高中英语人教版 (2019)选择性必修 第二册Unit 1 Science and Scientists巩固练习

这是一份高中英语人教版 (2019)选择性必修 第二册Unit 1 Science and Scientists巩固练习，共12页。
Section Ⅰ　Reading and Thinking (1)阅读理解。第一节AThe national outpouring of grief (悲痛) at the death of two legendary academicians (院士), as if people had lost beloved members of their own families, offers much food for thought. At 1:02 p.m. on May 22nd, 2021, liver surgeon Wu Mengchao, 99, died in Shanghai. He was known as the founder of hepatobiliary surgery (肝胆外科) in the country and was the teacher of roughly 80 percent of the nation’s experts and doctors specializing in liver surgery today. Wu operated on thousands of patients, and saved at least 16,000 lives. Five minutes later in Changsha, Hunan province, agricultural scientist Yuan Longping died at the age of 91. He was known as “the father of hybrid rice” who helped lift the nation out of hunger. With their dedication to science and commitment to the people, the two devoted their lives to saving lives and improving people’s livelihoods. Together with generations of their students, they not only made a big difference to the lives of the Chinese people, but also many living in other developing and least-developed countries. Wu insisted that medical science is humanity while Yuan’s lifelong dream was always to enable the Chinese people to fill their own bowls with rice. What makes Wu and Yuan great is not only their achievements, but also their shared attachment to the people. The public’s spontaneous (自发的) outpouring of grief at their deaths, which has been rare in the country for decades, shows how much their down-to-earth dedication to improving people’s lives touched hearts throughout the country. Yuan and Wu are just two representatives of the large numbers of scientific workers that have devoted their lives to their research, giving the country’s people-centered development principle with more practical meaning. The country needs more scientists to inherit and carry forward their spirit. Even those in other walks of life can draw inspiration from the two academicians’ commitment to their dreams, care for the people, and unconcern about material enjoyment, so as to make the best of what life grants for themselves and others.1. Which two fields do the Wu Mengchao and Yuan Longping specialize in?A. Education and agriculture.B. Medicine and social science.C. Education and social science.D. Hepatobiliary surgery and agriculture.解析: 细节理解题。根据第二段中“At 1:02 p.m. on May 22nd, 2021, liver surgeon Wu Mengchao, 99, died in Shanghai. He was known as the founder of hepatobiliary surgery in the country ...”和“... agricultural scientist Yuan Longping died at the age of 91. He was known as ‘the father of hybrid rice’ who helped lift the nation out of hunger.”可知, 吴孟超和袁隆平分别专攻肝胆外科和农业两个领域。故选D。答案: D2. What does the underlined word “dedication” in paragraph 3 mean?A. Devotion.　　　　B. Influence.C. Exploration.  D. Respect. 解析: 词义猜测题。根据第三段中“With their dedication to science and commitment to the people, the two devoted their lives to saving lives and improving people’s livelihoods.”可知,两人凭着对科学和对人民的奉献精神,为挽救生命、改善民生奉献了自己的一生。由此可知,画线词为“奉献、贡献”的意思。故选A。答案: A3. Why did the academicians’ death grieve the whole nation?A. The modern Internet helped to spread the news.B. Wu and Yuan were well known over the country.C. People thought it necessary to follow the sorrowful trend.D. They made great contributions and shared selfless love to the people.解析: 细节理解题。根据第四段内容可知,使吴、袁伟大的不仅是他们的成就,还有他们对人民的爱。民众自发的悲痛之情,几十年来全国少见。这表明他们为改善人民生活而脚踏实地的奉献精神深深打动了全国人民的心。由此可知,举国悲痛是因为他们为改善人民生活做出了巨大贡献以及对人民无私的爱。故选D。答案: D4. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?A. A sorrowful day B. Let their scientific spirit live onC. The introduction of the two academiciansD. The great contributions of two great scientists解析: 标题归纳题。根据最后一段内容可知,袁和吴只是众多为科研献身的科学工作者中的两个代表。国家需要更多的科学家来继承和发扬他们的精神。其他各行各业的人都可以从两位院士对梦想的执着、对人民的关怀、对物质享受的淡泊中汲取灵感。该段表明了文章主旨,科学家乃至各行各业的人都要学习、继承和弘扬他们的精神。故选B。答案: BBEdmund Halley was an English scientist who lived over 200 years ago. He studied the observations of comets (彗星) which other scientists had made.The orbit of one particular comet was a very difficult mathematical problem. He could not figure it out. Neither could other scientists who dealt with such problems.However, Halley had a friend named Newton,who was a brilliant mathematician. Newton thought he had already worked out that problem, but he could not find the papers on which he had done it. He told Halley that the orbit of a comet had the shape of an ellipse (椭圆).Now Halley set to work. He figured out the orbits of some of the comets that had been observed by scientists. He made a surprising discovery. The comets that had appeared in the years 1531, 1607, and 1682 all had the same orbit. Yet their appearance had been 75 to 76 years apart.This seemed very strange to Halley. The different comets followed the same orbit. The more Halley thought about it, the more he thought that there had not been three different comets, as people thought. He decided that they had simply seen the same comet three times. The comet had gone away and had come back again.It was an astonishing idea! Halley felt certain enough to make a prediction of what would happen in the future. He decided that this comet would appear in the year 1758. There were 53 years to go before Halley’s prediction could be tested. In 1758 the comet appeared in the sky. Halley did not see it, for he had died some years before. Ever since then that comet has been called Halley’s comet, in his honour.5. How did Halley make his discovery?A. By doing experiments.B. By means of his own careful observation.C. By using the work of other scientists.D. By chance.解析: 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“He studied the observations of comets which other scientists had made.”可知,哈雷的发现是他在研究其他科学家们的观察中得出来的。故选C。答案: C6. When did Halley make a surprising, but correct prediction?A. In 1704.   B. In 1705.C. In 1706.   D. In 1707.解析: 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“He decided that this comet would appear in the year 1758. There were 53 years to go before Halley’s prediction could be tested.”可知,他预言彗星出现的时间是1758年,而这个预言还要经过53年才能验证,由此可以推断出哈雷做出这个预言的时间是1705年。故选B。答案: B7. What is the text mainly about?A. Halley and other scientists.B. The orbit of a comet.C. Newton and Halley.D. Halley and his discovery.解析: 主旨大意题。根据全文内容可知,文章主要向我们讲述了科学家哈雷以及他发现哈雷彗星的故事。故选D。答案: DCHere is an astonishing and significant fact: Mental work alone can’t make us tired. It sounds absurd. But a few years ago, scientists tried to find out how long the human brain could labour without reaching a stage of fatigue (疲劳). To the amazement of these scientists, they discovered that blood passing through the brain, when it is active, shows no fatigue at all! If we took a drop of blood from a day labourer, we would find it full of fatigue toxins (毒素) and fatigue products. But if we took blood from the brain of an Albert Einstein, it would show no fatigue toxins at the end of the day.So far as the brain is concerned, it can work as well and swiftly at the end of eight or even twelve hours of effort as at the beginning. The brain is totally tireless. So what makes us tired?Some scientists declare that most of our fatigue comes from our mental and emotional attitudes. One of England’s most outstanding scientists, J. A. Hadfield, says, “The greater part of the fatigue from which we suffer is of mental origin. In fact, fatigue of purely physical origin is rare.” Dr. Brill, a famous American scientist, goes even further. He declares, “One hundred percent of the fatigue of a sitting worker in good health is due to emotional problems.”What kinds of emotions make sitting workers tired? Joy? Satisfaction? No! A feeling of being bored, anger, anxiety, tenseness, worry, a feeling of not being appreciated—those are the emotions that tire sitting workers. Hard work by itself seldom causes fatigue. We get tired because our emotions produce nervousness in the body.8. What surprised the scientists a few years ago?A. Fatigue toxins could hardly be found in a labourer’s blood.B. Albert Einstein didn’t feel worn out after a day’s work.C. A mental worker’s blood was filled with fatigue toxins.D. The brain could work for many hours without fatigue toxins.解析: 细节理解题。根据第一段首句“Here is an astonishing and significant fact: Mental work alone can’t make us tired.”可知,单纯的脑力劳动时间长了不会让人感觉到累。故选D。答案: D9. According to the author, which of the following can make sitting workers tired?A. Challenging mental work.B. Endless tasks.C. Unpleasant emotions.D. Physical labour.解析: 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“A feeling of being bored, anger, anxiety, tenseness, worry, a feeling of not being appreciated—those are the emotions that tire sitting workers.”可知,让坐着工作的人感到疲劳的是厌烦、愤怒、焦虑、紧张、忧虑以及不被欣赏等情感。故选C。答案: C10. What’s the author’s attitude towards the scientists’ ideas?A. He doubts them.B. He agrees with them.C. He argues against them. D. He hesitates to accept them.解析: 推理判断题。根据第一段首句“Here is an astonishing and significant fact: Mental work alone can’t make us tired.”可知,作者认为这一发现意义重大,由此可以看出作者是赞同这个观点的。故选B。答案: B第二节　根据短文内容,从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。Do you want to be a scientist?If you’d like to be one, you should lay the foundation (基础) for the task ahead. 11.________Take the necessary classes in high school. You’ll need to do well in mathematics. 12.________ You can also consider going to a science camp during high school. There you’ll do more intensive projects than you do in your regular science classes in school.Start out with the basics in college. You’ll need to take basic courses in biology, chemistry and physics to equip yourself with the basics of each science, as well as the scientific method of observing and experimenting. Skills in one or two foreign languages may be helpful as well, in order to read older scientific papers that are written in foreign languages. 13.________14.________ After you’ve gotten your feet wet and you’re familiar with the directions this work could take you, choose a major in a more specific branch of science.Develop your writing skills. You’ll also need to write well as a scientist, both to get money for your research and to publish your results in scientific magazines. 15.________ Always be reading scientific journals and keep up with the field. You’ll be in those journals yourself, in time. Look over their work for structure and the basics of a good scientific paper.  A. Get a higher education. B. Be patient, and think creatively. C. There’s a guide for the preparation work. D. Choose a major in a field that interests you. E. Scientists in the physical sciences use a great deal of mathematics.F. The most helpful languages to learn include French, German and Russian. G. Classes in English in high school and technical writing in college will help you improve your skills.11. 解析: 根据第一段中的“If you’d like to be one, you should lay the foundation for the task ahead.”并结合下文给出的建议可知,本句承上启下,应为说明有一个关于准备工作的指南。故选C。答案: C12. 解析: 根据空前一句“You’ll need to do well in mathematics.”可知,此处是讲数学的重要性,本空说明要学好数学的原因是科学家要用大量的数学知识。故选E。答案: E13. 解析: 根据空前一句“Skills in one or two foreign languages may be helpful as well, in order to read older scientific papers that are written in foreign languages.”可知,此处主要讲应学习一到两门外语,故本空应为列举应学习哪些语言。故选F。答案: F14. 解析: 根据文章结构可知,空处是本段的主旨句,结合下文内容“After you’ve gotten your feet wet and you’re familiar with the directions this work could take you,choose a major in a more specific branch of science.”可知,这里讲的是选专业的问题。故选D。答案: D15. 解析: 根据本段主旨句“Develop your writing skills.”可知,本段主要讲的是培养写作技巧,G项中的technical writing与本段主旨相符。故选G。答案: G   Reading and Thinking (2)[基础测评]Ⅰ. 单句语法填空。1. The vaccine was used to protect the whole population against ________ (infect).  2. Not his teachers but the student himself is to ________ (blame) for his failure in the exam. 3. Police statistics show that violent crime is ________ the decrease. 4. The information from the robots on Mars has given a scientific ________ (prove) whether water exists there.  5. The boy was curious about how the waste paper was transformed ________ model kites. 6. The fire had ________ (severe) damaged the warehouse before the firefighters arrived. 7. He was suspected ________ giving away government secrets to the enemy. 8. All the doors are free of ________ (handle) and can open automatically. 9. I helped him ________ (pure) out of friendship. 10. The forest fire is likely ________ (lose) control if no effective measures can be taken. 答案：1. infection　2. blame　3. on　4. proof  5. into　6. severely　7. of　8. handles　9. purely  10. to loseⅡ. 用方框中所给短语的正确形式填空。subscribe to, attend to, in general, used to,be to blame, so that, in time, thanks to,die from, be determined to1. Sometimes parents _____________ for their children’s bad behaviour at school.2. Many wild animals including birds have _____________ the forest fire in Australia.3. The suspect _____________ the fact that he had entered the victim’s room.4. _____________, a learned man makes fewer mistakes in life than a man without knowledge.5. Many graduates donated their used books _____________ more students can benefit from their kind behaviour.6. Doctors from across the country are _____________ the patients at the risk of getting infected.7. Encouraged by the story of the great scientist, Linda _____________ carry on her education.8. The cause of the power failure was found out _____________ after a one-hour examination.9. _____________ your timely warning, we avoided wasting a lot of time in carrying out the project.10. My family _____________ live in the city but now we have moved to the countryside.答案：1. are to blame　2. died from  3. subscribed to　4. In general　5. so that  6. attending to　7. is determined to　8. in time  9. Thanks to　10. used toⅢ. 语法填空。In the times of Queen Victoria people were exposed to cholera, a deadly disease. Neither its cause nor its cure 1.________ (know). Once there was 2.________ outbreak, so many thousands of terrified people died. John Snow, a well-known doctor who once attended 3.________ 　　　　the queen, was determined 4.________ (solve) the problem. One of the  5.________ (theory) said that cholera was caused by germs in food or water. He subscribed to it 6.________ he needed proof. He made a map, 7.________ (mark) the exact places where the victims had lived. As a result, he could announce the 8.________ (true) that what was to blame for it was the water from the pump. Later, through investigation, he found people were 9.________ (little) likely to get cholera if they drank pure or boiled water. Thanks to John Snow, “King Cholera” was defeated     10.________ the way scientists study diseases was also transformed.  答案：1. was known　2. an　3. to　4. to solve  5. theories　6. but　7. marking　8. truth　9. less　10. and [提升测评]Ⅳ. 阅读理解。Robert Jarvik, born on May 11, 1946 in Michigan and raised in Stamford, is a medical scientist and researcher, who played an important role in the invention of the artificial heart. He was interested in medicine from a young age. He watched his father perform operations and gained a patent (专利权) for a machine applied in the medical operation before he graduated from high school. Jarvik attended Syracuse University and considered a career in art. When his father developed heart disease suddenly, he decided then to work on a medical career. He applied to medical schools, but was not admitted to any schools in the US. Before long, he was admitted to the medical school in Italy and stayed there for two years. He returned to get a degree in medicine from New York University in 1971. After working for a period of time, Jarvik got a job in the organ transplant (器官移植) programme at the University of Utah in 1972. He worked with the director of the programme, Willem Kolff, who invented the kidney dialysis (肾透析) machine. By the time Jarvik came to the University of Utah, the organ programme had already developed the primary artificial heart. He improved it by creating a diaphragm (横膈膜), which solved many issues with the heart. Eventually, he created the first artificial heart in 1981, the Jarvik-7, to be placed in a human patient, which was considered one of the most important inventions in human history. Barney Clark, a retired dentist suffering from serious heart disease, received the Jarvik-7 transplant on December 2, 1982. He lived for 112 days after the operation, but the transplant was considered a success. 1. How does the author develop the text?A. By comparing opinions from different fields.B. By following the natural time order.C. By discussing research experiments.D. By presenting some research results.解析: 细节理解题。本文是一篇人物传记,主要介绍美国著名的医学科学家罗伯特·贾维克在发明人造心脏方面做出的巨大贡献。通读全文可知,作者依据时间先后顺序对罗伯特·贾维克进行了介绍。故选B。答案: B2. What do you know about Robert Jarvik from the text?A. He was good at observation and made an invention when he was young.B. He was born and raised in the same place where his parents worked.C. He began to help his father from a young age when he performed operations.D. He was admitted to an American medical school soon after he graduated from college.解析: 推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句“He watched his father perform operations and gained a patent for a machine applied in the medical operation before he graduated from high school.”可知,罗伯特·贾维克看他爸爸做手术并在高中毕业前获得一项专利,由此可以推断他善于观察并做出了发明。故选A。答案: A3. What is the greatest achievement for Robert Jarvik as a medical scientist?A. He created the first artificial heart in 1981.B. He invented the kidney dialysis machine.C. He did the first heart transplant operation.D. He created a diaphragm to fit inside a heart.解析: 细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句“Eventually, he created the first artificial heart in 1981, the Jarvik-7, to be placed in a human patient, which was considered one of the most important inventions in human history.”可知,罗伯特·贾维克创造了人类历史上第一个人造心脏,这是他作为医学科学家的一个最伟大的成就。故选 A。答案: AⅤ. 完形填空。Do you think you have what it takes to be a successful scientist? A successful scientist is generally a good observer. He makes full 　1　 of the facts he observes. He doesn’t accept ideas which are not 　2　 on obvious facts, and therefore refuses to accept authority as the only reason for truth. He always checks ideas 　3　 and makes experiments to prove them. The rise of modern science may perhaps be considered to 　4　 as far back as the time of Roger Bacon, the wonderful philosopher of Oxford,who lived between the years 1214 and 1292. He was probably the first in the Middle Ages to 　5　 that we should learn science by observing and 　6　 on the things around us, and he himself 　7　 many important truths. Galileo (1564-1642), 　8　, who lived more than 300 years later, was the greatest of several great men in Italy, France, Germany and England, who began to show how many important 　9　 could be discovered by observation by degrees. Before Galileo, learned men believed that large bodies fell more rapidly towards the earth than small ones, 　10　 Aristotle said so. But Galileo, going to the 　11　 of the Leaning Tower of Pisa, let fall two unequal metal balls and proved Aristotle was wrong. It is Galileo’s spirit of going direct to nature, and proving our 　12　 and theories by experiment, that has 　13　 all the discoveries of modern science. What 　14　 those people good scientists? From the example of Galileo, we know clearly that 　15　 scientists are those whose observations have produced better results. 　　　　　 　　　　　　　 　1. A. use    B. senseC. speed    D. trust解析: use使用;sense意识;speed速度;trust信任。根据语境可知,此处是make full use of “充分利用,充分使用”这个固定词组。答案: A2. A. relied    B. basedC. insisted   D. centred解析: rely依靠;base基于;insist坚持;centre集中。根据该空前的“He doesn’t accept ideas”和后面的“on obvious facts”可知,此处是be based on这个固定词组,表示“以……为基础,基于……”。答案: B3. A. casually   B. carefullyC. quickly   D. privately解析: casually随便地;carefully仔细地;quickly迅速地;privately私下地。结合空前的“He always checks ideas”和空后的“and makes experiments to prove them”可知,此处表示仔细地印证想法。答案: B4. A. date    B. keepC. look    D. come解析: date back追溯到;keep back阻止;look back回顾;come back回来。根据下文的“the years 1214 and 1292”可知,现代科学的兴起可以追溯到很早的时期。答案: A5. A. command  B. suspectC. suggest   D. conclude解析: command命令;suspect怀疑;suggest建议;conclude推断。根据空后的内容可知,这里应是罗杰·培根提出的建议。答案: C6. A. holding   B. dependingC. fixing   D. experimenting解析: hold握住;depend依赖;fix修理;experiment实验。根据上文可知,此处表示通过观察我们周围的事物并做实验。答案: D7. A. brought   B. discoveredC. handled   D. announced解析: bring带来;discover发现;handle处理;announce宣布。结合空后的“many important truths”可知,他本人发现了很多重要的真理。答案: B8. A. however   B. thereforeC. seldom   D. never解析: 上文说罗杰·培根也许是中世纪第一个建议通过观察和实验的方式来学习科学的人。此处表示转折,然而,伽利略是几个伟大的人物中最伟大的一个。答案: A9. A. truths    B. problemsC. investigations D. subjects解析: truth事实;problem问题;investigation调查;subject主题。根据空后的“could be discovered by observation”可知,很多真理可以通过观察而被发现。上文中的“many important truths”也是提示。答案: A10. A. although  B. becauseC. when   D. if解析: 根据“Aristotle said so”可知,这里表示因为亚里士多德是这样说的。答案: B11. A. place   B. footC. top    D. ceiling解析: 结合空后的“of the Leaning Tower of Pisa, let fall two unequal metal balls”可知,伽利略登上了比萨斜塔的塔顶。答案: C12. A. plans   B. opinionsC. world   D. ability解析: plan计划;opinion观点;world世界;ability能力。与空后的“and theories by experiment”中的theories呼应,此处表示通过实验证明我们的观点和看法。答案: B13. A. led to   B. turned toC. set up   D. put forward解析: lead to导致;turn to转向;set up建立;put forward提出。这里是说正是伽利略的这种直面自然的精神,并用实验证明观点和理论,使得现代科学能有所发现。答案: A14. A. makes   B. preventsC. considers  D. promises解析: make使得;prevent阻止;consider考虑;promise许诺。结合下文中的“scientists are those ...”可知,此处是说“什么使这些人成为好的科学家”。答案: A15. A. reasonable  B. successfulC. expert   D. sensitive解析: reasonable合理的;successful成功的;expert熟练的;sensitive敏感的。结合上文中所举的例子我们可以清楚地知道,成功的科学家是那些通过观察取得更好的成就的人。答案: B