备战2023英语新中考二轮复习考点精讲精练(北京专用)突破 16 简单句
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一、考点总结
考点一、陈述句
陈述句主要分为肯定句和否定句。
陈述句的肯定句式
主要有五种基本句型:
1. 主语 + 谓语(不及物动词)
The rain stopped. 雨停了
2. 主语 + 谓语(及物动词)+ 宾语
Children are playing basketball. 孩子们在打篮球。
3. 主语 + 连系动词 + 表语
Leaves turn yellow in autumn. 秋天树叶变黄。
4. 主语 + 谓语(及物动词)+ 间接宾语 + 直接宾语
My father bought me a computer. 我爸爸给我买了台电脑。
5. 主语 + 谓语(及物动词)+ 宾语 + 宾语补足语
He made his sister cried just now. 他刚刚把他妹妹弄哭了。
陈述句的否定句式
1. 若句中有连系动词be、情态动词或助动词,则分别在它们的后面加上not。
His mother has already called the police for help. 他的母亲已经报警求助了。
→His mother hasn’t called the police for help yet. 他的母亲还没有报警求助。
2. 原句中没有连系动词be、助动词或情态动词时,要在行为动词前加助动词(do,does,did)与否定副词not。并且要注意这时的行为动词要用原形。另外,还需要将原句中的some改为any,too改为either,already改为yet。
The old man hurt his leg last Wednesday. 这位老人上周三腿受伤了。
→The old man didn’t hurt his leg last Wednesday. 这位老人上周三腿没有受伤。
3. 英语中有些肯定句与not连用只表示部分否定,所以在变为否定句时,只需将其中的某一(些)词语变为否定词即可。常见的这类词有both→neither,all→none,both... and... →neither... nor...,everyone/each→no one/nobody,each/either→neither,a few→few,a little→little。
All the students are listening carefully.
→None of the students is/are listening carefully.
Both Joy and Sam like singing Beijing Opera.
→Neither Joy nor Sam likes singing Beijing Opera.
4. 在含有宾语从句的主从复合句中,当主句的主语是第一人称,谓语动词是think时,如果要否定后面的宾语从句,习惯上否定主句的谓语动词。
I think she will come here soon.
→I don’t think she will come here soon.
考点二、疑问句的构成形式及基本用法
用来提出问题的句子叫做疑问句,句末用问号。疑问句可分为:一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句。
一般疑问句:
1. 肯定形式的一般疑问句
此类一般疑问句的结构为"连系动词be/助动词/情态动词 + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他? "。
—Is he a good student? 他是一个好学生吗?
—Yes, he is. 是的,他是。/ No, he isn’t. 不,他不是。
—Does he go to school by bike? 他骑自行车去上学吗?
—Yes, he does. 是的,他骑。/ No, he doesn’t. 不,他不骑。
2. 否定形式的一般疑问句
此类一般疑问句主要表示反问或惊讶,通常在连系动词be,情态动词或助动词后加not的缩略式n’t,并放在句首。
—Aren’t you a writer? 难道你不是作家吗?
—No, I’m not. 是的,我不是。
【注意】在这样的句子中,要注意句子的翻译,yes翻译成"不",no翻译成"是的"。
3. 用yes,no之外的词回答的一般疑问句
一般疑问句也可用其他表示肯定或否定的词回答,如:certainly,sure,of course,I think so,all right,certainly not,not at all,never,sorry,not yet,I’m afraid not等。
—Would you mind my joining your talk? 我加入你们的讨论,你们介意吗?
—Of course not. 当然不介意。
2. 特殊疑问句:
1.用来对句子的某一特殊部分提问的句子叫特殊疑问句。特殊疑问句一般用降调。其结构是:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句(+……)?对它的回答不能用Yes或者No,要根据询问的内容具体回答。例如:
-Where were you at that time? 那时你在哪里?
—I was at home. 我在家。
2.常用的特殊疑问句和疑问词组用法辨析:
询问内容 | 疑问词或句型 | 例 句 | 回 答 |
职业,身份 | what | What is your father? | He is a doctor. |
姓名或关系 | who | Who is that boy? | He is Jack. He is my brother |
相貌特征 | What be…like? What do/does…like? | What is she like? What does she look like? | She is kind/friendly. She looks like her mother. |
目的 | what…for? | What did they come here for? | To attend a meeting. |
原因 | why | Why did they come here? | Because they have a meeting to attend. |
天气 | how what…like? | How is the weather today? What is the weather like today? | It’s fine. |
颜色 | what color…? | What dolor is her skirt? | It’s red. |
服装尺寸 | what size | What size does he wear? | He wears 40. |
几点钟 | what time | What time is it? | It’s 7:30. |
星期几 | what day | What day is today? | It’s Tuesday. |
几号,日期 | what is the date…? | What is the date today? | It’s May 2. |
年龄(多大) | how old | How old is he? | He is 38. |
持续多长时间(多久) | how long | How long have you been here? | For five months. |
长度(多长) | how long | How long is the bridge? | It’s 500 metres. |
距离(多远) | how far | How far is it from here to the zoo? | It’s 6 kilometres. |
频度(多久一次) | how often | How often do you come back? | Once a week. |
时间经过(多久) | how soon | How soon will she arrive? | In a week. |
数量 (多少) | how many(可数名词) how much(不可数名词) | How many jackets do you have? How much coffee do you want? | Three. Two cups. |
价格 | how much | How much is it? How much does it cost? | Five dollars. |
高度(多高) | how tall(人,树) how high(山,建筑物) | How tall is she? How high is the tower? | She’s 1.73 metres. It’s 450 metres. |
3. 选择疑问句:
选择疑问句是说话者提出两种或两种以上的不同情况,让对方选择回答的疑问句。其结构是“一般疑问句+or+供选择部分”。or前面的部分读升调,or后面的部分读降调。选择疑问句不能用yes或no回答,而必须具体的选择答复。选择疑问句可分为一般选择疑问句和特殊选择疑问句。
一般选择疑问句的结构:一般疑问句+or+供选择部分? 如:
---- Shall we go there by bus or on foot? 我们乘坐公共汽车去还是步行去?
---- We’ll go by bus. 我们乘坐公共汽车去。
特殊选择疑问句的结构:特殊疑问句,+A or B/A, B or C? 如:
---- Which do you like better, tea or coffee? 茶和咖啡,你更喜欢哪种?
---- I like tea better. 我更喜欢茶。
4. 反意疑问句:
反意疑问句也叫附加疑问句,是在陈述句的后面加一个简短问句,对陈述句所说的事实或者观点提出疑问或希望陈述句部分内容得到证实。
(1)反意疑问句的结构为:“肯定陈述+否定疑问句”或“否定陈述+肯定疑问句”(前肯,后否。前否,后肯。)如:
You are coming, aren’t you? 你会来的,是吗?
You can’t swim, can you? 你不会游泳,对吗?
Her brother went to college last year, didn’t he? 她哥哥去年上的大学,是不是?
(2)使用反意疑问句应该注意的问题:
① 简略问句如果是否定式,not应与be, do, will等系动词、助动词、情态动词缩写;
② 简略问句的主语不用名词,应用人称代词主格;
③ 当说话者的目的存在疑问,则用升调;
④ 当说话者的目的不存在疑问,而是为了加强语气时,用降调;
⑤ 反意问句里还必须要保持前后两部分在人称、时态、情态动词等方面的一致性。
(3)反意疑问句的回答:在回答反意疑问句的时候,如果是前肯后否的句子,思维和中国人相同;如果是前否后肯的句子,思维正好同中国人相反。如:
---- He is a student, isn’t he? 他是个学生,不是吗? ---- Yes, he is. 是的,他是学生。// No, he isn’t. 不是,他不是学生。
---- He doesn’t like playing football, does he? 他不喜欢踢球,是吗?
---- Yes, he does. 不是,他喜欢踢球。// No, he doesn’t. 是的,他不喜欢踢球。
I am not a teacher, am I? (我不是一名老师,是吗?Yes, I am. (不是, 我是一名老师) No, I am not.(是的,我不是一名老师)。
【注意】在回答时,不允许用“Yes, 人称代词+(系/助/情+not)(缩写).“或者“No, 人称代词+系/助/情.”。
(4)初中常见附加疑问句部分的主语和谓语动词的确定:
(1)当陈述句谓语动词是be, have或有其他助动词、情态动词时,附加疑问句部分用be/have/will/can+not(缩写)+主语。
You are in Class Four, aren’t you? 你在四班,不是吗?
Jim will go to England, won’t he? 吉姆将要去英格兰,不是吗?
He can swim, can’t he? 他会游泳,不是吗?
(2)当陈述句谓语是行为动词的一般现在时或一般过去时,附加疑问句部分用do/don’t, does/doesn’t, did/didn’t +主语。
You need some help, don’t you? // Tom tells you about it, doesn’t he? // Jenny didn’t come to school yesterday, did she?
(3)当陈述部分谓语动词的have表示“有”之意时,则附加疑问可用have/haven’t(的适当形式)+主语,也可用助动词do/don’t (的适当形式)+主语;have用在完成时态中作助动词时,则附加疑问部分用have/haven’t(的适当形式)+主语;如果have作实义动词,表示“吃、喝、玩、度过”等意思时,则附加疑问部分用do/don’t (的适当形式) +主语;have to表示“必须,不得不”之意时,则附加疑问部分用do/don’t(的适当形式)+主语。
The Smiths has two children, hasn’t/doesn’t they? 史密斯夫妇有两个孩子,不是吗?
They have planted a lot of trees, haven’t they? 他们已经种了许多树,不是吗?
Jim had a good journey, didn’t he? 吉姆度过一次愉快的旅行,不是吗?
Peter has to help Dad in the garden, doesn’t he? 皮特不得不在花园里帮助爸爸,不是吗?
(4)当陈述部分是There be结构,附加疑问句部分用be there。
There is a clock on the table, isn’t there? 桌子上有一个时钟,不是吗?
There is nothing in the box, is there? 盒子里没有东西,是吗?
(5)当陈述部分的情态动词must 表示“推测”时,附加疑问部分用aren’t/isn’t +主语,而不可用mustn’t;如果must表示“必须”时,附加疑问部分用needn’t。当陈述部分有mustn’t表示“禁止”时,附加疑问部分用must。
It must be yours, isn’t it? 它一定是你的,不是吗?
You must be hungry, aren’t you? 你一定饿了,不是吗?
She must go home, needn’t she? 她必须回家,不是吗?
You mustn’t play football in the street, must you? 你不准在街上踢足球,是吗?
(6)当陈述句中含有情态动词may时,附加疑问句部分用mightn’t或can’t。如果表示将来意义,也可用won’t。
They may be here next week, mightn’t/won’t they? 下周他们可能在这儿,不是吗?
(7)当陈述部分含有情态动词used to时,附加疑问部分可用usedn’t或didn’t。
They used to write to you, usedn’t/didn’t they? 他们过去常常写信给你,不是吗?
The old man used to smoke, usedn’t/didn’t he? 老人过去常常抽烟,不是吗?
(8)当陈述句中含有ought to时,附加疑问部分用oughtn’t或shouldn’t。
We ought to go now, oughtn’t/shouldn’t we? 我们应当现在走,不是吗?
(9)当陈述句的谓语部分含有had better, would rather, would like时,附加疑问部分的谓语应用相应的助动词+主语。
You’d better go now, hadn’t you? 你最好现在走,不是吗?
You’d rather go there early, wouldn’t you? 你宁愿早去那儿,不是吗?
He’d like to go there, wouldn’t he? 他想要去那儿,不是吗?
(10)当陈述部分有no, never, few, little, hardly, nothing, none, nobody, nowhere, seldom (不经常,很少), rarely (很少), scarcely (几乎不), too…to…等否定或半否定词时,附加疑问部分用肯定形式。
There is no air or water on the moon, is there? 月球上没有空气和水,是吗?
She’s never been to West Hill Farm, has she? 她从来没有去过西山农场,是吗?
She can hardly speak an English word, can she? 她几乎不会说一个英语单词,是吗?
Few people live to the age of 100, do they? 很少人活到100岁,是吗?
A busy farmer has little free time, has he? 一个勤劳的农民只有很少的空闲时间,是吗?
Bob rarely got drunk, did he? 鲍勃很少喝醉酒,对吗?
(11)当陈述句的谓语部分含有un-, in, im, il, ir, dis否定前缀或否定后缀less构成的派生词时,附加疑问部分仍用否定结构。
He is unlike his brother, isn’t he? 他与他的哥哥不同,他不是吗?
The girl is too careless, isn’t she? 那个女孩太粗心了,不是吗? // That’s unfair, isn’t it? 那是不公平的,不是吗?
You are hopeless, aren’t you? 你是没有希望的,不是吗?// He is unfit for his job, isn’t he? 他是不称职的,不是吗?
She dislikes it, doesn’t she? 她不喜欢它,不是吗?// You are unhappy, aren’t you? 你不开心,不是吗?
(12)当陈述部分是I’m...结构时,附加疑问部分一般用aren’t I或ain’t I。
I’m foolish to do so, aren’t I/ain’t I? 我这样做真傻,不是吗?
(13)当陈述部分是并列句,附加疑问句部分则需和就近的分句的主语和谓语一致。如:
He is a teacher but his wife isn’t a teacher, is she? 他是一个老师,但是他的妻子不是老师,是吗?
We must start at once or we can’t get there on time, can we? 我们必须马上出发,否则我们不能按时到达那里,可以吗?
It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet, isn’t it? 昨晚一定下雨了,因为地面是湿的,不是吗?
(14)当陈述部分为主从复合句时,附加疑问部分一般应与主句的主语和谓语动词保持对应关系。
She says that I did it, doesn’t she? 她说是我做的,不是吗?
I told them not everybody could do it, didn’t I? 我告诉他们,不是每个人都能做,不是吗?
(15)当陈述部分的主语是I/we,谓语是think, believe, suppose, expect, guess, imagine这类动词时,附加疑问部分则往往与从句中的主语和谓语动词保持对应关系,但要注意否定的转移,如果否定意义转移到从句中,附加疑问句部分要用肯定形式。
I don’t believe she says so, does she? 我相信她不会说这话,会吗?
I think he can finish the work by himself, can’t he? 我认为他能独立完成这项工作,不能吗?
(16)当陈述部分为肯定祈使句时,附加疑问句一般用will/won’t you;当陈述部分为否定祈使句时,附加疑问句一般用will you.
Be quiet, will / won’t you? 请安静,好吗?// Don’t make so much noise, will you? 别这样吵闹,好吗?
(17)当陈述部分的祈使句为Let’s...结构时,则附加疑问部分用shall we;但当陈述部分的祈使句为Let us ...结构时,则附加疑问部分用will you。
Let’s go skating, shall we? 咱们去滑冰,好吗?(包括听话人)
Let us go home, will you? 让我们回家吧,好吗?(不包括听话人)
(18)当陈述句的谓语是wish时,附加疑问部分的谓语用may,而且前后两个部分都用肯定式。
I wish to have a word with you, may I? 我希望和你谈一下,可以吗?
I wish to have a chance to learn English, may I? 我希望有机会学英语,可以吗?
(19)当陈述部分为感叹句时,附加疑问句部分一般用be+not (缩写)+主语,be用现在时形式。
What a beautiful painting, isn’t it? 多漂亮的画,不是吗?// How hot, isn’t it? 多么热,不是吗?
(20)当陈述部分的主语是指人的不定代词 everybody, everyone, someone, nobody, no one, somebody等合成代词时,附加疑问句中的主语通常用they或he。
Somebody phoned while I was out, didn’t they/he? 当我不在的时候有人打电话给我了,不是吗?
Everybody is here, aren’t they/isn’t he? 每个人都在这里,是不是?
Everyone enjoyed the party, didn’t they/he? 每个人都喜欢聚会,不是吗?
Nobody wants to go there, do they/does he? 没有人想去那里,是吗?
(21)当陈述部分的主语是指物的不定代词 everything, nothing, anything, something时,附加疑问句中的主语一般用it,不用they。
Everything is ready, isn’t it? 一切都准备好了,不是吗?
Nothing is kept in good order, is it? 没有什么是保持良好秩序,是吗?
Everything seems all right now, doesn’t it? 现在似乎一切正常,不是吗?
Something must be done to stop pollution, isn’t it? 必须采取某些措施来阻止污染,不是吗?
(22)当陈述部分的主语是指示代词this, that或these, those时,附加疑问句部分的主语分别用it和they。
These are your friends Tom and Jack, aren’t they? 这些都是你的朋友汤姆和杰克,不是吗?
This is important, isn’t it? 这是重要的,不是吗?// That isn’t correct, is it? 那是不正确的,不是吗?
(23)当陈述句子中的主语为动词不定式短语、动名词短语、短语或从句时,附加疑问部分的主语通常用it。
Where to hold the meeting has not been decided, has it? 在哪里开会还没有决定,是吗?
Drinking too much cola is bad for your health, isn’t it? 可乐喝得太多对你的身体不好,不是吗?
Between six and seven will suit you, won’t it? 六和七之间的适合你,不是吗?
What he said is right, isn’t it? 他说的是对的,不是吗?
考点三、祈使句
祈使句常用于表达命令、请求、禁止、建议、警告、劝告等。
- 祈使句的肯定式、否定式和强调式
祈使句的主语一般是第二人称you,但往往省略。祈使句的否定形式一般在动词原形前加don't,也可用副词 never表示否定含义。祈使句的强调形式可以在句首加do。
Stop comparing yourself with others. 停止拿自己和别人进行比较。(肯定式)
Don’t open the window, it’s very cold outside . (否定式)
Do tell her the thing. 务必告诉她此事。(强调式)
- “祈使句+and/or+陈述句”结构的用法
祈使句(或名词词组)是后面陈述句的条件,陈述句多使用一般将来时。如果前后两个分句之间是顺承关系,用连词and;如果是转折关系,用连词or。可以与If引导的条件句互换。
Hurry up , or we’ll be late. 快点,否则我们会迟到的。
=If we don’t hurry up ,we’ll be late .
Think it over,and you’ll be able to work out the problem . 仔细想想,那么你就能解决这个问题。
=If you think it over, you’ll be able to work out the problem
考点四、感叹句
用来表示说话人强烈的喜、怒、哀、乐等感情的句子,叫感叹句。感叹句由what或how引导,具体用法如下表:
类别 | 结构 | 例句 |
what引导 | What + a/an + 形容词 + 单数可数名词(+ 主语 + 谓语)! | What a kind girl ( she is )! (她是)一个多么善良的女孩啊! |
What + 形容词 + 复数可数名词/不可数名词(+ 主语 + 谓语)! | What beautiful flowers ( they are)! 多么漂亮的花! What bad weather ( it is )! 多么糟糕的天气! | |
how引导 | How + 主语 + 谓语! | How time flies! 时间飞逝! |
How + 形容词/副词(+ 主语 + 谓语)! | How brave ( the hero is )!(这个英雄)真勇敢! How slowly he walks! 他走得多慢啊! | |
How + 形容词 + a/an + 单数可数名词(+ 主语 + 谓语)! | How clever ( a boy he is )! (他是)一个多么聪明的男孩啊! |
陈述句改感叹句
陈述句变为感叹句时,常使用"一断二加三换位"的方法:
1. "一断",即在谓语后边断开,使句子分为两部分。
She is ‖ a beautiful girl. 她是一位美丽的姑娘。
He works ‖ hard. 他工作努力。
2. "二加",即如果第二部分为副词、形容词,就加上how;如果是一个名词(词组),就加上what。
She is ‖ (what) a beautiful girl.
He works ‖ (how) hard.
3. "三换位",即把第一部分与第二部分互换位置,同时把句号换为感叹号。
What a beautiful girl she is!
How hard he works!
二、考点突破
1.—Your phone number again? I ________ quite catch it.
—It’s 956-8442.
A.didn’t B.couldn’t C.don’t D.can’t
2.It’s nice to see you again. We ________ each other since 2016.
A.won’t see B.haven’t seen C.don’t see D.didn’t see
3.Susan ________ stop thinking about the math problem ________ she worked it out.
A.won’t; until B.doesn’t; after C.didn’t; until D.doesn’t; when
4.—He doesn’t speak English or Japanese, ______ ?
—______. He speaks Chinese.
A.does he; Yes, he doesn’t B.doesn’t he; No, he does C.does he; No, he doesn’t D.does he; Yes, he does
5.—Could I smoke here? —Sorry. Look at the sign! Smoking ________here.
A.isn’t allowed B.is allowed C.doesn’t allowed D.isn’t allowing
6.—Who’s the man in the room?
—_________
A.He is a doctor. B.He’s a friend of mine. C.He’s a famous singer. D.He’s 45 years old.
7.Mr Li is very kind. He has never lost his temper, ________ he?
A.has B.hasn’t C.did D.didn’t
8.Teenagers rarely have to make their own beds, ________?
A.don’t they B.do they C.have they D.haven’t they
9.—Jerry, could you remember ________?
—Have you forgotten we agreed to go to the Summer Palace?
A.where we are going to after the exam B.where are we going to after the exam
C.where are we going after the exam D.where we are going after the exam
10.—________ do you improve your spoken English?
—By ________ as much as possible.
A.Why; practiced B.How; practicing C.How; practiced
11.Hold your dream, __________ you might regret some day.
A.and B.or C.but D.so
12.When life gives you a hundred reasons to cry, ________ life that you have a thousand reasons to smile.
A.showing B.to show C.showed D.show
13.Study hard, ________you won’t be successful.
A.so B.and C.but D.or
14.Tony, come on, ________ we’ll miss the World Cup.
A.so B.and C.or
15._________ attention to the mistakes in your homework, for they are the first method to check out the knowledge you have learned.
A.Paid B.Pay C.Paying D.to pay
16.一_________ great weather! How about going hiking this weekend?
—Good idea!
A.What a B.What an C.How D.What
17.—________ it is snowing! How shall we go to work?
—________ our company is not too far from here, let’s walk.
A.What heavy, Because B.How heavily, Since
C.How a heavy, As D.What a heavily, For
18.—Our class won first prize in today’s basketball match.
—________ exciting news it is! We’re all glad about it.
A.What B.What an C.How D.How an
19.________ amazing car! Is it powered by gasoline or electricity?
A.What B.How C.What a D.What an
20.— Have you watched the movie The Battle at Lake Changjin?
— Yeah. ______ educational the movie is! I like it so much.
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