steps included...（然后列举主要的实验步骤，简要概括）. After that, the experiment btained the fllwing results: （之后，呈现实验所获得的结果，如具体数据、现象等）.
结尾：Based n these results, it can be cncluded that...（基于这些结果，可以得出结论是……，清晰写出最终结论）.
2.常用句型
说明研究目的：
The purpse f this experiment is t investigate...（此次实验的目的是为了研究……）
This study aims t find ut...（这项研究旨在查明……）
描述实验对象与方法：
The subjects f the experiment were...（实验对象是……）
A... methd was emplyed in this experiment.（此次实验采用了…… 方法）
呈现实验结果：
The results shwed that...（结果显示……）
It was fund that...（人们发现……）
得出结论：
Frm the abve, we can draw the cnclusin that...（从上述内容，我们可以得出结论……）
Cnsequently, the cnclusin is reached that...（因此，得出的结论是……）

实验研究报告类写作注意事项
①实验研究目的介绍，要简洁明了，它不但反映该项研究的核心问题，而且应能引起读者对报告的兴趣与注意，并注意采用读者感兴趣的措辞。
②研究方法的介绍，主要包括在研究对象的取样和选择，研究因素的实施与控制、资料的收集与处理、研究方法的介绍。如果涉及到一些专业性的概念语或者是说法，则应注意用词的准确性。
③研究结果的呈现是研究报告的实质部分。在研究报告中，既要重视定量分析，更要注重定性分析，要把定性与定量的分析综合起来，从量的变化当中揭示事物的本质属性。
④研究结果的讨论，有时候说明该研究的意义及运用；有时候或指出该研究的不足之处和局限性；或提出一些改进的研究的建议，或是提出一些个人的看法、想法和思考，以有待进一步研究等。
(2023届上海市长宁区高三下学期二模英语试卷)
Kangars can “talk” t us
Kangars can “talk” t peple, accrding t a new study. The reprt is the first research f its kind t be dne n marsupials—a type f creature whse yung get carried in skin pckets n their mther’s bdy. It suggests kangars are cleverer than previusly thught.
Researchers frm the University f Rehamptn in the UK and the University f Sydney in Australia tested kangars at the Australian Reptile (爬行动物) Park, Wildlife Sydney Z and Kangar Prtectin C-perative. The scientists put fd in a bx that the kangars culd nt pen, and waited t see what the animals wuld d. Rather than giving up, 10 ut f the 11 kangars actively lked at the persn wh had put the fd in the bx and then lked at the bx. The researchers said this culd be interpreted as the kangars requesting help t pen the cntainer.
Dr Alexandra Green, a c-authr f the study, tld The Guardian newspaper that sme f the kangars actually apprached the persn and started scratching (挠) and sniffing (嗅) him, then lked back at the bx. “S they were really trying t cmmunicate,” Green said. This behaviur is nt uncmmn in animals. Hwever, it is usually nly seen in dmesticated animals, such as pets r farm animals. The lead authr f the study, Dr Alan McElligtt, explained, “Thrugh this study, we were able t see that cmmunicatin between creatures can be learnt and that the behaviur f lking at humans t access fd is nt related t dmesticatin. “Indeed, kangars shwed a very similar pattern f behaviur we have seen in dgs, hrses and even gats, when put t the same test,” he added.
It is hped that the study will give peple a mre psitive attitude twards kangars, which are smetimes seen as harmful creatures that damage farmers’ crps.
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【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，事实证明袋鼠比我们想象的更聪明，它们有能力与人类交流。在测试中，面对难以接近的食物，袋鼠和驯养的动物一样，会求助于使用肢体语言的人。这些发现刷新了科学家对袋鼠行为的理解，可能改善了我们对袋鼠的认知。
解题步骤
第一步：读懂原文，明确篇章结构
本文为 “总 - 分 - 总” 结构。首段提出新研究表明袋鼠能 “与人交流”，且比之前认为的更聪明。中间两段详细描述研究过程及袋鼠的行为表现，说明袋鼠这种交流行为并非仅存于家养动物。尾段指出希望该研究能让人们对袋鼠有更积极的态度。
第1段：引出研究发现——袋鼠能够与人类“交流”。
第2段：描述实验过程及结果，袋鼠通过眼神交流请求帮助。
第3段：研究者对袋鼠行为的解释，强调这种行为并非仅限于家养动物。
第4段：总结研究的意义，希望改变人们对袋鼠的看法。
第二步：去次留精，提炼关键信息
第三步：归纳要点，合理转换表达
第1段：A new study shws that kangars can “talk” t humans.
（一项新研究表明袋鼠能够与人类“交流”。）
第2段：Researchers tested kangars with a fd bx they culdn’t pen, and the animals lked at humans fr help.
（研究人员用一个袋鼠无法打开的盒子测试袋鼠，袋鼠会看向人类寻求帮助。）
第3段：The study shws that this kind f cmmunicatin is nt just seen in dmesticated animals.
（研究表明这种交流行为并非仅限于家养动物。）
第4段：The study aims t change peple’s negative views f kangars.
（该研究旨在改变人们对袋鼠的负面看法。）
第四步：句式多样，注意过渡衔接
用 “and” 连接关于研究性质和袋鼠聪明程度的表述。用 “Mst” 具体说明袋鼠的行为比例。用 “Similar t” 引出与其他动物行为的相似性。最后用 “The study hpes” 表明研究目的。
概要写作答案（60词左右）
A new study shws kangars can cmmunicate with humans, suggesting they are mre intelligent than previusly thught. Researchers tested kangars by putting fd in an unpenable bx. Mst kangars lked at the persn and bx and sme shwed clear cmmunicatin attempts, seemingly asking fr help., similar t dmesticated animals like dgs and hrses.The study hpes t help peple view kangars mre psitively. （62wrds）
A new study shws that kangars can “talk” t humans. Researchers tested kangars with a fd bx they culdn’t pen, and the animals lked at humans fr help. The study shws that this kind f cmmunicatin is nt just seen in dmesticated animals. The study aims t change peple’s negative views f kangars. （59wrds）
（一）
【2024届上海市金山区高三上学期一模英语试题】
Directins: Read the fllwing passage. Summarize the main idea and the main pint(s) f the passage in n mre than 60 wrds. Use yur wn wrds as far as pssible.
Benefits f Green Spaces
We all knw the value f taking a walk in the fresh spring weather. It allws yur mind t relax and frget abut the prblems in everyday life. Studies have cmmnly shwn the benefits f being arund green spaces, including gardens, urban parks and frests.
But did yu knw that being in cntact with these natural surrundings during childhd culd psitively impact yur mental health as an adult? A study by the Institute fr Glbal Health surveyed 3,600 peple frm all ver Eurpe.
The all-adult study gave participants a questinnaire (问卷) n hw frequently they used natural spaces during childhd — fr example, playing in a garden r riding a bike at the park. They were als asked abut the imprtance they put n using such places. Vlunteers were then given a psychlgical test, which included a variety f questinnaires and prblem-slving activities, t analyze their nervusness and feelings f depressin within a fur-week perid. The results cnsistently shwed that the peple wh were mre expsed t natural spaces had higher mental health scres cmpared t thse with lwer childhd expsure — as did thse wh attached higher imprtance t using green spaces. The study’s assistant, Wilma Smith, wrte that the results “shw the imprtance f childhd expsure t natural spaces fr the develpment f a nature-appreciating attitude and a healthy psychlgical state in adulthd”. She als stressed the imprtance f “recgnizing the implicatins f grwing up in envirnments with limited pprtunities fr expsure t nature”.
Accrding t the study, 73 percent f Eurpe’s ppulatin nly has limited access t natural spaces. S we call n plicymakers t imprve the availability f natural spaces fr children.
While this study was based in Eurpe, a lack f green space can affect anyne, anywhere. S remember t make time t expse yurself t nature, as yur mental health is just as imprtant as the physical ne.
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（二）
【上海市延安中学2024-2025学年高三上学期开学考试英语试题】
AI reads brain activity t tell which bit f a mvie yu are watching
Mvie characters and lcatins can be deciphered (破译) by mnitring the activity f peple’s neurns (神经元) while they watch a film, a discvery that culd help us understand hw the brain stres memries as they are being made.
A deep brain structure called the hippcampus (海马体) cntains neurns that encde the identity f bjects, such as tls r buildings. The cells invlved then respnd t stimuli depicting thse bjects. But a lt f ur knwledge abut this cmes frm studying peple while they view islated images, rather than respnding t changing scenes.
T learn mre, Franziska Gerken at the Technical University f Munich in Germany and her clleagues turned t 29 peple wh had electrdes implanted int their brains.
The researchers used this pprtunity t recrd the activity f abut 2300 neurns in and arund each individual’s hippcampus while they watched the film Days f Summer. Gerken and her clleagues then used an artificial intelligence mdel t analyse hw these neural respnses differed accrding t specific features f the film, such as characters and lcatins, and visual categries, like scene transitins.
When the participants rewatched the film, the researchers culd tell which cntent peple were viewing by lking at the neurnal respnses.
The neurns in all the regins in and arund the hippcampus respnded t the film’s features and visual categries, but activity in sme regins reflected these mre than thers. Fr example, the activity f visually respnsive neurns in a regin knwn as the parahippcampal gyrus was linked t scene transitins and lcatins, while the activity f cells in an adjacent regin called the amygdala (杏仁核) became activated with the presence f the film’s main characters.
Rdrig Quian Quirga at the University f Leicester in the UK says the results are “very slid” and “a gd step frwards t understanding hw the memry system functins in real-life situatins”.
“Neurscience is full f experiments that are far frm real-life memry functining, s it’s valuable t analyse single neurn respnses t different mvie characters and scenes t disentangle the cntributin f different neurn ppulatins t encding and string real memries,” he says.
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（三）
【上海市第八中学2023-2024学年高三上学期期中测评英语试题】
Directins: Read the fllwing passage. Summarize in n mre than 60 wrds the main idea and the main pint(s) f the passage. Use yur wn wrds as far as pssible.
Fictin Reading
Fr many peple, nthing is mre enjyable than spending a whle afternn reading a gd nvel. But are nvels simply a pleasure way t pass the time, r culd it be true that reading fictin actually benefits ur lives?
One f the jys f fictin is that it can take us t places that ur lives wn’t. It can transprt us t 17th-century France, r t war-trn Germany. It can take us t a future wrld in which artificial intelligence takes ver and bks are banned, r a fantasy wrld where peple battle it ut fr fd.
Fictin can als intrduce us t a whle range f peple that we haven’t yet met. And this, accrding t Carrie Oates, a nvelist and academic, is perhaps the real benefit f stries. In ne f her studies, participants were asked t read either a shrt stry by Chekhv, r a versin f the stry in dcumentary frm. Thse wh were given the fictinalised versin were fund t be mre likely t sympathize with the characters, thus, ging thrugh greater changes in persnality.
In anther study, she shwed participants phts f the eyes f peple wh were feeling and thinking different things. The peple wh read fictin were better able t interpret thse thughts and feeling than thse wh didn’t read. Oates explains that when we read fictin, we enter int the minds f the characters. We think abut why they behave in a certain way, and what they are likely t d next. Just as we might becme mre knwledgeable abut psychlgy and astrnmy if we read abut psychlgy and astrnmy, we get better at this kind f scial thinking if we read fictin. This imprves ur understanding f the thughts and feelings f thse arund us in real life. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
A
【2021嘉定一模】
Tai Chi Can Reduce Falls in Old Peple
Old peple wh tk part in a structured prgramme f Tai Chi fund that their balance and physical strength imprved, reducing the risk f falls, accrding t a paper in the latest Jurnal f Advanced Nursing.
Researchers studied a grup f fall-prne (易摔跤的) adults, with an average age f 78, living in residential care. 29 peple undertk a 12-week Tai Chi prgramme and the ther 30 frmed the nn-exercise cntrl grup. The exercise prgramme cnsisted f 10 minutes f warming-up exercises, 20 minutes f Sun-style Tai Chi mvement and 5 minutes f cling dwn exercises. During the exercise, traditinal instrumental music was used. It helped the grup maintain slw and cntinuus mvements and prvide a cmfrting effect.
Bth grups underwent a series f tests befre and after the 12-week exercise prgramme. They measured their muscle strength, balance and cnfidence in aviding falls. Researchers analyzed the data and cmpared them with thse f the nn-exercise cntrl grup. They fund that the physical fitness f the exercise grup shwed significant imprvement, with strnger knee and ankle muscles, imprved flexibility and better balance.
Tai Chi, an ancient Chinese martial art (武术), cnsists f a series f slw, gentle, cntinuus mvements. It is particularly suitable fr ld peple as it helps them t develp strnger muscles and better balance and cncentratin. “Our study shws that lw-intensity exercise such as Tai Chi has great ptential fr health prmtin. It can help ld peple t avid falls by develping their balance, muscle strength and cnfidence,” says Prfessr Sng. “We believe that regular exercise shuld be a fundamental part f caring fr ld peple living bth in the cmmunity and in residential care.”
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B
（2024·上海·高三上海市吴淞中学校考期中）
Directins: Read the fllwing passage. Summarize the main idea and the main pint(s) f the passage in n mre than 60 wrds. Use yur wn wrds as far as pssible.
Retirement - Paradise r Nt
Mst peple lk frward t retirement as a time when they can finally take up activities that they never had the time r energy t pursue befre. But sme recent studies n peple in their glden years are disturbing: they suggest that retirees are mre likely t suffer frm depressin and pssibly higher rates f ther diseases such as heart disease and high bld pressure. That's why a new study f French wrkers is welcme news.
Led by Hug Westerlund, a prfessr f psychlgy at Stckhlm University, the study f mre than 14,000 wrkers fund lwer rates f depressin and fatigue in peple after they gt retired while they were still emplyed.
The scientists fllwed emplyees f the French Natinal Gas and Electric Cmpany fr 14 years. They fund in the year immediately after retirement, the vlunteers reprted 40% fewer depressive symptms than they had in the year befre their retirement. The researchers als fund an 81% drp in reprts f bth mental and physical fatigue ver the same time perid.
Clearly, said Westerlund, much f these decrease in physical and mental fatigue can be traced back t relief frm the stresses f wrk. The decline in depressive symptms suggests that retirement may be having a psitive mental effect, t, which may have a lt t d with the generus pensins that French wrkers enjy. Mst retirees in that cuntry still benefit frm abut 80% f their yearly salaries.
"The ecnmic r financial situatin in retirement is very imprtant," Westerlund says. "We dn't knw if the decrease in fatigue and depressive symptms is because f the remval f smething bad while in wrk r the additin f smething gd while in retirement. But n matter the reasn, if life in retirement is nt cmfrtable, then we wn't see the imprvements we did."
Hwever, in Eurpean natins like France, gvernments are cnsidering changes t pensin plans, which may affect retirees' health after they leave their jbs-with less f a financial safety net, wrkers may n lnger seem s mentally and physically happy t be ut f wrk.
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C
（2025年静安一模）
Hard times uplift human scieties’ resilience(韧性)
The ld saying may be true: What desn’t kill yu makes yu strnger. At least that’s the case fr human civilizatins acrss 30,000 years f histry, accrding t a new study published in Nature. The study fund that, acrss the glbe, ancient human scieties that experienced serius setbacks were als quick t bunce back frm future dwnturns.
Histrians and archaelgists have published many case studies n individual scietal crises and human reactins, but it’s hard t cmpare these experiences frm different eras and places. This study pulled tgether data frm 16 separate sites arund the glbe, spanning frm Suth Africa t Canada, with data stretching back as far as 30,000 years ag.
T determine dwnturns and recveries, the researchers used a methd called dates-as-data. They drew infrmatin frm rganic materials dug frm the sites whse ages culd be tld based n the decay f carbn-14, a radiactive frm f carbn.
Thrugh the study f the materials, it was fund that farmers were mst pssible victims f disasters, since ne bad weather r a dry seasn culd mean immediate risk. And farmers, either ut f luck r because they had sme srt f technlgy, gt ver the crises. As a result, they passed dwn the experience and the aspect f culture that culd enable their descendants t d better next time. It explains why these agricultural grups perfrmed well in the future dwnturns and the agricultural scieties were always well psitined t recver frm disasters.
Whether mdern humans can pull directly frm these lessns is less certain. All f the scieties in the study were pre-industrial and might have little in cmmn with tday’s glbal rder. Hwever, the methd t cmpare scieties t lk fr patterns is imprtant fr mdern peple.
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段落
关键词
1.研究发现
①kangars，talk t peple，marsupials
2.实验过程
②University f Rehamptn，Australian Reptile Park，fd in a bx
3.研究者解释
③Alexandra Green，scratching，sniffing，dmesticatin
4.总结意义
④psitive attitude，harmful creatures