专题21 概要写作之议论文 -高考英语二轮热点题型归纳与变式演练（上海专用）

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目录
TOC \ "1-3" \h \z \u \l "_Tc148898652" 题型综述2
\l "_Tc148898652" 解题攻略3
\l "_Tc148898657" 高考练场7
\l "_Tc148898657" 变式演练13
（一）题型解读
1. 题型特点
文本类型：议论文通常围绕某一观点或现象进行讨论，包含论点、论据和结论。
字数要求：要求考生在60词以内完成概要写作。
考查能力：主要考查考生对文章主旨的把握能力、信息提取能力以及用简洁语言表达的能力。
2. 常见主题
观点对比类：讨论正反两方面的观点。
问题解决类：提出问题并分析解决方法。
道理/观点论证类：论证某一观点的正确性。
说明利弊类：分析某一事物的优缺点。
（二）写作步骤与技巧
1. 通读全文，梳理结构
略读：快速浏览文章，明确文章的主旨和结构。
划分段落：根据文章结构，划分出不同部分，找出每段的中心句。
2. 提炼要点，去次留精
提取关键信息：提取每段的中心思想和主要支持点，忽略细节。
关键词汇：关注文章中的关键词汇，帮助概括主要内容。
对立观点：如果文章中有不同观点，两种观点都要概括，不能遗漏任何一方。
3. 组织语言，简洁表达
使用简单句：尽量使用简单句和短句，避免复杂句式。
合理转换表达：用同义词或短语替换原文中的关键词，但要保持原意。
连贯性：使用适当的连接词（如“and”“but”“then”等）使内容连贯。
4. 检查核对，确保准确
核对要点：检查是否遗漏了关键信息。
语法检查：确保句子结构正确，时态一致。
字数控制：严格控制在60字左右。
（三）模板及句型
1. 常用模板
观点对比类：
The article discusses the prs and cns f [主题]，arguing that [观点1]，while [观点2] 。
问题解决类：
The article addresses the issue f [问题]，analyzing its causes and prpsing slutins such as [解决方法1] and [解决方法2] 。
道理/观点论证类：
The article argues that [观点]，supprting this claim with evidence frm [论据1] and [论据2] 。
说明利弊类：
The article examines the advantages and disadvantages f [主题]，highlighting [优势] and [劣势] 。
描述现象：
The article highlights the issue f [现象]，which has [影响] 。
分析原因：
The main reasns fr [现象] include [原因1] and [原因2] 。
提出建议：
T address [问题]，the authr suggests [建议] 。
2. 常用句型
提出论点：
The authr hlds the view that...（作者认为……）
It is argued in the article that...（文章中主张……）
列举论据：
Fr example/instance,...（例如……）
Accrding t the statistics,...（根据统计数据……）
As is stated by...（正如…… 所说）
体现逻辑关系：
On ne hand... On the ther hand...（一方面…… 另一方面……）
Nt nly... but als...（不但…… 而且……）
By cntrast,...（相比之下……）
总结强调：
All in all,...（总而言之……）
T sum up,...（总之……）
In shrt,...（简言之……）


议论文（Argumentatin）：找出议论文的三要素，即论点、论据和结论。其关键是找出主题句或结论句。而这种文章的整体结构多数为总分结构、分总结构、平行结构等。因此，我们通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的首句或尾句找论点。若文中有一分为二(即对立观点)的观点，两种观点都要概括，不要漏掉其中一方的观点。
议论文概要写作模板
pinin / idea + argument (supprting ideas / reasns)
(上海市复旦大学附属中学2024-2025学年高三上学期期中考试英语试题)
Directins: Read the fllwing passage. Summarize in n mre than 60 wrds the main idea and the main pint(s) f the passage. Use yur wn wrds as far as pssible.
The Silent Crridr Debate
At a secndary schl in Lndn, a new rule requires students t remain silent in the crridrs between classes, aiming t create a quieter, mre disciplined envirnment. The schl believes that minimizing nise during transitin times helps students maintain fcus and encurages a sense f rder, ultimately leading t better academic perfrmance. Hwever, this rule has received mixed reactins.
Supprters f the rule argue that silence in the crridrs can significantly reduce distractins. Nise frm talking students can carry int classrms, particularly in pen-plan layuts, disturbing thse wh are already fcused n their wrk. By enfrcing quiet crridrs, the schl hpes t prmte an envirnment where students can stay calm and fcused thrughut the day. Mrever, prpnents argue that this plicy teaches students valuable skills such as self-discipline and respect fr rules, which are beneficial nt nly in schl but als in their future prfessinal and persnal lives.
On the ther hand, critics believe that banning students frm talking in the crridrs is verly restrictive and can have negative effects n their scial develpment. They argue that schl is nt just a place fr academic learning but als an envirnment where students develp scial skills. Brief cnversatins in the crridrs ffer students a chance t cnnect with their peers, share ideas, and even seek help with subjects they find challenging. Critics wrry that rigid silence plicies make schls feel t cntrlled, ptentially dampening students’ enthusiasm and turning the learning envirnment int smething that feels mre like a prisn than a place f grwth and discvery.
This debate raises a larger questin abut discipline in schls: shuld they enfrce strict rules fr silence t imprve fcus, r allw sme scial interactin, even if it means mre nise? Finding the right balance is challenging. In the end, each schl may decide based n its gals and values, weighing the benefits f quiet fcus against the imprtance f scial cnnectins and student well- being.
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【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章介绍说，伦敦一所中学实施了课间走廊保持安静的规定。支持者声称，它可以减少分心，提高纪律和学习技能。然而，批评者认为它过度限制了对学生发展至关重要的社会互动。找到适当平衡的任务确实很困难。
解题步骤
第一步：读懂原文，明确篇章结构
本文的篇章结构为“总—分—总”式：
第1段：介绍伦敦一所中学的新规定——走廊静默规则，旨在营造更安静、更有纪律的环境。
第2段：支持者认为静默规则可以减少干扰，培养学生自律和尊重规则的能力。
第3段：反对者认为静默规则过于限制学生，可能对他们的社交发展产生负面影响。
第4段：总结这场辩论，并提出关于学校纪律的更广泛问题。
第二步：去次留精，提炼关键信息
第三步：归纳要点，合理转换表达
第1段：A Lndn schl intrduced a rule requiring silence in crridrs t create a disciplined envirnment.
（伦敦一所学校引入静默规则，旨在营造有纪律的环境。）
第2段：Supprters say silence reduces distractins and teaches self-discipline and respect.
（支持者认为静默可以减少干扰，培养学生自律和尊重规则的能力。）
第3段：Critics argue that banning talking is verly restrictive and hampers scial develpment.
（反对者认为禁止交谈过于限制学生，可能阻碍社交发展。）
第4段：The debate highlights the challenge f balancing quiet fcus with scial interactin.
（这场辩论凸显了在安静专注与社交互动之间寻求平衡的挑战。）
第四步：句式多样，注意过渡衔接
使用“On the ther hand”表达对比。
使用“argue that”引出观点。
使用“weighing”表达权衡。
概要写作答案（60词左右）
A Lndn schl intrduced a rule requiring silence in crridrs t create a disciplined envirnment. Supprters say silence reduces distractins and teaches self-discipline and respect. Critics argue that banning talking is verly restrictive and hampers scial develpment. The debate highlights the challenge f balancing quiet fcus with scial interactin.
A secndary schl in Lndn has implemented a rule f silence in crridrs between classes. Supprters assert that it reduces distractins and prmtes discipline and skills. Hwever, critics cntend that it verly restricts scial interactin, which is crucial fr students’ develpment. The task f finding the apprpriate balance is indeed difficult.
（一）
【上海市建平中学2024-2025学年高三上学期期中考试英语试卷】
Directins: Read the fllwing passage. Summarize the main idea and the main pint(s) f the passage in n mre than 60 wrds. Use yur wn wrds as far as pssible.
Is an “expeditin” better than a hliday?
Expeditins used t be the preserve f prfessinals: scientists, academics and explrers setting ff fr parts unknwn with the gal f furthering the field f human knwledge. An emerging industry f expeditin turism, hwever, is laying pen the thrill f discvery t the general public. Turs are increasingly being accmpanied by experts in their respective fields, wh lead visits t cnservatin areas, histrical sites, r scientific institutins, ffering in-depth explanatins f what guests are experiencing.
There’s ne key factr that’s driving peple’s desire t travel: the spirit f scientific research. Kevin Currie, directr f New Scientist Discvery Turs (NSDT), added that peple n lnger just want t sit n a beach and that there is nw a greater desire fr self-fulfillment. He explained his cmpany had launched in June 2019, during a time when experiential turs were grwing at twice the rate f nrmal turism, and that this trend had resumed after the pandemic.
Many f the new breed f expeditin turs extend the scpe f the trip beynd mere turism. Yet all f them raise the questin: hw valuable can a turist truly be t scientific research?
Currie is dubtful abut the usefulness f citizen science activities being ffered as part f an expeditin tur, stating scientific research is a serius endeavr and shuld nt be treated causally. Other experts have expressed cncerns that sme expeditin turs may be causing mre damage t the envirnment than they are able t help reslve. Sme experts, hwever, are ptimistic abut the citizen science turism. When dne right, this turism can nt nly gather useful data, but can empwer participants t take further actin, which psitively impacts cnservatin ging frward.
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（二）
【【来源】上海市松江区2023-2024学年高三上学期期末质量监控英语试卷】
Why Shuld We Read Literary Classics?
Many have grwn up n a healthy diet f literary classics. Sme literary classics have been inspiring readers in many ways. In this age f fast-turners, hw des investing ur time in a timeless literary classic change us fr the better?
Many literary classics frm yesteryear, which gt little r n success when published, are cnsidered invaluable. These bks ffer a windw thrugh which we can experience histries rted in different cultures. One can always ask, “But we can d s by reading ur histry bks t. Why d we need t read classics?” The simple answer is that these literary classics are nt just a retelling f histry. They allw us t have a mre individualized experience, where they shw us ther ways t lk at histry.
It is cmmn knwledge that reading as a habit helps us imprve ur cmmand f the language. But literary classics have an edge: the enriching writing style is smething that sets them apart. Fascinated with the amazing wrding and phrasing, we’ll surely pause and wnder abut what we read. Fr instance, when we read Shakespeare, we naturally begin t cnsider hw t better express ur ideas just like his far-reaching “Have mre than yu shw; speak less than yu knw.”
One mre benefit is that after reading classics, we wn’t see nn-classics as just ther stries: we’ll becme interested in them. Maybe we’ll realize that sme details we ignred last time are actually wrth appreciating, r we’ll discver literary devices that bring a whle new meaning t the stry. Literary classics ffer us mre perspectives t dig deep and enhance ur ability t think and reasn, which will inevitably spill ver int ur reading f ther wrks. We finally fall in lve with nn-classics as well.
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（三）
【上海市上海师范大学附属中学闵行分校2024-2025学年高三上学期英语月考试卷】
Hw t make reslutins stick
Hw are thse New Year’s reslutins ging? If yu’re persisting, gd fr yu. Many peple d nt. Given that the real challenge seems t be nt making reslutins, but keeping them, I wuld like t understand mre abut that challenge.
There is a revealing stry at the end f Hw t Change in which Milkman and her clleague Angela Duckwrth discuss the success f a large experiment. This experiment was run with a natinal gym chain and aimed t get peple exercising mre. Had it been a success? While the experimental persuasins were demnstrably effective at getting peple t g t the gym during the fur- week experimental perid, they were far less effective at getting peple t maintain their gym- ging habit. If yu hpe fr persistent results, ne pssible answer is persistent persuasin.
There are ther appraches. David Epstein, fr example, had been struggling t quit his late- night snacking habit. When mving huse, he simply decided that he wuld leave the ld habit in the ld huse. This apprach, he writes, was cmpletely successful. Epstein als made a clear plan, smething that is ften missing frm reslutins. Yur reslutins t exercise mre? Great! Where and hw will yu exercise, and when will yu d it? It is better t sign up fr a particular exercise class than fr a generic gym membership, because yu’ re frced t be specific abut hw yu will achieve yur gal.
Anther idea that has stuck in my mind is that ur actins are influenced bth by driving frces and by restraints -the acceleratr (加速器) and the brake, if yu like. When we want t mve, we instinctively stamp harder n the acceleratr, but we ften get better results frm releasing the brake. If yu’re thinking f embracing a new reslutin, ask yurself, “Why haven’t I been ding this already? What has been stpping me?” Answer thse questins, and yu might learn smething that will help make yur new reslutin stick.
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A
（2025年闵行一模）
Directins: Read the fllwing passage. Summarize the main idea and the main pint（s） f the passage in n mre than 60 wrds. Use yur wn wrds as far as pssible.
Enjy Small Treats withut Guilt
In tday's fast-paced wrld, it's easy t feel guilty abut taking time fr urselves. Whether it's treating urselves t a sweet treat, watching an episde f ur favrite TV shw, r buying smething we dn't really need, we ften assciate these “guilty pleasures” with negative feelings. But what if we stpped feeling guilty? What if we enjyed these small treats as part f ur self- care rutine?
Life is all abut balance. We wrk hard and manage respnsibilities but we smetimes frget t take care f ur mental well-being. Small pleasures, when dne mindfully, can actually cntribute t a healthier and mre balanced life. They prvide us with a chance t relax, recharge, and enjy life's little mments.
There's a difference between self-care and verding it. Self-care is abut ding things that restre us; while ging t far can lead t negative cnsequences. The key is mderatin. Fr example, treating yurself t a chclate bar after a lng week isn't a prblem — it's a frm f self-care, a small act f kindness t yurself. But if we d this every day and it gets ut f hand. then it might lead t guilt r ther issues.
Guilt is a majr barrier t enjying small treats. We ften feel as thugh we dn't deserve a treat, r that we shuld always be wrking tward smething bigger. But taking time t enjy life is nt a luxury—it's necessary. Accepting guilty pleasures withut guilt can actually imprve ur prductivity and mental health. A relaxed and happy mind is far mre effective than ne filled with stress.
S next time yu feel tempted t treat yurself, remember that it's kay. Life is t shrt nt t enjy the little things—— s g ahead and embrace yur guilty pleasures. Yu deserve it!
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B
（2025年青浦一模）
Directins: Read the fllwing passage. Summarize the main idea and the main pint(s) f the passage in n mre than 60 wrds. Use yur wn wrds as far as pssible.
51.
The Tchaikvsky Cure fr Wrry
The 19th-century Russian cmpser Tchaikvsky was nt a happy man. In his 5,365 letters t friends and family, we find cnstant references t his sadness and anxiety. He had just ne, temprary pain reliever fr his misery: “… a new idea awakens in me and begins t assume a definite frm.”
Tchaikvsky’s experience is nt abnrmal. Mdern research in neurscience (神经科学) and psychlgy reveals that active engagement in creative pursuits is an effective way t gain relief frm negative emtins and see the wrld in a much mre psitive way. At a time when md disrders are explding and less than a third f U.S. adults believe that they are living up t their creative ptential, this might be the simplest, easiest, and mst natural way fr anyne t imprve their life.
Neurscientific research ffers explanatins f hw creativity might lwer negative emtin, and anxiety in particular. In a fascinating 2015 study, neurscientists bserved peple as they wrte petry. They fund that during the idea-generatin phase f writing, the medial prefrntal crtex (前额叶内侧皮层) is especially active. This is the same part f the brain that is activated during meditatin (an activity in which peple sit still and fcus n their thughts), which suggests that creative activity might have sme f the same effects n stress as meditatinal exercises d — thus why sme anxius peple rutinely use it t treat themselves.
Yet, s many different creative utlets exist that the task f finding ne that fits yur persnality and tastes can be scary. One methd I like t suggest, t help peple find the ideal activity fr them, is t start by categrizing creative pursuits as public r private and inventive r interpretive. All yu need is t knw yur persnality type and yur preference. Outging peple wh prefer t interpret the wrks f thers can try theater r classical music; peple wh are shy might prefer studying petry.
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C
（上海市行知中学校2024年阶段练习）
Directins: Read the fllwing passage. Summarize in n mre than 60 wrds the main idea f the passage and hw it is illustrated. Use yur wn wrds as far as pssible.
Envy
It’s a familiar but uncmfrtable feeling. Yur best friend will marry a handsme dctr, and the cngratulatry hug yu ffer lacks genuine warmth. Yur friend is made the team fr Saturday’s big game, and yu take a certain pleasure in telling him yu can’t be there t watch him play. Yu smile but a vice in yur head asks, why them and nt yu?
Envy is a shrtcming f character we like t keep in ur heart secretly. Hw shameful is it nt t be lking frward with delight t yur day as yur best friend’s bridesmaid! Wh wuld hpe yur friend might suffer sme injury, s yu can take his place n the team?
Envy is everywhere. It seems t be in ur nature t hate thers’ gifts and gd frtune, especially if we see them as advantages they shuldn’t have.
Envy raises its ugly head when we fcus n what we want but we dn’t pssess nw. Wrse still, we may even wish fr and take pleasure in smene’s lsing what we have always desired. When yu cmpare yurself and yur life unfavrably with yur friend r yur clleague, yu can nly keep yur darker emtins.
S, is there a slutin? Is there anything yu can d t get rid f this mst ungenerus emtin? Well, why nt make envy the mtivatin yu need fr self-imprvement? The best weapn against envy is nt t cmpete where yu can’t shine, but t d yur abslute best where yu can.
Start by making peace with yurself, and accept the gifts which make yu unique. Make an agreement with yurself t be the best yu can be. Then find the qualities in thers that cause yur envy. Is it smene’s singing vice, their wrk prmtin, their new car? Envy shws us the things we’d like t have. S, make a plan t earn what’s imprtant t yu.
And aim fr genuine pleasure in the achievements and gd frtune f thers. Cheer n yur friend when he scres that gal. Enjy yur best friend’s wedding day. Then g ut and d smething special, and make yurself wnderfully prud f yu.
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段落
关键词
1.背景
①Lndn schl，silent crridrs，disciplined envirnment
2.支持者观点
②reduce distractins，self-discipline，respect fr rules
3.反对者观点
③verly restrictive，scial develpment，scial skills，enthusiasm
4.总结
④debate，balance，quiet fcus，scial cnnectins