专题08 阅读理解（说明文）-备战2024年高考英语近两年名校联考模拟试题精选（江苏专用）（解析版）

这是一份专题08 阅读理解（说明文）-备战2024年高考英语近两年名校联考模拟试题精选（江苏专用）（解析版），共33页。


目录
【江苏省决胜新高考2023-2024学年高三大联考试题】
The term “beer gggles” is said t have been cined by male Nrth American university students in the 1980s. Yet despite uncnfirmed evidence fr the phenmenn, the link between alchl intxicatin (醉酒) and physical attractin has nt been systematically studied.
Prf Bwdring f the University f Pittsburgh invited 18 pairs f male friends int the labratry t rate the attractiveness f men and wmen they viewed in phts and vides. On ne ccasin, bth men were given enugh cranberry juice t raise their bld alchl cncentratin t abut 0.08% - the legal limit fr driving in England — and n the ther ccasin, they bth received a nn-alchlic drink. After prviding attractiveness ratings fr the phts, they were asked t select which f these individuals they wuld mst like t interact with in a future experiment.
The research, published in the Jurnal f Studies n Alchl and Drugs, did nt find that alchl increased peple’s perceptins f thers’ attractiveness. “But we did find that peple were mre likely t select t interact with the peple they perceived t be mst attractive after cnsuming alchl,” Bwdring said.
Indeed, drunk participants were 1.71 times mre likely t select ne f their tp fur attractive candidates t ptentially meet in a future study, cmpared with when they were sber (清醒的).
Given alchl’s effects n visual prcessing and cgnitive (认知) functin, it was als pssible that the results wuld change as alchl levels rise in a persn’s system, Bwdring said. T mve n, the field needs larger studies t see if they can be replicated (复制).
Assuming alchl des enhance the likelihd f a persn interacting with smene they find attractive. Bwdring believes her findings culd reveal ne prcess supprting the rewarding yet ptentially dangerus nature f alchl - including its impact n risky behaviur.
“If yu’re ging t cnsume alchl, I think it is wrth reflecting n hw can yu d it in a way that’s safe and cnsistent with yur gals,” Bwdring said. “Peple may benefit by recgnizing that valued scial mtivatins and intentins change when drinking, in ways that may be appealing in the shrt term but pssibly harmful in the lng term.”
12．What is paragraph 2 f the text mainly abut?
A．The cmparisn f tw experiments.
B．The prcess f Bwdring’s experiment.
C．The underlying lgic f beer gggles effect.
D．The methds f appreciating attractiveness.
13．What did Bwdring’s research find abut alchl intxicatin?
A．It increases peple’s liquid curage.
B．It makes peple better lking.
C．It stps peple ignring attractive faces.
D．It helps understanding thers better.
14．What will the fllw-up studies fcus n?
A．The encunter in real situatin.
B．Risky behaviur f intxicatin.
C．Drunk peple’s visual prcessing.
D．The result f higher levels f intxicatin.
15．What des Bwdring mainly talk abut in the last paragraph?
A．The significance f her research.
B．Reflectin n her previus research.
C．The negative effects f drinking.
D．Scial mrality and standards.
【答案】12．B 13．A 14．D 15．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是由匹兹堡大学的教授Bwdring进行的一项关于酒精和身体吸引之间的联系的研究。
12．主旨大意题。根据第二段中的“Prf Bwdring f the University f Pittsburgh invited 18 pairs f male friends int the labratry t rate the attractiveness f men and wmen they viewed in phts and vides.(匹兹堡大学的鲍德林教授邀请了18对男性朋友进入实验室，让他们对照片和视频中男性和女性的吸引力进行打分。)”可知，Prf Bwdring让研究对象进入实验室开始进行研究，结合下文中介绍别让这些研究对象一部分喝含有酒精的饮料和另一部分喝不含酒精的饮料，以及“After prviding attractiveness ratings fr the phts, they were asked t select which f these individuals they wuld mst like t interact with in a future experiment.(在提供了照片的吸引力评级后，他们被要求在这些人中选择他们在未来的实验中最愿意与之互动的人。)”可知，给他们提供照片的吸引力评级后，让他们选择在未来实验中最愿意与之互动的人，综合以上信息可知，第二段讲述的是研究的过程。故选B项。
13．细节理解题。根据第三段中的““But we did find that peple were mre likely t select t interact with the peple they perceived t be mst attractive after cnsuming alchl,” Bwdring said.(鲍德林说：“但我们确实发现，人们在喝酒后更有可能选择与他们认为最有吸引力的人交往。”)”可知，研究发现，人们在喝酒后更有可能选择他们认为最后吸引力的人交往，结合第四段中的“Indeed, drunk participants were 1.71 times mre likely t select ne f their tp fur attractive candidates t ptentially meet in a future study, cmpared with when they were sber (清醒的).(事实上，与清醒的参与者相比，醉酒的参与者在未来的研究中选择四名最有吸引力的候选人之一的可能性要高出1.71倍。)”可知，研究发现，相比而言，醉酒的参与者选择四名最有吸引力的候选人之一的可能性更高，由此可知，醉酒增加了他们的酒精勇气。故选A项。
14．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段中的“Given alchl’s effects n visual prcessing and cgnitive (认知) functin, it was als pssible that the results wuld change as alchl levels rise in a persn’s system, Bwdring said.(鲍德林说，考虑到酒精对视觉处理和认知功能的影响，结果也有可能随着人体系统中酒精含量的升高而改变。)”可知，Bwdring教授认为，鉴于酒精对视觉处理和认知功能的影响，研究结果可能会受酒精含量的升高而改变，所以接下来可能会研究高度醉酒后的结果。故选D项。
15．主旨大意题。根据尾段中的“Peple may benefit by recgnizing that valued scial mtivatins and intentins change when drinking, in ways that may be appealing in the shrt term but pssibly harmful in the lng term.(人们可能会受益于认识到有价值的社会动机和意图在饮酒时发生了变化，这种变化可能在短期内吸引人，但从长远来看可能有害。)”可知，Bwdring认为，人们意识到了有价值的社会动机和意图在饮酒后会发生改变，从短期看来，人们会受益于此，但在长远看，这可能是有害的，结合尾端的首句““If yu’re ging t cnsume alchl, I think it is wrth reflecting n hw can yu d it in a way that’s safe and cnsistent with yur gals,” Bwdring said.(鲍德林说:“如果你打算喝酒，我认为值得思考的是，如何以一种既安全又符合你目标的方式喝酒。”)”可知，Bwdring建议人们要思考一下，如何以一种既安全又符合你目标的方式喝酒，综合以上信息可知，最后一段讲述的应是这项研究的意义。故选A项。
【2023届江苏省南京市2地一模试题】
This year saw the publicatin, in stages, f the sixth reprt by the UN’s Intergvernmental Panel n Climate Change (IPCC)—a reprt which was depressing reading fr many climate scientists, and in sme ways ffered a ray f hpe.
Why depressing? Because the reprt cnfirmed what scientists have been saying fr years: that human activity, particularly in the frm f emissins (排放) f greenhuse gases, is respnsible fr the warming in the past few centuries, and that unless such emissins are greatly reduced, we will sn bring abut ur entire ecsystem’s destructin.
The reprt cncluded that 1.5°C f glbal warming ver the next cuple f hundred years is already “baked in”. This makes the gals utlined in the 2015 Paris Agreement—that natins agreed t keep warming belw 2°C, and hpefully belw 1.5°C-much harder t meet. Wrse still, the IPCC reprt was fllwed later in the year by the COP27 summit (峰会), described by Prf Dann Mitchell, as “a cmplete failure, ther than sme cmmitment t lss and damage.”
And the ray f hpe? The IPCC’s sixth reprt was brader in apprach than previus studies—lking in-depth fr the first time at the rle played in warming by shrt-term greenhuse gases such as methane(甲烷), fr instance.
“Reducing carbn emissins is always the best apprach: stp the prblem at its surce,” said Mitchell. “But we als need ther appraches t help with this. Methane is imprtant, but it’s s shrt-lived-that’s why we haven’t been s bthered when cmpared with CO,.”
The IPCC wrking grups shwed ptential adaptatin paths, and they are the ther things we can d in terms f fighting climate change and relieving its wrst effects, rather than simply reducing carbn emissins. This wuld include taking measures such as switching t a mre plant-based diet (t reduce methane emissins), cntrlling ppulatin grwth, reducing financial inequality and develping means by which we might remve CO, that’s already in ur atmsphere, rather than simply preventing it being released.
8．Which f the fllwing can best describe the sixth reprt by IPCC?
A．Seemingly cntradictry.B．Whlly prmising.
C．Particularly hpeless.D．Exceptinally new.
9．What des the underlined phrase “baked in” in paragraph 3 mean?
A．ut f date.B．t the full.
C．under discussin.D．in prgress
10．Accrding t the passage, what can we learn abut methane?
A．It has been lng regarded as a majr surce f glbal warming.
B．Its rle in glbal warming had been verlked befre the reprt.
C．Its bst t glbal warming is as much as ther greenhuse gases.
D．It is cnsidered as a new apprach t reducing glbal warming.
11．Hw many aspects d the adaptatin paths invlve in the last paragraph?
A．2.B．3.C．4.D．5.
【答案】8．A 9．D 10．B 11．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要分析了联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）发布的第六份气候变化报告，这份报告既令人沮丧，又给人们以希望。
8．推理判断题。根据第一段“This year saw the publicatin, in stages, f the sixth reprt by the UN’s Intergvernmental Panel n Climate Change (IPCC)—a reprt which was depressing reading fr many climate scientists, and in sme ways ffered a ray f hpe.(今年，联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）分阶段发布了第六份报告，这份报告让许多气候科学家读起来令人沮丧，但在某些方面也带来了一线希望)”中报告的解释可知，这份报告既让人沮丧，又给人以希望，由此可以判断，该报告似乎是有些矛盾。故选A项。
9．词义猜测题。根据第三段中的“This makes the gals utlined in the 2015 Paris Agreement—that natins agreed t keep warming belw 2°C, and hpefully belw 1.5°C-much harder t meet.(这使得2015年《巴黎协定》中概述的目标——各国同意将升温控制在2°C以下，希望低于1.5°C——更难实现)”可知，此处讲述的是划线短语所在句子中产生的结果为使得2015年《巴黎协定》中概述的目标更难实现了，也就是说划线短语所在的句子陈述的内容已经形成，造成《巴黎协定》的目标更难实现，所以该短语的意思是“形成，在进行中”。故选D项。
10．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“The IPCC’s sixth reprt was brader in apprach than previus studies—lking in-depth fr the first time at the rle played in warming by shrt-term greenhuse gases such as methane(甲烷), fr instance.(IPCC的第六份报告在方法上比以前的研究更广泛——首次深入研究了甲烷等短期温室气体在变暖中所起的作用)”可知，在IPCC的第六份报告中第一次深入研究了甲烷在气候变暖中的作用，由此可以推断，在这之前，未提到过甲烷对气候变暖带来的影响。故选B项。
11．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“This wuld include taking measures such as switching t a mre plant—based diet (t reduce methane emissins), cntrlling ppulatin grwth, reducing financial inequality and develping means by which we might remve CO, that’s already in ur atmsphere, rather than simply preventing it being released.(这将包括采取措施，例如改用更多植物性饮食（以减少甲烷排放），控制人口增长，减少金融不平等以及开发我们可以去除已经在我们大气中的一氧化碳的方法，而不是简单地阻止它被释放)”可知，提到的适应性路径有转向更多的植物性饮食、控制人口增长、减少财政不平等以及开发方法解决已经存在大气中的CO。故选C项。
【江苏省灌南高级中学2023-2024学年高三试卷】
As the wrld tries t quit fssil fuels, there’s a lt f fcus n renewable energy surces like wind and slar. But ne very prmising surce f energy cmes frm deep inside the Earth. And ld il wells culd help greatly in develping this pwer.
“Gethermal” pwer is based n heat that cmes frm deep in the earth. ‘Ge’ means Earth and ‘thermal’ means ‘heat’. Earth’s cre, deep in the center f the planet, is abut as ht as the sun’s surface and is expected t stay that way fr billins f years. In sme places, where the rcks have lts f hles, this heat cmes ut in different kinds f ht springs. Humans have been using the Earth’s heat fr hundreds f years.
In general, thugh, gethermal energy requires drilling deep int the Earth. There are different ways f cllecting the heat and using it. But these deep gethermal wells can easily prduce huge amunts f heat and electricity fr hundreds f years—all withut plluting. Slar pwer depends n the sun, and wind pwer depends n wind. That means they’re nt cnstant. But gethermal surces can prduce pwer day and night all year lng.
But gethermal energy als has a big defect—drilling dwn farther, which can lead t greater heat and mre pwerful energy surces, t create a gethermal plant is hard, and it csts a lt f mney. Nw peple are starting t explre a clever idea that culd make gethermal energy far cheaper: using il wells that are already drilled.
Oil wells are usually used fr a few decades befre running dry. Then they are capped and left unused. Nw, the US Department f Energy is encuraging scientists and cmpanies t use existing il wells t create gethermal energy. They have recently given ut $8.4 millin t fur gethermal prjects that will wrk n this technlgy.
If these prjects wrk well, they can be used at thusands f ld il wells arund the US.
8．What is paragraph 2 mainly abut?
A．The advantages f the gethermal energy.B．The reasns fr explring the Earth’s heat.
C．The explanatin f the gethermal pwer.D．The present applicatin f the Earth’s heat.
9．What is the psitive side f energy frm gethermal surces?
A．It is always available.B．It’s cheap and ec-friendly.
C．It’s pwerful and widely-used.D．It’s multifunctinal and clean.
10．What des the underlined wrd “defect” mean in paragraph 4?
A．Ptential.B．Imperfectin.
C．Innvatin.D．Adventure.
11．Which is a better methd t create pwer frm the Earth’s heat?
A．Expliting ld il wells.B．Develping ht springs.
C．Using existing active il wells.D．Drilling dwn deeper int the earth.
【答案】8．C 9．A 10．B 11．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了地热能是什么，地热能的优点和缺点，以及利用旧油井开发地热能。
8．主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“‘Gethermal’ pwer is based n heat that cmes frm deep in the earth. ‘Ge’ means Earth and ‘thermal’ means ‘heat’(“地热”能是指来自地球深处的热量。“Ge”表示地球，“thermal”表示“热量”)”可知，此处是在解释“地热能”。故选C项。
9．细节理解题。根据第三段“Slar pwer depends n the sun, and wind pwer depends n wind. That means they’re nt cnstant. But gethermal surces can prduce pwer day and night all year lng.(太阳能依赖于太阳，风能依赖于风，它们都不是持续不断的。但地热资源可以一年到头昼夜不停地发电)”可知，地热能能一年到头昼夜不停地发电。由此可知，地热能总是可以获得。故选A项。
10．词义猜测题。上文“Slar pwer depends n the sun, and wind pwer depends n wind. That means they’re nt cnstant. But gethermal surces can prduce pwer day and night all year lng.(太阳能依赖于太阳，风能依赖于风，它们都不是持续不断的。但地热资源可以一年到头昼夜不停地发电)”提到了地热能可以一年到头昼夜不停地发电，这是它的优点；而本句后面的“drilling dwn farther, which can lead t greater heat and mre pwerful energy surces, t create a gethermal plant is hard, and it csts a lt f mney(钻得更深，会产生更大的热量和更强大的能源，但创建一个地热发电厂很困难，而且需要很多钱)”说明了“建地热能发电厂很难，耗资很大”，这些都是它的缺点；由此可知，划线词所在句子But gethermal energy als has a big defect意为“但地热能也有很大的缺点”；defect意为“缺点、缺陷”，与imperfectin构成同义表达。故选B项。
11．细节理解题。根据文章第一段最后一句话“And ld il wells culd help greatly in develping this pwer.(旧油井可以大大有助于开发地热能)”，文章倒数第三段中的“Nw peple are starting t explre a clever idea that culd make gethermal energy far cheaper: using il wells that are already drilled.(现在，人们开始探索一个可以让地热能便宜得多的聪明想法：使用已经钻探的油井)以及最后一段“If these prjects wrk well，they can be used at thusands f ld il wells arund the US.(如果这些项目运作良好，它们可以在美国各地数千口旧油井中使用)可知，开采地热能比较好的办法就是利用旧油井。故选A项。
【江苏省连云港中学2023-2024学年高三试题】
In ur infrmatin-driven sciety, shaping ur wrldview thrugh the media is similar t frming an pinin abut smene slely based n a picture f their ft. While the media might nt deliberately deceive us, it ften fails t prvide a cmprehensive view f reality.
Cnsequently, the questin arises: Where, then, shall we get ur infrmatin frm if nt frm the media? Wh can we trust? Hw abut experts- peple wh devte their wrking lives t understanding their chsen slice f the wrld? Hwever, even experts can fall prey t the allure f versimplificatin, leading t the “single perspective instinct” that hampers (阻碍) ur ability t grasp the intricacies (错综复杂) f the wrld.
Simple ideas can be appealing because they ffer a sense f understanding and certainty. And it is easy t take ff dwn a slippery slpe, frm ne attentin-grabbing simple idea t a feeling that this idea beautifully explains, r is the beautiful slutin fr, lts f ther things. The wrld becmes simple that way.
Yet, when we embrace a singular cause r slutin fr all prblems, we risk versimplifying cmplex issues. Fr instance, champining the cncept f equality may lead us t view all prblems thrugh the lens f inequality and see resurce distributin as the sle panacea. Hwever, such rigidity prevents us frm seeing the multidimensinal nature f challenges and hinders true cmprehensin f reality. This “single perspective instinct” ultimately cluds ur judgment and restricts ur capacity t tackle cmplex issues effectively. Being always in favr f r always against any particular idea makes yu blind t infrmatin that desn’t fit yur perspective. This is usually a bad apprach if yu wuld like t understand reality.
Instead, cnstantly test yur favrite ideas fr weaknesses. Be humble abut the extent f yur expertise. Be curius abut new infrmatin that desn’t fit, and infrmatin frm ther fields. And rather than talking nly t peple wh agree with yu, r cllecting examples that fit yur ideas, cnsult peple wh cntradict yu, disagree with yu, and put frward different ideas as a great resurce fr understanding the wrld. If this means yu dn’t have time t frm s may pinins, s what?
Wuldn’t yu rather have few pinins that are right than many that are wrng?
12．What des the underlined wrd “allure” in Para.2 prbably mean?
A．Temptatin.B．Traditin.C．Cnvenience.D．Cnsequence.
13．Why are simple ideas appealing accrding t the passage?
A．They meet peple’s demand fr high efficiency.
B．They generate a sense f cmplete understanding.
C．They are raised and supprted by multiple experts.
D．They reflect the pinins f like-minded individuals.
14．What will the authr prbably agree with?
A．Simplifying matters releases energy fr human brains.
B．Cnstant tests n ur ideas help make up fr ur weakness.
C．A well-funded pinin cunts mre than many shallw nes.
D．Peple wh disagree with us ften have cmprehensive views.
15．Which f the fllwing can be the best title f the passage?
A．Embracing Disagreement: Refusing Overcmplexity
B．Simplifying Infrmatin: Enhancing Cmprehensin
C．Understanding Differences: Establishing Relatinships
D．Navigating Cmplexity: Challenging Oversimplificatin
【答案】12．A 13．B 14．C 15．D
【导语】本文是说明文。短文主要讲述了在信息驱动的社会中，塑造我们的世界观经常无法提供全面的现实视角。简单的想法可能很吸引人，但是我们会冒着过度简化复杂问题的风险，最终会影响我们的判断力，限制我们有效解决复杂问题的能力。我们应该与持有不同观点的人交谈并试图理解他们的观点，形成正确的观点。
12．词义猜测题。根据第二段“leading t the “single perspective instinct” that hampers(阻碍)ur ability t grasp the intricacies f the wrld. (导致“单一视角本能”， 阻碍我们掌握世界的复杂性)”可知，专家受到过度简化的allure，也会导致单一视觉，不能掌握世界的复杂性，因此推断此处表示受到了过度简化的诱惑，allure在这里指的是“诱惑”。故选A。
13．细节理解题。根据第三段的“Simple ideas can be appealing because they ffer a sense f understanding and certainty. (简单的想法可能很有吸引力，因为它们提供了一种理解和确定性)”可知，简单的想法具有吸引力是因为它们产生一种完全理解的感觉。故选B。
14．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Instead, cnstantly test yur favrite ideas fr weaknesses. Be humble abut the extent f yur expertise. Be curius abut new infrmatin that desn’t fit, and infrmatin frm ther fields. And rather than talking nly t peple wh agree with yu, r cllecting examples that fit yur ideas, cnsult peple wh cntradict yu, disagree with yu, and put frward different ideas as a great resurce fr understanding the wrld.(相反，要不断测试你最喜欢的想法的弱点。对自己的专业知识要谦虚。对不合适的新信息和来自其他领域的信息保持好奇。而不是只与那些同意你的人交谈，或者收集符合你想法的例子，咨询那些反驳你、不同意你的人，并提出不同想法的人，作为理解世界的重要资源)”可推断，作者认为要不断测试自己的想法，要谦虚，要保持好奇，不要只是与同意自己观点的人交谈，要与那些与持有与自己不同观点的人交流，接受不同的观点，作为理解世界的重要资源。因此推断作者认为理由充分的观点比肤浅的观点更有价值。故选C。
15．主旨大意题。根据第一段内容“In ur infrmatin-driven sciety, shaping ur wrldview thrugh the media is similar t frming an pinin abut smene slely based n a picture f their ft. While the media might nt deliberately deceive us, it ften fails t prvide a cmprehensive view f reality.(在我们这个信息驱动的社会中，通过媒体塑造我们的世界观就像仅仅根据一个人的脚的照片来形成对他们的看法一样，它经常无法提供全面的现实视角)”，第二段的“Hwever, even experts can fall prey t the allure f versimplificatin, leading t the “single perspective instinct” that hampers(阻碍)ur ability t grasp the intricacies f the wrld.(然而，即使是专家也会受到过度简化的诱惑，导致“单一视角本能”，阻碍我们掌握世界的复杂性)”以及倒数第三的“And rather than talking nly t peple wh agree with yu, r cllecting examples that fit yur ideas, cnsult peple wh cntradict yu, disagree with yu, and put frward different ideas as a great resurce fr understanding the wrld. (与其只与那些同意你的人交谈，或者收集符合你想法的例子，不如咨询那些反驳你、不同意你的人，并提出不同想法的人，作为理解世界的重要资源)”以及全文内容可知，本文作者主要提出“单一视角本能”最终会影响我们的判断力，限制我们有效解决复杂问题的能力，我们应该接受不同的观点，作为理解世界的重要资源。因此D项“驾驭复杂性:挑战过度简化”为最佳标题。故选D。
【江苏省连云港外国语学校2023-2024学年高三试题】
IQ is ften regarded as a crucial driver f success, particularly in fields such as science, innvatin and technlgy. But the truth is that sme f the greatest achievements by ur species have primarily relied n what scientists call “cgnitive flexibility”.
Cgnitive flexibility is a skill that enables us t switch between different cncepts, r t adapt behavir t achieve gals in a nvel r changing envirnment. And the gd news is that it can be trained. Currently, a grup f researchers frm Cambridge University are cnducting a research, trying t wrk ut hw peple can best bst their cgnitive flexibility.
Cgnitive flexibility may have affected hw peple cped with the pandemic lckdwns, which prduced new challenges arund wrk and schling. Sme peple may have changed their rutines frm time t time, trying t find better and mre varied ways f ging abut their day. Others, hwever, struggled and finally became mre rigid in their thinking. They stuck t the same rutine activities, with little flexibility r change.
Flexible thinking is key t creativity. It als supprts academic and wrk skills such as prblem slving. Unlike wrking memry, it is largely independent f IQ. Fr example, many visual artists may be f average intelligence, but highly creative and have prduced masterpieces.
S des cgnitive flexibility make peple smarter in a way that isn’t always captured n IQ tests? We knw that it leads t better ratinal thinking thrughut the lifespan. Fr example, fr children it leads t better reading abilities and better schl perfrmance.
It can als help prtect against a number f prejudice. Peple wh are cgnitively flexible are better at recgnizing ptential faults in themselves and using strategies t vercme these faults.
Cgnitive flexibility is essential fr sciety t flurish. It can help maximize the ptential f individuals t create innvative ideas and creative inventins. Ultimately, it is such qualities that we need t slve the big challenges f tday.
8．What is the purpse f the research cnducted by Cambridge University researchers?
A．T clarify peple’s misunderstanding abut cgnitive flexibility.
B．T figure ut the relatinship between IQ and cgnitive flexibility.
C．T explre effective ways t imprve peple’s cgnitive flexibility.
D．T make ut the benefits f increasing peple’s cgnitive flexibility.
9．What will cgnitively flexible peple prbably d t deal with new challenges?
A．Stick t their riginal plan.B．Handle new prblems rigidly.
C．Adjust their thughts and behavir.D．Apply creative ideas t imprve their IQ.
10．What can we learn abut cgnitive flexibility?
A．It is clsely related t peple’s IQ.B．It is an unchangeable inbrn quality.
C．It helps peple avid reasnable thinking.D．It helps peple make greater achievements.
11．What d the last three paragraphs mainly talk abut?
A．Applicatins f cgnitive flexibility.B．Benefits f cgnitive flexibility.
C．Experiments n cgnitive flexibility.D．Definitins f cgnitive flexibility.
【答案】8．C 9．C 10．D 11．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了“认知灵活性”的重要性，认知灵活的人的特点以及如何才能最好地提高人们的认知灵活性的研究。
8．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Currently, a grup f researchers frm Cambridge University are cnducting a research, trying t wrk ut hw peple can best bst their cgnitive flexibility.(目前，来自剑桥大学的一组研究人员正在进行一项研究，试图找出如何才能最好地提高人们的认知灵活性)”可知，剑桥大学研究人员进行这项研究的目的是探索提高人们认知灵活性的有效途径。故选C。
9．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Cgnitive flexibility is a skill that enables us t switch between different cncepts, r t adapt behavir t achieve gals in a nvel r changing envirnment.(认知灵活性是一种技能，使我们能够在不同的概念之间切换，或在一个新的或不断变化的环境中调整行为以实现目标)”以及第三段中“Cgnitive flexibility may have affected hw peple cped with the pandemic lckdwns, which prduced new challenges arund wrk and schling. Sme peple may have changed their rutines frm time t time, trying t find better and mre varied ways f ging abut their day. (认知灵活性可能影响了人们应对大流行封锁的方式，这在工作和上学方面产生了新的挑战。有些人可能会不时地改变他们的日常生活，试图找到更好、更多样化的方式来度过他们的一天)”可推知，在应对新挑战时，认知灵活的人可能会调整他们的想法和行为。故选C。
10．细节理解题。根据第一段“But the truth is that sme f the greatest achievements by ur species have primarily relied n what scientists call “cgnitive flexibility”.(但事实是，人类取得的一些最伟大的成就主要依赖于科学家所说的“认知灵活性”)”可知，认知灵活性帮助人们取得更大的成就。故选D。
11．主旨大意题。根据倒数第三段“S des cgnitive flexibility make peple smarter in a way that isn’t always captured n IQ tests? We knw that it leads t better ratinal thinking thrughut the lifespan. Fr example, fr children it leads t better reading abilities and better schl perfrmance.(那么，认知灵活性是否能让人更聪明，而智商测试并不总是能体现这一点呢？我们知道它会让人在一生中更理性地思考。例如，对孩子们来说，它会带来更好的阅读能力和更好的学校表现)”；倒数第二段“It can als help prtect against a number f prejudice. Peple wh are cgnitively flexible are better at recgnizing ptential faults in themselves and using strategies t vercme these faults.(它还可以帮助抵御一些偏见。认知灵活的人更善于识别自己潜在的错误，并使用策略来克服这些错误)”以及最后一段“Cgnitive flexibility is essential fr sciety t flurish. It can help maximize the ptential f individuals t create innvative ideas and creative inventins. Ultimately, it is such qualities that we need t slve the big challenges f tday.(认知的灵活性对于社会的繁荣至关重要。它可以帮助最大限度地发挥个人创造创新想法和创造性发明的潜力。最终，我们需要这些品质来解决今天的重大挑战)”可知，最后三段主要讲了认知灵活性的好处。故选B。
【江苏省南京市五校2022-2023学年高三期中联考试题】
China’s first grup f e-sprt majr graduates emerged in the summer f 2021, with data shwing that even thugh this majr had been underestimated by the public, the future appeared prmising as there were hundreds f thusands f related jbs available.
After the Ministry f Educatin decided that “electrnic sprt and management” shuld be listed in clleges’ majr departments in September 2016, arund 30 Chinese universities kicked ff their e-sprts majr curses in the same year, t meet the needs f the rise f e-sprt related industries in the Chinese market.
“The majr is designed t meet the demand,”said Zheng Du, c-funder f Tianjin Her Sprts Management and a visiting prfessr frm the Cmmunicatin University f China (CUC).
Chinese passin fr e-sprt is nt in dubt, with mre than 18,000 e-sprt cmpanies registered as f 2021, accrding t crprate database Qichacha. The number f e-sprt users in China reached 500 millin in 2021, and the market had a value f mre than 145 billin yuan as f 2020, accrding t Chinese cnsulting grup iResearch. Meanwhile, the industry chain is becming mre cmplete.
Jbs in areas such as supervisin and cntent prductin require talent and training. The number f available jbs is estimated at 500,000, and culd reach 3.5 millin in the next five years, accrding t China’s Ministry f Human Resurces and Scial Security.
Well-knwn universities such as CUC and the Shanghai Theatre Academy have respnded t the cuntry’s call and are preparing graduates fr the e-prt market. Yet nt every majr graduate is qualified fr the psitins available, as the jbs nrmally require practical experience, which is smething a lt f graduates lack.
Industry insiders have indicated that e-sprt is an industry with rapid iteratin, and sme cmpanies prefer t hire peple with experience instead f spending time training recruits.
Rughly half f the graduates will enter the gaming industry, said Xia Pi, an -sprt majr graduate frm CUC． “Sme f the rest will pursue further studies fr their master’s degree.”
“Even thugh e-sprt majrs have advantages in finding jbs, students need practical experience t better suit the different psitins,”said Gu Liming, president f Perfect Wrld Games.
12．What d the public think f the e-sprt majr accrding t data?
A．It attracts many cmpanies.
B．It deserves a prmising future.
C．It desn’t make much difference.
D．It can replace many ther majrs.
13．Why did universities start t ffer e-sprt majr curses in 2016?
A．The Chinese had the ptential fr e-sprt.
B．The Chinese had great passin fr e-sprt.
C．They wanted t respnd t the cuntry’s call.
D．Industries f e-sprt were develping quickly.
14．Why are sme majr graduates disqualified fr the psitins available?
A．They haven’t gt a master’s degree.
B．They are shrt f practical experience.
C．They are unfamiliar with the e-sprt market.
D．They have lst ut in the fierce cmpetitin.
15．What is the passage mainly abut?
A．E-sprt appears t be mre f a blessing.
B．E-sprt presents a new lifestyle fr teenagers.
C．The training fr E-sprt can’t be verestimated.
D．Changes in sprts bring abut jb pprtunities.
【答案】12．C 13．D 14．B 15．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了电子竞技专业的现状和前景，以及对该专业的应届毕业生的要求。
12．推理判断题。根据第一段“China’s first grup f e-sprt majr graduates emerged in the summer f 2021, with data shwing that even thugh this majr had been underestimated by the public, the future appeared prmising as there were hundreds f thusands f related jbs available. (2021年夏天，中国出现了第一批电子竞技专业的毕业生，数据显示，尽管该专业一直被公众低估，但未来似乎充满希望，因为有数十万个相关工作岗位可供选择)”可知，公众低估电子竞技专业，认为该专业没有什么发展，所以C选项“It desn’t make much difference. (它不会产生太大影响)”符合题意。故选C。
13．细节理解题。根据第二段“After the Ministry f Educatin decided that “electrnic sprt and management” shuld be listed in clleges’ majr departments in September 2016, arund 30 Chinese universities kicked ff their e-sprts majr curses in the same year, t meet the needs f the rise f e-sprt related industries in the Chinese market. (2016年9月，教育部决定将“电子竞技与管理”列入高校专业后，同年，约有30所中国高校开设了电子竞技专业课程，以满足电子竞技相关产业在中国市场崛起的需求)”可知一些高校开始电子竞技专业课程目的是为了满足市场需求，所以D选项“Industries f e-sprt were develping quickly. (电子竞技产业发展迅速)”符合题意。故选D。
14．细节理解题。根据第五段“Yet nt every majr graduate is qualified fr the psitins available, as the jbs nrmally require practical experience, which is smething a lt f graduates lack. (然而，并不是每个专业毕业生都有资格胜任现有的职位，因为这些工作通常需要实践经验，而这正是许多毕业生所缺乏的)”可知，一些毕业生无法胜任现有职位的原因是缺乏实践经验。故选B。
15．主旨大意题。根据第一段“China’s first grup f e-sprt majr graduates emerged in the summer f 2021, with data shwing that even thugh this majr had been underestimated by the public, the future appeared prmising as there were hundreds f thusands f related jbs available. (2021年夏天，中国出现了第一批电子竞技专业的毕业生，数据显示，尽管该专业一直被公众低估，但未来似乎充满希望，因为有数十万个相关工作岗位可供选择)”和后文介绍学生在寻找相关工作时，缺乏实践经验可知，电子竞技专业的未来是有前途的，但建议毕业生多去实践，积累经验，所以A选项“E-sprt appears t be mre f a blessing.(电子竞技似乎更像是一种祝福)”符合题意。故选A。
【江苏省南通市海安市2023-2024学年高三试题】
Black students reprted facing barriers that prevent them frm cmpleting their undergraduate studies in six years r less, regardless f the type f certificate r degree prgram, accrding t research published Thursday by Gallup and the Lumina Fundatin. The mst significant factrs cntributing t the lwer rates amng Black students, the study fund, were experiencing acts f discriminatin and managing multiple pririties that can interfere with cmpleting cursewrk.
The reprt cmpiled data in fall 2022 frm 6, 008 cllege students acrss different certificatin and degree prgrams, including 1, 106 Black students.
21% f Black respndents said they felt discriminated against frequently r ccasinally cmpared t 15% f ther students. Black students were als mre likely t have shared that they felt disrespected r psychlgically unsafe at an institutin while learning. 28% f Black students wh attended an institutin with little diversity felt physically unsafe, while 26% felt disrespected and 27% felt psychlgically unsafe.
Managing multiple pririties was anther factr interfering with Black students’ educatin gals. The reprt fund that 22% f Black students verall have caregiving respnsibilities, cmpared t 11% f students in ther racial grups, and 20% f Black students verall have full-time jbs, cmpared t 11% f ther racial grups.
Aside frm discriminatin and the task f managing respnsibilities, the data als acknwledged ther barriers making it difficult fr Black students t cmplete their educatin, including the high csts f attending schl. An April 2022 reprt by The Educatin Trust fund that because Black wmen fall within tw marginalized grups, they make less mney and ften have t takeut mre lans t cver the cst f attending cllege.
4．Which factr can’t lead t the lwer rate f cmpleting educatin amng black students directly?
A．Management f multiple pririties.B．Experiences f discriminatin.
C．The types f certificate r degree prgrams.D．High csts f attending schl.
5．Hw did the researcher draw the cnclusin?
A．By referring t previus studies.
B．By making sme cmparisns.
C．By explaining causes and effects.
D．By analyzing respndents’ psychlgy.
6．What can we infer frm the passage?
A．Abut 21% f Black students feel discriminated against frequently.
B．Black students feel discriminated mainly due t physical in security.
C．Black students have t take full-time jbs fr lack f access t lans.
D．The black female students may be in the mst disadvantaged psitin.
7．What’s the authr’s attitude twards the phenmenn referred t in the passage?
A．Objective.B．Favrable.C．Critical.D．Cncerned.
【答案】4．C 5．B 6．D 7．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲一项研究具体报告了一些导致黑人学生入学率较低的最重要因素。
4．细节理解题。由第一段中“The mst significant factrs cntributing t the lwer rates amng Black students, the study fund, were experiencing acts f discriminatin and managing multiple pririties that can interfere with cmpleting cursewrk. (研究发现，导致黑人学生入学率较低的最重要因素是经历歧视行为和管理可能干扰完成课程的多个优先事项)”和最后一段中“Aside frm discriminatin and the task f managing respnsibilities, the data als acknwledged ther barriers making it difficult fr Black students t cmplete their educatin, including the high csts f attending schl. (除了歧视和管理责任的任务外，数据还承认了其他使黑人学生难以完成学业的障碍，包括高昂的上学成本)”可知，多个优先事项的管理、歧视的经历和上学费用高能直接导致黑人学生完成教育的比率较低，C项“证书或学位课程的类型”无法直接导致黑人学生完成教育的比率较低。故选C项。
5．推理判断题。由第三段中“21% f Black respndents said they felt discriminated against frequently r ccasinally cmpared t 15% f ther students. (21%的黑人受访者表示，他们经常或偶尔感到受到歧视，而其他学生的这一比例为15%)”和第四段中“The reprt fund that 22% f Black students verall have caregiving respnsibilities, cmpared t 11% f students in ther racial grups, and 20% f Black students verall have full-time jbs, cmpared t 11% f ther racial grups. (报告发现，22%的黑人学生总体上有照顾责任，而其他种族群体的学生只有11%，20%的黑人学生整体上有全职工作，而其他族裔群体的这一比例为11%)”可知，研究人员是通过把黑人学生和其他族裔学生进行对比而得出结论的。故选B项。
6．推理判断题。由最后一段中“An April 2022 reprt by The Educatin Trust fund that because Black wmen fall within tw marginalized grups, they make less mney and ften have t takeut mre lans t cver the cst f attending cllege. (教育信托基金会2022年4月的一份报告发现，由于黑人女性属于两个边缘化群体，她们赚的钱更少，而且往往不得不获得更多的贷款来支付上大学的费用)”可知，黑人女性被自己种族群体和其他种族群体所歧视，因而黑人女学生可能处于最不利的地位。故选D项。
7．推理判断题。由第一段中“The mst significant factrs cntributing t the lwer rates amng Black students, the study fund, were experiencing acts f discriminatin and managing multiple pririties that can interfere with cmpleting cursewrk.(研究发现，导致黑人学生入学率较低的最重要因素是经历歧视行为和管理可能干扰完成课程的多个优先事项)”和下文内容可知，文章主要讲一项研究具体报告了一些导致黑人学生入学率较低的最重要因素，作者并未发表个人见解，可得出作者对文章中提到的现象持客观态度。故选A项。
【江苏省华罗庚中学2023-2024学年高三测试卷】
Humans, by nature, have always lived in grups and scial interactin is fundamental fr every part f ur health. Lack f it can lead t feelings f islatin and lneliness. A strng supprt netwrk and slid cmmunity bnds prmte ur emtinal and physical health, and are critical cmpnents f a balanced adult life. Hwever, just as with many ther aspects f ur lives, there seems t be a limit t hw large ur persnal netwrks can grw.
Back in 1992, a British schlar named Rbin Dunbar came up with a hypthetical (假设的) number defining the maximum sum f meaningful human relatinships a persn can have. The number, which was later named after him, was discvered accidentally while he was studying the cleaning and brushing tendencies — a scial behavir —f nn-human primates (灵长类动物). Arund that time, researchers had discvered that the large brain f these primates was a result f their scially cmplex scieties. The relevance was that the larger the brain, the larger the animal's scial grup was likely t be. Scientists culd then theretically use an animal's brain size t calculate hw many members culd make up this grup. Dunbar applied this thery t humans, and the resulting number was rughly 150.
Dunbar's Number, hwever, nly refers t the limit f meaningful cntacts within ur scial netwrk. It des nt accunt fr ther relatinships. Human scial relatinships tend t have numerus layers, and extend utward frm the individual in circles with the same centre. The innermst circle cntains five peple: ur lved nes. The next circle hlds f ur gd friends. The third circle is reserved fr peple we cnsider friends, and the furth is where the limit f 150 can be fund. Nwadays, with varius frms f electrnic cmmunicatin, such as websites fr scial netwrking and micrblgging peple find it very cnvenient t create nline cmmunities t share infrmatin, ideas, persnal messages, and ther cntents. Cnsequently, it is pssible fr a human t get int the fifth (500acquainitances) circle, an impressive breakthrugh that was difficult t achieve in the past.
4．What can be learned abut Dunbar's Number in Paragraph 2?
A．It is cnfirmed by the scial reality.
B．It serves as an accurate measurement.
C．It is backed by a certain theretical basis.
D．It establishes links between health and netwrk.
5．Which f the fllwing diagrams illustrates human scial relatinships?
A．B．
C．D．
6．Why is it easy tday t g beynd the furth circle f human relatinships?
A．Human brains are becming bigger and bigger.
B．Scial media have cntributed t the phenmenn.
C．Meaningful cntacts grw significantly with age.
D．Peple are eager t imprve every aspect f their lives.
7．What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A．Grup Living: A Slutin t Health Prblems
B．Dunbar's Thery: A Ladder t Career Success
C．Scial Netwrk: A Sured f Endless Pleasure
D．Dunbar's Number: A Measure f Scial Relatins
【答案】4．C 5．D 6．B 7．D
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了英国学者罗宾·邓巴在研究灵长类动物清洁和梳毛的倾向这一社会行为时，意外发现了邓巴数——按照人类的大脑大小，一个人可以与大约150个人建立稳定人际关系。但是现在随着媒体的发展，这个150人的限制被打破。
4．推理判断题。从第二段第二句开始“The number, which was later named after him, was discvered accidentally while he was studying the cleaning and brushing tendencies — a scial behavir —f nn-human primates (灵长类动物). Arund that time, researchers had discvered that the large brain f these primates was a result f their scially cmplex scieties. The relevance was that the larger the brain, the larger the animal's scial grup was likely t be. Scientists culd then theretically use an animal’s brain size t calculate hw many members culd make up this grup.(这个数，后来以他的名字命名为邓巴数，是意外地发现的，当时他正在研究非人类的灵长类动物的一个社会行为——清洁和梳毛的倾向。大约在那个时候，研究人员就已发现，这些灵长类动物的大大的大脑是它们复杂社会的结果。与此相关的是，大脑越大，动物的社会群体可能就越大。从理论上讲，科学家们可以利用动物大脑的大小来计算出这个群体可以由多少成员组成。邓巴将这一理论应用于人类，结果是大约150人)”可知，科学家们建立了“利用动物大脑的大小来计算出这个群体可以由多少成员组成”的理论，换言之，“个体的大脑的大小决定了该个体的朋友圈的总人数”。邓巴数告诉我们：按照人类的大脑大小，一个人可以与大约150个人建立稳定人际关系，这个结论是以前面提到的理论为基础得来的。故选C项。
5．细节理解题。从第三段“Human scial relatinships tend t have numerus layers, and extend utward frm the individual in circles with the same centre. The innermst circle cntains five peple: ur lved nes. The next circle hlds f ur gd friends. The third circle is reserved fr peple we cnsider friends, and the furth is where the limit f 150 can be fund.(人类的社会关系往往有许多层次，并从个体向外延伸，形成一个以同一中心为中心的圆圈。最里面的圈子包括五个人：我们的爱人。下一圈是我们的好朋友。第三个圈是为我们认为是朋友的人预留的，第四个圈是可以找到150人的限制的所在)”和本段最后一句“Cnsequently, it is pssible fr a human t get int the fifth (500acquainitances) circle, an impressive breakthrugh that was difficult t achieve in the past (因此，一个人有可能进入第五圈(500个熟人)，这是一个令人印象深刻的突破，在过去很难实现)”可知，人类的社会关系以至多5个同心圆的方式呈现。故选D项。
6．细节理解题。从第三段“The third circle is reserved fr peple we cnsider friends, and the furth is where the limit f 150 can be fund. Nwadays, with varius frms f electrnic cmmunicatin, such as websites fr scial netwrking and micrblgging peple find it very cnvenient t create nline cmmunities t share infrmatin, ideas, persnal messages, and ther cntents.(第三个圈是为我们认为是朋友的人预留的，第四个圈是可以找到150人的限制的所在。如今，随着各种形式的电子交流，如社交网站和微博，人们发现创建在线社区来分享信息、想法、个人信息和其他内容非常方便。因此，一个人有可能进入第五圈(500熟人)，这是一个令人印象深刻的突破，在过去很难实现)”可知，便捷的社交媒体使个体超越人际关系的第四个圈子成为可能。故选B项。
7．主旨大意题。本文主要介绍了邓巴数（Dunbar’s Number），由第二段第一句“Back in 1992, a British schlar named Rbin Dunbar came up with a hypthetical (假设的) number defining the maximum sum f meaningful human relatinships a persn can have.The number, which was later named after him, was discvered accidentally while he was studying the cleaning and brushing tendencies — a scial behavir —f nn-human primates (灵长类动物). （早在1992年,一个名叫罗宾·邓巴的英国学者就提出了一个假设的数字用来定义一个人可以拥有的有意义的人际关系的最大总和。这个数，后来以他的名字命名为邓巴数，是意外地发现的，当时他正在研究非人类的灵长类动物的一个社会行为——清洁和刷毛的倾向)”可知，邓巴数定义一个人的朋友圈的总人数，体现出这个人的社会关系网的大小。D项“Dunbar’s Number: A Measure f Scial Relatins (邓巴数，一个社会关系的衡量标准)”，做本文标题最为贴切。故选D项。
【江苏省南通市如皋市2023－2024学年度高三调研试题】
Brn in an unknwn village in Huarng cunty, Hunan prvince, Yi had few pprtunities t play instruments when he was yung.
At the age f 6, when mst perfrmers have already begun studying the pian at music academies, Yi learned the traditinal stringed instrument the erhu frm a grup f peple ldging at his hme. It was nt until much later that he first saw a pian when he visited his cusin’s huse in Huarng.
“My family was t pr t buy a pian fr me, s I ften used t visit my cusin, even thugh it tk abut an hur t travel the 20 kilmeters t his hme ver rcky rads just fr the pprtunity t sit at the keybard,” Yi said.
Yi first arrived in Shenzhen 19 years ag and wrked in factries, n cnstructin sites and in kitchens. He had nt played a pian fr nearly 30 years.
The public pians in Huaqiangbei ffered him a fresh start. On a ht summer’s day, while taking a break frm wrk at a nearby cnstructin site, Yi and his sn passed ne f the instruments. Encuraged by his sn, Yi decided t give it a try.
He rubbed his hands nervusly n his clthes, but the mment he placed his fingers n the keys, he felt mre cmfrtable and his cnfidence returned. Althugh his masterly perfrmance at the pian keybard quickly made him an nline sensatin in China and verseas, Yi is nt the nly ne t benefit frm the pians in Huaqiangbei.
Inspired by the British artist Luke Jerram, wh has placed mre than 2,000 street pians in ver 70 cities wrldwide since 2008 with the wrds “Play Me, I’m Yurs” printed n their sides, the public pian prject in Huaqiangbei was launched by the lcal gvernment in 2018.
Zhang Chen, deputy directr f the Huaqiangbei subdistrict ffice, said: “Huaqiangbei is lcated in the cmmercial district in the center f Shenzhen. We have been trying t prvide diverse facilities t bring high-quality public cultural services t the area. We are surprised that the public pian prject has attracted s many peple t play the instruments, and thers t watch them perfrm.”
4．What d we learn abut yung Yi frm the passage?
A．He smthed the path t pian lessns.
B．He was fascinated by musical instruments.
C．He received musical training at the age f 6.
D．He familiarized himself with erhu at his cusin’.
5．Hw did Yi feel when he decided t try playing the pian?
A．Awkward.B．Cnfident.C．Amazed.D．Refreshed.
6．What is mainly talked abut in the 7th paragraph?
A．The artist’s ppularity.B．The prject’s rigin.
C．The artist’s creativity.D．The prject’s challenge.
7．What can we learn frm the last paragraph?
A．A city culture featuring the pian needs changing.
B．The street pian prject fuels urban develpment.
C．Huaqiangbei gets in tune with its cultural ambitins.
D．Shenzhen takes the lead in prmting cultural prsperity.
【答案】4．B 5．A 6．B 7．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章以Yi在华强北的公共钢琴演奏使他在国内外网络上引起轰动为例，介绍了华强北的公共钢琴项目以及华强北的文化抱负。
4．细节理解题。根据第二段“At the age f 6, when mst perfrmers have already begun studying the pian at music academies, Yi learned the traditinal stringed instrument the erhu frm a grup f peple ldging at his hme.(6岁时，当大多数演奏者已经开始在音乐学院学习钢琴时，易从寄宿在他家的一群人那里学习了传统的弦乐器二胡)”以及第三段““My family was t pr t buy a pian fr me, s I ften used t visit my cusin, even thugh it tk abut an hur t travel the 20 kilmeters t his hme ver rcky rads just fr the pprtunity t sit at the keybard,” Yi said.(“我家太穷了，没钱给我买钢琴，所以我经常去拜访我的表弟，即使要花一个小时左右的时间，走20公里的岩石路到他家，只是为了有机会坐在琴键前，”易说)”可知，Yi对乐器着迷。故选B。
5．细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“He rubbed his hands nervusly n his clthes, but the mment he placed his fingers n the keys, he felt mre cmfrtable and his cnfidence returned.(他紧张地用手在衣服上搓着，但手指一放在琴键上，他就觉得舒服多了，又恢复了信心)”可知，当他决定尝试弹钢琴时，他感到局促不安。故选A。
6．主旨大意题。根据第七段“Inspired by the British artist Luke Jerram, wh has placed mre than 2,000 street pians in ver 70 cities wrldwide since 2008 with the wrds “Play Me, I’m Yurs” printed n their sides, the public pian prject in Huaqiangbei was launched by the lcal gvernment in 2018.(自2008年以来，英国艺术家Luke Jerram在全球70多个城市放置了2000多架印有“Play Me, I’m Yurs”字样的街头钢琴。受此启发，当地政府于2018年启动了华强北公共钢琴项目)”可知，第七段主要讲了项目的起源。故选B。
7．细节理解题。根据最后一段“We have been trying t prvide diverse facilities t bring high-quality public cultural services t the area. We are surprised that the public pian prject has attracted s many peple t play the instruments, and thers t watch them perfrm.(我们一直在努力提供多样化的设施，为该地区带来高质量的公共文化服务。我们很惊讶，公共钢琴项目吸引了这么多人来演奏乐器，还有其他人来观看他们的表演)”可知，华强北提供多样化的设施吸引了人来演奏乐器，与它的文化抱负相一致。故选C。
【江苏省苏州中学校2023-2024学年高三试题】
Thugh researchers have lng knwn that adults build uncnscius (无意识的) preferences ver a lifetime f making chices between things that are essentially the same, the new finding that even babies engage in this phenmenn demnstrates that this way f justifying chice is intuitive (凭直觉的) and smehw fundamental t the human experience.
“The act f making a chice changes hw we feel abut ur ptins,” said Alex Silver, a Jhns Hpkins researcher. “Even infants wh are really just at the start f making chices fr themselves have this preference.”
The findings are published tday in the jurnal Psychlgical Science. Peple assume they chse things that they like. But research suggests that’s smetimes backwards: we like things because we chse them. And, we dislike things that we dn’t chse. “Adults make these inferences uncnsciusly,” said c-authr Lisa Feigensn, a Jhns Hpkins scientist in child develpment. “We justify ur chice after the fact.”
This makes sense fr adults in a cnsumer culture wh must make randm chices every day, between everything frm tthpaste brands t styles f jeans. The questin was when exactly peple start ding this. S they turned t babies, wh dn’t get many chices s, as Feigensn puts it, are “a perfect windw int the rigin f this tendency.”
The team brught 10-t 20-mnth-ld babies int the lab and gave them a chice f bjects t play with; tw equally bright and clrful sft blcks. They set them far apart, s the babies had t crawl t ne r the ther — a randm chice. After the baby chse ne f the tys, the researchers tk it away and came back with a new ptin. The babies culd then pick frm the ty they didn’t play with the first time, r a brand new ty. Their chices shwed they “dis-prefer the unchsen bject.”
T cntinue studying the evlutin f chice in babies, the lab will next lk at the idea f “chice verlad.” Fr adults, chice is gd, but t many chices can be a prblem, s the lab will try t determine if that is als true fr babies.
12．What is peple’s assumptin abut the act f making chices?
A．They like what they chse.
B．They chse what they like.
C．They base chices n the fact.
D．They make chices thughtfully.
13．Why were babies selected as subjects fr the study?
A．T help them make better chices.
B．T guide them t perceive the wrld.
C．T track the rt f making randm chices.
D．T deepen the understanding f a cnsumer culture.
14．What des the study n the babies shw?
A．They like nvel bjects.
B．Their chices are mstly based n clrs.
C．Their randm chices becme preferences.
D．They are unable t make chices fr themselves.
15．What will the fllwing study fcus n?
A．The law f “chice verlad”.
B．The prblem f adults’ many chices.
C．Why t many chices can influence adults.
D．Whether babies are trubled with many chices.
【答案】12．B 13．C 14．C 15．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了成年人在一生中在本质上相同的事物之间做出选择时会产生无意识的偏好，科学家就“婴儿在选择的过程中会基于自己的喜好吗”展开了研究。
12．细节理解题。由第一段“Thugh researchers have lng knwn that adults build uncnscius (无意识的) preferences ver a lifetime f making chices between things that are essentially the same, the new finding that even babies engage in this phenmenn demnstrates that this way f justifying chice is intuitive (凭直觉的) and smehw fundamental t the human experience. (尽管研究人员早就知道，成年人在一生中在本质上相同的事物之间做出选择时会产生无意识的偏好，但即使是婴儿也会参与这一现象的新发现表明，这种证明选择合理性的方式是凭直觉的，而且在某种程度上是人类经验的基础)”和第三段中的“Peple assume they chse things that they like. (人们认为他们选择自己喜欢的东西)”可知，人们对选择行为的假设就是人们选择自己喜欢的。故选B项。
13．细节理解题。由第四段中的“S they turned t babies, wh dn’t get many chices s, as Feigensn puts it, are “a perfect windw int the rigin f this tendency.”(因此，他们转向了婴儿，婴儿没有太多选择，所以，正如费根森所说，这是“一个了解这种倾向起源的完美窗口”)”可知，选择婴儿作为研究对象是因为婴儿是追踪随机选择的根源。故选C项。
14．推理判断题。由第五段“The team brught 10-t 20-mnth-ld babies int the lab and gave them a chice f bjects t play with; tw equally bright and clrful sft blcks. They set them far apart, s the babies had t crawl t ne r the ther — a randm chice. After the baby chse ne f the tys, the researchers tk it away and came back with a new ptin. The babies culd then pick frm the ty they didn’t play with the first time, r a brand new ty. Their chices shwed they “dis-prefer the unchsen bject.”(研究小组将10到20个月大的婴儿带进实验室，让他们选择玩的物品；两块同样明亮多彩的软块。他们把它们隔开很远，所以婴儿们不得不爬到其中一个或另一个——随机选择。当婴儿选择了其中一个玩具后，研究人员将其拿走，并带着一个新的选择回来。然后，婴儿们可以从他们第一次没有玩过的玩具中挑选，或者挑选一个全新的玩具。他们的选择表明，他们“不喜欢未被选择的对象”)”可知，婴儿们不喜欢自己没有选过的玩具，说明他们喜欢自己选过的东西，可得出他们的随机选择变成了偏好。故选C项。
15．细节理解题。由最后一段中的“Fr adults, chice is gd, but t many chices can be a prblem, s the lab will try t determine if that is als true fr babies. (对于成年人来说，选择是好的，但选择太多可能是一个问题，因此实验室将尝试确定婴儿是否也是如此)”可知，接下来实验室研究重点是“婴儿是否会被太多选择困扰”。故选D项。
【江苏省南通市2023-2024学年高三统考试题】
“Ging wireless is the future fr just abut everything!” That is a qute frm scientist Sreekanth Chalasani, and we can’t help but agree. Realizing this, a team f scientists has made a breakthrugh tward wirelessly cntrlling human cells using sund, in a technique called “sngenetics (声遗传学).” This cncept may seem strange but let us explain.
Basically, the term “sngenetics” means using ultrasund (超声波) t change the behavir f cells in a nn-invasive manner. “We already knw that ultrasund is safe, and that it can g thrugh bne, muscle and ther tissues, making it the ultimate tl fr cntrlling cells deep in the bdy,” says Chalasani.
Lw-frequency ultrasund waves can target a particular prtein that is sensitive t the signal. This research, published in Nature Cmmunicatins, fcused n TRPA1. When this prtein is stimulated thrugh the ultrasund waves, it als stimulates the cells which carry it. What type f cell is being stimulated depends n the utcme. Fr example, a muscle cell may cntract with stimulatin, r a neurn (神经元) in the brain will fire. In this experiment, scientists genetically marked cells with an increased cncentratin f TRPA1, making them the key targets f the ultrasund waves.
Currently, treating cnditins like Parkinsn’s disease requires scientists t implant electrdes (电极) in the brain which stimulate certain disrdered cells. Researchers hpe that sngenetics can ne day replace these invasive treatments.
In the future, the team wants t adjust the placement and amunt f TRPAI arund the bdy using the gene treatment. Gene delivery techniques have already been shwn t be successful in humans, such as in treating blindness. Therefre, it’s just a case f adjusting this thery t a different sund-based setting.
“Gene delivery techniques already exist fr getting a new gene—such as TRPA1—int the human heart,” Chalasani says. “If we can then use an external ultrasund device t activate thse cells, that culd really change pacemakers.” There is still a while t g befre this treatment can becme a reality. The future fr sngenetics, thugh, lks bright.
12．What’s wrking principle fr sngenetics?
A．Using medicine interventinal therapies.
B．Changing cells’ shape with new equipment.
C．Cntrlling cells in a nn-invasive manner.
D．Using a kind f unique medical cmpsitin.
13．What did the scientists d in the experiment?
A．Change the cncentratin f the prtein.
B．Find target cells fr treatment precisely.
C．Analyze the prtein sensitive t the sign.
D．Chse the type f cell t be stimulated.
14．What can we learn abut sngenetics frm Paragraphs 4 and 5?
A．It can be applied t ther fields besides medicine.
B．It may replace sme traditinal medical therapies.
C．It will ttally transfrm gene delivery techniques.
D．It has succeeded in curing diseases like blindness.
15．What’s the best title fr the text?
A．Can cells be cntrlled by sund?
B．Hw is sngenetics clinically used?
C．Are gene delivery techniques available?
D．What are applicatins f sngenetics?
【答案】12．C 13．B 14．B 15．A
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了科学家在声音无线控制人类细胞方面取得了突破，这项技术被称为“声遗传学”技术，并进一步介绍了其原理、工作方式及发展前景。
12．细节理解题。根据第一段“ Basically, the term “sngenetics” means using ultrasund (超声波) t change the behavir f cells in a nn-invasive manner. ”(基本上，“超声遗传学”一词意味着使用超声波以非侵入性的方式改变细胞的行为。)可知，生遗传学的工作原理是通过非入侵方式来控制细胞。故选C项。
13．推理判断题。根据第三段“Lw--frequency ultrasund waves can target a particular prtein that is sensitive t the signal. This research, published in Nature Cmmunicatins, fcused n TRPA1. When this prtein is stimulated thrugh the ultrasund waves, it als stimulates the cells which carry it.”(低频超声波可以瞄准对信号敏感的特定蛋白质。这项研究发表在《自然通讯》上，重点关注TRPA1。当这种蛋白质受到超声波的刺激时，它也会刺激携带它的细胞。哪种类型的细胞受到刺激取决于结果。)及“In this experiment, scientists genetically marked cells with an increased cncentratin f TRPA1, making them the key targets f the ultrasund waves. ”(在这个实验中，科学家们用基因标记了细胞中TRPA1浓度的增加，使它们成为超声波的关键目标。)可知，科学家通过干预细胞上的蛋白质TRPA1，使它们成为低频超声波的瞄准对象，从而刺激携带了这种蛋白质的细胞，从而达到治疗的目的，所以科学家在实验中做的是精确地找到治疗的目标细胞。故选B项。
14．推理判断题。根据第四段“Currently, treating cnditins like Parkinsn’s disease requires scientists t implant electrdes (电极) in the brain which stimulate certain disrdered cells. Researchers hpe that sngenetics can ne day replace these invasive treatments.”(目前，治疗帕金森氏症等疾病需要科学家在大脑中植入电极来刺激某些紊乱的细胞。研究人员希望超声遗传学有朝一日能取代这些侵入性治疗。)及第五段“In the future, the team wants t adjust the placement and amunt f TRPAI arund the bdy using the gene treatment. Gene delivery techniques have already been shwn t be successful in humans, such as in treating blindness. Therefre, it’s just a case f adjusting this thery t a different sund-based setting.”(未来，该团队希望通过基因治疗来调整TRPAI在身体周围的位置和数量。基因传递技术已经在人类身上被证明是成功的，比如在治疗失明方面。因此，这只是将这一理论调整到另一个不同的基于声音环境的案例。)可知，基因传递技术已经被证明是成功的，因而利用超声遗传学取代一些传统的侵入性治疗是有可能的。故选B项。
15．主旨大意题。文章第一段 “Realizing this, a team f scientists has made a breakthrugh tward wirelessly cntrlling human cells using sund, in a technique called ‘ngenetics (声遗传学).”(意识到这一点，一组科学家在利用声音无线控制人类细胞方面取得了突破，他们采用了一种被称为“声遗传学”的技术)可知，文章主要围绕生遗传学，即利用声音控制细胞展开说明，接下来分段进一步说明了其原理、工作方式及发展前景，所以A“细胞可以被声音控制吗？”以设问的方式，概括了文章的中心内容。故选A项。
【江苏省镇江市丹阳市2023-2024学年高三试题】
Peple ften recmmend planting trees t make cities greener, cleaner and healthier. But during heat waves, city trees can actually increase air pllutin. Indeed, a new study has fund, up t 60 percent f the smggy zne in a city’s air n ht days may trace t chemicals emitted by trees. Galina Churkina, wh wrks at Humbldt University f Berlin, and her team have cnfirmed it.
The findings might seem the ppsite f what yu wuld expect, ntes Rbert Yung, an expert in city planting at the University f Texas at Austin. Indeed, he says, “Everything has multiple effects.” The new findings d nt mean cities shuld discurage tree planting. Instead, cities may need stricter cntrls n ther surces f pllutin, such as tailpipeemissins frm cars and trucks.
City trees sak up carbn dixide, and at the same time they release xygen int the air. But xygen is far frm the nly gas that trees and certain ther green plants release int the air. One f these chemicals is a hydrcarbn knwn as isprene(异戊二烯). It can react with cmbustin(燃烧)pllutants, such as nitrgen xides(氮氧化物)emitted by cars and trucks in cities. The result is the frmatin f zne, a cmpnent f smg, which can irritate the lungs and cause airway diseases.
Churkina says her team is nt surprised t see the seemingly cntrary relatinship between plants and pllutin. She adds that its imprtance is quite amazing. “The results,” Churkina says, “suggest that city tree planting prgrams shuld nt ignre the rle this greenery may play in aggravating summer air pllutin.” “Adding mre trees will imprve quality f life nly if thse cities als undertake plans t sharply cut vehicle pllutin in summer and t increase their reliance n clean energy surces fr electric pwer,” she says.
28．What des the new study find abut city trees n ht days?
A．City trees can reduce the smggy zne.
B．City trees may easily absrb heat waves.
C．City trees may cause mre air pllutin.
D．Mre city trees can make a city far better.
29．What is the third paragraph mainly abut?
A．The harm zne des t peple in cities.
B．The way trees help the frmatin f zne.
C．The chemicals green plants release int the air.
D．The benefits trees bring t the city envirnment.
30．What des the underlined wrd “aggravating” mean in the last paragraph?
A．Wrsening.B．Decreasing.C．Imprving.D．Releasing.
31．Which f the fllwing is suggested by Churkina?
A．Planting mre trees in cities.
B．Advcating using clean energy.
C．Imprving peple’s quality f life.
D．Banning vehicle pllutin in summer.
【答案】28．C 29．B 30．A 31．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项新的研究发现，该研究表明在热浪期间，城市树木实际上会增加空气污染。
28．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Peple ften recmmend planting trees t make cities greener, cleaner and healthier. But during heat waves, city trees can actually increase air pllutin. Indeed, a new study has fund, up t 60 percent f the smggy zne in a city’s air n ht days may trace t chemicals emitted by trees. Galina Churkina, wh wrks at Humbldt University f Berlin, and her team have cnfirmed it.(人们经常建议植树使城市更绿、更清洁、更健康。但在热浪期间，城市树木实际上会增加空气污染。事实上，一项新的研究发现，在炎热的日子里，城市空气中高达60%的烟雾臭氧可能来自树木排放的化学物质。柏林洪堡大学的Galina Churkina和她的团队已经证实了这一点。)”可知，最新的研究表明城市树木实际上会增加空气污染。故选C。
29．主旨大意题。根据文章第三段“City trees sak up carbn dixide, and at the same time they release xygen int the air. But xygen is far frm the nly gas that trees and certain ther green plants release int the air. One f these chemicals is a hydrcarbn knwn as isprene(异戊二烯). It can react with cmbustin(燃烧)pllutants, such as nitrgen xides(氮氧化物)emitted by cars and trucks in cities. The result is the frmatin f zne, a cmpnent f smg, which can irritate the lungs and cause airway diseases.(城市树木吸收二氧化碳，同时向空气中释放氧气。但是氧气并不是树木和其他绿色植物释放到空气中的唯一气体。其中一种化学物质是一种被称为异戊二烯的碳氢化合物。它可以与燃烧污染物发生反应，例如城市中汽车和卡车排放的氮氧化物。其结果是形成臭氧，这是烟雾的一种成分，它会刺激肺部并导致呼吸道疾病。)”可知，第三段主要介绍的是城市树木是怎样形成臭氧的。故选B。
30．词句猜测题。根据文章第一段“But during heat waves, city trees can actually increase air pllutin. Indeed, a new study has fund, up t 60 percent f the smggy zne in a city’s air n ht days may trace t chemicals emitted by trees. Galina Churkina, wh wrks at Humbldt University f Berlin, and her team have cnfirmed it.(但在热浪期间，城市树木实际上会增加空气污染。事实上，一项新的研究发现，在炎热的日子里，城市空气中高达60%的烟雾臭氧可能来自树木排放的化学物质。柏林洪堡大学的Galina Churkina和她的团队已经证实了这一点。)”可知，城市树木会增加空气污染。由此推断，划线单词指的是“加剧”了夏季空气污染。选项A“Wrsening (加剧、恶化)”；选项B“Decreasing (减少)”；选项C“Imprving (提高)”；选项D“Releasing (释放)”。故选A。
31．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段““Adding mre trees will imprve quality f life nly if thse cities als undertake plans t sharply cut vehicle pllutin in summer and t increase their reliance n clean energy surces fr electric pwer,” she says.(她说：“只有当这些城市同时实施计划，大幅减少夏季车辆污染，并增加对清洁能源的依赖，增加更多的树木才能改善生活质量。”)”可知，Churkina建议大幅减少夏季车辆污染，并增加对清洁能源的依赖。故选B。
【江苏省东台中学2023-2024学年高三试题】
First impressins can set a lasting tne, but there is ften smething dubtful. Psychlgists have dcumented a phenmenn knwn as the liking gap, whereby tw peple meeting fr the first time rutinely underestimate hw much their cunterparts (对应方) like them. A new study finds that the liking gap ccurs in grup settings t and affects hw well grups functin.
In ne experiment, the researchers divided 159 participants int grups f three and asked them t have a cnversatin. They then surveyed the participants individually abut hw much they liked each f their partners, hw much they thught each partner liked them, and hw much they thught their partners liked each ther. On average, peple liked their partners mre than they believed their partners liked them, and thught themselves t be the least liked in the grup.
In a subsequent experiment, the researchers asked similar questins f engineering students wh had wrked tgether in design cmpetitins fr varying lengths f time. Here, t, peple tended t underestimate the degree t which they were liked, regardless f hw lng they had knwn their teammates — and their dim views f their wn likability reduced their willingness t ask thers fr help, give hnest feedback, and wrk tgether in the future.
A final experiment invlving a brad sample f wrkers shwed that the misperceptins (误解) were strngest amng teammates and that they decreased team effectiveness and jb satisfactin. It als fund a pssible explanatin fr the liking gap: Peple tend t fcus n psitive thughts when reflecting n hw much they like smene else “(I’m happy that she gt a prmtin”) but fall victim t mre negative nes when cnsidering hw thers view them ( “I gt a prmtin, s she might be green with envy”).
Managers shuld think carefully nt just abut hw teammates regard ne anther but abut hw team members think they themselves are regarded, the researchers say; crrecting misperceptins culd bst team satisfactin and perfrmance. “If nly peple knew hw psitively their teammates actually felt abut them, they might cmmunicate better, feel mre included n their teams, and be happier verall with their jbs,” they write.
8．What des the liking gap refer t?
A．A type f scial anxiety disrder.B．Lve amng different age grups.
C．Misjudging thers’ pinins f us.D．Hlding back thers’ evaluatins.
9．What did the experiment in paragraph 2 reveal?
A．Peple did nt like t give hnest cmments.
B．Peple tended t think little f their partners.
C．Peple were quite demanding twards thers.
D．Peple were nt very cnfident abut themselves.
10．What des the underlined wrd “dim” in paragraph 3 prbably mean?
A．Cnflicting.B．Negative.C．Cnventinal.D．Strng.
11．What d the researchers suggest managers stress?
A．Emplyees’ viewpints n themselves.
B．The relatinship between team members.
C．Emplyee prmtin and jb satisfactin.
D．Cmmunicatin between leaders and emplyees.
【答案】8．C 9．D 10．B 11．A
【导语】本文是说明文。两个人第一次见面时，通常会低估对方对自己的喜欢程度。一项新的研究发现，喜欢的差距也发生在群体环境中，并影响群体的功能。
8．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Psychlgists have dcumented a phenmenn knwn as the liking gap, whereby tw peple meeting fr the first time rutinely underestimate hw much their cunterparts (对应方) like them.(心理学家记录了一种被称为“喜欢差距”的现象，即两个人第一次见面时，通常会低估对方对自己的喜欢程度。)”可知，“喜欢差距”指的是误判别人对我们的看法。故选C。
9．推理判断题。根据第二段中“On average, peple liked their partners mre than they believed their partners liked them, and thught themselves t be the least liked in the grup.(平均而言，人们更喜欢他们的伴侣，而不是他们认为他们的伴侣喜欢他们，并认为自己是最不喜欢的组。)”可知，实验表明人们不认为他们的伴侣喜欢他们，而且他们认为自己是最不喜欢的组，由此可推知，人们对自己不是很自信。故选D。
10．词句猜测题。根据画线单词上文“peple tended t underestimate the degree t which they were liked, regardless f hw lng they had knwn their teammates(不管认识队友多久，人们也倾向于低估自己被喜欢的程度，)”可知，不管认识队友多久，人们也倾向于低估自己被喜欢的程度，这说明他们对自己的可爱程度持有消极的的看法，由此可推知划线单词dim意为“消极的，悲观的”，故选B。
11．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Managers shuld think carefully nt just abut hw teammates regard ne anther but abut hw team members think they themselves are regarded, the researchers say; crrecting misperceptins culd bst team satisfactin and perfrmance. (研究人员说，管理者不仅应该仔细考虑队友如何看待彼此，还应该考虑队友如何看待他们自己；纠正误解可以提高团队的满意度和绩效。)”可推知，研究人员建议管理者不仅应该仔细考虑队友如何看待彼此，还应该考虑队友如何看待他们自己，即强调员工对自己的看法。故选A。江苏省决胜新高考2023-2024学年高三大联考试题
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