热点练11概要写作（热点话题）-2022年高考英语【热点·重点·难点】专练（新高考专用）

【概要写作难点之信息整合】

概要写作要求读懂所给的阅读材料，用自己的语言高度概括文章的主要内容和观点，有三个步骤：

一、通读全文，把握核心

1.把握文章体裁。概要写作的前提是要理解原文。首先，通读原文，把握文章体裁、中心思想和整体结构，根据文章的体裁特点来决定内容的取舍，可以从以下方面的内容(见下表)入手。

▲不同体裁文章的要点

2.画出主题句或关键词，主题句一般出现在段首或段尾。在找到主题句后，要分析主题句的意义，进一步确定衬托主题句的一些关键词（组）如动词、名词等。

3.整合概括大意。根据阅读时获取的信息、主题句或关键词(组)等，对相关的内容进行整合，理清各层次、要点之间的关系，用自己的语言把词(组)扩展成句，归纳出各段落的大意，也就是表达的要点。

二、精选主题，展开写作

概要写作不是对原文的简单复述，而是在透彻理解原文的基础上，对原文进行高度的概括。注意以下几点：

1.准确。准确理解原文包括对原文中每个要点及与之相关的“一些重要论据，句子的理解等。概要写作必须绝对忠实于原文，既不能遗漏任何要点，也不能随意添加内容。概要写作的时态顺应与原文的时态，顺序一致。由于概要写作是转述别人的事情或观点，所以，不管原文使用何种人称概要写作一般都要用第三人称。

2.客观。在进行概要写作时，要依据原文作者的观点，客观地转述文中的要点，不要把自己个人的观点和看法掺杂进去，不要使用“ I think”和“ I believe”等主观性的词句。由于概要写作不允许照抄原文中的句子，因此，可采用句型转换、同义词转化、语态互换等手法将原文中的句子进行改头换面，达到“雁过不留痕”的效果。如可用单个词汇替换具有相同语法功能的单词和词组：用 determine代替“ make up ones mind”;用 therefore和to等表示逻辑意义的连接词代替较长的词组“ as a result”和“ in order to”等。

3.简洁。由于概要写作的词数有限，所以，可以采取削“枝”去“叶”的方法来减少词数。通常的方法是去掉原文中的一些实例、冗长的说明、描述性的修饰语以及省略或简化图表，删除直接引语的对话。如果必须保留某些重要的对话，可将其改为间接引语的形式，即把对话体变为叙述体；或采用主谓缩写( we are→we're；they will→they'll)，句式省略( when he crossed the road= when crossing the road)，合并句子，使用简单句、并列句，with的复合结构，适当使用复合句等方法来进行概要写作。

4.连贯。连接词是内容概要的桥梁，它在句与句或段与段之间起铺垫的作用，能够把内容概要有机地串联起来，确保行文流畅，衔接紧凑。因此，概要写作哪怕只有一个段落，也要根据原文的层次结构，在适当的地方添加连接词，如表示顺序关系的“ firstly”¨ secondly"“ finally”；表示并列关系的“ besides”“ in addition”等；表示总结关系的“ to sum up”“in conclusion”等，使所写的内容概要衔接紧密，条理清楚。

三、检查核对，要点齐全

检查时，考生要注意以下几点：
1.查。查一查要点是否全面；查人称与时态是否正确；查衔接是否连贯；查是否有直接照抄原文的句子；查拼写和语法是否有误；查标点符号及大小写是否正确；等等。

2.数。数一数内容概要的词数是否符合要求，并标出概要写作的总词数。

解题思路：

1）细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨。

2）弄清结构，归纳段意。

3）列出原文要点。

4）在写作时要特别注意下面几点：

（1）概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。

（2）安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。

（3）注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬。

（4）不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。

（5）计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。

说明文：远程教学，远程在线测试，饮食风格的变化，就业

议论文：独自进餐的原因

Passage 1  概要写作     

Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.

Distance of face-to-face learning—What’s the difference?

Although many people think it is a modern phenomenon, distance learning has been around for at least 200 years in one form or another. The technological advances of the past 20 or so years however, have meant that this form of education is now able to rival face-to-face learning as a credible alternative.

When comparing the two systems, the first and most obvious area to focus on is the way that learning is delivered. Distance learning is heavily dependent on technology, particularly the internet. On a face-to-face course, students may only require a computer for the purpose of writing an essay. In comparison, when learning remotely, technology is the principal means of communication. The flexibility this provides means that students may be better able to learn at their own pace, following their own timetable, but it may also mean that learners have to be well-organized and self-disciplined. They must therefore be highly motivated in order to do well on the distance-learning courses.

In terms of the relationship between teachers and students, the core principles remain the same. Namely, the teacher is the ‘knower’, and is responsible for helping students understand the key components of the course. However, the nature of the relationship may differ slightly within the two modes of delivery. With face-to-face learning, the teacher and student have the opportunity to develop a personal relationship through lectures and tutorials. This is different from a distance learning course where the teacher may seldom or indeed never actually meet the student. This may make it hard for teachers to understand their learners’ specific learning needs.

In conclusion, it is difficult to state whether one form of learning is better than another, as they meet different needs. What is important to understand is the different ways in which they operate and that there are strong similarities between the two systems, which can both produce positive results.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

【答案】

Distance learning is now able to rival face-to-face learning as a credible alternative. Compared to face-to-face learning，the system is heavily dependent on technology, which has enough flexibility but this means learner have to be well-organized and self-disciplined. With respect to the relationship between teachers and students, the core principle of the two systems remain the same. In a word，they can meet different needs.

【分析】

本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了远程教学和面对面教学，分析了远程教学的优点，两种教学方式的相同之处，总结两种教学方式可以满足不同的需求，都可以产生良好的结果。

【详解】

1 要点摘录

①The technological advances of the past 20 or so years however, have meant that this form of education is now able to rival face-to-face learning as a credible alternative.

②Distance learning is heavily dependent on technology, particularly the internet.

③In terms of the relationship between teachers and students, the core principles remain the same.

④What is important to understand is the different ways in which they operate and that there are strong similarities between the two systems, which can both produce positive results.

2.缜密构思

将第1、2、3三个要点进行整合。

3.遣词造句

Distance learning is now able to rival face-to-face learning as a credible alternative.

Compared to face-to-face learning，the system is heavily dependent on technology

Distance learning has enough flexibility and means learner have to be well-organized and self-disciplined.

In terms of the relationship between teachers and students, the core principles remain the same.

In a word，they can meet different needs.

【点睛】

[高分句型1] Compared to face-to-face learning，the system is heavily dependent on technology, which has enough flexibility but this means learner have to be well-organized and self-disciplined.（运用了固定短语compared to，which引导的非限制性定语从句，省略了that的宾语从句）

 [高分句型2]：With respect to the relationship between teachers and students, the core principle of the two systems remain the same. （运用了介词短语with respect to）

Passage 2  概要写作

阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

Many changes are taking place in food styles in the United States. The United States is traditionally famous for its very solid and unchanging diet, chiefly made up of meat and potatoes. Now people in America have many different choices: ethnic food, health food, and fast food, in addition to the traditional home-cooked meal.

Ethnic restaurants and supermarkets are common in the United States. Being a country of immigrants, the United States enjoys a wide variety of ethnic food. Most American cities and towns are filled with restaurants serving international cooking. Many even have ethnic sections: Chinatown, Little Italy, or Germantown. Having vast ethnic choices, Americans can enjoy food from all over the world. Besides sections of cities, there are ethnic regions, which are well-known for certain food because of the people who have settled there. For example, in southern California, there are many Mexican restaurants.

Health food became popular when people began to think more seriously about their physical well-being. Health food is fresh, natural, and unprocessed food, which does not contain preservatives to make it last longer or chemicals to make it taste or look better. People who are keen on health food are usually vegetarians. They don't eat meat, but live on beans, cheese, and eggs.

Fast food restaurants are now expanding rapidly all over the country. In the United States, speed is a very important concept. People usually have a short lunchbreak because they just do not want to waste their time eating. Fast food restaurants are places that take care of hundreds of people in a short time. There is usually very tittle waiting, and the food is always cheap. Burger and pizza places are just two examples.

Americans' attitude toward food is changing, too. The traditional big breakfast is no longer popular. However, coming to rediscover the social importance of food, Americans find that dinner with family and friends is a very special of enjoying time together. Like so many people in other cultures, many Americans are taking time to relax and enjoy a wider variety of tastes at dinner, even if they still rush through lunch at a hamburger stand.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

【答案】With changes in food styles taking place, American diet style has also changed. Traditional food, which chiefly made up of meat and potatoes has now been replaced by ethnic food, health food, and fast food, as well as the traditional home-cooked meal. Meanwhile, the change has also contributed to the attitude of the American people towards food. They as a result begin to attach importance to the time with family and friends. (73)

【分析】

本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了由于饮食风格的变化，美国人饮食风格也发生了变化。传统的以肉和蔬菜的饮食现在已变成由民族食品、健康食品、快餐和传统的家庭烹饪的饭菜。这种变化也促成了美国人们对食品的态度，他们开始重视和家人还有朋友在一起的时光。

【详解】

1.要点摘录

①Many changes are taking place in food styles in the United States.

②The United States is traditionally famous for its very solid and unchanging diet, chiefly made up of meat and potatoes.

③Now people in America have many different choices: ethnic food, health food, and fast food, in addition to the traditional home-cooked meal.

④Americans' attitude toward food is changing, too.

⑤Americans find that dinner with family and friends is a very special of enjoying time together.

2.缜密构思

将第1、2、两个要点进行整合；将第3个要点进行重组，将第4、5两个要点进行重组。

3.遣词造句

With changes in food styles taking place, American diet style has also changed.

Traditional food, which chiefly made up of meat and potatoes has now been replaced by ethnic food, health food, and fast food, as well as the traditional home-cooked meal.

Meanwhile, the change has also contributed to the attitude of the American people towards food.

They as a result begin to attach importance to the time with family and friends.

【点睛】

[高分句型1]

With changes in food styles taking place, American diet now style has also changed. （运用了with的复合结构作状语）

[高分句型2]

Traditional food, which chiefly made up of meat and potatoes has now been replaced by ethnic food, health food, and fast food, as well as the traditional home-cooked meal.（运用了which引导的非限制性定语从句）

Passage 3  概要写作

Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.

New Testing Method in Era of Online Learning

In research published today in Science of Learning, engineers from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute demonstrate how a testing strategy they call “distanced online testing” can effectively reduce students’ ability to receive help from one another in order to score higher on a test taken at individual homes during social distancing.

“Often in remote online exams, students can talk over the phone or internet to discuss answers,” said Ge Wang, a chair professor of biomedical engineering at Rensselaer and the corresponding author on this paper. “The key idea of our method is to minimize this chance via discrete optimization(离散优化)aided by knowledge of a student’s competencies.”

When a distanced online test is performed, students receive the same questions, but at varying times depending on their skill level. For instance, students of highest mastery levels receive each question after other groups of students have already answered those questions. This approach, Wang said, reduces the motivator for students to receive help from those who have more mastery of the material. In order to determine the order of each student’s questions, their competence levels are estimated using their grade point averages, SAT scores, or midterm scores, depending on what is available at a specific point in the semester.

According to statistical tests and post-exam surveys, this method reduced the points gained through cheating by orders of magnitude (数量级) when compared to conventional exam methods. As an added benefit, Wang said, when students knew collusion would not be possible, they were more motivated to study class material. Wang and his colleagues hope to share this innovation of teaching methods and theory beyond the Rensselaer campus.

“We plan to develop a good platform so that others can easily use this method,” said Wang, a member of the Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies at Rensselaer.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

【答案】

To reduce cheating in remote online tests, distanced online testing is introduced in today’s Science of Learning. It minimizes online cheating through discrete optimization based on students’ abilities. Namely, students at various levels get the same paper, but at different times. It reduced cheating and encouraged learning, so researchers expect to build a platform to share it.

【分析】

本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了“远程在线测试”的测试策略，它是基于学生能力的基础上通过离散优化的方法最小化网络作弊。不同层次的学生拿到的是相同的试卷，但时间不同，它减少了作弊，鼓励学习，研究人员希望建立一个平台来分享使用这种方法。

【详解】

1.要点摘录

①In research published today in Science of Learning, engineers from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute demonstrate how a testing strategy they call “distanced online testing” can effectively reduce students’ ability to receive help from one another in order to score higher on a test taken at individual homes during social distancing.

②Often in remote online exams, students can talk over the phone or internet to discuss answers。

③The key idea of our method is to minimize this chance via discrete optimization(离散优化)aided by knowledge of a student’s competencies.

④ When a distanced online test is performed, students receive the same questions, but at varying times depending on their skill level.

⑤ According to statistical tests and post-exam surveys, this method reduced the points gained through cheating by orders of magnitude (数量级) when compared to conventional exam methods.

⑥ when students knew collusion would not be possible, they were more motivated to study class material.

⑦ Wang and his colleagues hope to share this innovation of teaching methods and theory beyond the Rensselaer campus.

2.缜密构思将第①、②两个要点进行重组；将第③、④两个要点进行压缩；将第⑤、⑥、⑦三个要点进行整合。

3.遣词造句

To reduce cheating in remote online tests, distanced online testing is introduced in today’s Science of Learning.

It minimizes online cheating through discrete optimization based on students’ abilities.

Students at various levels get the same paper, but at different times.

It reduced cheating and encouraged learning, so researchers expect to build a platform to share it.

【点睛】

[高分句型1]：To reduce cheating in remote online tests, distanced online testing is introduced in today’s Science of Learning.运用了不定式作目的状语并对原文第一段和第二段第一句进行了概括。其中不定式作目的状语表达高级。

[高分句型2]：It minimizes online cheating through discrete optimization based on students’ abilities. 用过去分词短语作后置定语对第二段第二句进行了概括，表达非常高级。

Passage 4 概要写作

（2021·上海高三模拟）阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

A Really Determined Person Will Always Succeed

Many job seekers feel limited by the choices they made at college or university. They may think that because they studied marketing, all they can ever do is work in marketing. All the evidence shows that, in fact, employers are less interested in acquired knowledge than the ability to think and learn. It is also very difficult to predict the needs of society. For example, if a person chose to study dentistry because there was a lack of dentists when they were in high school, that may not be the case when they graduate. The needs of employers and the economy can change very quickly, and often unexpectedly.

Of course, if it is a very tough time economically, it is hard to find employment straight after university, but it is by no means impossible. It might take several months longer to find a job after graduating, but there is work out there. My chosen career has always been competitive, but I never thought about the other people going for the same jobs. It may be human nature to compare your progress to your peers, but perhaps the best advice would be to try not to. Be focused on what you want and how you are going to get it. After all, it may appear that a friend who has a really well- paid job is doing well, but how do you know what their job is actually like?

A really key piece of advice is never get downhearted by rejection, because there will probably be a lot. You can achieve your dream job, whatever it is. You must never give up. Be prepared to work hard and for long hours without necessarily climbing up the career ladder. There is a lot to be said for learning your ' trade' from the bottom up. At the start, there will probably be little money, but it will be worth it in the end. The best jobs are not supposed to be easy—that is what makes them challenging. And if you like a challenge, just keep your head down and go for it.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

【答案】

While looking for a job, don’t feel limited by what you learned at college because employers care more about your ability to think and learn and what is more, the needs of society are hard to predict. Though it may be hard to find a job, don’t lose heart. Don’t compare yourself with others and keep going despite any rejection.

【分析】

本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了大学生找工作时，不要拘泥于自己所学的知识，要适应社会的发展，雇主们更重视思考和学习能力。找工作要有决心，不要放弃。

【详解】

1.要点摘录

①All the evidence shows that, in fact, employers are less interested in acquired knowledge than the ability to think and learn.

②It is also very difficult to predict the needs of society.

③Of course, if it is a very tough time economically, it is hard to find employment straight after university, but it is by no means impossible.

④My chosen career has always been competitive, but I never thought about the other people going for the same jobs.

⑤really key piece of advice is never get downhearted by rejection, because there will probably be a lot.

2.缜密构思

将第1、2两个要点进行整合，将第3、4、5三个要点进行重组。

3.遣词造句

While looking for a job, don’t feel limited by what you learned at college because employers care more about your ability to think and learn

The needs of society are hard to predict.

 Though it may be hard to find a job, don’t lose heart.

Don’t compare yourself with others and keep going despite any rejection.

【点睛】

[高分句型1] While looking for a job, don’t feel limited by what you learned at college because employers care more about your ability to think and learn and what is more, the needs of society are hard to predict. （运用了while引导的状语从句的省略，what引导的宾语从句；because引导的原因状语从句，and连接的并列句和不定式）

 [高分句型2] Though it may be hard to find a job, don’t lose heart. （运用了though引导状语从句，it形式主语，不定式作主语）

Passage 5  概要写作

阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

Once upon a time, eating alone was just that: sitting down in a restaurant on one’s own and eating a meal. Everyone did it sometimes, and when they did so they might be a little embarrassed. To eat alone might suggest that you didn’t have any family or friends, or didn’t like people. There was a kind of shame attached to it. Nowadays, however, there is more and more solitary(独自的) eating.

People choose to eat alone for various reasons. “Foodies”—people who have a passionate interest in different cuisines(美食)—do it because all they need for their pleasure is the chance to eat good food. They don’t want company or conversation, but only the joy of eating some special dish.

Other people eat alone because it’s simply practical for them to do so. For instance, it’s estimated that nearly a third of all the customers of fast-food restaurants eat alone. They are served with their food fast, eat it fast and then leave fast—because they have a meeting to make or a child to pick up from school.

But for others, the appeal of eating alone is quite different. It’s an experience of freedom. For the hour that it takes to have a meal, they can forget all the pressures of their lives. For a brief window, they don’t have to deal with their family or job. They can relax and let their mind wander. Maybe they will bring a book, a newspaper or perhaps they will shyly spy on the people around them. Part of the appeal of this new trend is surely that a meal taken alone is like a little holiday from the busyness of modern life, in which we have so much to do all the time. David Annand, editor of US-based Conde Nast Traveler magazine, who delights in dining alone, speaks of his pleasure in the “rhythm of a meal in a restaurant—its ebb and flow(人来人往), the regular arrival and departure of the waiter.” This restaurant rhythm allows him and others, he writes, to sit back, observe, and think.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

【答案】

Nowadays, there is more and more solitary eating(要点1). “Foodies” do it because all they need for their pleasure is the chance to eat good food(要点2). Besides, other people eat alone because it’s simply practical for them to do so(要点3). Lastly, for others, the appeal of eating alone is an experience of freedom(要点4).(52字)

【分析】

这是一篇议论文。主要讨论了独自进餐的人越来越多的原因。

【详解】

文章的主要结构为总-分。主要讲独自进餐的人越来越多，并从不同群体角度出发分析原因。符合概要写作常规出题思路。

第一段提出中心话题“独自进餐的人越来越多”，可以用到的词汇或句型有：there be句式；solitary eating等。第二段从美食家的角度分析原因，可以用到的词汇或句式有：first; foodies; their pleasure; the chance to eat good food.等。第三段主要讲述了一些人选择独自进餐的原因为其实用性，可以用到的词汇或句式有：besides; practical等。第四段讲了另一部分人选择独自进餐处于“自由体验”，可以用到的词汇或句式有：lastly；an experience of freedom等。

【高分句型】

Foodie spend time doing it because they get pleasure out of it. 美食家花时间去做，因为他们从中得到乐趣。spend time doing sth. 花费时间做某事。