[英语]江苏省2025年备战高考模拟试题(解析版)

这是一份[英语]江苏省2025年备战高考模拟试题(解析版)，共25页。

第一节（共5小题；每小题1分，满分5分）
听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。
1．Hw des the man feel nw?
A．Annyed.B．Guilty.C．Embarrassed.
【答案】A
【原文】M: I can’t believe it! Smene tk my lunch delivery!
W: Are yu sure? The delivery guy didn’t cntact yu?
M: I missed his call. S he left my rder dwnstairs and sent me a pht.
W: That’s why I never chse cntactless delivery. I want t make sure they hand it t me.
2．What des the wman ask the man t d?
A．Deal with the windw display.
B．Change the shelves.
C．Put the tys away.
【答案】A
【原文】W: Did yu put the children’s bks by the frnt windw?
M: N, I have nt had the time yet. I was busy cleaning the tys n the shelves. D yu want me t start wrking n the display nw?
W: Yes, we have t finish that by the end f the day.
3．Where des the cnversatin prbably take place?
A．In a stre.B．In a htel.C．In a restaurant.
【答案】B
【原文】M: Excuse me, d yu knw where I culd buy an umbrella?
W: Of curse. We have a htel gift shp n the B1 flr. It usually pens at 10 a.m.
M: All right, thanks. I shuld stp by there after breakfast then.
W: Yu’re welcme. Dn’t hesitate t let us knw if yu need anything else during yur stay.
4．What are the speakers talking abut?
A．A party invitatin.B．Travel arrangements.C．Weekend plans.
【答案】C
【原文】M: Hey, Jennifer. Yu’re planning t g t Steven’s party this weekend, aren’t yu?
W: N. I really want t g, but I can’t.
M: Oh n! Why nt?
W: l have t g ut f twn with my parents. We’re ging t visit my aunt in Chicag. And we’re driving the whle way!
5．Why is the man excited?
A．His mm bught him a car.
B．His mm gave him the new car.
C．His mm will give him the ld car.
【答案】C
【原文】W: S, what’s yur big news?
M: Well, my mm gt a new car the day befre yesterday.
W: That’s exciting. Will yu get t drive it nce fr a while?
M: Even better, my mm will give me the ld car.
第二节（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）
听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。
听第6段材料，回答6~7小题。
6．What’s wrng with the man’s rder?
A．It has been misplaced.B．It has been delayed.C．It has been lst.
7．Wh is t blame fr this prblem?
A．The sales manager.B．The custmer.C．The supplier.
【答案】6．B 7．C
【原文】M: Hell, can I speak t the sales manager, please?
W: Yes, I’m the sales manager. Can I help yu?
M: Right. Well, I phned tw days ag t say I hadn’t received my rder and I’m ringing again t say it still hasn’t arrived.
W: Can I just take yur name, please?
M: Yes, it’s Frank Edward.
W: Ah, Mr. Edward. I think there’s been a prblem with that rder.
M: What kind f prblem?
W: Yu see, part f the rder didn’t arrive here at the strehuse. S we culdn’t send it ut until we’d received everything frm the supplier.
M: Well, surely that was nt my prblem. I placed this rder weeks ag.
W: Yeah, I’m srry abut this, Mr. Edward. But we’ll d everything we can t send this ut t yu tday.
M: Right, please d. I am badly in need f it.
听第7段材料，回答8~10小题。
8．Why did the man’s aunt and uncle leave their hme?
A．T visit family.B．T have a vacatin.C．T escape the natural disaster.
9．Hw d they find what the vlcan is ding?
A．They call their relatives.B．They read the newspaper.C．They watch news prgrams.
10．What d the man’s aunt and uncle think abut San Francisc?
A．It isn’t very fun.B．It’s t cld.C．It’s scary t visit.
【答案】8．C 9．C 10．B
【原文】W: Have yur aunt and uncle left their hme yet?
M: Yes, they arrived in San Francisc tw weeks ag. It seems like they’ll be staying with us fr a while.
W: I hpe it isn’t t lng befre they can return t Hawaii. Is their cmmunity in danger?
M: N, it isn’t anywhere near the vlcanic activity. It’s actually n the ther side f the island. They left just in case the vlcan erupts in a very big way. All the recent activity has been relatively slw. If the vlcan expldes suddenly, it will be t late.
W: Hw lng d yur relatives plan t stay?
M: I have n idea. Maybe anther mnth, maybe tw mnths. We watch the news every day t find ut what the vlcan was ding.
W: They must be afraid, nt my aunt and uncle.
M: They’ve lived in Hawaii all their lives. They’ve experienced a few majr eruptins, t. They think it’s fun living with my family. They nly cmplain that it’s t cld.
听第8段材料，回答11~13小题。
11．What date is it tday prbably?
A．May 5.B．May 10.C．May 15.
12．What is the third energy surce the speakers will pssibly chse?
A．Wind.B．Nuclear.C．Slar.
13．What des the man suggest ding?
A．Giving sme cmments.
B．Leaving ut sme details.
C．Putting n sme statistics.
【答案】11．B 12．A 13．B
【原文】W: Hell, Jim. What abut the presentatin abut envirnment given by ur teacher n May 5?
M: We are suppsed t hand it in tday. The teacher will give sme cmments.
W: I hpe s. When is the presentatin?
M: On May 15, in the afternn. S we still have five days left t get it finished.
W: S I think we need t leave ut sme f the infrmatin we’re including.
M: Yes. Mr. Smith advised us t fcus n three frms f nn-traditinal energy and we can talk abut slar bi-fuels. And what abut the third energy surce?
W: I was having difficulty chsing between nuclear and wind.
M: But dealing with nuclear is mre difficult fr us.
W: OK. I agree with yu.
M: Then I’d like t suggest leaving ut the backgrund details.
W: I dn’t think s. We shuld put the statistics n a wrksheet t clearly supprt ur main ideas.
M: Yu’re right.
听第9段材料，回答14~17小题。
14．What is the prbable relatinship between the speakers?
A．Schlmates.B．Relatives.C．Clleagues.
15．What can visitrs d in Lking Back?
A．Learn abut Greek culture.
B．Watch sme recrdings.
C．Create building mdels.
16．Which exhibitin will the speakers attend?
A．Transprt.B．Fun Science.C．Glass Place.
17．When will the speakers prbably meet n Sunday?
A．At arund 12:00.B．At arund 1:30 pm.C．At arund 3:00 pm.
【答案】14．A 15．B 16．C 17．A
【原文】M: Lisa, have yu gt a minute? We need t talk abut which venue we ging t chse fr this Sunday’s afterschl activity.
W: Sure, the museum I went t last Wednesday with my tutr was pretty interesting. It had several exhibitins n transprt frm ancient Greece. We can g there.
M: Well, it’s bring t visit ne place tw times. I’d like t recmmend Lking Back. There’s an exhibitin that explres the histry f the past three hundred years. It has special recrdings f lcal peple wh tld their stries. My elder brther visited nce and spke highly f it.
W: Lking Back, isn’t it n Suth Main Street? I think I’ve been there befre.
M: Okay. Hw abut Fun Science? We can try the rcket mdels r watch 3D films abut different planets there r we can g and experience the prcess f glass making in a glass place.
W: Making glass? I’ve never seen demnstratins like that. When will that be?
M: 1:30 pm n Sunday fifth flr f the city museum.
W: In that case, we can have lunch tgether and g t the museum afterward.
M: Great! I’ll see yu at nn then.
听第10段材料，回答18~20小题。
18．Where is the speaker staying nw?
A．In China.B．In France.C．In the UK.
19．What des the speaker think f British peple?
A．They are quiet.B．They are helpful.C．They are ptimistic.
20．When will the speaker’s friend talk a lt?
A．When he is asked hw t study languages.
B．When he travels by train with the speaker.
C．When he talks abut muntain climbing.
【答案】18．C 19．A 20．C
【原文】I’ve been living alne in Lndn fr a while nw. Everybdy here is very kind t me, but there are times when I feel hmesick and get rather sad. It’s bund t happen when yu live far frm hme. I smetimes get a little tired f cking meals just fr myself. Once a week I g t Sh. Sh is a part f Lndn where there are all srts f restaurants: French, Italian, Greek, Spanish, Indian, and Chinese. S, when I dn’t want t ck, I will g t ne f the restaurants in Sh and have a meal there. Smetimes I even treat myself t a bttle f wine. Wine isn’t cheap in Lndn — at least nt when yu buy it at a restaurant. It isn’t smething we drink every day.
British peple d nt talk as much as we d. They are mre reserved. I’ve ften traveled by train and nticed that peple seldm chat with each ther during the jurney. They like t keep themselves t themselves. A British friend f mine, wh can speak seven languages, is als quite a quiet persn. But I’ve fund ne way t make him talk. He’s very interested in muntain climbing. If I ask him abut climbing, he’s always ready t talk. When it cmes t that subject, he suddenly pens up.
第二部分 阅读(共两节, 满分50分)
第一节(共15小题:每小题2.5分, 满分37.5分)
阅读下列短文, 从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
A
Jbs fr Organic Chemists
Welcme t the Organic Chemistry Prtal Jb Market! Here yu can brwse recent jb penings wrldwide, and find jbs in research and develpment bth in industry and academia. Sme tips fr yur career as an rganic chemist and the applicatin prcess in particular can be fund further dwn n this page.
Educatinal Requirements
Studying is an essential cmpnent f becming a chemist. T becme a chemist, yu will need t cmplete a frmal educatin prgram that prvides yu with a strng fundatin in chemistry, mathematics, physics, r ther related sciences.
Netwrking Opprtunities
T find an interesting jb, yu shuld ccasinally interact with industrial chemists and make persnal cntacts. This is best dne at scientific cnferences r via the scial medium Linked In, where the Organic Chemistry Prtal is als represented. This gives yu interesting insights and allws yu t fcus yur jb search n suitable tpics and cmpanies. On the ther hand, sme peple already knw yu and under sme circumstances yu already have references that culd be listed in the applicatin.
Acquire Mre Knwledge
Fr special fields, yu can deepen yur knwledge befrehand in rder t shw ff sme details in jb interviews. Studying a specific textbk r reading jurnals in the field is suitable fr this purpse. In sme cmpanies, yu als have t talk t chemists during the applicatin prcess, wh ask fr sme basic r detailed knwledge. Name reactins in particular can be queried.
The Applicatin Prcess
The applicatin prcess fr a jb vacancy can vary depending n the cmpany and the rle yu are applying fr, but in general, it usually invlves sme cmmn steps. Click here fr mre details.
→Applicatin Materials：Cver Letter, Resume
21．What educatin backgrund is needed fr a student t becme a chemist?
A．Evening schl f Sciences.B．Self study f chemistry.
C．Cllege educatin f Maths.D．High schl ptinal curse f Physics.
22．What shuld yu d t increase the chance f finding a gd jb?
A．Attend sme jb hunting fairs.
B．Give detailed persnal infrmatin.
C．Chat with chemists via scial media.
D．Pursue further educatin in related sciences.
23．Where will yu find this advertisement?
A．A website.B．A magazine.
C．A newspaper.D．A brchure.
【答案】21．C 22．C 23．A
【语篇解读】本文是一篇应用文。介绍了有关有机化学家的工作机会、教育要求、网络机会、获取更多知识以及申请流程的信息。
【解析】21．细节理解题。根据“Educatinal Requirements”下的“Studying is an essential cmpnent f becming a chemist. T becme a chemist, yu will need t cmplete a frmal educatin prgram that prvides yu with a strng fundatin in chemistry, mathematics, physics, r ther related sciences.(学习是成为一名化学家的关键要素。要想成为一名化学家，你需要完成正规的教育课程，为你提供化学、数学、物理学或其他相关科学的坚实基础)”可知，学生要成为化学家需要具有正规的大学化学、数学、物理学或其他相关科学教育背景。故选C项。
22．细节理解题。根据“Netwrking Opprtunities”部分中“T find an interesting jb, yu shuld ccasinally interact with industrial chemists and make persnal cntacts. This is best dne at scientific cnferences r via the scial medium Linked In, where the Organic Chemistry Prtal is als represented. This gives yu interesting insights and allws yu t fcus yur jb search n suitable tpics and cmpanies. On the ther hand, sme peple already knw yu and under sme circumstances yu already have references that culd be listed in the applicatin.(要找到一份有趣的工作，你应该偶尔与工业化学家互动，并建立个人联系。这最好在科学会议上或通过社交媒体Linked In完成，其中有机化学门户网站也有代表。这会给你带来有趣的见解，让你把求职重点放在合适的主题和公司上。另一方面，有些人已经认识你了，在某些情况下，你已经有了可以在申请中列出的参考资料)”可知，通过社交媒体与化学家聊天能增加找到好工作的机会。故选C项。
23．推理判断题。根基“The Applicatin Prcess”部分中的“The applicatin prcess fr a jb vacancy can vary depending n the cmpany and the rle yu are applying fr, but in general, it usually invlves sme cmmn steps. Click here fr mre details.(职位空缺的申请流程可能会因公司和你申请的职位而异，但总的来说，它通常包括一些共同的步骤。点击这里了解更多详情)”可知，只有网页才会有Click here fr mre details.链接，所以本文来自一个网站。故选A项。
B
Hw lng will it take yu t read this article? On average, adults read abut 240 wrds a minute, but I always take lnger. I shuld prbably feel embarrassed-but instead, I take jy in it.
I gt the habit f reading fr pleasure frm my mum. Reading is what I d first thing in the mrning and last thing at night. But it’s always taken me a lng time. When I started reviewing bks, I was averaging 20 pages an hur. I have imprved t abut 30 pages, but that’s still slw, accrding t sme literary critics.
Bk reviewers aren’t the nly nes under pressure t read quickly. Pictures f “all the bks I read this mnth” are all ver scial media. And reading has becme a way f keeping up with the wrld. It is understandable that we try t make sense f events, but it can als fuel the idea that reading is a chre , which it abslutely is nt.
Why wuld pleasure be equal t pace? My slw reading seems t be dwn t a cmbinatin f slwer prcessing speeds, and “subvcalising” — sunding ut wrds as I read them. But especially when it cmes t the latter, I wuldn’t want t train myself t g faster. It was news t me that nt everyne subvcalises, because ne f my favurite things abut reading is hearing the language in my mind. Withut subvcalising, I wuldn’t have caught the music f thse wrds.
Recently, I finished a bk f petry. Fr tw years, I read the pems each mrning in the fur minutes it tk my cffee t be ready. It was a wnderful reminder that reading is never abut quantity and always abut the quality f time yu spend with a text.
S when yu read, dn’t stick a number n it ---- reslve t read fr pleasure, nt as a chre.
24．Why des the authr like slw reading?
A．It wins her fame nline.B．It is a delightful practice.
C．It cmes frm her mm.D．It helps her reach gals.
25．What d fast readers fcus n?
A．Quantity.B．Quality.C．Cntent.D．Sund.
26．What d the underlined wrds “the latter” in paragraph 4 refer t?
A．Slwer prcessing speeds.
B．Learning language.
C．Cmbining speeds and sunds.
D．Reading wrds ut.
27．What wuld the authr agree with?
A．Reading is a demanding task.
B．Pace equals reading pleasure.
C．Beauty f wrds needs tasting.
D．Petry takes n effrt t digest.
【答案】24．B 25．A 26．D 27．C
【语篇解读】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章主要讲的是阅读的速度与乐趣之间的关系，以及作者对于慢阅读的享受和坚持。作者提到自己虽然阅读速度较慢，但乐在其中，并且从妈妈那里养成了为乐趣而阅读的习惯。
【解析】24．推理判断题。根据第一段“On average, adults read abut 240 wrds a minute, but I always take lnger. I shuld prbably feel embarrassed-but instead, I take jy in it.(成年人平均每分钟阅读240个单词，但我总是花更多的时间。我可能会感到尴尬，但我却乐在其中)”可推知，作者喜欢慢读是因为这是一种令人愉快的做法。故选B。
25．推理判断题。根据第三段“Pictures f “all the bks I read this mnth” are all ver scial media.(社交媒体上到处都是“我这个月读过的所有书”的照片)”和倒数第二段“It was a wnderful reminder that reading is never abut quantity and always abut the quality f time yu spend with a text.(这是一个很好的提醒，阅读不在于阅读的数量，而在于阅读时间的质量)”可推知，快速阅读者关注数量。故选A。
26．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“My slw reading seems t be dwn t a cmbinatin f slwer prcessing speeds, and “subvcalising” — sunding ut wrds as I read them.(我的阅读速度慢似乎是由于处理速度较慢和“默读”——在阅读时读出单词)”和“But especially when it cmes t the latter(但特别是当涉及到后者时)”可知，the latter指的是“在阅读时读出单词”，即Reading wrds ut。故选D。
27．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“It was news t me that nt everyne subvcalises, because ne f my favurite things abut reading is hearing the language in my mind. Withut subvcalising, I wuldn’t have caught the music f thse wrds.(对我来说，并不是每个人都能默读，因为我最喜欢阅读的一件事就是在脑海中听到语言。如果没有默念，我就听不出这些话的音乐)”可推知，作者可能会同意的是语言之美需要品尝。故选C。
C
It has lng been knwn that dgs can learn cmmands like “sit,” “stay,” r “fetch” and can respnd t these wrds with learned behavirs, ften with the help f a treat r tw, but uncvering their understanding f nuns has prven mre difficult.
T lk int the mystery, Brs frm Eötvös Lránd University in Hungary and her clleagues, inspired by studies investigating the cmprehensin f babies befre they can speak, decided t mimic (模仿) these experiments with dgs.
They invited 18 dg wners t bring their pets t the lab alng with five bjects the animals knew well. These included balls, slippers, Frisbees, rubber tys, leads and ther items. At the lab, the wners were instructed t say wrds fr bjects their dgs already knew. Then, the wners held up either the matching bject r a different ne while small metal discs harmlessly attached t the dgs’ heads measured brain activity in a prcess knwn as electrencephalgraphy (EEG).
Using EEG, the researchers aimed t bserve any variances in brain activity when the dg’s wner mentined a specific bject, such as a “ball”, but displayed a different item, like a stick, as ppsed t when bth the spken wrd and the presented bject matched. This was indeed the case, with the results being strngest when the bject was very familiar t the dg. That’s similar t what researchers have seen in humans and is widely accepted as evidence that they understand the wrds.
Writing in Current Bilgy, the scientists say the results “prvide the first neural evidence fr bject wrd knwledge in a nn-human animal”.
But the true extent f the dgs’ cmprehensin is still unknwn, even by the study’s authrs, since the dgs were respnding t their wn tys and bjects that the wners brught t the lab.
The researchers are nw curius t knw if this ability t understand referential language is specific t dgs r might be present in ther mammals as well. Either way, they want t learn mre abut hw this ability emerged and whether it depends n dgs’ unique experience f living with peple.
28．Which aspect f dgs did Brs’s research fcus n?
A．Their speed f learning actins.B．Their willingness t fllw rders.
C．Their respnses t training treats.D．Their capacity f understanding nuns.
29．What is paragraph 3 f the text mainly abut?
A．The result f human-dg interactins.B．The prcess f Brs’s experiment.
C．The lgic f pattern matching.D．The thery f EEG analysis.
30．The brain recrding results shwed a different pattern in the brain when ______.
A．pet wners shwed mre bjects than usual
B．dgs had a larger vcabulary f bject wrds
C．the experiment was cnducted in a new envirnment
D．the spken wrd and the presented bject mismatched
31．What des the authr want t cnvey in the last paragraph?
A．Cnclusins frm the experiment.B．Insights int dgs’ experiences.
C．Expectatins fr future studies.D．Applicatins f the discvery.
【答案】28．D 29．B 30．D 31．C
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了一项研究狗对名词理解能力的实验。
【解析】28．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“but uncvering their understanding f nuns has prven mre difficult. (但揭示它们对名词的理解却更加困难。)”以及第二段“T lk int the mystery, Brs frm Eötvös Lrán d University in Hungary and her clleagues, inspired by studies investigating the cmprehensin f babies befre they can speak, decided t mimic(模仿) these experiments with dgs. (为了揭开这个谜团，匈牙利 Eötvös Lrán d 大学的 Brs 和她的同事们受到研究婴儿在会说话前的理解能力的启发，决定用狗来模拟这些实验。) ”可知，Brs的研究重点是狗理解名词的能力。故选D。
29．主旨大意题。根据文章第三段“They invited 18 dg wners t bring their pets t the lab alng with five bjects the animals knew well. These included balls, slippers, Frisbees, rubber tys, leads and ther items. At the lab, the wners were instructed t say wrds fr bjects their dgs already knew. Then, the wners held up either the matching bject r a different ne while small metal disc s harmlessly attached t the dgs’ heads measured brain activity in a prcess knwn as electrencephalgraphy (EEG). (他们邀请了 18 位狗主人带着他们的宠物和 5 个动物熟悉的物品到实验室。这些物品包括球、拖鞋、飞盘、橡胶玩具、绳索和其他物品。在实验室里，主人被要求说出狗已经知道的物品的名称。然后，主人举起匹配的物品或不同的物品，同时无害地贴在狗头上的小金属盘测量大脑活动，这一过程被称为脑电图（EEG）。) ”可知，该段主要介绍了研究人员对狗进行实验的过程。故选B。
30．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“Using EEG, the researchers aimed t bserve any variances in brain activity when the dg’s wner mentined a specific bject, such as a “ball”, but displayed a different item, like a stick, as ppsed t when bth the spken wrd and the presented bject matched. This was indeed the case, with the results being strngest when the bject was very familiar t the dg.(研究人员使用脑电图（EEG）的目的是观察当狗的主人提到一个特定的物体，比如“球”，但展示的是一个不同的物品，如棍棒，与说出的单词和展示的物体相匹配时相比，大脑活动的任何变化。结果确实如此，当物体对狗来说非常熟悉时，结果最为显著)”可知，当说出的单词和呈现的物体不匹配时，狗的大脑活动会有所不同。故选D。
31．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“The researchers are nw curius t knw if this ability t understand referential language is specific t dgs r might be present in ther mammals as well. Either way, they want t learn mre abut hw this ability emerged and whether it depends n dgs’ unique experience f living with peple. (研究人员现在好奇的是，这种理解指涉语言的能力是狗特有的，还是也可能存在于其他哺乳动物中。无论哪种方式，他们都想更多地了解这种能力是如何出现的，以及它是否取决于狗与人类生活的独特经历) ”可知，研究人员希望了解这种能力是如何出现的，以及它是否取决于狗与人类生活的独特经历，这表明他们对未来的研究充满期待。故选C。
D
A traditinal Chinese medicine has been shwn t be effective at reducing cmplicatins fllwing a heart attack after a large-scale, clinical trial. The medicine, knwn as tngxinlu, is made f extracts derived frm seven herbs and varius animals. The cmpund, whse name means “t pen the netwrk f the heart,” has lng been used as a traditinal Chinese treatment fr patients wh have had heart attacks and／r strkes (中风).Based n prmising results in cellular (细胞的) and animal mdels， the State Fd and Drug Administratin f China apprved its use fr the treatment f strke and angina pectris—a heart cnditin characterized by reccurring chest pain-in 1996.
The latest study, which has been published in JAMA, represents ne f the first times that a traditinal Chinese medicine has been tested in a large-scale, Western-style clinical trial.
The authrs f the study, wh include researchers frm several Chinese universities and hspitals, in cllabratin with experts frm the University f Texas Suthwestern Medical Center-fund that tngxinlu reduced the risk f heart attacks (knwn as mycardial infarctins), deaths and ther majr cardivascular cmplicatins fr at least a year after a first heart attack.
Matthew Sayblt, a cardilgist with the Hackensack Meridian Jersey Shre University Medical Center wh was nt invlved in the latest study, tld Newsweek that he fund the latest research “cmpelling” after reviewing the paper. “I am nt aware f any ther large, well-run trials like this studying traditinal Chinese medicine. This is a rarely run type f study, and I cngratulate the authrs fr their wrk and publicatin in such a prestigius medical jurnal,” Sayblt said. The study invlved 3,777 patients at 124 clinical centers in China wh had suffered the mst severe frm f heart attack-knwn as ST-segment elevatin mycardial infarctin, r STEMI.
Sayblt said he als bserved sme weaknesses in the way the study was cnducted, ne f which was that the participants were entirely Chinese citizens and predminantly male. “Thus the findings may nt be generalizable thrughut the wrld r t wmen,” he said. “Furthermre, the patients were less frequently-cmpared t the United States, fr example-treated with traditinal prven medicine after their mycardial infarctins. Therefre, the effect f the Chinese medicine may have been enlarged, by the lack f patient expsure t prven therapies.
Further research will be needed t address these matters, and the benefits shwn in this study wuld need t be cpied in ther ppulatins befre the treatment culd get apprved by the U. S. Fd and Drug Administratin.
32．Why did the Chinese authrity apprve the use f tngxinlu?
A．Because it is made f the essence frm seven herbs and animals.
B．Because it has already been used in traditinal Chinese medicine.
C．Because it has been published in Western-style jurnals and magazines.
D．Because it has had effective results in treating patients with heart attacks and strkes.
33．What was the limitatin f the study?
A．The authrs have nly wrked with ne university.
B．The research subjects are mainly Chinese male.
C．The American patients used the unprved medicine.
D．The expert Matthew Sayblt did nt participate in the study.
34．What is Sayblt’s attitude twards the study?
A．Objective.B．Optimistic.
C．Cncerned.D．Dubtful.
35．What is the last paragraph mainly abut?
A．Imprvements f the study.B．Weaknesses f the study.
C．Results f the study.D．Benefits f the study.
【答案】32．D 33．B 34．A 35．A
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了中药“通心络”的相关内容。该药已被中国食品药品监督管理局批准用于治疗中风和心绞痛，最近的一项研究发现它还可以降低心脏病发作后的死亡和其他主要心血管并发症的风险，但这项研究也存在一些局限性。
【解析】32．细节理解题。根据第一段“Based n prmising results in cellular(细胞的)and animal mdels, the State Fd and Drug Administratin f China apprved its use fr the treatment f strke and angina pectris—a heart cnditin characterized by reccurring chest pain-in 1996. (基于在细胞和动物模型上的有希望的结果，中国国家食品药品监督管理局于 1996 年批准其用于治疗中风和心绞痛——一种以反复发作的胸痛为特征的心脏病。)”可知，中国当局批准使用通心络是因为它在治疗中风和心绞痛方面有显著效果。故选 D。
33．细节理解题。根据第五段“Sayblt said he als bserved sme weaknesses in the way the study was cnducted, ne f which was that the participants were entirely Chinese citizens and predminantly male. (Sayblt 说，他还观察到这项研究进行方式的一些弱点，其中之一是参与者完全是中国公民，而且主要是男性。)”可知，这项研究的局限性之一是参与者主要是中国男性。故选 B。
34．推理判断题。根据第四段“Matthew Sayblt, a cardilgist with the Hackensack Meridian Jersey Shre University Medical Center wh was nt invlved in the latest study, tld Newsweek that he fund the latest research “cmpelling” after reviewing the paper. “I am nt aware f any ther large, well-run trials like this studying traditinal Chinese medicine. This is a rarely run type f study, and I cngratulate the authrs fr their wrk and publicatin in such a prestigius medical jurnal,” Sayblt said. (哈肯萨克子午线泽西海岸大学医学中心的心脏病专家马修·萨博尔特（Matthew Sayblt）没有参与最新的研究，他在接受《新闻周刊》采访时表示，在审查了这篇论文后，他发现最新的研究“很有说服力”。“我不知道还有其他类似的研究中药的大型、运行良好的试验。这是一种很少进行的研究类型，我祝贺作者们的工作和在如此有声望的医学杂志上发表。”)”可知，Sayblt 对这项研究的评价是积极的，他认为这是一项罕见的研究，并祝贺作者在如此有声望的医学杂志上发表。由此推知，Sayblt 对这项研究的态度是客观的。故选 A。
35．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Further research will be needed t address these matters, and the benefits shwn in this study wuld need t be cpied in ther ppulatins befre the treatment culd get apprved by the U. S. Fd and Drug Administratin. (需要进一步的研究来解决这些问题，并且在这种治疗方法得到美国食品和药物管理局的批准之前，需要在其他人群中复制这项研究中显示的益处。)”可知，最后一段主要是关于这项研究的改进方向。故选 A。
第二节(共5小题:每小题2. 5分, 满分12. 5分)
阅读下面短文, 从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Develping a strng sense f self-respect can help yu fulfil yur ptential, develp healthy relatinships, and make everyne arund yu see yu as a persn wh is wrthy f respect. Take steps t knw hw t feel happy with wh yu are. 36
Treat yurself with respect
We ften d things t urselves that we wuld never dream f ding t smene we care abut. Fr instance, when’s the last time yu called a friend ugly, tld them they weren’t gd enugh, r discuraged them frm fllwing their dreams? 37 . Dn’t harm yurself, n matter hw bad yu feel. This kind f treatment is nly bund t make yu feel wrse.
Take care f yur bdy
When yu make an effrt t keep yur bdy in gd wrking rder, yu’ll nt nly feel better physically, but yu’ll als feel a sense f pride. 38 . This desn’t mean that ging t the gym and lking amazing will autmatically lead yu t have high self-respect. But it des mean that if yu dn’t put any time r care int yur appearance, that yu’ll start t lse respect fr wh yu are.
Imprve yurself
39 . It means being able t accept the things that yu cannt change abut yurself, while wrking t address the things that yu need t wrk n. Take sme time t really think abut yurself and t cnsider the areas yu’d like t wrk n the mst. Imprving yurself can mean taking a yga class, vlunteering, spending mre time learning lessns frm the elders yu care abut, learning t see multiple perspectives abut a situatin. 40
A．Maintain a psitive attitude
B．Make an effrt t get fit and stay healthy.
C．The wrld will treat yu as yu deserve t be treated
D．Whatever yu believe t be respect, apply it t yurself.
E．Respecting yurself des nt mean thinking that yu are perfect
F．Stp wishing yu had what thers have and wrk n achieving what yu really want
G．Striving t learn new things thrugh reading the news will certainly benefit yu a lt, t
【答案】36．C 37．D 38．B 39．E 40．G
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了如何培养自尊。
【解析】36．前文“Take steps t knw hw t feel happy with wh yu are.(采取一些措施来知道如何对自己感到满意。)”指出可以采取一些措施来达到自我满意，由此可知，空处应对这种做法进行评价，C项“世界会按照你应得的方式对待你。”符合题意。故选C。
37．根据本段小标题“Treat yurself with respect”可知，本段主要讲述了要尊重自己，结合前文“We ften d things t urselves that we wuld never dream f ding t smene we care abut. Fr instance, when’s the last time yu called a friend ugly, tld them they weren’t gd enugh, r discuraged them frm fllwing their dreams?(例如，你上一次称朋友丑陋、告诉他们不够好或劝阻他们追求梦想是什么时候？)”和空后一句“Dn’t harm yurself, n matter hw bad yu feel.(无论你感觉多么糟糕，都不要伤害自己。)”可知，D项“无论你认为什么是尊重，都要把它应用到自己身上。”符合题意。故选D。
38．根据本段小标题“Take care f yur bdy”可知，本段主要讲述了要照顾好自己的身体。结合空前一句“When yu make an effrt t keep yur bdy in gd wrking rder, yu’ll nt nly feel better physically, but yu’ll als feel a sense f pride.(当你努力保持身体良好的工作状态时，你不仅会在身体上感觉更好，还会感到自豪。)”可知，空处应讲述要保持健康，B项“努力保持健康。”符合题意。故选B。
39．根据下文“It means being able t accept the things that yu cannt change abut yurself, while wrking t address the things that yu need t wrk n. Take sme time t really think abut yurself and t cnsider the areas yu’d like t wrk n the mst.(这意味着能够接受你无法改变自己的事情，同时努力解决你需要解决的问题。花点时间好好想想自己，想想你最想做的事情。)”可知，下文讲述了要接受无法改变的事情，努力解决需要解决的事情，花时间思考自己最想做的事情，由此可知，尊重自我并不是要认为自己很完美，而是提升自我，E项“尊重自己并不意味着认为自己是完美的”符合题意，des nt mean和下文中的It means形成对照。故选E。
40．根据空前一句“Imprving yurself can mean taking a yga class, vlunteering, spending mre time learning lessns frm the elders yu care abut, learning t see multiple perspectives abut a situatin.(提升自己可能意味着上瑜伽课、做志愿者、花更多时间向你关心的长辈学习，学会从多个角度看待一种情况。)”可知，前面讲述了提升自己的一些方式，空处可讲述其他方式，G项“通过阅读新闻努力学习新事物肯定也会让你受益匪浅。”符合题意。故选G。

第三部分语言运用(共两节，满分30分)
第一节(共15小题:每小题1分，满分15分)
阅读下面短文, 从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
My daddy was a d-as-I-d kind f guy. In his bk, 41 training was much preferred t mere verbal explanatin. He was int 42 whenever and wherever pssible.
Take tire (轮胎) changing, fr instance. When I was a teenager, Daddy taught me hw t change a flat tire n the family car. A few years later, when I was able t drive, Daddy 43 flattened a tire when he knew I was planning t 44 the huse and challenged me t change it ut fr the 45 . Alne. Quickly. I did.
A big man, Daddy had the 46 f a best-selling nvelist. He put it t gd use at thse times when 47 his baby girl fr life had t extend beynd demnstratin.
In ur huse, T.F. 48 a little wd nymph (仙女), wh was described t me by Daddy as wise and particularly fnd f green trees. Daddy and I 49 her whenever a prblem arse that I culd nt slve.
At the age f 13, I asked Daddy hw t 50 T.F.’s “real” name. Daddy answered with a srt f riddle, “It’s prnunced ‘Fear-a-lie’ but spelled any way yu wish.” A few years later I 51 a message in my father’s elegant handwriting that mentined “Fear-A-Lie.” Only then, with a flash f insight, did the pieces 52 .
53 , I left hme t launch a career as an investigative reprter, ften speaking truth t pwer.
Lking back, I understand that Daddy’s life lessns－abut ding the 54 thing even when faced with high risk一tk rt just as he 55 .
41．A．scialB．scientificC．thereticalD．participatry
42．A．explainingB．debatingC．demnstratingD．assisting
43．A．PatientlyB．painfullyC．unwillinglyD．purpsely
44．A．cleanB．buyC．leaveD．rent
45．A．ldB．spareC．cheapD．empty
46．A．memryB．pininC．imaginatinD．wealth
47．A．leadingB．invitingC．cntrllingD．preparing
48．A．std frB．called frC．waited frD．lked fr
49．A．ignredB．cnsultedC．aidedD．accmpanied
50．A．spellB．viceC．discverD．prve
51．A．searched frB．came acrssC．respnded tD．held up
52．A．fall int placeB．mix upC．cme int effectD．settle dwn
53．A．SuddenlyB．SecretlyC．NrmallyD．Eventually
54．A．rdinaryB．creativeC．rightD．basic
55．A．fearedB．intendedC．claimedD．prmised
【答案】41．D 42．C 43．D 44．C 45．B 46．C 47．D 48．A 49．B 50．A 51．B 52．A 53．D 54．C 55．B
【语篇解读】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了父亲以身作则的教育方式让我学会应对生活中的实际问题，这些宝贵经验在我成为揭露真相的记者之路上起到了关键作用。
【解析】41．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在他的书中，参与式培训比口头解释更受欢迎。A. scial社会的；B. scientific科学的；C. theretical理论的；D. participatry参与式的。根据前文的“My daddy was a d-as-I-d kind f guy”可知，父亲强调实际行动，因此参与式的训练更符合他的教育理念。故选D项。
42．考查动词词义辨析。句意：无论何时何地，他都热衷于演示。A. explaining解释；B. debating辩论；C. demnstrating演示；D. assisting协助。根据前文的“training was much preferred t mere verbal explanatin”可知，与上题呼应，父亲偏好实际操作而非口头解释，因此此处应选择“演示”。故选C项。
43．考查副词词义辨析。句意：几年后，当我能开车的时候，爸爸知道我打算离开家，就故意打瘪了一个轮胎，并挑战我换上备胎。A. Patiently耐心地；B. painfully痛苦地；C. unwillingly不情愿地；D. purpsely故意地。根据后文的“challenged me t change it”可知，这里父亲是为了给女儿一个实践机会，故意弄瘪轮胎。故选D项。
44．考查动词词义辨析。句意：几年后，当我能开车的时候，爸爸知道我打算离开家，就故意打瘪了一个轮胎，并挑战我换上备胎。A. clean清洁；B. buy购买；C. leave离开；D. rent租赁。根据前文的“when I was able t drive”可知，此处指作者学会开车后，准备离家出门时的情景。故选C项。
45．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：几年后，当我能开车的时候，爸爸知道我打算离开家，就故意打瘪了一个轮胎，并挑战我换上备胎。A. ld旧的；B. spare备用的；C. cheap便宜的；D. empty空的。根据前文的“flattened a tire”和“challenged me t change it ut”可知，轮胎瘪了自然是要更换备胎。故选B项。
46．考查名词词义辨析。句意：父亲是个大个子，有着畅销小说家般的想象力。A. memry记忆；B. pinin观点；C. imaginatin想象力；D. wealth财富。根据后文的“f a best-selling nvelist”和“He put it t gd use at thse times when 7 his baby girl fr life had t extend beynd demnstratin.”可知，下文提到父亲用一种谜一样的方式解释问题，显示了他丰富的想象力。故选C项。
47．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在他必须为他的宝贝女儿准备面对生活而不仅仅是示范的时候，他就充分利用了这一点。A. leading引导；B. inviting邀请；C. cntrlling控制；D. preparing准备。根据后文的“his baby girl fr life”可知，此处指父亲在为女儿准备面对生活时，除了示范还会用其他方法教育。故选D项。
48．考查动词短语辨析。句意：在我们家里，T.F. 代表了一个被父亲描述为智慧且特别喜欢绿树的小仙女。A. std fr代表；B. called fr需要；C. waited fr等待；D. lked fr寻找。根据后文的“a little wd nymph (仙女), wh was described t me by Daddy as wise and particularly fnd f green trees”可知，这里是指T.F.这个缩写代表着一个小仙女的形象。故选A项。
49．考查动词词义辨析。句意：每当出现问题我无法解决时，爸爸和我就会咨询她。A. ignred忽视；B. cnsulted咨询；C. aided帮助；D. accmpanied陪伴。根据后文的“whenever a prblem arse that I culd nt slve”可知，遇到问题时，他们会向这个虚构的角色求助，即咨询她的意见。故选B项。
50．考查动词词义辨析。句意：13岁时，我问爸爸如何拼写T.F.的“真实”名字。A. spell拼写；B. vice表达；C. discver发现；D. prve证明。根据前文的“It’s prnunced 'Fear-a-lie' but spelled any way yu wish”可知，这里女儿询问的是如何正确拼写出T.F.代表的名字。故选A项。
51．考查动词短语辨析。句意：几年后，我偶然发现了父亲优雅笔迹中提到的“Fear-A-Lie”。A. searched fr寻找；B. came acrss偶遇，偶然发现；C. respnded t回应；D. held up举起。根据后文的“in my father’s elegant handwriting”可知，这里指作者无意中发现了父亲写的留言。故选B项。
52．考查动词短语辨析。句意：只有那时，我才恍然大悟，所有的线索都逐渐明朗。A. fall int place逐渐明朗；B. mix up混淆；C. cme int effect开始生效；D. settle dwn安定下来。根据前文的“with a flash f insight, did the pieces”可知，表示作者一切突然明白了，线索逐渐明朗，形成了完整的理解。故选A项。
53．考查副词词义辨析。句意：最终，我离开家，开始从事调查记者的职业，经常对权势说真话。A. Suddenly突然；B. Secretly秘密地；C. Nrmally正常地；D. Eventually最终。根据后文的“left hme t launch a career”可知，此处是讲述故事的进展，最终作者离开了家。故选D项。
54．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：回想起来，我明白，爸爸的人生课程——即使面临高风险也要做正确的事——正如他所计划的那样生根发芽。A. rdinary普通的；B. creative创造性的；C. right正确的；D. basic基础的。根据后文的“even when faced with high risk”可知，此处强调的是在困难面前也要坚持做正确的事情。故选C项。
55．考查动词词义辨析。句意：回想起来，我明白，爸爸的人生课程——即使面临高风险也要做正确的事——正如他所计划的那样生根发芽。A. feared害怕；B. intended打算，计划；C. claimed声称；D. prmised承诺。根据前文的“tk rt just as he”可知，里指的是父亲的教导如他所计划的那样在女儿心中生根发芽。故选B项。

第三部分语言运用(共两节，满分30分)
第一节(共15小题:每小题1分，满分15分)
阅读下面短文, 从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
There is argument ver the term hanfu, as sme schlars prefer huafu; “Hua” represents the Chinese natin, all 56 f its ethnic (民族的) grups 56 (include). Hwever, since Han, Chinese are the dminant ethnic grup in China. 57 (basic), peple refer t ancient Chinese clthing as hanfu.
T the 58 (train) eye, hanfu, the Japanese kimn and the Krean hanbk may lk alike. Hwever, each has distinctive design elements, histrical 59 (rigin), and cultural significance unique 60 their respective cuntries. Here are sme f the unique features f the special type f clthes.
Ancient Chinese clthing was very lightweight. Peple tend t believe 61 ancient Chinese clthing was bulky and heavy. Althugh sme garments (衣服) were indeed cmplicated and layered, many traditinal clthes, especially 62 made f silk, were designed t be lightweight and cmfrtable.
Putting n hanfu with prper ceremny was imprtant in ancient Chinese sciety, as it was a way 63 (distinguish) scial rles. At that time, rules n hw t wear, fld, and tie garments 64 (fllw) carefully t prject an image f grace, mdesty, and respect. Tday, sme f the flwers f the hanfu revival mvement adpt 65 same principles.
【答案】56．included 57．Basically 58．untrained 59．rigins 60．t 61．that 62．thse 63．t distinguish 64．were fllwed 65．the
【语篇解读】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍中国的汉服。
【解析】56．考查非谓语动词。句意：“汉服”一词存在争议，因为有些学者更喜欢华服；“华”代表中华民族，包括其全部56个民族。分析句子结构和意思可知，动词include和被修饰的名词短语all 56 f its ethnic (民族的) grups是逻辑上的动宾关系，用过去分词形式，表示被动。故填included。
57．考查副词。句意：基本上，人们把中国古代的服装称为汉服。分析句子结构和意思可知，这里需要副词，作状语，位于句首，首字母大写。故填Basically。
58．考查形容词。句意：在未经训练的人看来，汉服、日本和服和韩国韩服可能长得很像。分析句子结构和意思可知，这里需要形容词untrained，意为“未经训练的”作定语，修饰后面的名词eye。故填untrained。
59．考查名词的数。句意：然而，每一种都有各自国家特有的独特设计元素、历史渊源和文化意义。分析句子结构和意思可知，rigin是可数名词，作宾语，要用复数形式，表示泛指。故填rigins。
60．考查固定短语。句意：见第4题详解。分析句子结构和意思可知，这里考查固定短语unique t，意为“唯一的，对…来说是独特的”。故填t。
61．考查宾语从句。句意：人们倾向于认为中国古代的衣服很笨重。分析句子结构和意思可知，空格处引导宾语从句，从句基本成分完整，上下文意思连贯，用连词that引导。故填that。
62．考查代词。句意：尽管有些服装确实很复杂和有层次感，但许多传统服装，尤其是丝绸制成的服装，被设计成轻便舒适。分析句子结构和意思可知，这里用代词thse代替上文的复数名词clthes。故填thse。
63．考查固定短语。句意：在中国古代社会，穿上具有适当仪式的汉服是很重要的，因为它是区分社会角色的一种方式。分析句子结构和意思可知，这里需要用动词不定式，作后置定语，修饰前面的名词way。固定短语a way t d sth.，意为“做某事的方式”。故填t distinguish。
64．考查时态语态。句意：当时，人们严格遵守服装的穿着、折叠和打结规则，以塑造优雅、谦逊和尊重的形象。分析句子结构和意思可知，这句话有At that time作时间状语，所以描述的是过去的事情，谓语用一般过去时，主语rules和动词fllw是被动关系，用被动语态，be动词用were。故填were fllwed。
65．考查定冠词。句意：今天，汉服复兴运动的一些花朵也采用了相同的原则。分析句子结构和意思可知，这里考查固定搭配the same，意为“相同的”。故填the。
第四部分 写作(共两节, 满分40分)
第一节(满分15分)
66．假定你是李华，校学生会主席。学校即将举行建校80周年校庆活动，需要招募擅长英语的志愿者，请你拟一份英语招募倡议书，内容包括：
1. 招募条件；2. 工作内容；3. 号召报名。
注意：
1. 写作词数应为80左右；2. 请在答题卡的相应位置作答。
Vlunteers Needed
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【参考范文】
Vlunteers Needed
With the schl’s 80th anniversary appraching, ur schl is recruiting helpful vlunteers wh are skilled at bth written and spken English. The vluntary wrk is demanding in that nt nly are the vlunteers expected t help with the preparatins fr the celebratin but als they shuld ffer services fr the guests frm ur sister schls abrad.
We d hpe thse wh are enthusiastic abut such vluntary wrk will take actin immediately and sign up at the Students’ Unin.
第二节(满分25分)
67．阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
While walking alng the street, the bitter cld f a December day in Barrw was ruining my md. The temperature was belw zer s I rushed int the subway statin, hping t get warm.
Warmth came t my bdy as I settled nt a bench with a cup f ht cffee. Nw I was ready t relax and d sme serius peple-watching. I nticed a hmeless man seated nearby. The pleasant smell f delicius fd frm the subway fd curt(美食广场) was attracting me t cnsider an early dinner. Frm the lnging lk in my neighbr’s eyes, it was bvius that he, t, nticed the gd smell. I wndered hw lng it had been since he had eaten anything, expecting he wuld apprach me fr sme fd. But he never did. My head and heart were battling it ut: the frmer telling me t mind my wn business, and the latter urging me t make an immediate trip t the fd curt fr him.
While this inner debate was fierce, a well-dressed yung cuple suddenly apprached. “Excuse me, sir,” began the husband. “We just finished eating and ur appetite wasn’t as big as we thught. We hate t waste fd. Can yu help us ut and put this t gd use?” The kind stranger handed a large cntainer with fd. “Thank yu.” came the grateful reply. Feeling gd abut what I had seen, but disappinted by my wn lack f actin, I bserved my neighbr’s respnse t his sudden gd frtune.
He lifted the sup, cupping his hands arund the steaming bwl. It was bvius that he was ging t enjy this miracle meal. He pened muth and suddenly, he stpped.
The reasn fr this unexpected behavir sn became clear. Entering the hall was a new arrival, in his seventies, withut a hat and glves. His lightweight jacket was a pr prtectin against cld. His face and hands were red and damaged. Peple arund fcused n him with pity and whispered at this sad sight.
注意：
1.续写词数应为150左右；2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
My neighbr was the nly ne taking actin.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I went t buy fd frm the fd curt, with tears welling up in my eyes.
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【参考范文】
My neighbr was the nly ne taking actin. Quickly putting aside his miracle meal, my neighbur std up and guided the elderly man t share his seat. Hardly had he seated himself when my neighbur tenderly put his jacket ver the elderly man’s shulders. He said with a smile, “Can yu help ut?”, passing the meal and placing the steaming cup f sup in his hands. The ld man bviusly was astnished, but he accepted it with gratitude. Seeing this, I was s ashamed f myself. At the mment, my head and heart stpped battling, determined t buy a meal fr my neighbur.
I went t buy fd frm the fd curt, with tears welling up in my eyes. What my neighbur said exactly spke my mind. Despite a sense f guilt in my heart, I felt it was my jb t d the same. After a while, I came back with steaming sup and a sandwich. I apprached my neighbur respectfully, “Can yu help me ut?” I asked. “Why nt?” He respnded jkingly. Peple arund cast admiring lk n me, which made me relieved. It wasn’t until that day that I truly understand the meaning f sharing. I left the subway statin, feeling warmer, even if the bitter cld wind filled the air.