(通用版)高考英语二轮复习写作备考技巧专题11《概要写作+概写综合训练》(含答案)

这是一份(通用版)高考英语二轮复习写作备考技巧专题11《概要写作+概写综合训练》(含答案)，共36页。试卷主要包含了 研读概要写作的特点， 表达精练简洁， 句子错落有致， 句式多种多样， 做到赏心悦目等内容，欢迎下载使用。

2020年高考英语写作新题型备考技巧
备考技巧1
学案（十一）概要写作+概写综合训练

高考英语综合写作题型除了读后续写外, 另一种便是概要写作。概要写作也是综合写作任务的一种常见形式, 被广泛应用于教学和评估活动中。概要写作的目的不仅是要重述原文的主旨要义, 还要在不改变原文意思的前提下变换词汇和句子结构, 也就是要使用自己的语言写概要。
一． 概要写作的考纲说明和题型介绍
1. 了解考纲说明
根据教育部考试中心的相关说明, 概要写作中, 提供给考生一篇350以内的短文, 要求其基于该短文写出一篇60词左右的内容概要。
2. 明白试题选材的特点
提供给考生阅读的短文词数在350以内；所选材料体裁虽然没有限制, 但是多以说明文、议论文为主, 偶尔也会有记叙文或夹叙夹议的阅读材料。考试说明所给的样题是一篇科普知识类的文章, 句子结构复杂, 难度较大。
3. 熟知概要写作的评分标准
（一）概要写作考查要求：
（1）对原文要点的理解和呈现情况；
（2）应用语法结构和词汇的准确性；
（3）上下文的连贯性；
（4）对各要点表达的独立性情况。
总之, 概要应具有独立性和自明性, 拥有与文章等量的主要信息, 即不阅读全文, 就能获得必要的信息；其次概要不容赘言, 故需逐字推敲；最后概要内容必须完整、一目了然。
（二）概要写作高考评分标准:
第五档 (21－25)
—理解准确, 涵盖全部要点。
—能准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇。
—有效地使用了语句间的连接成分, 使所完成的概要结构紧凑。
—完全使用自己的语言。
第四档 (16－20)
—理解准确, 涵盖绝大部分要点。
—所使用语法结构和词汇可能有些许错误, 但完全不影响意义表达。
—比较有效地使用了语句间的连接成分, 使所完成的概要结构紧凑。
—有个别整句抄自原文。
第三档 (11－15)
—理解较为准确, 涵盖大部分要点。
—所使用语法结构和词汇虽有些错误, 但不影响意义表达。
—应用简单的语句间连接成分, 使上下文内容连贯。
—出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象。
第二档 (6－10)
—理解有误差, 仅涵盖半数要点。
—有些语法结构和词汇方面的错误, 影响了意义的表达。
—较少使用语句间的连接成分, 全文内容缺少连贯性。
—出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象。
第一档 (1－5)
—没有理解原文, 造成概要内容与原文主题不符。
—有较多语法结构和词汇方面的错误, 严重影响了意义的表达。
—缺乏语句间的连接成分, 全文内容不连贯。
—多个句子抄自原文。
0分 白卷、内容太少无法评判或所写内容与所提供内容无关。
注意：理解准确, 涵盖全部要求, 完全使用自己的语言, 避免抄原句, 准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇, 得分相应比较高。相反, 如果概要写作部分出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象, 得分档次将会大大降低；所写内容与所提供内容无关不得分。
二． 概要写作的能力要求和特点
1. 把握读后续写的能力要求
和读后续写一样, 概要写作是一种读写结合任务, 也体现了读与写的融合。但相比其它形式的读写结合任务, 概要写作更偏重对考生阅读理解和思维能力的考查, 要求考生具有分析、综合、概括和建构等高阶思维能力。这些能力是考生进入高校继续学习的必备基础, 所以考生在平时写作训练中, 要有意识地培养这些高阶思维能力, 对概要写作有很大帮助。下表是概要写作的能力要求和考查。
阅读能力
1. 能理解原文内容, 区分内容要点和细节信息；
2. 能准确、客观地理解原文主旨和内容要点；
3. 能准确理解原文内容要点之间的逻辑关系。
写作能力
内容产出：
1. 能覆盖原文所有内容要点；
2. 能准确、客观地表述原文内容要点及其逻辑关系。
语言运用：
1. 能以原文四分之一至三分之一的篇幅概括其内容要点；
2. 能使用自己的语言；
3. 能使用准确、恰当的词汇和句子结构。
篇章结构：
1. 能合理组织原文要点；
2. 能使用恰当的连接手段使概要内容完整、连贯。
思维能力
1. 能理解、分析、综合并概括原文所述的知识、观点等；
2. 能理清原文的逻辑框架并概括性地重建该逻辑框架。

2. 研读概要写作的特点
概要写作, 简言之就是对所读过的文章简要概括, 写出文章的中心大意, 也可称之为摘要。写概要时, 读者要是把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句表述出来, 而不是抄袭文章的原句, 更不是把细节性信息作为中心, 而是要通过对文章中的单词、词组和句子进行合理转换, 对文章的具体信息进行概括, 再用合适的语言表述出来。这一题型主要考查学生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力, 同时考查学生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。因此, 概要写作是基于阅读理解和书面表达, 是二者的有机结合体, 是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。


三． 概要写作的备考指导
（一） 平时备考建议
1. 平时在训练概要写作时, 先从以下几个方面入手。首先要仔细阅读短文, 掌握文章主旨和结构, 明确各段的大意。 其次从宏观上把握全文的主旨和结构。 新高考的概要写作是写全文概要, 不是写某一部分的概要, 或者就某些问题写出要点。 再则列出原文要点, 分析原文的内容和结构, 将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分；
2. 根据阅读材料的不同, 找出具体的内容要点。阅读材料的文体特点, 找出其内容要点。
(1) 议论文：找出论点、论据和结论。其关键是找出主题句或结论句。若文中有一分为二的观点的,两种观点都要概括, 不要漏掉其中一方的观点。
(2) 说明文和新闻报道：通常会有中心句(多在首段), 写概要时要注意要找出中心句, 抓住关键词。对现象分析型说明文, 要找出“现象”、“造成这种现象的原因”、“解决这种现象或问题的措施或建议”。
(3) 记叙文：找出时间(when), 地点(where), 什么人(who), 做了什么事(what), 结果怎么样(how)等要素, 文章揭示了什么? (包括作者的看法、观点、感悟, 或写作目的)
3. 概要应包括原文中的主要事实, 略去不必要的细节；安排好篇幅的比例, 概要应同原文保持协调, 即用较多的文字写重要内容, 用较少的文字写次要内容；
4. 在找出文章的内容要点后, 就要用自己的话转述原文的内容要点。考生要注意采用同义替换、语态转换、合并句子等方式, 避免抄袭之嫌。不排斥用原文的某些词句, 但不要照搬原文的句子, 如果不能完全用自己的话语表达, 至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换, 如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好；
5. 学会利用过渡词句将概要的点与点串联起来, 做到起承转合的效果。
6. 计算词数, 看是否符合规定的词数要求。
7. 将阅读和写作结合起来。平时在做高考真题阅读时, 训练自己快速定位主题的能力并养成用大约六七十个词概括其内容要点的习惯, 并思考, 假如命题人利用这篇文章来命制读写任务题, 可能如何命题；如果这样命题, 我们应如何用英语来表达。
（二） 提高概要写作档次的五招
1. 表达精练简洁。因为字数要求, 能用非谓语动词做定语或状语时可以不用定语或状语从句。
2. 避免低级错误。避免语法和拼写的低级错误, 避免被扣印象分。
3. 句子错落有致。根据表达需要, 交叉使用长句与短句、简单句与复杂句。
4. 句式多种多样。多样化句式, 方能显示较强的语言功底, 大大提高作文档次。
(1) 用it is/was...that...强调句式；
(2) 用作状语的介词短语开头的完全倒装句或用以only in this way等开头的部分倒装句；
(3) 用with的复合结构(with+宾语+宾补)作状语或定语；
(4) 用非谓语动词；
(5) 用what引导的名词性从句；
(6) 用独立主格结构；
(7) 恰当运用感叹句、被动句等；
(8) 适当运用however, in my opinion, fortunately, personally等插入语；
(9) 尽量用短语代替单词来表达同样的意思;
(10) 恰当使用关联词语, 做到过渡自然, 结构紧凑, 篇章连贯。
变换句式也能提升读后续写的档次水平, 具体办法请详见本专题前几章学案的讲解。
5. 做到赏心悦目。注重书写美观, 保持卷面整洁, 提高印象分。

（三） 概要写作的答题步骤
1. 确定主题句。确定阅读文章的主题句, 一般在段首。没有主题句的需要自己组合。
2. 寻找关键词。分析主题句意义, 确定关键词, 关键词一般体现为名词、形容词, 关键词的数目决定了概括的信息浓度。
3. 确定时态和人称。如果阅读材料是过去时, 那么基本时态用过去时；如果是现在的, 那么基本时态用现在时。但模板的开头语一般为现在时, 如：The passage tells us that…一般情况下采用第三人称来写作。
3. 重构主题句。概括的主题句逻辑上要统摄后面所有的支撑句。可以从作者的写作目的逆推, 反映写作目的主题句是高度抽象的, 它基本决定了概括的质量。
4. 重组支撑句。支撑句的意义在逻辑上受制于主题句, 可以是补充过程或者提供证据。3、4两个步骤其实就是改写阅读材料的主题句和支撑句。口诀：简单概括, 缩长间短, 省却细腻。(见：间接引语。短：短的连词。细腻：细节和例子)
5. 检查润色草稿。考生需要确保自己的初稿准确完整, 再考虑誊抄。考生可以从以下几个方面来进行检查和润色：
a. 主次是否分明, 主题句和支撑句比例、顺序是否安排得当；
b. 逻辑关系是否清晰, 前后观点是否一致；
c. 人称时态和概要字数是否符合要求；
d. 查语法是否正确, 特别是时态、主谓一致等, 确保“语言规范”；
e. 是否使用一些较为丰富、高级的句型和恰当的连接过渡词句等。
四． 概要写作具体的方法技巧
（一）. 打磨重组、改写句子的能力
考生重组、改写句子的能力直接影响着概要写作的好坏, 所以考生在平时训练时就要下意识提高自这些能力。由于本专题前几章学案已经具体阐述了造句改写的能力, 这里就不再赘述, 具体请详见前几期学案。这里只简单列举几个技巧。
1. 同义替换法
Tom thought of an idea.
→ An idea occurred to Tom.
2. 正话反说法
I think wealth is less important than health.
→ I don’t think wealth is more important than health.
You will fail.
→ You won’t succeed.
3. 词性转换法
Your suggestions are very valuable.
→ Your suggestions are of great value.
4. 介词短语法
We are sure to finish it in time because so many people are helping us.
→ With so many people helping us, we are sure to finish it in time.
5. 句式变化法
(1)语态变换
It is widely accepted that more people use computers in the world today.
→Computers are widely used in the world today.
(2)简单句变复合句
The weather turned out to be very good. This was more than we could expect.
→The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect.
(3)连词衔接法
注意使用一些短而精的连词, 如but, and, so, while, however, then, yet, for, therefore, thus, including, instead of 等。
He insisted on staying. He was not willing to go.
→He insisted on staying rather than/instead of going.
(4)词序改变法
Professor White, Professor Smith and many other guests were present at the meeting.
→Present at the meeting were Professor White, Professor Smith and many other guests.
(5)特殊句式法
Jim wants to go boating and his parents want to go boating, too.
→Jim wants to go boating, and so do his parents.
（二）. 提高定位主题句的能力
主题句是概括文章或段落中心思想、反映作者写作意图的一个概括性的句子, 是文章整体或段落的核心所在。同时, 主题句又由若干个扩展句来支持、说明、论证和延伸, 使整个文章或段落所表达的意思更为清晰地体现出来。然而, 主题句的位置不是固定不变的, 它可以位于段首, 段中、段尾。主题句位于段首的情况比较多见。开门见山, 直接点明段落主题, 有助于确定段落的主线, 使各个发展句围绕段落主题自然展开；说明性与论说性段落尤其如此。扩展句又可以通过时间、空间、举例、对比、定义、因果等手法来进行陈述。概要写作提供的阅读材料的段落数通常会决定要点数, 因此, 考生在平时的阅读训练和概要写作训练时, 要有意识地区分文章和段落的主题句和扩展句, 学会快速把握段落的结构和主旨走向, 这对概要写作的能力提升大有裨益。请尝试分别找出以下三个段落的主题句。
1. This location did have a number of advantages. The district officer was happy to have the guests; the local native chief made them welcome. The location, in high open country with a magnificent view down through a gap to misty plains beyond, was beautiful, and the accommodations provided were good.
2. Californians and New Englanders are both Americans. They speak the same language and abide by the same federal laws. But they are very different in their way of life. Mobility, both physical and psychological, has made a great impression on the culture of Californians; lack of mobility is a mark of the customs and morality of New Englanders.
3. The Amazon River is the widest river in the world, with one-fifth of all the fresh water on earth moving through its mouth. In length it is second only to the Nile, and if stretched across the United States, it would reach from New York to Los Angeles. In addition, the Amazon covers the largest area of any river. Therefore, it can be argued that the Amazon is the mightiest river on earth.
上述段落的主题句分别位于句首、句中和句尾。
（三）. 不同文体的概要写作方法
在概要写作前, 我们要通读短文, 确定其内容是属于那种类型, 然后选择确当的模板。注意：不要关注一些次要的细节却遗漏重要的要点, 尽量少使用原文语句, 多用自己的概括性的语言, 3到5个句子即可。
说明文
1. 说明文的段落划分:
①. 描述某事物的性质功用等：性质/定义—功用/功能—应用/利好
可参考模板：(in the passage ) the writer introduces…to us, especially its…, from which we know…
②. 针对某问题提出解决办法或措施：问题—成因—解决方法/措施
可参考模板：The passage tells us….Therefore, the author tells us how to..., including…
③. 介绍某现象及其原因结果：现象—原因—结果
可参考模板：The author talks about…, which is caused by…. As a result (consequently),…
　　 2. 请尝试为下篇说明文进行概要写作:
These days a green building means more than just the color of the paint. Green building can also refer to environmentally friendly houses, factories, and offices.
Green building means “reducing the impact of the building on the land”, Taryn Holowka of the U. S. Green Building Council in Washington, D. C. said. According to Holowka, building account for 65 percent of total U. S. electricity use.
But green building can reduce energy and water use. Also, the buildings are often located near public transportation such as buses and subways, so that people can drive their cars less. That could be good for the environment, because cars use lots of gas and give off pollution. Green buildings are often built on developed land, so that the buildings don’t destroy forests.
Marty Dettling is the project manger for a building that put these ideas into action. The Solaire has been called the country’s first green high-rise building. According to Dettling, “We’ve reduced our energy use by one-third and our water by 50 percent.”
The Solaire cuts energy in part by using solar power. “On the face of the building we have solar panels which change the sun’s energy into electricity,” Dettling explained. The Solaire also has lights that automatically turn off when people leave the room. In addition, the building has lots of windows, allowing people to use the sun for light during the day. The Solaire cuts water by reusing it.
Not everyone is eager to move into a green building, however. Some people think that things like solar panels cost more money than more traditional energy sources. Anyhow, Holowka said, “It’s going to be big.”
One possible version:
① Environmentally friendly structures are called green buildings. ②They can reduce energy and water use by a considerable percentage, thus lessen pollution and avoid destroying forests as well. ③For example, the green building Solaire has substantially reduced its energy and water use partly by applying solar power and reusing water. ④Although not all people like green building yet, it is expected to be popular in the near future.
　　
议论文
1. 议论文的段落划分：
三要素：论点、论据和结论：论点—论据1……论据n—结论
议论文通常包括论点、论据和结论, 因此写议论文的概要主要是找出主题句(the topic sentences)、支撑句(supporting sentences)和结论句(conclusion sentences)。其中最主要的是找准主题句。
议论文通常用来讲明道理、议论是非、提出观点和看法。作者先正面或反面提出论点, 然后用事实论证论点, 最后以重申论点或提出建议的方式得出结论。议论文的主题句通常在首段或尾段, 或者在各段的首句或尾句。尽可能客观简要地转述阅读材料的观点。要注意归纳和积累相关的句式或模板。

议论文概要可参考的开头写作模板：
　　The essay/passage/author highlights the importance of encouragement for students.
　　The essay/passage/author argues in support of…, stating that…
　　The essay/passage/author argues that we must not only value those who come first
　　or are the best in any field but the others whose effort push them to success.
　　The essay/passage/author discusses the impact of email.
　　The essay/passage/author compares friendship with the comfort of home.
　　The essay/passage/author outlines the harmful effects of smoking.
2. 请尝试为下篇议论文进行概要写作
We live in a technological society where most goods are mass-produced by unskilled labor. Because of this, most people think that craft no longer exists.
One of the ways these people wrongly support their view is by pointing to 100-year-old homes which are still solid, and arguing that it is the craftsmanship that is responsible for their durability. “Homes in those days were well-built,” they say. No doubt these homes were well-built, but what these people have done is mix up the quality of material used in the house with the quality of the craftsmanship.
Homes today could be built to last just as long as those old homes if people were willing or able to pay the price. For example, more people can no longer afford solid oak stairways, although they were once fairly common in older homes. Nor can they afford the high labor cost of employing a carpenter to build the stairway. Yet if someone can pay the high cost, there are still plenty of carpenters around able to make those stairways. And not only would these carpenters know how to build them, they would probably do a better job than carpenters of old.
One thing the modern carpenter has which enables him to do a better job is much more advanced tools. Such tools as laser beams and power planes help them lay out a house better and make more precision cuts on the wood. Also, it is not uncommon any more to find carpenters with college degrees and carpenters with a solid knowledge of mathematics, which would enable them to deal with more difficult house designs.
The problem of modern quality, then, really boils down to the problem of material, for the modern carpenter is just as able to produce craftsmanship as the carpenter of fifty years ago, but only if given proper material.
One possible version:
①Nowadays a majority of people think that craft is dead, because they see century-old homes soundly stand. ②They believe that it is the craftsmanship that contributes to the durability of the buildings, but they mistake the quality of material for that of the craftsmanship. ③Actually, good carpenters, who are more learned and equipped with advanced tools, still exist. ④So the problem of modern buildings lies in the quality of the material.

记叙文
1. 记叙文的段落划分：
记叙类：人物、情节(who did what) 、时间、地点
夹叙夹议：+观点/哲理性推论：情节1—情节2……情节n—启示
记叙文主要是记叙所发生的事情和经历。常见的形式有：故事、日记、新闻报道、游记等。记叙文通常要交待清楚五要素的内容, 即where, when, what, who, how, 给读者一个内容完整、细节清晰的故事。事情的叙述通常按时间的顺序叙述, 让读者易于把握所叙述内容之间的内在关联, 我们必须抓住记叙文的写作特点或思路, 从而更好地理解文章主题, 概括出比较中肯的短文中心大意。
记叙文概写可参考的开头写作模板：
The passage/story is about a misunderstanding between a student and a teacher.
The author tells us a story about a ________.
The passage is a story about ________.
According to the passage, the hero in the story ________.
2. 请尝试为下篇记叙文进行概要写作：
That cold January night, I was growing sick of my life in San Francisco. There I was, walking home at one in the morning after a tiring practice at the theatre. With opening night only a week away, I was still learning my lines. I was having trouble dealing with my part-time job at the bank and my acting at night at the same time. As I walked, I thought seriously about giving up both acting and San Francisco. City life had become too much for me.
As I walked down empty streets under tall buildings, I felt very small and cold. I began running, both to keep warm and to keep away from any possible robbers. Very few people were still out except a few sad-looking homeless people under blankets.
About a block from my apartment, I heard a sound behind me. I turned quickly, half expecting to see someone with a knife or a gun. The street was empty. All I saw was a shining streetlight. Still, the noise had made me nervous, so I started to run faster. Not until I reached my apartment building and unlocked the door did I realize what the noise had been. It had been my wallet falling to the sidewalk.
Suddenly I wasn’t cold or tired anymore. I ran out of the door and back to where I’d heard the noise. Although I searched the sidewalk anxiously for fifteen minutes, my wallet was nowhere to be found.
Just as I was about to give up the search, I heard the garbage truck pull up to the sidewalk next to me. When a voice called from the inside, “Alisa Camacho?” I thought I was dreaming. How could this man know my name? The door opened, and out jumped a small red-haired man with an amused look in his eye. “Is this what you’re looking for?” he asked, holding up a small square shape.
It was nearly 3 A.M. by the time I got into bed. I wouldn’t get much sleep that night, but I had gotten my wallet back. I also had gotten back some enjoyment of city life. I realized that the city couldn’t be a bad place as long as people were willing to help each other.
One possible version:
①Dismayed by doing two jobs at a time, the author thought of quitting her city life in San Francisco. ②One early morning in January, she ran her way home after work, to keep warm and avoid possible robbery. She lost her wallet on the way and failed to find it. ③Unexpectedly, a driver had picked it up and returned it to her. ④Moved by this, she regained faith in city life and would probably stay on.

（四）. 其它可参考的概要写作模板：
通用型模板：
　　 According to the passage, we know…
　　 This article is mainly about…
　　 The writer states that…
　　 As can be learn this passage, …
　　 The passage says that…
　　 In this passage, the writer mainly tells us his experience of
　　 具体分类的模板：
　　 (1) 记叙文概要模板
　　 a.点明写作目的类：
　　 The writer tells us…(主题)by showing us an example of…, who/which…(故事情节).
　　 b.作者经历类：
　　 In the passage, the writer mainly tells us his experience of doing sth, which……
　　 c.他人经历类：
　　 This passage is mainly about sb’s experience of doing sth…
　　 (2) 议论文概要模板
　　 The article gives the view that…should/shouldn’t…(主题). …(补充论据).
　　 The passage highlights(强调 the importance of sth…
　　 The author argues that…
　　 (3) 说明文概要模板
　　 a. 现象揭示类：
　　 This article points out the common phenomenon ----(主题), which….(补充解释).
　　 b. 利弊对比类：
　　 The article compares the disadvantages/ benefits of A and B. A…while B…
　　 The passage discusses the impact(影响)of sth. On the positive side…, but it may also….
　　 c. 研究显示类：
　　 The study reveals that…
　　 The purpose of the report is to show that…
五． 真题解析
(一)
阅读下面短文, 根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。(2019浙江高考概要写作)
Parents everywhere praise their kids. Jenn Berman, author of The A to Z Guide to Raising Happy and Confident Kids, says, “We’ve gone to the opposite extreme of a few decades ago when parents tended to be more strict.” By giving kids a lot of praise, parents think they’re building their children’s confidence, when, in fact, it may be just the opposite. Too much praise can backfire and, when given in a way that’s insincere, make kids afraid to try new things or take a risk for fear of not being able to stay on top where their parents’ praise has put them.
Still, don’t go too far in the other direction. Not giving enough praise can be just as damaging gas giving too much. Kids will feel like they’re not good enough or that you don’t care and, as a result, may see no point in trying hard for their accomplishments.
So what is the right amount of praise? Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity. If praise is sincere and focused on the effort not the outcome, you can give it as often as your child does something that deserves a verbal reward. “We should especially recognize our children’s efforts to push themselves and work hard to achieve a goal,” says Donahue, author of Parenting Without Fear: Letting Go of Worry and Focusing on What Really Matters. “One thing to remember is that it’s the process not the end product that matters."
Your son may not be the best basketball player on his team. But if he’s out there every day and playing hard, you should praise his effort regardless of whether his team wins or loses. Praising the effort and not the outcome can also mean recognizing your child when she has worked hard to clean the yard, cook dinner, or finish a book report. But whatever it is, praise should be given on a case-by-case basis and be proportionate (相称的) to the amount of effort your child has put into it.
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[试题分析]
看完每个段落, 问自己：这一段讲了什么呢？传递了什么主要信息, 统领的信息是什么, 支撑信息是哪些？然后暂定主题句, 在之后的阅读中不断理解与修正。提炼完主题句后, 对其进行重组改写, 然后润色、检查、修改, 最后串联成文。
文章话题：过度赞扬和过少赞扬对孩子都不利, 父母要适度赞扬, 而且赞扬应是真诚的, 强调努力过程, 而不是结果。
文章类型和结构：议论文, 总-分-总
要点
可能用到的词汇和句型
1. 解释作者观点：给予孩子过多表扬会有负面影响, 而且表扬不真诚会让孩子害怕尝试新鲜事物, 或者不敢冒险。
assume, excessive, have a negative effect on, dishonest, spoil, hesitate, overcautious, discourage, take a risk,
2. 过少的表扬也是有害的, 会让孩子觉得自己不好, 没有得到父母的关心或觉得自己的努力没有意义。
similarly, inadequate, there’s no point in doing…, lose confidence, destroy one’s confidence
3. 正确的方式应该是注重赞美的质量而不是数量, 注重孩子努力的过程而非结果。
rather than, instead of, matter, surpass, be superior to, have an advantage over
4. 总结：表扬要适当, 应当和孩子努力程的成都相称。
proper, individually, realistic, practical, be consistent, in accordance with
Two possible versions:
①Parents praise their children to promote their confidence, but excessive praise may result in opposite effects. ②However, kids may feel discouraged when not given enough praise. ③Actually, what really matters is the quality rather than quantity of praise, which should be sincere and concentrate on process instead of result. ④Praise offers encouragement and recognition, while it should be based on the fact and correspond with the effort.

①②There are two extremes of praising: being too strict with the kids and giving a lot of praise. The former makes kids feel they are not good enough while insincere praise makes them afraid to try new things or take risks. ③The point is not the quantity of praise but the quality. ④We should praise more on kid’s efforts and process instead of the result.

(二)
阅读下面短文, 根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。(2018浙江高考概要写作)
It’s a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply because their websites can all start to look and sound the same. Nothing will give you the sense of what it will actually be like to live on a college campus (校园) like visiting and seeing for yourself the dorms, classrooms and athletic equipment and, of course, the students. It seems a little crazy once senior year hits to find the time to visit college campuses, and it can also be pricey if the schools you are applying to happen to be more than a car ride away. But keep in mind that you are making a decision about the next four years of your life, and do all the research you can to make sure you are making the right one.
There’s no excuse not to visit the schools in your local area. In fact, a lot of college applications even ask if you have visited campus, and obviously, if you live across the country that won’t be as much of a possibility, but if you live nearby, go check it out!
If campus visits aren’t going to happen before you apply, at the very least you should find some time between applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools you’d like to attend. It can save you a lot of heartache if you rule out now the things that you don’t like about certain campuses, things that you wouldn’t know unless you actually visit.
Now, if time and money are making it impossible, then check out the online college fairs at CollegeWeeklive. It’s a chance to chat online with admissions officers, students, and college counselors (顾问), and it won’t cost you a penny! You can register for its online college fair at collegeweeklive.com. While visiting an online college fair can’t take the place of an actual campus visit, it can be a very useful tool that along with all your other research will help you make an informed decision about which colleges or universities you’d like to attend.
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[试题分析]
分清每段的主题句和扩展句, 抓住并提炼出主题句, 然后进行重组改写, 随后润色检查, 最后使用恰当的过渡词句连句成篇。
文章话题：在申请大学之前应该亲自去看看大学校园；如果时间金钱不允许, 就在线获取信息。
文章类型和结构：说明文, 总-分
要点
可能用到的词汇和句型
1. 在申请大学之前应该亲自看下校园, 以确保你的选择正确。
worthwhile, brilliant, in person, ensure, guarantee, visit colleges, decision
2. 如果你申请的大学在当地, 你没有理由不去参观校园。
be supposed to, check out, explore, nearby
3. 至少要在申请后到收到入学通知期间参观下校园。
at least, submit, application, avoid, in advance
4. 如果时间和金钱都不允许, 你应当申请注册大学生活在线网, 在网上了解相关信息。
register, lack, be short of, not only…but also…, beneficial, option
Two possible versions:
①It’s really worthwhile to pay a visit to their desired colleges personally before applying. ②Undoubtedly, students should visit their local colleges, which may be included in applications. ③At least, they should visit the school and figure out its real conditions in advance. ④For students who are short of money and time, registering online is a good alternative to help them better understand schools.
①To ensure a brilliant college life, you’d better spare time to visit the campus to examine all aspects of your dream college even if it may be costly. ②If you live nearby, be sure to check it out before you apply. ③Even after submitting your application, a visit can help avoid much trouble. ④However, visiting the online college fairs at collegeweeklive.come will be beneficial if not possible to see for yourself for lack of time and money.

总之, 概要写作要求考生根据阅读材料一篇60字左右的内容概要, 用尽可能少的词汇和过渡手段展现原材料的主要思想和观点。平时训练时, 考生除了需要提高自己快速把握文章主旨和段落大意的能力外, 还需要提升自己的总结概括能力, 并熟练掌握非谓语动词等高级语法知识和词句过渡技巧。训练写概要写作时还可以有意识地采取以下几种小技巧：
　　 1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。
　　 2) 避免重复。在原文中, 为了强调某个主题, 可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。
　　 3) 删除具体例子。不过, 阅读材料本身是由几个具体例子构成的, 如阅读材料是谈西方种种节日的, 如删除具体例子, 则概括很难达到30个词, 那就选择一至两个例子(即一两个主要节日)。注：原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子, 你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。
　　 4) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词, 比如：
　　 “She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.”
　　 可以概括为：“She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.”
　　 5) 把文章的对话或直接引语(的要点)改成间接引语叙述。
　　 6) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子, 那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。
　　 7) 压缩长的句子。如下列两例：
　　 “His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.”
　　 可以概括为： “He was very brave in battle.”
　　 “He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”
　　 可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.”
8) 考生还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。
9) 掌握各种文体的写作特点和框架。
备考技巧2


提升训练
一． 阅读以下几个片段, 体会扩展句的展开方法及其与主题句之间相辅相成的关系。
1. There are four separate stages in making bread. The first stage begins by mixing yeast with warm water. This mixture is then added to half the amount of flour. The resultant batter mixture is then left for an hour. At the next stage the rest of the flour is added to the risen batter mixture, along with salt and oil. The main step in the second stage is a thorough kneading of the dough, after which it is left to rise. The third stage involves shaping the dough into loaves; the shaped loaves are then put into bread tins and left to prove. In the final stage the bread is cooked in a hot oven. The whole process of bread making finishes when the bread is taken from the oven and left to cool on wire racks.
2. Great Britain is an island that lies off the northwest coast of Europe. The nearest country is France which is 20 miles away from which Great Britain is separated by the English Channel. The island is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the North Sea to the east. It comprises the mainland of England, Wales and Scotland. Scotland is in the North, while Wales is in the west. Ireland, which is also an island, lies off the west coast of Great Britain. It consists of Northern Ireland and the Irish Republic. Great Britain together with Northern Ireland constitutes the United Kingdom. Thus, the United Kingdom is composed of four parts. The largest of these is England which is divided into 43 administrative counties. The capital city is London which is situated in southeast England.
3. Many old buildings in cities are still being found useful. In several cities, old buildings that were no longer being used have been converted to a variety of useful structures. For example, one school building was changed into ninety nine rental units for elderly and low income residents. In Baltimore, Maryland, six schools were converted into 132 units with the help of a four million dollar city bond financing arrangement. “School House 77” in Boston utilizes three recycled elementary schools and an abandoned instrument factory. All these examples show how cities are using unneeded schools, police stations, libraries, and boarded up factories that are structurally sound and even architecturally interesting buildings.
4. Why do so many graduates gravitate into business instead of into teaching? Part of the reason is the ever widening pay gap between these two professions. A secretary, an office clerk or a bank employee can earn monthly income as high as RMB 2, 000, and when one is promoted to the position of a business executive or manager, the salary is even higher. But a college graduate with a master’s degree can only get a salary of RMB 1, 000 per month for his teaching job. No wonder, college graduates are attracted into more profitable fields.
5. Examinations fall into three kinds. One is the machine scored “objective” type. In an objective test, the students answer questions by deciding on best choice among a number of alternatives given. Another is the “completion” type. This kind of examination requires the students to add a word or phrase to complete a sentence. And the third type is the essay examination, in which the students are asked to write a composition on a given topic. All these kinds of examinations are designed to reveal what a student may have learned in any particular course.
6. Love is a very general term. It refers to a strong feeling of fondness for another person. It can happen between people of the opposite sex or between members of a family. No matter where it happens, love can always bring happiness to people.
7. So why do manufacturers keep on designing and producing VCRs that are awkward to use if the problems are so obvious? First, the problems we notice are not obvious to technically minded designers with years of experience and trained to understand how appliances work. Secondly, designers tend to add one or two features at a time to each model, whereas you and I face all of a machine’s features at once. Thirdly, although finding problems in a finished product is easy, it is too late by then to do anything about the design. Finally, if manufacturers can get away with selling products that are difficult to use, it is not worth the effort of any one of them to make improvements
题目一
【答案】1. 时间法；2. 空间法；3. 举例法；4. 对比法；5. 分类法；6. 定义法；7. 因果法
二． 根据要求改写下列句子。
1. Strange things were happening, but people thought little of them.(同义替换法)
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2. Jack didn’t pass the driving test, but he still hoped to. (同义替换法)
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3. Millions of people have tried to quit smoking, but failed.(正话反说法)
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4. Patience is very important.(词性转换法)
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5. Parents should give children more praise.(语态变换法)
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6. Children should be encouraged more. This will help them learn faster.(简单句变复合句)
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7. We should encourage students. We should not scold them.(利用介词短语法)
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题目二
【答案】
1. Strange things were happening, but people ignored them.
2. Although Jack failed to pass the driving test, he still hoped to.
3. Millions of people have tried to quit smoking, but didn’t succeed.
4. Patience is of great importance.
5. Children should be given more praise.
6. Children should be encouraged more, which will help them learn faster.
7. We should encourage students instead of scolding them.



三． 概要写作综合练习。
阅读下面短文, 根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
A
Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.
In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was though to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out.
Though the belief in the merit (好处) of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War II. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far?
Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist (免疫学家), encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter (后者) position is gaining some ground.
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B
High school exit tests are tests that students must pass to graduate from high school. In the last few years. however, a number of states in America have dropped them. Although some states still use them for diplomas, the number is down from a high of 27 states during the testing craze promoted by No Child Left Behind (NCLB).
The appearance of this phenomenon is small wonder. Researches clearly show that exit tests have little positive effects on students. A 2014 report found exit testing was associated with lower graduation rates, negatively affected labor market outcomes, and, most alarmingly, produced a 12.5 percent increase in incarceration (监禁) rates. Exit exams, the study concluded, had tended to add little value for most students.
Exit testing relies on the following assumptions. One is that standardized testing can serve as a kind of “quality control” for high school graduates, guaranteeing that graduates are college ready. The other is that they have predicting value for future success in academic situations.
But there is little evidence. The tests don't exactly measure what they pretend to measure. For example, qualities such as intelligence, academic ability, college readiness are not determined. Those that should be developed in all young people, like responsibility, critical thinking, and empathy (移植),are not measured, either. Even supporters of exit tests have acknowledged that they don't offer reliable data.
Thus, more and more people are suggesting that exit test scores ought to be just one component of the high school diploma. Schools should consider many other records including credits earned, courses taken, activities, service, projects and other elements of academic accomplishment so that students can be evaluated flexibly. In other words, exit test scores should never be the only criterion for high school diplomas.
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C
To pollute or not to pollute? That is the question. In order to survive, we all need to cause pollution. Factories that process the food we eat, clothes we wear, and cars we drive have to cause pollution. The environment has the ability to absorb our waste or the pollution, but its absorption ability has its limits. If the pollution level is higher than what the environment can cope with, then that's the time when pollution is bad.
If the pollution level becomes too high, human health can be affected badly. Then, the productivity level of the sick people is low and the economy suffers. The economy suffers not only because of the lost productivity of the people, but also because the government must pay for the damage the pollution has done to its people.
This is the reason why the government prefers taxation policy. Imposing (征收) a tax on firms that pollute the environment can be considered a good strategy, as long as the tax covers all the external costs or the cost of the damage the firm has created during production.
Taxation, if enforced (执行) really well, can make firms create a technology that may reduce pollution, if they find out that it will be cheaper than continuously paying the tax. The disadvantage of this policy, however, lies in the possibility that some big firms will find the tax cheap and then they will just produce more and pollute the environment more. If other small firms find the tax expensive, thus closing down, their production will be eaten up by those firms which can afford the tax.
Therefore, it is important that lawmakers in each country, when deciding to impose a tax on pollutant emissions, first review and analyze very carefully the real cost of the damage.
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D
If you haven’t seen alpaca meat (羊驼肉) on the menu yet, chances are you soon will. It is rising in popularity; about 70 restaurants across Australia feature the meat in their dishes. Among them is Melbourne restaurant Pastuso, whose head chef appeared in a video by the Australian Alpaca Association to discuss how people have liked the dish. Alejandro Saravia, a Peruvian cook at Pastuso, described the taste as similar to beef. "Alpaca meat has been very well enjoyed by the Australian public," he said in the video.
Famous cook Matt Moran, who owns some of Sydney’s leading restaurants, wrote an article for The Daily Telegraph to discuss his experience of cooking alpaca meat. Moran said he had never tried the meat until he visited an alpaca farm, and described the flavour as “very tasty”, especially the meat from the neck. Alpaca meat has also starred in dishes at the Melbourne Food and Wine Festival, with The Age reporting in 2013 about 20 Australian restaurants served the meat, a number which has grown quickly since.
Melbourne restaurant San Telmo’s head cook Mike Patrick researched an alpaca dish, and said the response was mixed. “It was 50/50: some people said ‘oh wow — what are you cooking that for? No thank you’ and others thought ‘this is really cool and something different and I want to have a try’. The people who tried it loved it. It’s a point of difference and people like that.”
In Australia alpacas are farmed mainly for their fur, but the Australian Alpaca Association website said farming alpacas for meat is a growing industry. Alpaca meat is a good source of protein with little saturated fat and cholesterol(胆固醇); it is also environmentally friendly when people feed them. Alpacas are able to stand dry conditions for longer than most other animals, and their soft feet cause little damage to the soil and ecosystem.
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E
Many Chinese students have studied English for approximately ten years, but most of them cannot even speak English correctly or fluently. In my opinion, there are several obstacles that have caused this to happen. The main obstacle is fear! Another is the habit of mentally translating from Chinese into English and then changing these thoughts into spoken words and sentences. Many of these difficulties are caused by the way Chinese people study and learn the language.
We must learn to speak languages as a child does. When we are learning a second language we need to remember how we learned our native language. Learning to understand and speak a language is one of the first skills a child develops. How does a child learn the language? He listens for a time and then he tries to repeat the words. Parents give great praise for the smallest effort and slightest improvement. Therefore, the child develops courage and is excited about learning. It takes a long time before he knows anything about grammar, spelling or formal sentence structures.
As for language teachers, they should avoid criticism and be very encouraging and generous with praise. Criticism or pointing out faults too often causes students to lose self-confidence and develop a fear of speaking. The best way to motivate a student is using praise.
The most important aspect of speaking is having good self-esteem. Self-esteem is how you feel about yourself. When most Chinese people are asked how their English is, or they are told their English is very good, they immediately respond by saying, “Oh, my English is very poor.” If you say this to yourself often enough, you will believe it. When someone compliments(称赞)you, just say “thank you”.
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F
These days our society develops rapidly and forces people to rush. It appears that people have got used to being in a hurry. However, it’s better for people to take their time and live their life at a slower pace than to hurry to get things done.
The main reason that convinces us to be against doing work in a hurry is the possibility of doing wrong in a rush. When people do their jobs or take action in a hurry, they can’t make a sound decision and probably regret later. As the saying goes, “Haste makes waste.” We should think carefully before making a decision and do our work less quickly. We should not make mistakes by doing work hurriedly.
Slowing down the pace of life helps people enjoy their life better. For example, taking a train to some place certainly will take more time than taking a plane. However, taking a train makes people have enough time to get to know a lot of new friends. Besides, it allows people to fully enjoy the beautiful scenery along the way. On the contrary, being in a hurry will make us lose chances of enjoying our lives.
Finally, slower life pace provides better health conditions for us. As is known to all, taking action in a hurry bothers people and raises their stress. People think if they are not in a hurry, they will become a loser and that annoys them. But being in a hurry can hurt people both physically and mentally (精神上). According to some studies, people who have a slower pace suffer fewer diseases, tend to be happier and live much longer than those whose life is tense, even if the former finish jobs more slowly than the latter.
In short, working quickly will bring about more material benefits to make our society more advanced. Yet, much stress can’t bring enjoyment, friends and health, which are much more important than money and other material advantages. Therefore, take your time and live your life at a slower pace.
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G
Did you know that 60.2% of US families own dogs? That's over 75 million families. Besides getting a faithful companion, these friends also provide many health benefits that can be truly life changing for your fitness and wellness.
Most dogs need to do their business outside many times per day, so you are up and moving more often than non-pet owners. The average dog owner spends 300 minutes per week walking, compared to a non-pet owner's 168 minutes. Frequent daily exercise lowers your blood pressure and reduces your chances of suffering from heart disease.
Your physical health isn't the only thing that gets better with a companion dog. You can also improve your mental well-being. People suffering from anxiety find it helpful to have a dog on hand that's happy to provide assistance. You can find many dogs operating as emotional support animals, and help people in stressful situations feel better. If your dog is a more active type, you could find yourself taking your friend all over the place. If you take your dog to the forest, you actually lower your tendency to suffer negative (消极的) feelings. A research study discovered that the part of the brain that is most active when you deal with negative things calms down when you spend time among the trees.
The dog ownership routine allows you to build healthy habits and it also gives you the opportunity to make social connections. Dog parks are filled with people you share a common interest with, and there are plenty of people who love to give dogs a friendly pat (轻拍) during walks. All of these are opportunities to have new great friendships and other emotional connections.
Your doctor might not write down a dog prescription (处方), but when you become a dog owner; you get plenty of health benefits.
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H
Is the traditional family dinner a thing of the past? In today’s households where both parents go to work and kids have busy schedules with school, an array of afternoon activities and much homework, finding time for a gathering at the table seems impossible. Yet, studies have shown time and again that eating together has multiple benefits for family members, especially children.
According to a number of reports issued by the National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University, children who eat at least five times a week with their family are at lower risk of developing poor eating habits, weight problems or alcohol dependencies, and tend to perform better academically than their peers who frequently eat alone or away from home.
Eating together as a family is not just about food and nutrition. “Food has become so easily and cheaply available that we no longer appreciate its significance,” says Professor Robin Fox, who teaches anthropology at Rutgers University in New Jersey. “We have to rediscover its importance and its value.” Sharing a meal with loved ones should be considered a special event, which can almost take on the form of a ceremony, as it was practiced by our ancestors, for whom finding food was a constant struggle.
Besides appreciation for the value of food, there are also many social elements that come into play when families share meals, says Miriam Weinstein, author of The Surprising Power of Family Meals. The dinner table can be the perfect environment where kids learn how to conduct conversations, observe good manners, serve others, listen, solve conflicts and compromise.
Of course, there is no guarantee that the simple act of eating at home surrounded by family will save children from developing unhealthy lifestyles or making regrettable choices down the road. It may not make them more virtuous (品行端正的) or socially more responsible. But it can form a basis for a lot of things that point them in the right direction.
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I
It is quite reasonable to blame traffic jams, the cost of gas and the great speed of modern life, but manners on the road are becoming horrible. Everybody knows that the nicest men would become fierce tigers behind the wheel. It is all right to have a tiger in a cage, but to have one in the driver’s seat is another matter.
Road politeness is not only good manners, but good sense. It takes the most cool－headed drivers great patience to give up the desire to beat back when forced to face rude driving. On the other hand, a little politeness goes a long way towards reducing the possibility of quarrelling and fighting. A friendly nod or a wave of thanks in answer to an act of politeness helps to create an atmosphere of good will and becomes so necessary in modern traffic conditions. But such behaviors of politeness are by no means enough. Many drivers nowadays don't even seem able to recognize politeness when they see it.
However, misplaced politeness can also be dangerous. Typical examples are the driver who waves a child crossing the street at a wrong place into the path of oncoming cars that may not be able to stop in time. The same goes for encouraging old ladies to cross the road wherever and whenever they want to.
An experienced driver, whose manners are faultless, told me it would help if drivers learnt to correctly join in traffic stream without causing total blockages that give rise to unpleasant feelings. Unfortunately, modern drivers can’t even learn to drive, let alone master the road man ship. Years ago, experts warned us that the fast increase of the car ownership would demand more give-and-take (互让) from all road users. It is high time for all of us to take this message to heart.
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J
If you’re worried that too much “screen time” could badly influence your child’s intelligence, new research suggests you might be right. By analyzing the data gathered from over 4,500 U.S. kids aged 8 to 11 between 2016 and 2017, Jeremy Walsh, a postdoctoral fellow with the CHEO Research Institute in Ottawa, found that too much “screen time” could be harming your child's intelligence. Kids with the sharpest intellects spent less than two hours a day on their cellphones, tablets and computers, coupled with 9 to 11 hours of sleep and at least an hour of physical activity.
Too much screen time could be affecting kids’ ability to focus, especially if they are switching between apps on a device or between different screens at the same time, Walsh suggested. “One leading hypothesis (假设) is that much time on screens is spent multitasking, using multiple apps or devices at once,” he said. “This can interfere with a child’s ability to focus and keep interest on a task. It can be damaging the building blocks for good cognition (认知).”
Sleep is important for brain development, since that’s when the brain reorganizes itself and grows, Walsh added. Besides, exercise has been shown to increase blood flow to the brain and oxygenation of brain tissues, and increases the connectivity of networks in the brain. Too much screen time could lead to a “cascade” effect where kids don’t get enough sleep and then are less active during the day. “You can see how this would have an impact on brain health,” Walsh said.
What should parents do? Walsh advised setting firm rules regarding the use of screens, including how long children are using the screens, the kinds of apps they are using and how many screens they are using at once. Concerned parents also should preview games or apps before letting their child play, seek out more interactive (交 互 的 ) options that engage the child’s mind, and use parental controls to block or filter content and limit screen time.
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题目三
【答案】
A.
①People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin. ② For a long time in history, people of some European countries, such as France, believed that dirt protected people from getting ill. ③ However, people began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago. People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy. ④ However, some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.
B.
①High school exit tests have been cancelled in some states in America in recent years. ②This is not surprising because studies show they do little good to students. ③Instead of ensuring college readiness and academic success, they actually don’t measure what should be measured. ④Therefore, exit test scores should only be one part of the standards of high school diplomas.
C.
①It’s human beings that cause heavy pollution, which has surpassed environmental self-purified capability. ②Hence, government prefers levying tax to remedy the economic loss and medical expenses produced by contamination. ③However, taxation is a double-edged sword. Small companies may develop environmental technology to refuse the taxation of pollution, while big ones’ expenses of taxation can be offset through mass production. ④Thus, it’s vital for tax lawmakers to take the cost of contamination into consideration.
D.
①You may soon enjoy alpaca meat because it is becoming popular. ②More and more restaurants are serving it for its delicious taste, which is thought highly of by cooks. ③About half people wanting to try it like its taste while others even refuse to try it. ④Alpaca meat is rich in health-beneficial protein and raising alpacas does little harm to the environment and ecosystem, which leads to the development of the industry of feeding alpacas for meat.
E.
①Caused by their fear and way of learning, many Chinese students cannot speak English fluently even after ten years’ learning. ②Actually we should learn to speak English as a child learns his native language by listening and repeating a lot. ③And teachers should praise and encourage students rather than criticize them, just as parents do. ④Finally, having good self-esteem is of vital importance in speaking English.
F.
①Despite being accustomed to the fast pace in modern society, people are recommended to lead a slower life. ②Firstly, slowing down lowers the possibility of committing errors by comprehensive thinking. (要点二) Secondly, more opportunities to enjoy life are allowed by a slower pace. ③Lastly, better health condition physically and mentally is also what a slower life brings. ④ Therefore, let’s take a slower life from now on.
G.
①Many US families have dogs and these companion animals help improve people’s health in many ways. ②Taking the dog for a walk every day contributes to physical health. ③Besides, dogs, which can offer people emotional support or get them close to nature, bring psychological benefits. ④They also provide more chances of positive social interaction with people of the same interest.
H.
①Studies find that eating together as a family, which nowadays seems impossible for busy parents and kids, is actually beneficial. ②First, it can contribute to children’s better physical health and academic performances. ③④It also offers a platform where kids can learn to appreciate the value of food and develop social skills. ⑤Though sharing meals may not ensure children lifelong wellness, it can at least guide them on the right track.
I.
①Drivers tend to have horrible road manners while driving. ②Road politeness requires patience to calm down and helps create a harmonious atmosphere, which is necessary but ignored by many drivers. ③Yet misplaced politeness can sometimes put some road users who aren’t following traffic rules in danger. ④With the increasing number of cars, road politeness should be remembered by all road users.
J.
①New research has found that excessive “screen time” may negatively affect children’s intelligence. ②It prevents children from focusing and staying interested, thus restricting their cognitive development. ③Also, it results in inadequate sleep and lack of physical activity, which do harm to the brain health. ④Accordingly, parents are advised to establish strict regulations concerning the use of screens, monitor the contents and limit the screen time.

备考技巧3


附录（专题学案十读后续写的语料补充）
表达说话的动词：
speak:说，讲，说话，演说。着重开口发音。
say:说，说话。意义非常广泛，是一般用语。着重内容，指连贯的说话。
talk:讲，说话。着重说话的动作，而不着重所说的话。它多指两个人或多个人在一起讲话。
tell:说，告诉，讲。指把一件事情传达给别人或讲述一个故事等。有连续叙述的意思。
chat:闲谈，聊天。多指非正式的，轻松的，愉快的，没有中心地、没有特殊目的地谈话或聊天。
1. gossip:只在后面说人是非，闲谈他人的事情。
2. Can you child speak yet?
3. He said he wanted to go to town.
4. I want to talk to you about an urgent matter.
5. Tell me what happened.
6. They dropped in for a chat last night.
7. You shouldn’t listen to gossip.
表示笑的动词：
smile:“微笑”。通常指好意的微笑，无声的微笑，如表示亲切、愉快等。
laugh:“笑”，“发笑”。指一般的笑。
beam:“笑”。指面露喜色，带有笑容的意思。
1. She smiled when she saw me.
2. We all laughed loudly when she made a joke. 她
3. He beamed on his visitors.
表示哭的动词：
cry:“哭泣”、“流泪”。意义及用法最广泛。多强调声音，指呼号和叫喊地哭，一般由于痛苦，悲哀，恐惧，也可能是欢呼引起的。
weep:“哭泣”、“流泪”。指不出声的哭，着重在由于悲伤而流泪。
sob:“哽咽”，“呜咽”，“啜泣”。指尽力抑制自己的感情时发出抽泣的声音。也可以指哭诉。
1. She started to cry when she heard the sad news.
2. She wept the death of the child.
3. The child sobbed loudly.
表示走的动词：
go:“走”，意义范围较广，是一般用语。表示向一定的地点运动。
walk:“步行”，“走”。表示有目的或无目的的步行、散步、游玩。
pace:“走过”，“踱步”。尤指以普通的步子走。
wander:“徘徊”，“到处走”，“漫游”。侧重无确定路线。
1. We went by plane.
2. I can’t walk about in this heat.
3. The fence is only ten paces from the house.
4. The children wandered in the woods.
情感描写归类：
喜悦
1. He is very happy and sweet.
2. He jumped for fun.
3. Her face brightened up.
4. The smile on her face shone like a diamond.
5. His eyes twinkled with pleasure.
6. I was wild with joy.
7. I was pleased beyond description.
8. She shed tears of joy.
9. She was overflowing with happiness.
满意
1. The result is satisfactory.
2. There is always a smile of contentment on her face.
3. She belongs to those who are very difficult to satisfy.
4. Seeing their task finished gives them a sense of satisfaction.
惊讶
1. I’m surprised to find you here.
2. It’s nothing to be surprised about.
3. To my surprise, he didn’t come yesterday.
4. She looked at me in amazement.
5. Her appearance fairly took my breath away.
6. Everyone looked at her in astonishment.
悲伤
1. He looks in low spirits.
2. His sad story makes her feel pity.
3. His wife’s disease took away his appetite.
4. The news depresses her.
5. He stood silently, tears rolling down his cheeks.
6. Hearing the news, so desperate was he that he drowned sadness in wine.
7. She burst into tears and ran out of the room.
8. She sobbed, hiding her face in her hands.
9. I tried to fight back tears.
10. A frown now stood on his face.
愤怒
1. She was burning with anger.
2. He easily loses his temper.
3. She was red with anger.
4. His anger boiled over.
5. He could hardly/scarcely contain his rage.
6. His voice trembled with anger.
7. He gave me a look of burning anger.
8. He glared at me with burning eyes.
感动
1. Touched deeply/immensely, we…
2. Tears filling her eyes, she offered her heartfelt gratitude.
害怕
1. He turned to me, with his eyes full of horror.
2. She was choked by fear.
3. Her face turned pale and stood there in silence.
4. Fear flooded over him.
5. She shook all over, feeling like sitting on pins and needles.