专题08 阅读理解（说明文）-备战2024年高考英语近两年名校联考模拟试题精选（江苏专用）（原卷版）

这是一份专题08 阅读理解（说明文）-备战2024年高考英语近两年名校联考模拟试题精选（江苏专用）（原卷版），共19页。


目录
【江苏省决胜新高考2023-2024学年高三大联考试题】
The term “beer gggles” is said t have been cined by male Nrth American university students in the 1980s. Yet despite uncnfirmed evidence fr the phenmenn, the link between alchl intxicatin (醉酒) and physical attractin has nt been systematically studied.
Prf Bwdring f the University f Pittsburgh invited 18 pairs f male friends int the labratry t rate the attractiveness f men and wmen they viewed in phts and vides. On ne ccasin, bth men were given enugh cranberry juice t raise their bld alchl cncentratin t abut 0.08% - the legal limit fr driving in England — and n the ther ccasin, they bth received a nn-alchlic drink. After prviding attractiveness ratings fr the phts, they were asked t select which f these individuals they wuld mst like t interact with in a future experiment.
The research, published in the Jurnal f Studies n Alchl and Drugs, did nt find that alchl increased peple’s perceptins f thers’ attractiveness. “But we did find that peple were mre likely t select t interact with the peple they perceived t be mst attractive after cnsuming alchl,” Bwdring said.
Indeed, drunk participants were 1.71 times mre likely t select ne f their tp fur attractive candidates t ptentially meet in a future study, cmpared with when they were sber (清醒的).
Given alchl’s effects n visual prcessing and cgnitive (认知) functin, it was als pssible that the results wuld change as alchl levels rise in a persn’s system, Bwdring said. T mve n, the field needs larger studies t see if they can be replicated (复制).
Assuming alchl des enhance the likelihd f a persn interacting with smene they find attractive. Bwdring believes her findings culd reveal ne prcess supprting the rewarding yet ptentially dangerus nature f alchl - including its impact n risky behaviur.
“If yu’re ging t cnsume alchl, I think it is wrth reflecting n hw can yu d it in a way that’s safe and cnsistent with yur gals,” Bwdring said. “Peple may benefit by recgnizing that valued scial mtivatins and intentins change when drinking, in ways that may be appealing in the shrt term but pssibly harmful in the lng term.”
12．What is paragraph 2 f the text mainly abut?
A．The cmparisn f tw experiments.
B．The prcess f Bwdring’s experiment.
C．The underlying lgic f beer gggles effect.
D．The methds f appreciating attractiveness.
13．What did Bwdring’s research find abut alchl intxicatin?
A．It increases peple’s liquid curage.
B．It makes peple better lking.
C．It stps peple ignring attractive faces.
D．It helps understanding thers better.
14．What will the fllw-up studies fcus n?
A．The encunter in real situatin.
B．Risky behaviur f intxicatin.
C．Drunk peple’s visual prcessing.
D．The result f higher levels f intxicatin.
15．What des Bwdring mainly talk abut in the last paragraph?
A．The significance f her research.
B．Reflectin n her previus research.
C．The negative effects f drinking.
D．Scial mrality and standards.
【2023届江苏省南京市2地一模试题】
This year saw the publicatin, in stages, f the sixth reprt by the UN’s Intergvernmental Panel n Climate Change (IPCC)—a reprt which was depressing reading fr many climate scientists, and in sme ways ffered a ray f hpe.
Why depressing? Because the reprt cnfirmed what scientists have been saying fr years: that human activity, particularly in the frm f emissins (排放) f greenhuse gases, is respnsible fr the warming in the past few centuries, and that unless such emissins are greatly reduced, we will sn bring abut ur entire ecsystem’s destructin.
The reprt cncluded that 1.5°C f glbal warming ver the next cuple f hundred years is already “baked in”. This makes the gals utlined in the 2015 Paris Agreement—that natins agreed t keep warming belw 2°C, and hpefully belw 1.5°C-much harder t meet. Wrse still, the IPCC reprt was fllwed later in the year by the COP27 summit (峰会), described by Prf Dann Mitchell, as “a cmplete failure, ther than sme cmmitment t lss and damage.”
And the ray f hpe? The IPCC’s sixth reprt was brader in apprach than previus studies—lking in-depth fr the first time at the rle played in warming by shrt-term greenhuse gases such as methane(甲烷), fr instance.
“Reducing carbn emissins is always the best apprach: stp the prblem at its surce,” said Mitchell. “But we als need ther appraches t help with this. Methane is imprtant, but it’s s shrt-lived-that’s why we haven’t been s bthered when cmpared with CO,.”
The IPCC wrking grups shwed ptential adaptatin paths, and they are the ther things we can d in terms f fighting climate change and relieving its wrst effects, rather than simply reducing carbn emissins. This wuld include taking measures such as switching t a mre plant-based diet (t reduce methane emissins), cntrlling ppulatin grwth, reducing financial inequality and develping means by which we might remve CO, that’s already in ur atmsphere, rather than simply preventing it being released.
8．Which f the fllwing can best describe the sixth reprt by IPCC?
A．Seemingly cntradictry.B．Whlly prmising.
C．Particularly hpeless.D．Exceptinally new.
9．What des the underlined phrase “baked in” in paragraph 3 mean?
A．ut f date.B．t the full.
C．under discussin.D．in prgress
10．Accrding t the passage, what can we learn abut methane?
A．It has been lng regarded as a majr surce f glbal warming.
B．Its rle in glbal warming had been verlked befre the reprt.
C．Its bst t glbal warming is as much as ther greenhuse gases.
D．It is cnsidered as a new apprach t reducing glbal warming.
11．Hw many aspects d the adaptatin paths invlve in the last paragraph?
A．2.B．3.C．4.D．5.
【江苏省灌南高级中学2023-2024学年高三试卷】
As the wrld tries t quit fssil fuels, there’s a lt f fcus n renewable energy surces like wind and slar. But ne very prmising surce f energy cmes frm deep inside the Earth. And ld il wells culd help greatly in develping this pwer.
“Gethermal” pwer is based n heat that cmes frm deep in the earth. ‘Ge’ means Earth and ‘thermal’ means ‘heat’. Earth’s cre, deep in the center f the planet, is abut as ht as the sun’s surface and is expected t stay that way fr billins f years. In sme places, where the rcks have lts f hles, this heat cmes ut in different kinds f ht springs. Humans have been using the Earth’s heat fr hundreds f years.
In general, thugh, gethermal energy requires drilling deep int the Earth. There are different ways f cllecting the heat and using it. But these deep gethermal wells can easily prduce huge amunts f heat and electricity fr hundreds f years—all withut plluting. Slar pwer depends n the sun, and wind pwer depends n wind. That means they’re nt cnstant. But gethermal surces can prduce pwer day and night all year lng.
But gethermal energy als has a big defect—drilling dwn farther, which can lead t greater heat and mre pwerful energy surces, t create a gethermal plant is hard, and it csts a lt f mney. Nw peple are starting t explre a clever idea that culd make gethermal energy far cheaper: using il wells that are already drilled.
Oil wells are usually used fr a few decades befre running dry. Then they are capped and left unused. Nw, the US Department f Energy is encuraging scientists and cmpanies t use existing il wells t create gethermal energy. They have recently given ut $8.4 millin t fur gethermal prjects that will wrk n this technlgy.
If these prjects wrk well, they can be used at thusands f ld il wells arund the US.
8．What is paragraph 2 mainly abut?
A．The advantages f the gethermal energy.B．The reasns fr explring the Earth’s heat.
C．The explanatin f the gethermal pwer.D．The present applicatin f the Earth’s heat.
9．What is the psitive side f energy frm gethermal surces?
A．It is always available.B．It’s cheap and ec-friendly.
C．It’s pwerful and widely-used.D．It’s multifunctinal and clean.
10．What des the underlined wrd “defect” mean in paragraph 4?
A．Ptential.B．Imperfectin.
C．Innvatin.D．Adventure.
11．Which is a better methd t create pwer frm the Earth’s heat?
A．Expliting ld il wells.B．Develping ht springs.
C．Using existing active il wells.D．Drilling dwn deeper int the earth.
【江苏省连云港中学2023-2024学年高三试题】
In ur infrmatin-driven sciety, shaping ur wrldview thrugh the media is similar t frming an pinin abut smene slely based n a picture f their ft. While the media might nt deliberately deceive us, it ften fails t prvide a cmprehensive view f reality.
Cnsequently, the questin arises: Where, then, shall we get ur infrmatin frm if nt frm the media? Wh can we trust? Hw abut experts- peple wh devte their wrking lives t understanding their chsen slice f the wrld? Hwever, even experts can fall prey t the allure f versimplificatin, leading t the “single perspective instinct” that hampers (阻碍) ur ability t grasp the intricacies (错综复杂) f the wrld.
Simple ideas can be appealing because they ffer a sense f understanding and certainty. And it is easy t take ff dwn a slippery slpe, frm ne attentin-grabbing simple idea t a feeling that this idea beautifully explains, r is the beautiful slutin fr, lts f ther things. The wrld becmes simple that way.
Yet, when we embrace a singular cause r slutin fr all prblems, we risk versimplifying cmplex issues. Fr instance, champining the cncept f equality may lead us t view all prblems thrugh the lens f inequality and see resurce distributin as the sle panacea. Hwever, such rigidity prevents us frm seeing the multidimensinal nature f challenges and hinders true cmprehensin f reality. This “single perspective instinct” ultimately cluds ur judgment and restricts ur capacity t tackle cmplex issues effectively. Being always in favr f r always against any particular idea makes yu blind t infrmatin that desn’t fit yur perspective. This is usually a bad apprach if yu wuld like t understand reality.
Instead, cnstantly test yur favrite ideas fr weaknesses. Be humble abut the extent f yur expertise. Be curius abut new infrmatin that desn’t fit, and infrmatin frm ther fields. And rather than talking nly t peple wh agree with yu, r cllecting examples that fit yur ideas, cnsult peple wh cntradict yu, disagree with yu, and put frward different ideas as a great resurce fr understanding the wrld. If this means yu dn’t have time t frm s may pinins, s what?
Wuldn’t yu rather have few pinins that are right than many that are wrng?
12．What des the underlined wrd “allure” in Para.2 prbably mean?
A．Temptatin.B．Traditin.C．Cnvenience.D．Cnsequence.
13．Why are simple ideas appealing accrding t the passage?
A．They meet peple’s demand fr high efficiency.
B．They generate a sense f cmplete understanding.
C．They are raised and supprted by multiple experts.
D．They reflect the pinins f like-minded individuals.
14．What will the authr prbably agree with?
A．Simplifying matters releases energy fr human brains.
B．Cnstant tests n ur ideas help make up fr ur weakness.
C．A well-funded pinin cunts mre than many shallw nes.
D．Peple wh disagree with us ften have cmprehensive views.
15．Which f the fllwing can be the best title f the passage?
A．Embracing Disagreement: Refusing Overcmplexity
B．Simplifying Infrmatin: Enhancing Cmprehensin
C．Understanding Differences: Establishing Relatinships
D．Navigating Cmplexity: Challenging Oversimplificatin
【江苏省连云港外国语学校2023-2024学年高三试题】
IQ is ften regarded as a crucial driver f success, particularly in fields such as science, innvatin and technlgy. But the truth is that sme f the greatest achievements by ur species have primarily relied n what scientists call “cgnitive flexibility”.
Cgnitive flexibility is a skill that enables us t switch between different cncepts, r t adapt behavir t achieve gals in a nvel r changing envirnment. And the gd news is that it can be trained. Currently, a grup f researchers frm Cambridge University are cnducting a research, trying t wrk ut hw peple can best bst their cgnitive flexibility.
Cgnitive flexibility may have affected hw peple cped with the pandemic lckdwns, which prduced new challenges arund wrk and schling. Sme peple may have changed their rutines frm time t time, trying t find better and mre varied ways f ging abut their day. Others, hwever, struggled and finally became mre rigid in their thinking. They stuck t the same rutine activities, with little flexibility r change.
Flexible thinking is key t creativity. It als supprts academic and wrk skills such as prblem slving. Unlike wrking memry, it is largely independent f IQ. Fr example, many visual artists may be f average intelligence, but highly creative and have prduced masterpieces.
S des cgnitive flexibility make peple smarter in a way that isn’t always captured n IQ tests? We knw that it leads t better ratinal thinking thrughut the lifespan. Fr example, fr children it leads t better reading abilities and better schl perfrmance.
It can als help prtect against a number f prejudice. Peple wh are cgnitively flexible are better at recgnizing ptential faults in themselves and using strategies t vercme these faults.
Cgnitive flexibility is essential fr sciety t flurish. It can help maximize the ptential f individuals t create innvative ideas and creative inventins. Ultimately, it is such qualities that we need t slve the big challenges f tday.
8．What is the purpse f the research cnducted by Cambridge University researchers?
A．T clarify peple’s misunderstanding abut cgnitive flexibility.
B．T figure ut the relatinship between IQ and cgnitive flexibility.
C．T explre effective ways t imprve peple’s cgnitive flexibility.
D．T make ut the benefits f increasing peple’s cgnitive flexibility.
9．What will cgnitively flexible peple prbably d t deal with new challenges?
A．Stick t their riginal plan.B．Handle new prblems rigidly.
C．Adjust their thughts and behavir.D．Apply creative ideas t imprve their IQ.
10．What can we learn abut cgnitive flexibility?
A．It is clsely related t peple’s IQ.B．It is an unchangeable inbrn quality.
C．It helps peple avid reasnable thinking.D．It helps peple make greater achievements.
11．What d the last three paragraphs mainly talk abut?
A．Applicatins f cgnitive flexibility.B．Benefits f cgnitive flexibility.
C．Experiments n cgnitive flexibility.D．Definitins f cgnitive flexibility.
【江苏省南京市五校2022-2023学年高三期中联考试题】
China’s first grup f e-sprt majr graduates emerged in the summer f 2021, with data shwing that even thugh this majr had been underestimated by the public, the future appeared prmising as there were hundreds f thusands f related jbs available.
After the Ministry f Educatin decided that “electrnic sprt and management” shuld be listed in clleges’ majr departments in September 2016, arund 30 Chinese universities kicked ff their e-sprts majr curses in the same year, t meet the needs f the rise f e-sprt related industries in the Chinese market.
“The majr is designed t meet the demand,”said Zheng Du, c-funder f Tianjin Her Sprts Management and a visiting prfessr frm the Cmmunicatin University f China (CUC).
Chinese passin fr e-sprt is nt in dubt, with mre than 18,000 e-sprt cmpanies registered as f 2021, accrding t crprate database Qichacha. The number f e-sprt users in China reached 500 millin in 2021, and the market had a value f mre than 145 billin yuan as f 2020, accrding t Chinese cnsulting grup iResearch. Meanwhile, the industry chain is becming mre cmplete.
Jbs in areas such as supervisin and cntent prductin require talent and training. The number f available jbs is estimated at 500,000, and culd reach 3.5 millin in the next five years, accrding t China’s Ministry f Human Resurces and Scial Security.
Well-knwn universities such as CUC and the Shanghai Theatre Academy have respnded t the cuntry’s call and are preparing graduates fr the e-prt market. Yet nt every majr graduate is qualified fr the psitins available, as the jbs nrmally require practical experience, which is smething a lt f graduates lack.
Industry insiders have indicated that e-sprt is an industry with rapid iteratin, and sme cmpanies prefer t hire peple with experience instead f spending time training recruits.
Rughly half f the graduates will enter the gaming industry, said Xia Pi, an -sprt majr graduate frm CUC． “Sme f the rest will pursue further studies fr their master’s degree.”
“Even thugh e-sprt majrs have advantages in finding jbs, students need practical experience t better suit the different psitins,”said Gu Liming, president f Perfect Wrld Games.
12．What d the public think f the e-sprt majr accrding t data?
A．It attracts many cmpanies.
B．It deserves a prmising future.
C．It desn’t make much difference.
D．It can replace many ther majrs.
13．Why did universities start t ffer e-sprt majr curses in 2016?
A．The Chinese had the ptential fr e-sprt.
B．The Chinese had great passin fr e-sprt.
C．They wanted t respnd t the cuntry’s call.
D．Industries f e-sprt were develping quickly.
14．Why are sme majr graduates disqualified fr the psitins available?
A．They haven’t gt a master’s degree.
B．They are shrt f practical experience.
C．They are unfamiliar with the e-sprt market.
D．They have lst ut in the fierce cmpetitin.
15．What is the passage mainly abut?
A．E-sprt appears t be mre f a blessing.
B．E-sprt presents a new lifestyle fr teenagers.
C．The training fr E-sprt can’t be verestimated.
D．Changes in sprts bring abut jb pprtunities.
【江苏省南通市海安市2023-2024学年高三试题】
Black students reprted facing barriers that prevent them frm cmpleting their undergraduate studies in six years r less, regardless f the type f certificate r degree prgram, accrding t research published Thursday by Gallup and the Lumina Fundatin. The mst significant factrs cntributing t the lwer rates amng Black students, the study fund, were experiencing acts f discriminatin and managing multiple pririties that can interfere with cmpleting cursewrk.
The reprt cmpiled data in fall 2022 frm 6, 008 cllege students acrss different certificatin and degree prgrams, including 1, 106 Black students.
21% f Black respndents said they felt discriminated against frequently r ccasinally cmpared t 15% f ther students. Black students were als mre likely t have shared that they felt disrespected r psychlgically unsafe at an institutin while learning. 28% f Black students wh attended an institutin with little diversity felt physically unsafe, while 26% felt disrespected and 27% felt psychlgically unsafe.
Managing multiple pririties was anther factr interfering with Black students’ educatin gals. The reprt fund that 22% f Black students verall have caregiving respnsibilities, cmpared t 11% f students in ther racial grups, and 20% f Black students verall have full-time jbs, cmpared t 11% f ther racial grups.
Aside frm discriminatin and the task f managing respnsibilities, the data als acknwledged ther barriers making it difficult fr Black students t cmplete their educatin, including the high csts f attending schl. An April 2022 reprt by The Educatin Trust fund that because Black wmen fall within tw marginalized grups, they make less mney and ften have t takeut mre lans t cver the cst f attending cllege.
4．Which factr can’t lead t the lwer rate f cmpleting educatin amng black students directly?
A．Management f multiple pririties.B．Experiences f discriminatin.
C．The types f certificate r degree prgrams.D．High csts f attending schl.
5．Hw did the researcher draw the cnclusin?
A．By referring t previus studies.
B．By making sme cmparisns.
C．By explaining causes and effects.
D．By analyzing respndents’ psychlgy.
6．What can we infer frm the passage?
A．Abut 21% f Black students feel discriminated against frequently.
B．Black students feel discriminated mainly due t physical in security.
C．Black students have t take full-time jbs fr lack f access t lans.
D．The black female students may be in the mst disadvantaged psitin.
7．What’s the authr’s attitude twards the phenmenn referred t in the passage?
A．Objective.B．Favrable.C．Critical.D．Cncerned.
【江苏省华罗庚中学2023-2024学年高三测试卷】
Humans, by nature, have always lived in grups and scial interactin is fundamental fr every part f ur health. Lack f it can lead t feelings f islatin and lneliness. A strng supprt netwrk and slid cmmunity bnds prmte ur emtinal and physical health, and are critical cmpnents f a balanced adult life. Hwever, just as with many ther aspects f ur lives, there seems t be a limit t hw large ur persnal netwrks can grw.
Back in 1992, a British schlar named Rbin Dunbar came up with a hypthetical (假设的) number defining the maximum sum f meaningful human relatinships a persn can have. The number, which was later named after him, was discvered accidentally while he was studying the cleaning and brushing tendencies — a scial behavir —f nn-human primates (灵长类动物). Arund that time, researchers had discvered that the large brain f these primates was a result f their scially cmplex scieties. The relevance was that the larger the brain, the larger the animal's scial grup was likely t be. Scientists culd then theretically use an animal's brain size t calculate hw many members culd make up this grup. Dunbar applied this thery t humans, and the resulting number was rughly 150.
Dunbar's Number, hwever, nly refers t the limit f meaningful cntacts within ur scial netwrk. It des nt accunt fr ther relatinships. Human scial relatinships tend t have numerus layers, and extend utward frm the individual in circles with the same centre. The innermst circle cntains five peple: ur lved nes. The next circle hlds f ur gd friends. The third circle is reserved fr peple we cnsider friends, and the furth is where the limit f 150 can be fund. Nwadays, with varius frms f electrnic cmmunicatin, such as websites fr scial netwrking and micrblgging peple find it very cnvenient t create nline cmmunities t share infrmatin, ideas, persnal messages, and ther cntents. Cnsequently, it is pssible fr a human t get int the fifth (500acquainitances) circle, an impressive breakthrugh that was difficult t achieve in the past.
4．What can be learned abut Dunbar's Number in Paragraph 2?
A．It is cnfirmed by the scial reality.
B．It serves as an accurate measurement.
C．It is backed by a certain theretical basis.
D．It establishes links between health and netwrk.
5．Which f the fllwing diagrams illustrates human scial relatinships?
A．B．
C．D．
6．Why is it easy tday t g beynd the furth circle f human relatinships?
A．Human brains are becming bigger and bigger.
B．Scial media have cntributed t the phenmenn.
C．Meaningful cntacts grw significantly with age.
D．Peple are eager t imprve every aspect f their lives.
7．What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A．Grup Living: A Slutin t Health Prblems
B．Dunbar's Thery: A Ladder t Career Success
C．Scial Netwrk: A Sured f Endless Pleasure
D．Dunbar's Number: A Measure f Scial Relatins
【江苏省南通市如皋市2023－2024学年度高三调研试题】
Brn in an unknwn village in Huarng cunty, Hunan prvince, Yi had few pprtunities t play instruments when he was yung.
At the age f 6, when mst perfrmers have already begun studying the pian at music academies, Yi learned the traditinal stringed instrument the erhu frm a grup f peple ldging at his hme. It was nt until much later that he first saw a pian when he visited his cusin’s huse in Huarng.
“My family was t pr t buy a pian fr me, s I ften used t visit my cusin, even thugh it tk abut an hur t travel the 20 kilmeters t his hme ver rcky rads just fr the pprtunity t sit at the keybard,” Yi said.
Yi first arrived in Shenzhen 19 years ag and wrked in factries, n cnstructin sites and in kitchens. He had nt played a pian fr nearly 30 years.
The public pians in Huaqiangbei ffered him a fresh start. On a ht summer’s day, while taking a break frm wrk at a nearby cnstructin site, Yi and his sn passed ne f the instruments. Encuraged by his sn, Yi decided t give it a try.
He rubbed his hands nervusly n his clthes, but the mment he placed his fingers n the keys, he felt mre cmfrtable and his cnfidence returned. Althugh his masterly perfrmance at the pian keybard quickly made him an nline sensatin in China and verseas, Yi is nt the nly ne t benefit frm the pians in Huaqiangbei.
Inspired by the British artist Luke Jerram, wh has placed mre than 2,000 street pians in ver 70 cities wrldwide since 2008 with the wrds “Play Me, I’m Yurs” printed n their sides, the public pian prject in Huaqiangbei was launched by the lcal gvernment in 2018.
Zhang Chen, deputy directr f the Huaqiangbei subdistrict ffice, said: “Huaqiangbei is lcated in the cmmercial district in the center f Shenzhen. We have been trying t prvide diverse facilities t bring high-quality public cultural services t the area. We are surprised that the public pian prject has attracted s many peple t play the instruments, and thers t watch them perfrm.”
4．What d we learn abut yung Yi frm the passage?
A．He smthed the path t pian lessns.
B．He was fascinated by musical instruments.
C．He received musical training at the age f 6.
D．He familiarized himself with erhu at his cusin’.
5．Hw did Yi feel when he decided t try playing the pian?
A．Awkward.B．Cnfident.C．Amazed.D．Refreshed.
6．What is mainly talked abut in the 7th paragraph?
A．The artist’s ppularity.B．The prject’s rigin.
C．The artist’s creativity.D．The prject’s challenge.
7．What can we learn frm the last paragraph?
A．A city culture featuring the pian needs changing.
B．The street pian prject fuels urban develpment.
C．Huaqiangbei gets in tune with its cultural ambitins.
D．Shenzhen takes the lead in prmting cultural prsperity.
【江苏省苏州中学校2023-2024学年高三试题】
Thugh researchers have lng knwn that adults build uncnscius (无意识的) preferences ver a lifetime f making chices between things that are essentially the same, the new finding that even babies engage in this phenmenn demnstrates that this way f justifying chice is intuitive (凭直觉的) and smehw fundamental t the human experience.
“The act f making a chice changes hw we feel abut ur ptins,” said Alex Silver, a Jhns Hpkins researcher. “Even infants wh are really just at the start f making chices fr themselves have this preference.”
The findings are published tday in the jurnal Psychlgical Science. Peple assume they chse things that they like. But research suggests that’s smetimes backwards: we like things because we chse them. And, we dislike things that we dn’t chse. “Adults make these inferences uncnsciusly,” said c-authr Lisa Feigensn, a Jhns Hpkins scientist in child develpment. “We justify ur chice after the fact.”
This makes sense fr adults in a cnsumer culture wh must make randm chices every day, between everything frm tthpaste brands t styles f jeans. The questin was when exactly peple start ding this. S they turned t babies, wh dn’t get many chices s, as Feigensn puts it, are “a perfect windw int the rigin f this tendency.”
The team brught 10-t 20-mnth-ld babies int the lab and gave them a chice f bjects t play with; tw equally bright and clrful sft blcks. They set them far apart, s the babies had t crawl t ne r the ther — a randm chice. After the baby chse ne f the tys, the researchers tk it away and came back with a new ptin. The babies culd then pick frm the ty they didn’t play with the first time, r a brand new ty. Their chices shwed they “dis-prefer the unchsen bject.”
T cntinue studying the evlutin f chice in babies, the lab will next lk at the idea f “chice verlad.” Fr adults, chice is gd, but t many chices can be a prblem, s the lab will try t determine if that is als true fr babies.
12．What is peple’s assumptin abut the act f making chices?
A．They like what they chse.
B．They chse what they like.
C．They base chices n the fact.
D．They make chices thughtfully.
13．Why were babies selected as subjects fr the study?
A．T help them make better chices.
B．T guide them t perceive the wrld.
C．T track the rt f making randm chices.
D．T deepen the understanding f a cnsumer culture.
14．What des the study n the babies shw?
A．They like nvel bjects.
B．Their chices are mstly based n clrs.
C．Their randm chices becme preferences.
D．They are unable t make chices fr themselves.
15．What will the fllwing study fcus n?
A．The law f “chice verlad”.
B．The prblem f adults’ many chices.
C．Why t many chices can influence adults.
D．Whether babies are trubled with many chices.
【江苏省南通市2023-2024学年高三统考试题】
“Ging wireless is the future fr just abut everything!” That is a qute frm scientist Sreekanth Chalasani, and we can’t help but agree. Realizing this, a team f scientists has made a breakthrugh tward wirelessly cntrlling human cells using sund, in a technique called “sngenetics (声遗传学).” This cncept may seem strange but let us explain.
Basically, the term “sngenetics” means using ultrasund (超声波) t change the behavir f cells in a nn-invasive manner. “We already knw that ultrasund is safe, and that it can g thrugh bne, muscle and ther tissues, making it the ultimate tl fr cntrlling cells deep in the bdy,” says Chalasani.
Lw-frequency ultrasund waves can target a particular prtein that is sensitive t the signal. This research, published in Nature Cmmunicatins, fcused n TRPA1. When this prtein is stimulated thrugh the ultrasund waves, it als stimulates the cells which carry it. What type f cell is being stimulated depends n the utcme. Fr example, a muscle cell may cntract with stimulatin, r a neurn (神经元) in the brain will fire. In this experiment, scientists genetically marked cells with an increased cncentratin f TRPA1, making them the key targets f the ultrasund waves.
Currently, treating cnditins like Parkinsn’s disease requires scientists t implant electrdes (电极) in the brain which stimulate certain disrdered cells. Researchers hpe that sngenetics can ne day replace these invasive treatments.
In the future, the team wants t adjust the placement and amunt f TRPAI arund the bdy using the gene treatment. Gene delivery techniques have already been shwn t be successful in humans, such as in treating blindness. Therefre, it’s just a case f adjusting this thery t a different sund-based setting.
“Gene delivery techniques already exist fr getting a new gene—such as TRPA1—int the human heart,” Chalasani says. “If we can then use an external ultrasund device t activate thse cells, that culd really change pacemakers.” There is still a while t g befre this treatment can becme a reality. The future fr sngenetics, thugh, lks bright.
12．What’s wrking principle fr sngenetics?
A．Using medicine interventinal therapies.
B．Changing cells’ shape with new equipment.
C．Cntrlling cells in a nn-invasive manner.
D．Using a kind f unique medical cmpsitin.
13．What did the scientists d in the experiment?
A．Change the cncentratin f the prtein.
B．Find target cells fr treatment precisely.
C．Analyze the prtein sensitive t the sign.
D．Chse the type f cell t be stimulated.
14．What can we learn abut sngenetics frm Paragraphs 4 and 5?
A．It can be applied t ther fields besides medicine.
B．It may replace sme traditinal medical therapies.
C．It will ttally transfrm gene delivery techniques.
D．It has succeeded in curing diseases like blindness.
15．What’s the best title fr the text?
A．Can cells be cntrlled by sund?
B．Hw is sngenetics clinically used?
C．Are gene delivery techniques available?
D．What are applicatins f sngenetics?
【江苏省镇江市丹阳市2023-2024学年高三试题】
Peple ften recmmend planting trees t make cities greener, cleaner and healthier. But during heat waves, city trees can actually increase air pllutin. Indeed, a new study has fund, up t 60 percent f the smggy zne in a city’s air n ht days may trace t chemicals emitted by trees. Galina Churkina, wh wrks at Humbldt University f Berlin, and her team have cnfirmed it.
The findings might seem the ppsite f what yu wuld expect, ntes Rbert Yung, an expert in city planting at the University f Texas at Austin. Indeed, he says, “Everything has multiple effects.” The new findings d nt mean cities shuld discurage tree planting. Instead, cities may need stricter cntrls n ther surces f pllutin, such as tailpipeemissins frm cars and trucks.
City trees sak up carbn dixide, and at the same time they release xygen int the air. But xygen is far frm the nly gas that trees and certain ther green plants release int the air. One f these chemicals is a hydrcarbn knwn as isprene(异戊二烯). It can react with cmbustin(燃烧)pllutants, such as nitrgen xides(氮氧化物)emitted by cars and trucks in cities. The result is the frmatin f zne, a cmpnent f smg, which can irritate the lungs and cause airway diseases.
Churkina says her team is nt surprised t see the seemingly cntrary relatinship between plants and pllutin. She adds that its imprtance is quite amazing. “The results,” Churkina says, “suggest that city tree planting prgrams shuld nt ignre the rle this greenery may play in aggravating summer air pllutin.” “Adding mre trees will imprve quality f life nly if thse cities als undertake plans t sharply cut vehicle pllutin in summer and t increase their reliance n clean energy surces fr electric pwer,” she says.
28．What des the new study find abut city trees n ht days?
A．City trees can reduce the smggy zne.
B．City trees may easily absrb heat waves.
C．City trees may cause mre air pllutin.
D．Mre city trees can make a city far better.
29．What is the third paragraph mainly abut?
A．The harm zne des t peple in cities.
B．The way trees help the frmatin f zne.
C．The chemicals green plants release int the air.
D．The benefits trees bring t the city envirnment.
30．What des the underlined wrd “aggravating” mean in the last paragraph?
A．Wrsening.B．Decreasing.C．Imprving.D．Releasing.
31．Which f the fllwing is suggested by Churkina?
A．Planting mre trees in cities.
B．Advcating using clean energy.
C．Imprving peple’s quality f life.
D．Banning vehicle pllutin in summer.
【江苏省东台中学2023-2024学年高三试题】
First impressins can set a lasting tne, but there is ften smething dubtful. Psychlgists have dcumented a phenmenn knwn as the liking gap, whereby tw peple meeting fr the first time rutinely underestimate hw much their cunterparts (对应方) like them. A new study finds that the liking gap ccurs in grup settings t and affects hw well grups functin.
In ne experiment, the researchers divided 159 participants int grups f three and asked them t have a cnversatin. They then surveyed the participants individually abut hw much they liked each f their partners, hw much they thught each partner liked them, and hw much they thught their partners liked each ther. On average, peple liked their partners mre than they believed their partners liked them, and thught themselves t be the least liked in the grup.
In a subsequent experiment, the researchers asked similar questins f engineering students wh had wrked tgether in design cmpetitins fr varying lengths f time. Here, t, peple tended t underestimate the degree t which they were liked, regardless f hw lng they had knwn their teammates — and their dim views f their wn likability reduced their willingness t ask thers fr help, give hnest feedback, and wrk tgether in the future.
A final experiment invlving a brad sample f wrkers shwed that the misperceptins (误解) were strngest amng teammates and that they decreased team effectiveness and jb satisfactin. It als fund a pssible explanatin fr the liking gap: Peple tend t fcus n psitive thughts when reflecting n hw much they like smene else “(I’m happy that she gt a prmtin”) but fall victim t mre negative nes when cnsidering hw thers view them ( “I gt a prmtin, s she might be green with envy”).
Managers shuld think carefully nt just abut hw teammates regard ne anther but abut hw team members think they themselves are regarded, the researchers say; crrecting misperceptins culd bst team satisfactin and perfrmance. “If nly peple knew hw psitively their teammates actually felt abut them, they might cmmunicate better, feel mre included n their teams, and be happier verall with their jbs,” they write.
8．What des the liking gap refer t?
A．A type f scial anxiety disrder.B．Lve amng different age grups.
C．Misjudging thers’ pinins f us.D．Hlding back thers’ evaluatins.
9．What did the experiment in paragraph 2 reveal?
A．Peple did nt like t give hnest cmments.
B．Peple tended t think little f their partners.
C．Peple were quite demanding twards thers.
D．Peple were nt very cnfident abut themselves.
10．What des the underlined wrd “dim” in paragraph 3 prbably mean?
A．Cnflicting.B．Negative.C．Cnventinal.D．Strng.
11．What d the researchers suggest managers stress?
A．Emplyees’ viewpints n themselves.
B．The relatinship between team members.
C．Emplyee prmtin and jb satisfactin.
D．Cmmunicatin between leaders and emplyees.江苏省决胜新高考2023-2024学年高三大联考试题
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