高考英语一轮复习语法能力突破必备PPT--03代词与介词

这是一份高考英语一轮复习语法能力突破必备PPT--03代词与介词，共51页。PPT课件主要包含了考点精析，代词的分类，their，our，高考链接，mine，its，themselves，itrunning，myself等内容，欢迎下载使用。

代词分为九类，大多数代词具有名词和形容词的作用。
考点一 人称代词、物主代词以及反身代词人称代词、物主代词和反身代词一览表
(1)人称代词作主语用主格,作宾语、表语用宾格。(2)两个以上的人称代词并列,其次序排列原则:①在并列主语中,“I”总是放在最后,排列顺序:二 三 一(人称)。宾格me也一样。Yu, he and I are in different classes. Mr Wang asked Li Ming and me t help him.②第三人称,男女两性并用,男先女后。He and she were sitting face t face.
(3)物主代词分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种。名词性物主代词可作主语和宾语。She scanned the list f names t see if hers was n it.The authr can reprt ther peple’s results which mre r less agree with hers.考点二 it的用法1.it作人称代词的用法(1)it 可以指除人以外的一切事物或动物。如:We have $500. Will it be enugh fr a depsit?(2)指人主要用于指性别不明的婴儿或用于确认某人的身份。如:Her new baby is tiny. It nly weighs 2 kils.
2.it 作非人称代词的用法(1)主要用于指时间、距离、价值、天气、气候及温度等自然现象。如:It’s quite warm at the mment.(2)用于某些句型。如:It’s time fr sth.该做某事了。It’s time t d sth.到该做某事的时候了。It’s time fr sb. t d sth.某人该做某事了。It’s (abut/high) time+that-从句.某人该做某事了。(从句谓语用过去式,有时也用“shuld+动词原形”)
It’s the first (secnd...) time+ that-从句.某人第一(二……)次做某事。(从句谓语用现在完成时)It’s+时间段+since-从句.自从……有一段时间了。It’s+时间段+befre-从句.过多长时间才……3.it用作形式主语或形式宾语(1)用作形式主语的重要句型It+be+adj.fr (f) sb. t d sth.对于某人来说做某事是怎么样的。/某人做某事是怎么样的。It is necessary fr us t have sme exercise every day. It is very cnsiderate f yu t send me a birthday card.
(2)用作形式宾语的重要句型①主语+think/believe/suppse/cnsider/feel/make/keep...+it+adj./n. (fr/f sb.) t d/从句②主语+think/believe/suppse/cnsider/feel/make/keep... +it+imprtant/necessary/natural/essential+that... (shuld)...点津: 某些及物动词或短语后不能直接跟从句。此时须先用it作形式宾语, 然后接从句, 有此用法的动词(短语)有:like, dislike, hate, appreciate, depend n, rely n, cunt n, see t等。I believe it imprtant t separate gd failures frm bad failures.I wuld appreciate it if yu culd help me t slve the technical prblem.I hate it when peple tell me that they are unemplyed.
考点三 不定代词1.all,bth,either,neither,any,each,nne的用法比较:(1)bth(两者都),either(两者中的任何一个),neither(两者都不)。以上这些词使用范围为两者。As far as I culd tell, neither f us was under bservatin.(2)bth与复数名词连用,either与单数名词连用。Bth sides are lking fr ways t settle their differences. There are many tall buildings n either side f the street.
(3)all(所有的,全部的人或物),any(任何一个),nne(都不)。以上词使用范围为三者或三者以上。All the sldiers were praised fr bravery in battle.(4)all和bth与nt 连用表示部分否定;nne以及表示全部否定。Nt all the machines f the cmpany are imprted.Bth f the substances d nt disslve in water. Nne f yu had the curage t face the situatin. (5)each可指两者,也可指两者以上。I believe that each f us can cntribute t the future f the wrld.
2.anther,ther,the ther,thers的用法比较(1)anther既可以单独使用,也可以用于单数名词前,泛指三者或三者以上中的“另外一个人或物”。还可以用于“anther+数词+复数名词”中,表示“再,又”。I need anther ten minutes t finish my hmewrk. (2)ther可用作形容词,意思为 “别的,其他的”,泛指“其他的(人或物)”。They will then have mre mney t spend n ther things. (3)①the ther指两个人或物中的一个,不能用anther,此时ther作代词使用。He has ne shulder a little higher than the ther.
②the ther后可接可数名词单数也可接复数名词,不接不可数名词。此时ther 作为形容词。She turned ver n her stmach n the ther side f the bed.He played the vilin, and he std ut frm all the ther musicians. (4)thers泛指“另外几个/其他的人或物”。thers不能作定语,表示复数意义,相当于“ther+复数名词”;the thers相当于“the ther+复数名词”,指剩下的全部。He demands perfectin in thers, but cannt see faults in himself. The snwy main peak twers abve all the thers.
考向1 人称、物主与反身代词单句语法填空1. (2023·全国卷I) Nanxiang aside, the best Xia lng ba have a fine skin, allwing them t be lifted ut f the steamer basket withut allwing them tearing r spilling any f _______ (they) cntents. 2. (2020·全国卷II) Readers are encuraged t cntinue explring the digital wrld with the guidance f _____ (we) Further Resurces sectin featured in each vlume.
解析：考查代词。句意：除了南翔，最好的小笼包有一个精致的外皮，可以让它们从蒸笼篮中拿出来，而不会撕裂或溢出里面的东西。修饰后面的名词cntents (东西)需用形容词性物主代词their。故填their。
解析：考查代词。所填的词作定语,修饰名词Further Resurces sectin，所以用形容词性的物主代词。故填ur。
3. (2020·全国卷II) ... in the visitr’s memry. It sure des in ______ (I). While yu’re in China, Munt Huangshan is a must t visit!4. (2020·全国卷I) Data abut the mn’s cmpsitin, such as hw much ice and ther treasures it cntains, culd help China decide whether _____ (it) plans fr a future lunar (月球的) base are practical.
解析：考查名词性物主代词。根据前一句来理解，说明“也深深在印在我的记忆中”，此处应该是my memry，然后依照语法规则，用mine来代替。故填mine。
解析：根据空格后的名词plan及前面的结构可知要用形容词性物主代词。故填its。
5. (2020·新高考全国卷I) As well as lking at exhibits, visitrs can play with cmputer simulatins (模拟) and imagine __________ (they) living at a different time in histry r walking thrugh a rainfrest.6. (2018·全国卷I) If yu are time pr, yu need run fr nly half the time t get the same benefits as ther sprts, s perhaps we shuld all give __________ a try.
解析：考查反身代词的用法。句子主语是visitrs，此空又在动词imagine后面做宾语，应该用反身代词。故填themselves。
解析：考查代词或名词的用法。句意：如果你时间不充裕，你只需要花费其他运动一半的时间去跑步便可获得同样的好处，因此或许我们都应该试试跑步。此处give it a try意为： 试试。此处it 可以指running。故填it或running。
7. (2018·浙江卷) Many westerners wh cme t China ck much less than in their wn cuntries nce they realize hw cheap _____ can be t eat ut.8. (2017·浙江) Pahlssn screamed s ludly that her daughter came running frm the huse. “She thught I had hurt _______ (I),” says Pahlssn.
解析：考查it用法。句子 hw be t eat ut.是 由感叹句转换的宾语从句，正常语序应该是 it can be hw cheap t eat ut. 其中不定式 t eat ut 是真正主语，it 是形式主语。故填 it。
解析：句意：她原本以为我伤到了自己。根据句意可知用I 的反身代词 myself。
9. (全国 I ) On my recent visit, I held a lively three-mnth-ld twin that had been rejected by _____ (it) mther.10. (全国 I ) A few hurs befre, I’d been at hme in Hng Kng, with _____ (it) chking smg.
解析：根据空格后的名词及前面的 a lively three-mnth-ld twin可知要用形容词性物主代词。故填its。
解析：空格后面有名词 smg，故要使用形容词性物主代词 its。
11. (广东) Nw it ccurred t _____ (he) that his farm had much ptential and that the death f the cw was a bit f luck.12. (新课标全国II ) Then the driver std up and asked, “Did anyne lse a suitcase at the last stp?” A wman n the bus shuted, “Oh dear! It’s ________ (I).”
解析：It ccurred t sb. that...某人突然想到……，是一个固定句型，此句型中sb.为宾语，应用宾格形式，故填him。
解析：此题答案不唯一，要根据语境仔细揣摩。此处的 it 如果指前面的suitcase的话，那么此空需要使用名词性物主代词mine，表示“那个箱子是我的”；如果指前面的 anyne 的话，那么此空需要用Ⅰ的宾格形式me，表示“是我在上一站丢失了手提箱”。
考向 2 替代词及不定代词单句语法填空1. (2018·全国卷Ⅲ) When the grillas and I frightened each ther, I was just glad t find ______ (they) alive.2. (2017·全国 Ⅱ) Hwever, the railway quickly prved t be a great success and within six mnths, mre than 25,000 peple were using ____ every day.
解析：考查代词。此处做 find 的宾语，所以用宾格 them。
解析：use是及物动词，其后接宾语，此处很明显缺少代词。分析句意可知，此处用 it 指代上文提到的 the railway。
3. (辽宁) Keep hlding yur psitin fr a while. It helps develp yur strength and flexibility. Raise yur leg and let _____ stay in the air fr secnds.4. (广东) Last year, my brther and I went t Miami fr a vacatin. Sme f my friends wh had been there befre said ___ was a wnderful hliday destinatin.5. (广东) I sat next t the man and intrduced myself. We had an amazing cnversatin. It made ______ f us feel gd.
解析：根据句意可知此处应填入指代 leg 的代词。句意：抬起腿，让它(it)在空中停一会儿。
解析：从空后的 a wnderful hliday destinatin 可知，这个地方就是Miami，用it指代前面提到的地点。
解析：根据文意可知，空后的 us 指上文提到的“the man”和“I”，故此处指这使我们“两个人”都感到很好。
语法填空(代词专练) I can’t believe I made _____ int San Francisc at last! T catch my 10:00 a.m. flight this mrning, I went t the airprt by _______ (I). I gt there early. Since I had an electrnic ticket, _______ was mre cnvenient, I then went straight t the barding gate. When I was there, I culdn’t believe my ears — ____ was annunced that the flight was put ff fr tw hurs! I watched the flight mnitrs carefully t see if there was an earlier flight t San Francisc. I fund that there was ________ flight that will leave in 40 minutes, s I ran t the barding gate f _____ flight. When I gt there, I asked the gate agent if I culd get n that flight instead. She said that I needed t stay in the gate area and wait fr ____ name t be called if _____ had a seat available. S, I waited and waited. _____ the passengers were impatient. The gate agent began calling ur names. Guess what? I fund ________ was behind me. _____ was called at last. The last seat left n the plane was a middle ____ and thugh I usually prefer t sit near a windw, I was just happy n bard the plane. I didn’t want my vacatin t get delayed because f the late flight.
用法后加名词、动名词、代词宾格
beneath, ver, under, abve, belw
in frnt f / in the frnt f / behind
between/amng
ver/acrss/thrugh
考点一 介词的基本用法1.with/withut复合结构介词with/withut+名词/代词+形容词/副词/介词短语/动词不定式/分词(分词可以是现在分词,也可以是过去分词)在句中表状态或说明背景情况,常作伴随、方式、原因、条件等状语。I will have t buy a new ne with my glasses brken.With smething imprtant t talk abut with yu,yu must stay here.
2.表示工具、手段、方式的介词by,n都可表示旅行的方式(1)不涉及交通工具的名词时用by,名词前不加冠词。如:by sea,by water,by land,by rail,by air等。(2)涉及交通工具的名词时用by,名词须用单数形式,前面不加冠词或任何修饰语。如:by bike,by taxi,by plane,by ship/bat,by train,by spaceship等。(3)步行、骑马、骑骆驼均用n。如n ft,n hrseback, n a hrse,n the camel等。
3.with,by,in三词都可表示“用”,表示行为的工具、手段或方式(1)with用于有形的工具或身体某些器官之前,其后的名词多被冠词、物主代词等修饰。We d nt see nature with ur eyes, but with ur understandings and ur hearts.(2)by,in,n,ver,thrugh等介词多用于无形的工具或方式手段之前。如by hand,in ink,n the telephne,ver the radi,thrugh the telescpe等。4.f+抽象名词的用法(1)f+great/much+抽象名词=very+抽象名词的形容词形式
(2)f+n+抽象名词=nt+抽象名词的形容词形式Basic research is f great imprtance in all scientific fields.=Basic research is very imprtant in all scientific fields.All ur persuasin was f n use;she wuld nt cme.=All ur persuasin was nt useful;she wuld nt cme.5.介词but的固定搭配have n chice but t d别无选择只得做……;can’t help but d不得不做……;
can’t but d不得不/只能做……;can’t chse but d别无选择只得做……;but fr要不是……。I have n chice but t d as he tells me. It rained hard, s they culdn’t chse but stay at hme.
6.名词 key,apprach,slutin,answer,entrance,visit,attitude等与t构成固定搭配We have a very cmmunicative apprach t teaching languages.We must find a satisfactry slutin t the prblem. 7.介词by的用法(1)by+地点名词:表示方位,意为“在……旁边”。(2)by+时间名词:意为“到……时(已发生某事);最晚,不迟于……,在……之前”,此时谓语多用完成时。
(3)by+名词:可用来表示方法、方式、手段等。I can find tw tables by the windw fr yu. Can yu have yur reprt ready fr the press by next week? I used t travel by air a great deal when I was a by. 考点二 介词的习惯搭配1.与形容词构成的搭配(1)be+adj.+abutbe anxius abut对……忧虑　be curius abut 对……好奇
(2)be+adj.+atbe angry at因……生气　　be gd at擅长(3)be+adj.+inbe absrbed in专注于……be active in积极于……be dressed in穿着……be engaged in忙于……(4)be+adj.+frbe eager fr渴望……be famus fr因……著名be fit fr适合,胜任……be ready fr准备好……
(5)be+adj.+frmbe absent frm缺席be different frm不同于(6)be+adj.+tbe clse t接近……be devted t致力于……be equal t等于……　　 be familiar t对……来说熟悉
(7)be+adj.+fbe aware f意识到……be fnd f喜欢……(8)be+adj.+withbe busy with忙于……be familiar with对……熟悉be patient with对……有耐心
2.与名词构成的搭配(1)“at+n.”表示状态at a lss不知所措　　　　at peace处于和平中at war在战争中 at wrk在工作(2)“n+n.”表示状态n exhibitin/shw在展出n fire着火n sale出售,打折n the way在途中(3)“by+n.”表示方式
by accident偶然 by air/plane乘飞机 by chance偶然 by design故意(4)“in+n.”表示方式in cash 用现金付款in depth 在深度上in detail 详细地 in height 在高度上(5)“f+n.”表示特征(等于相应的形容词)f benefit 有益处的f use 有用的
(6)“ut f+n.”表示状态ut f balance 失去平衡ut f breath 上气不接下气(7)“with+n.”表示方式with delight/jy 高兴地with difficulty 困难地
“四种方法”确定介词(1)根据介词短语与谓语的逻辑关系;(2)根据语境含义并结合介词用法;(3)根据特殊的结构关系, 如接复合宾语就只能用with或withut;(4)根据介词与动词、形容词、名词等的搭配。
考向 1常见介词的考查单句语法填空1. (2023·全国甲卷) She warns f the envirnmental dangers facing sciety, and she teaches that peple must take respnsibility _____ saving their envirnment.2. (2023·全国新课标卷II) And wh d they speak English ______?
解析：考查介词。句意：她警告社会面临的环境危险，并教导人们必须承担起保护环境的责任。take respnsibility fr对……负责。故填fr。
解析：考查介词。句意：那他们和谁说英语呢？根据句子意思判断，他们和谁用英语交流。故填with。
3. (2023·全国乙卷) Frm Buddhist temples t museums, narrw hutng ____ ryal palaces, it is hme t mre than 3,000 years f glrius histry even dwn t its layut, with the city keeping its carefully built system f ring rads.4. (2022·全国甲卷) He flew 4,700 kilmeters _______ Xi’an t Kashgar n Sept. 20, planning t hike back t Xi’an in five mnths.
解析：考查介词。这里指通往皇宫的狭窄的胡同。通往什么地方，常用介词t。故填t。
解析：考查介词。9月20日，他从西安飞行了4,700公里到达喀什，计划在五个月内徒步回到西安。表示“从……到……”，要用。故填frm。
5. (2021·全国甲卷) It was built riginally t prtect the city _____ the Tang dynasty and has nw been cmpletely restred (修复).6. (2020·全国新高考I卷) Museums must cmpete _____ peple’s spare time and mney with ther amusements.
解析：考查介词。句意：它原本是为了保护唐朝的城市，现在已经完全恢复。表示“在某个朝代”用介词in。故填in。
解析：考查介词。句意：博物馆必须与其他娱乐活动竞争人们的业余时间和金钱。这里意为“为而竞争”。此题很容易误填in，把它当成是固定搭配in ne’s spare time。故用fr。
7. (2019·浙江卷) The answer _____ this questin is nt clear.8. (2018·浙江卷) If yu are nt ging t suffer this prblem, then I suggest that the next time yu g t yur mum’s hme _____ dinner, get a few cking tips frm her.
解析：考查介词。句意：这个问题的答案不清楚。the key/ answer t…..这是固定搭配，“……的答案是……”。故填 t。
解析:考查介词。表示去母亲家去吃饭，表示去向、目的用介词 fr，故填 fr。
9. (2017·全国I) This trend, which was started by the medical cmmunity (医学界) ____ a methd f fighting heart disease, has had sme unintended side effects such as verweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical cmmunity was trying t fight.10. (2017·全国Ⅲ) After schl she plans t take a year ff t mdel full-time befre ging t university t get a degree ____ engineering r architecture.
解析：考查介词。此处指作为抵抗心脏病的一种方法，所以用介词 as。
解析：考查介词。关于某个专业的学位要用介词 in。a degree in engineering r architecture 工程学或建筑学学位。故填in。
11. (全国Ⅲ) Chpsticks are nt used everywhere in Asia. In India, fr example, mst peple traditinally eat _____ their hands.12. (全国I ) Fr thse wh fly t Guilin, it’s nly an hur away ____ car and ffers all the scenery f the better knwn city.
解析：考查介词。with ne’s hands 用某人的手。介词 with 意为“用”。
解析：考查介词。根据句意可知，此处表示“驱车只有一个小时的路程”。“by+交通工具名词”表示乘坐交通工具。故填by。
13. (广东) One day, the cw was eating grass when it began t rain heavily. While making great effrts t run away, she fell ver the hill and died. Then the Jhnsns had t make a living ________ the cw.
解析：根据句意可知，奶牛在慌忙躲雨的时候，不小心摔死了，因此Jhnsn一家就不得不在没有了奶牛的情况下谋生。 故填 withut。
解析：考查介词。句意：在那里，你会发现它们的制作方式不同——更多汤包，更少的汤，包子皮是用手压的，而不是擀出来的。by hand“用手”是固定搭配，根据句意，故填by。
考向 2 短语搭配中的介词单句语法填空1. (2023·全国卷I) There yu will find them prepared differently-- mre dumpling and less sup, and the wrappers are pressed _____ hand rather than rlled.2. (2022·全国卷I) Giant pandas als serve _____ an umbrella species (物种), bringing prtectin t a hst f plants and animals in the suthwestern and nrthwestern parts f China.
解析：考查介词。句意：大熊猫还扮演着保护伞的角色，为中国西南和西北地区的许多动植物带来保护。分析句子可知，此处考查固定短语serve as，意为“充当”，故空处应填介词as。故填as。
3. (2022·全国乙卷) May 21st this year marks the first Internatinal Tea Day, which was named fficially _____ the United Natins n Nvember 27th, 2019.4. (2021·全国乙卷) Due t the grwing ppularity f envirnmentally-related and adventure travel, varius types _____ trips are nw being classified as ecturism.
解析：考查介词。此处be named by表示“由……命名”。根据前面的被动语态was named可知，此处填介词by表被动。
解析：考查介词。varius types f...各种各样的……。
5. (2019·全国I卷) Mdern methds ______ tracking plar bear ppulatins have been emplyed nly since the mid-1980s, and are expensive t perfrm cnsistently ver a large area.6. (2019·全国III 卷) We were first greeted with the barking by a pack ____ dgs, seven t be exact.
解析：考查介词。此处 tracking plar bear ppulatins 作 mdern methds 的定语，用 f 连接，“methds f ding sth.”，意为“……的方法”，构成固定结构。或者意为“对于跟踪北极熊的方法”用 fr。故填 f/fr。
解析：考查介词。句意：我们首先受到一群狗叫声的欢迎，准确地说是七只。“a pack f”意为“一群”。故填 f。
7. (2018·全国卷Ⅲ) I was searching _____ these three western lwland grillas I’d been bserving. N ne had seen them fr hurs, and my clleagues and I were wrried.8. (2017·全国II) It (the first undergrund passenger railway) ran fr just under seven kilmeters and allwed peple t avid terrible crwds n the rads abve as they travelled t and _____ wrk.
解析：考查动词短语搭配。search fr是固定搭配，表示“寻找”，表示“我”在寻找“我”研究的三只西部低地的大猩猩。故填fr。
解析：考查介词短语搭配。travel t and frm wrk意为“上下班”。故填frm。
9. (全国I) But my cnnectin with pandas ges back _____ my days n a TV shw in the mid-1980s.10.(全国Ⅱ) Mst f us are mre fcused _____ ur tasks in the mrning than we are later in the day.
解析：考查动词短语搭配。句意：但是我和熊猫的联系可以追溯到上世纪80年代中期我在一个电视节目中的日子。g back t为固定短语，意为“回到，追溯到”。
解析：考查动词短语搭配。句意：我们中的很多人早晨的注意力要比一天中晚些 时候的注意力更集中。be fcused n 专心于，集中于，为固定 短语。
11.(全国Ⅱ) When a new day breaks, the walls have given up their heat and are nw cld enugh t cl the huse during the ht day; ____ the same time, they warm up again fr the night.12. (新课标全国Ⅱ) When the bus finally came, we all hurried n bard. I gt a place next ____ the windw, s I had a gd view f the sidewalk.
解析：考查介词短语搭配。at the same time意为“同时”，是一个常用的介词短语。故填at。
解析：考查动词短语搭配。此处考查一个固定短语 next t，意为“挨着；在隔壁”。故填t。