2023高考英语重难点突破概要写作解题技巧练含答案

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一．评分标准
1. 本题总分为10分, 其中内容5分, 语言5分。
2. 评分时应注意的主要方面: 内容要点、信息呈现的连贯性和准确性。
3. 词数超过60，酌情扣分。
各档次给分要求:
内容部分
A. 能准确、全面地概括文章主旨大意，并涵盖主要信息。
B. 能准确概括文章主旨大意，但遗漏个别主要信息。
C. 能概括文章主旨大意，但遗漏部分主要信息。
D. 未能准确概括文章主旨大意，遗漏较多主要信息或留有过多细节信息。
E. 几乎不能概括文章的主旨大意，未涉及文中有意义的相关信息。
F. 完全未作答或作答与本题无关。
语言部分
A. 能用自己的语言连贯、正确地表述。
B. 能用自己的语言较连贯、正确地表述，但有个别语言错误。
C. 基本能用自己的语言连贯、正确地表述，但连贯性较差，且有少量不影响表意的语言错误。
D. 基本能用自己的语言表述，但连贯性较差，且严重语言错误较多。
E. 几乎不能用自己的语言连贯、正确地表述。
F. 完全未作答或作答与本题无关。
二．写作步骤：
主要包括三个步骤：（1）阅读；（2）写作；（3）修改成文。
第一步：阅读
A．认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。
B．给摘要起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。
C．现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。
D．简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。
第二步：动手写作
A. 原文大约为350字左右，摘要大约为50-60字左右。
B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。
C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。
D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。
E. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧：
1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。
2) 选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。
3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。
4) 避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。
5) 压缩长的句子。
第三步：修改成文
草稿拟好以后，对它进行修改。首先，与原文比较看是否把所有重要的观点都概括了，摘要中的观点是否与原文中的完全一致。其次，如果摘要中出现了不必要的词汇、短语或长句子，删除它们。第三，检查拼写、语法和标点符号的错误。最后，保持语言简单明了。
三．议论文
议论文通常包括论点、论据和结论, 因此写议论文的概要主要是找出主题句(the tpic sentences)、支撑句(supprting sentences)和结论句(cnclusin sentences)。 其中最主要的是找准主题句。
概要模板：论点+论据(+结论)
第一、找出关键词和全文或段落的主题句。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。一般地说，主题词通常是名词、动词或形容词。
第二、根据原文的词句(一般指关键词和全文或段落的主题句),进行改写: 或用相应的同义词，或进行句型转换(如主动句改为被动句等等). 千万不要原封不动地抄写原文的词句.
第三、用连词连接各部分，使它连贯；
第四、整合中心要点，使用形容词、介词短语、非谓语动词短语合并、简化句子，使之符合概括短文内容要点的词数。
议论文通常用来讲明道理、议论是非、提出观点和看法。作者先正面或反面提出论点，然后用事实论证论点，最后以重申论点或提出建议的方式得出结论。议论文的主题句通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的首句或尾句。
尽可能客观简要地转述阅读材料的观点。可以采用如下方法概括：The writer f this article thinks that… 或者你认为本材料的观点代表了一些人的思想，就可以说Sme peple think… 还可以从中立的角度或用“无人称”的方式来说The article gives the view that…
如议论文的概要通常可以如此开头：
The essay/passage/authr highlights the imprtance f encuragement fr students.
The essay/passage/authr argues in supprt f …, stating that …
The essay/passage/authr argues that we must nt nly value thse wh cme first
r are the best in any field but the thers whse effrt push them t success.
The essay/passage/authr discusses the impact f email.
The passage/authr cmpares friendship with the cmfrt f hme.
The passage/authr utlines the harmful effects f smking.
四．记叙文的概要模板：
The passage/stry is abut a misunderstanding between a student and a teacher.
The authr tells us a stry abut a ________.
The passage is a stry abut ________.
Accrding t the passage, the her in the stry ________.
记叙文概要分类模板
a.点明写作目的类：
The writer tells us…（主题）by shwing us an example f…, wh/which…（故事情节）.
b. 作者经历类：
In the passage, the writer mainly tells us his
experience f ding sth, which……
c. 他人经历类：
This passage is mainly abut sb’s experience f ding sth…..
五．说明文概述的步骤：
1） 确定主题句。确定阅读文章的主题句，一般在段首。没有主题句的需要自己组合。
2）寻找关键词。分析主题句意义，确定关键词，关键词一般体现为名词、形容词，关键词的数目决定了概括的信息浓度。
3）重构主题句。概括的主题句逻辑上要统摄后面所有的支撑句。可以从作者的写作目的逆推，反映写作目的主题句是高度抽象的，它基本决定了概括的质量。
4）重组支撑句。支撑句的意义在逻辑上受制于主题句，可以是补充过程或者提供证据。
口诀：简括为：缩长见短，省却细腻。（括：概括性。见：间接引语。短：短的连词。细腻：细节和例子）
2. 写说明文概述要注意的事项：
1) 不能摘抄原文句子, 要用自己的语言“重组” 主要内容；
2) 只保留主要观点，不要细节；
3) 不要发表自己的观点；
4) 不要把列举、描绘性语言当成概述性语言；
5) 一般用第三人称转述；
6) 概述不要太宽泛，缺乏针对性，也不要只针对原文某个细节，概述得太狭窄；
7) 注意段中句子的衔接, 切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子；
8) 保证无语法错误;
说明文Summary 的解题步骤
第一步 通读全文, 领略大意。通常summary 的开头都有一些常用的句子，学生可以积累用。
第二步 小结每一段的大意。用最简练的文字把文章每段的主要内容概括出即可。
第三步 根据每一段的大意以及作者的侧重点, 不要加入自己的个人观点，综合归纳全文的大意。对于说明性或描述性的短文，可以用概括性文字说明某一现象。比如可概括如下： This article pints ut the cmmn phenmenn…
22年7月上海高考英语真题
71. Directins: Read the fllwing passage. Summarize the main idea and the main pint( s)f the passage in n mre than 60 wrds. Use yur wn wrds as far as pssible.
Is there a crrelatin between high IQ and creative genius? Really , the phrasing f the questin cntradicts very much crrelatin, as “creativity” is in n way measured thrugh IQ standardized testing , and creativity is the greatest determinant f a genius as , like yu say , it is genius. Innvatin upn any subject requires a drive t create.
As nes IQ increases, there is an increased prbability that they are a genius because their level f creativity has a higher prbability f ascending( 升高) them t genius level. Hwever if the dds are against them, there is an average prbability that they are a genius since they are average percent genius. This is because genius and IQ are cmpsed f different mental cnstructs as IO measures a standard cmprehensin level , while creativity measures the way in which this cmprehensin is used, Fr example , if yur IQ is 180 , the percentage that yu are genius is subtracted by the amunt f creativity necessary t becme a genius. This is inductive f the influence that the brain has n awareness, The brain gains perceptive awareness upn "creating’ thughts in a cntinuus cyclic prcess, and if yu were very "intelligent”but culd nt generate thughts. yu culd nt be an intellectual being. Hwever ne wh is alive can never stp thinking, s the crrelatin f 1Q and genius wuld bjectively appear as a negative expnential functin.
There are few exceptinally creative peple ut there.just as there are few exceptinally intelligent peple, and ne des nt ccur with the ther. Pssessing a high level f intelligence is a platfrm f understanding fr the creative thinking skills t make up riginality. When ne bears infrmal thinking skills, they typically ccupy heightened intuitive awareness, and vivid imaginative qualities. Critical thinking skills allw ne t make sense f the resultant creative utput within its surrunding cntext f knwledge.
Hwever, nt all“geniuses”frm ur subjective intelligence range necessarily have high levels f creativity. One's level f intelligence can be s high that their platfrm f understanding generalizes ideas where a genius with lwer levels f intelligence must use creativity in rder t attain a srt f qualitative equivalence. Examples f peple like this thrughut histry include the likes f Jhn vn Neumann and Christpher Langan.
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22年上海名校模拟真题
一、概要写作
1．（2023·上海·上海市复兴高级中学校考模拟预测）Directins: Read the fllwing passage. Summarize the main idea and the main pint(s) f the passage in n mre than 60 wrds. Use yur wn wrds as far as pssible.
Selling yur stuff nline des nt nly help t declutter(清理) yur hme and get rid f things yu dn’t need, but it can als be a great surce f incme. Bks yu’re nt planning n reading again taking up space n yur shelf? Sell them nline. Upgrading yur phne? Find a lcal buyer n scial media.Selling nline cmes with certain pitfalls t, thugh, and it pays t be diligent when yu’re crssing the threshld(门槛) frm custmer t seller.
One thing yu need t cnsider carefully is the platfrm n which yu are ging t advertise. Mst big players in the field are s ppular with sellers, nt just because they can give yu access t a bigger pl f ptential custmers, but als because they ffer insurance bth t the seller and the buyer, which gives bth buyers and sellers mre cnfidence. The dwnside, hwever, is that yu will generally need t pay an upfrnt fee(预付费) fr using the platfrm, and may als have t sacrifice a cut f yur prfit t the cmpany. What’s mre, yu need t build up a reputatin befre buyers can trust yu-which means yu might have t settle fr lwer prices until yu have a high rating.
Yu can use sme platfrms that either charge a smaller fee fr advertising r even n fee at all-but, in that case, what yu will need t keep in mind is yur safety, especially if the value f the prduct yu’re selling is high. Mst prspective buyers will be genuine, but it’s always best t meet during the day at a public place such as a cffee shp, a library, r a supermarket parking lt-anywhere mnitred by security cameras is gd. Always keep the prduct clse t yu, and check that the mney has been released int yur accunt r-if yu’re being paid by cash-that yu have been given the full amunt befre relinquishing yur items.
A few mre things t keep in mind: always be accurate with yur descriptins f the items yu are selling, especially if advertising n a big platfrm. The last thing yu want is t be accused f fraud and banned frm the website. Dn’t give ut yur full name, either- keep yur last name private. Identity theft might be rare in such transactins, but it’s always better t be careful.
Yu might think many f these sund like cmmn sense rules, and they are, but many first-time sellers naively frget t take precautins when selling their stuff nline. At the end f the day, it’s up t yu t decide the way in which yu are cmfrtable with cnducting business nline-but remember that a smart, prepared seller is a happy seller.
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2．（2023·上海·模拟预测）Directins: Read the fllwing passage. Summarize in n mre than 60 wrds the main idea and the main pint(s) f the passage. Use yur wn wrds as far as pssible.
Cities in the Sea
They may be small, but they build big things! Cral plyps (珊瑚虫), which live in the warm, shallw parts f the Earth’s ceans, are prbably the biggest builders n the planet. Cral plyps turn calcium frm seawater int a hard material called limestne. Slwly, they build up a hard skeletn (骨架) arund their bdies. When plyps die, their skeletns remain. Yung plyps attach themselves t the ld skeletns and make new skeletns. Over time, weird and wnderful shapes are slwly built up int amazing cral reefs (珊瑚礁).
Scientists smetimes think f cral reefs as underwater cities. A quarter f all knwn marine species live in reef habitats―there are nearly a thusand cral species. Reefs are als hme t millins f sea creatures, like fish, crabs, turtles, and sharks.
Humans dn’t live in cral reef cities, but we benefit frm them. Reefs create jbs fr peple in the fishing industry and ther related businesses. Cral reefs are als ppular fr divers一many cuntries benefit frm the turists that they attract. Lastly, chemicals frm reef creatures help scientists create new medicines, which help dctrs treat different illnesses.
Cral reefs are very imprtant, yet we dn’t take gd care f them. Envirnmental prblems have already killed abut twenty percent f the wrld’s reefs. Abut half f the remaining reefs are dying, and experts believe all f Earth’s cral reefs will be in danger by 2050.
Why are the reefs in such truble? Fr ne thing, peple catch t many reef fish and ften damage the reefs—divers smetimes break ff pieces f cral.
Plluted water als causes prblems because reef-destrying algae grws in dirty water. Even air pllutin hurts cral reefs. Glbal warming causes warmer cean water, which can cause plyps t lse helpful algae. Withut that algae, cral turns white. This is called "bleaching”，and if it cntinues, the cral dies.
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3．（2022·上海奉贤·统考一模）Directins: Read the fllwing passage. Summarize the main idea and the main pint(s) f the passage in n mre than 60 wrds. Use yur wn wrds as far as pssible.
Why Camping Can Be S Much Fun?
When yu g n hliday, where d yu like t stay? If yu haven’t tried camping, maybe yu shuld jin the increasing number f peple wh are enjying the simple pleasures f camping.
By grabbing yur tent, and sme additinal things, it’s easy t head ff t the cuntryside and enjy a night r tw under the stars. Many campers are dumping the trappings f their mdern, busy life t d this, encuraged by experts wh say a few peaceful nights in the middle f nwhere might be a gd way t relax and imprve ur sleep patterns and well-being. It is als, f curse, a gd lw-budget hliday ptin.
Fr the adventurus, wild camping is an ideal way t escape frm reality. Armed with just sme fd and a sleeping bag, yu’re free frm rules, away frm ther peple, and able t enjy the back-t-basics experience. But fr thse wh still want sme hme cmfrts, a campsite is a mre suitable place t fix yur tent. Here yu have facilities such as washrms, a shp and maybe even a restaurant. And fr the mst luxurius camping experience, yu culd try glamping, a type f camping assciated with extreme cmfrts and luxury.
Mre recently, sales f camping equipment have jumped as mre peple have chsen a vacatin spent at hmetwn due t travel restrictins caused by the pandemic. One camping retailer, Halfrds, reprted a sharp rise in demand fr prducts such as stves, cl bxes and camping chairs. With the additin f sft pillws, pwerful trches and lamps t light up yur tent and a better selectin f easy-t-ck fd, yu can almst guarantee a cmfrtable and enjyable camping expeditin. S maybe it’s time t give camping a try.
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4．（2022秋·上海浦东新·高三校考期中）Directins: Read the fllwing passage. Summarize the main idea and the main pints f the passage in n mre than 60 wrds. Use yur wn wrd as far as pssible.
Cperative learning May Change Yur Mind abut Grup Wrk
Tw heads are better than ne. It means that tw peple wrking tgether have a better chance f slving a prblem than ne persn alne. But nt everyne likes wrking with thers ---especially when that means wrking in a grup.
There can be a number f reasns why peple dislike grup wrk. Sme may feel nervus r uneasy in grup situatins. Others might have had a bad experience with individuals wh did nt wrk well as a team. Anther criticism is that teachers r supervisrs fail t assign rles t grup members. This may create a situatin where everyne r n ne wants t lead. Whatever the issue, the result is the same: the grup des nt realize its gal.
Cperative learning is an educatinal methd that can help t slve this prblem. There are many methds f cperative learning. One f them is t each persn in a small grup a specific duty t reach a shared gal. Fr example, if learners are divided int grups f fur peple each, their rles might be: leader, writer, checker and speaker. The “writer writes dwn imprtant infrmatin frm the task. They may als write dwn the ideas fr the speaker t present This structure helps ensure everyne takes part equally in grup wrk. lt als allws each member t play a meaningful part in cmpleting the shared gal.
Retired educatr Michelle Manville has written several bks abut educatin and learning standards. Many f her bks nte that cperative learning creates a supprtive grup structure and lessens the prblem f cmpetitiveness. Studies have als shwn that cperative learning imprves learner achievement. This includes ne study by American researcher Rbert Slavin.
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5．（2023·上海·上海中学校考模拟预测）Directins: Read the fllwing passage. Summarize in n mre than 60 wrds the main idea and the main pint(s) f the passage. Use yur wn wrds as far as pssible.
The Paper Architect
Fr a lng time, Zaha Hadid was knwn as “the paper architect,” smene whse grand designs never left the page t becme real buildings. But in recent years her buildings have sprung up like mushrms all ver the wrld: the Guangzhu Opera Huse in China, a car factry in Germany, a cntemprary art museum in Rme, a transprtatin museum in Sctland, and the Aquatics Center fr the 2012 Olympics in Lndn.
Pinning dwn her individual style is difficult. Certainly Hadid has been influenced by the mdem trend in architecture that likes t play with the traditinal shape f buildings and fragment (分解) them, creating unpredictable angles and surfaces. Wrking in this way, she and her fellw architects have prduced sme spaceship-like structures that seem t g against the nrmal laws f engineering.
The idea f ffering the viewer multiple perspectives frm within the building is a theme that runs thrugh Hadid’s wrk. Her mst famus building, MAXXI—a museum fr the 21st century— in Rme, is a great example. It is a cmplex and spectacular structure f interlcking cncrete shapes. Inside spaces intercnnect Tike winding streets, s that the visitr is surprised and charmed at each turn. The Rsenthal Center in Cincinnati prduces a similar effect. Like an extensin f the street it sits n, it draws yu in, with walkways directing yu this way and that, and windws inviting yu t sample the view. “It’s abut prmenading” says Hadid, “being able t pause, t lk ut, lk abve, lk sideways.”
S what inspires smene like Hadid t prduce such different buildings? She speaks in cmplimentary terms abut the wrk f her cntempraries. She als cites the natural landscape and rganic gelgical patterns as an influence. But it is nt a questin that she seems t cncerned with and nr perhaps shuld we be. Hadid is an artist, sharing with us her visin f what buildings shuld be like and always, as she des s, trying t keep human interests—ur interests as users and viewers—at heart.
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