专题08 2024年高考英语概要写作技巧

这是一份专题08 2024年高考英语概要写作技巧，共17页。

\l "_Tc30286" Part2：概要写作十大写作技巧 PAGEREF _Tc30286 \h - 3 -
\l "_Tc26532" Part3：概要写作样题深度解析 PAGEREF _Tc26532 \h - 5 -
\l "_Tc16401" Part4：概要写作逆向写作五步法 PAGEREF _Tc16401 \h - 8 -
\l "_Tc15661" Part5：概要写作逆向写作实战 PAGEREF _Tc15661 \h - 12 -
\l "_Tc20386" Part6：高考真题汇总 PAGEREF _Tc20386 \h - 14 -
\l "_Tc25625" 高考真题1：2019年6月浙江卷 PAGEREF _Tc25625 \h - 14 -
\l "_Tc18335" 高考真题2：2018年11月浙江卷 PAGEREF _Tc18335 \h - 15 -
Part1 概要写作评分原则
1. 本题总分为 25 分，按 5 个档次给分。
2. 评分时，先根据所续写短文的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次，然后以该档次的要求来衡量、确定或调整档次，最后给分。
3. 词数少于 40 的，从总分中减去 2 分。
4. 评分时，应主要从以下四个方面考虑：
（1）理解准确度，涵盖要点量；
（2）应用语法结构和词汇的丰富性和准确性；
（3）上下文的连贯性；
（4）语言的丰富性和是否有雷同语句。
5. 拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个重要方面，评分时，应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。
6. 如书写较差以致影响交际，可将分数降低一个档次。

Part2：概要写作十大写作技巧
概要写作时一定要注意拼写和语法（行文时态、动词三单一等）不要出现低级错误；其次要学会快速抓住各种文体的要点，并且借助某些语法（比如从句，非谓语作状语等）精准提炼成summary语言；最后是模仿，平时可以多观摩一些参考答案，多思考琢磨并有意识地去仿写。
1) 删除细节，只保留主要观点。
画出主题句或关键词，主题句一般出现在段首或段尾。在找到主题句后，要分析主题句的意义，进一步确定衬托主题句的一些关键词（组）如动词、名词等。
2) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。
如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。
3) 避免重复。
在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。
4) 压缩长的句子。如下列两例：
“His curage in battle might withut exaggeratin be called lin-like.”
可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.”
“He was hard up fr mney and was being pressed by his creditr.”
可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.”

5) 可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。
请看下面的例子：
“Beautiful muntains like Munt Tai, Lushan Muntain, and Munt Huang, were visited by nly a few peple in the past. Tday, better wages, hlidays with pay, new htels n these muntains, and better train and bus services, have brught them within reach f many wh never thught f visiting them ten years ag.”
可以概括为：”Beautiful muntains like Munt Tai, nce visited by nly a few peple, are tday accessible t many, thanks t better wages,paid hlidays, new htels and better transprtatin services.”

6) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如：
“She brught hme several Chinese and English nvels, a few cpies f Time and Newsweek and sme textbks. She intended t read all f them during the winter vcatin.”
可以概括为：”She brught hme a lt f bks t read during the vcatin.”

7）巧妙使用连接词。
比如，可以使用but, then, thus, yet, thugh，不能使用at the same time, in the first place, because f these, n the ther hand等较长的连接词。通常，使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果。

8) 文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称，从而把大段的对白简化，比如：
Kate lked at Paul disapprvingly: Yu use t much salt n yur fd, Paul — it’s nt gd fr yu!” Paul put dwn his knife and frwned:” Why n earth nt! If yu didn’t have salt n yur fd it wuld taste awful… like eating card bard r sand… just imagine bread withut salt in it, r ptates r pasta cked withut salt!” Kate was patient. She didn’t want t quarrel with Paul. She wanted t persuade him. She said firmly:” But t much salt is bad fr yu. It cause high bld pressure and late n, heart-attacks. It als disguises the taste f fd, the real tastes which are much mre subtle than salt, and which we have lst the sensitivity t appreciate any mre.”

上面可以用第三人称概括为：
Kate suggested t Paul that he shuld eat less salt. She thught that eating t much salt wuld d harm t Paul’s health and that it culd reduce the real tastes f fd. But Paul disagreed. He said that fd withut salt wuld be tasteless.
9)客观
在进行概要写作时，要依据原文作者的观点，客观地转述文中的要点，不要把自己个人的观点和看法掺杂进去，不要使用“ I think”和“ I believe”等主观性的词句。由于概要写作不允许照抄原文中的句子，因此，可采用句型转换、同义词转化、语态互换等手法将原文中的句子进行改头换面，达到“雁过不留痕”的效果。如可用单个词汇替换具有相同语法功能的单词和词组：用 determine代替“ make up nes mind”;用 therefre和t等表示逻辑意义的连接词代替较长的词组“ as a result”和“ in rder t”等。
10)连贯
连接词是内容概要的桥梁，它在句与句或段与段之间起铺垫的作用，能够把内容概要有机地串联起来，确保行文流畅，衔接紧凑。因此，概要写作哪怕只有一个段落，也要根据原文的层次结构，在适当的地方添加连接词，如表示顺序关系的“ firstly”¨ secndly"“ finally”；表示并列关系的“ besides”“ in additin”等；表示总结关系的“ t sum up”“in cnclusin”等，使所写的内容概要衔接紧密，条理清楚。
Part3：概要写作样题深度解析
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Getting rid f dirt, in the pinin f mst peple, is a gd thing. Hwever, there is nthing fixed abut attitudes t dirt.
In the early 16th century, peple thught that dirt n the skin was a means t blck ut disease, as medical pinin had it that washing ff dirt with ht water culd pen up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thugh t lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had clsed the bath huses in his kingdm. S did the king f England in 1546. Thus began a lng time when the rich and the pr in Eurpe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King f France, was famusly dirty. Upn learning that a nbleman had taken a bath, the king rdered that, t avid the attack f disease, the nbleman shuld nt g ut.
Thugh the belief in the merit (好处) f dirt was lng-lived, dirt has n lnger been regarded as a nice neighbr ever since the 18 century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is gd t health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means f preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards f cleanliness have mved beynd science since Wrld War II. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: clthes need t be whiter than white, clths ever sfter, surfaces t shine. Has the hate fr dirt, hwever, gne t far?
Attitudes t dirt still differ hugely nwadays. Many first-time parents nervusly try t warn their children ff tuching dirt, which might be respnsible fr the spread f disease. On the cntrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunlgist (免疫学家), encurages children t play in the dirt t build up a strng immune system. And the latter (后者) psitin is gaining sme grund.
One pssible versin：
Peple have mixed pinins twards dirt n ur skin. (要点 1 ) Fr a lng time in histry, peple f sme Eurpean cuntries, such as France, believed that dirt prtected peple frm getting ill. (要点 2 ) Hwever, peple began t change their attitudes t dirt abut 200 years ag. Peple have been tld that washing dirt ff ur bdy can keep us healthy. (要点 3) Hwever, sme scientists believe that expsure t sme dirt may help ur immune system. (要点 4)
【范文点拨】
(一)要点分析
1. 文章第一段就是本篇文章的主题句，亮明了总的观点：Hwever, there is nthing fixed abut attitudes t dirt. 换句话说：Different peple have different attitudes twards dirt. 再结合下文谈到的主题可知Different peple have different attitudes twards dirt n the skin. 范文中的要点1“Peple have mixed pinins twards dirt n ur skin. ”概括非常精炼。
2．第二段主要谈到了在16世纪，人们认为dirt n the skin was a means t blck ut disease，尤以英、法两国的贵族为代表。结合第三段第一句Thugh the belief in the merit f dirt was lng-lived, dirt has n lnger been regarded as a nice neighbr ever since 18 century.可知，直到18世纪之前，人们都认为dirt是很“友好的”，有助于预防疾病。范文中的要点2 “Fr a lng time in histry, peple f sme Eurpean cuntries, such as France, believed that dirt prtected peple frm getting ill.”很好地总结了这些要点。
3. 第三段用Thugh引出人们对dirt观点的转变“…since the 18th century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is gd t health.”再结合本段最后一部分Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea…可得出要点3“Hwever, peple began t change their attitudes t dirt abut 200 years ag. Peple have been tld that washing dirt ff ur bdy can keep us healthy.”
4. 文章最后一段第一句指出，现在人们对于dirt的态度还是有所不同，On the cntrary引出专家的观点，一位免疫学家认为dirt有助于增强免疫系统。这一观点获得了一些支持。范文中的要点4“Hwever, sme scientists believe that expsure t sme dirt may help ur immune system.”表达很恰切。
(二) 要点连接
文章概要，在写完了要点之后，下一步的工作就是要把这些要点用适当的连接词进行连接，使上下句之间具有连贯性。本篇文章整篇结构是总分的结构，要点2和要点3在观点上截然相反，因此，之间需要表示转折的连接词，范文用了Hwever恰到好处。要点3和要点4在观点上又存在不同，因此，还是用表转折的连接词Hwever。不过小编认为，此处用Nevertheless可以避免三句话内出现两次Hwever。
(三) 关键词汇
第一段：fixed (确定的；不变的) 第二段：means (手段，方法), blck ut (挡住), pen up (打开), upn (……之后；立即) 第三段：lng-lived (长期存在的), sell the idea (说服某人接收某个观点) 第四段：warn sb ff (警告某人不要靠近), psitin (观点), gain sme grund (取得优势)
以上这些关键词对于整篇文章的理解与转化成自己的语言都很关键，如果不能准确领会其用意，语篇理解的效果会大打折扣。所以，概要写作的基础是理解语篇，而读懂语篇的基础是词汇，尤其是对关键词汇的掌握与运用。在此基础上，综合运用语法与句法结构，按照行文逻辑组织语言，形成概要。
Part4：概要写作逆向写作五步法
第一步：通读理解全文，了解文章结构，理清各段落之间的逻辑关系，提取全文中心词，尤其是名词与动词。
通读理解全文以后，首先要提取全文中心词。全文中心词指的是说明什么或议论什么，以名词与动词为主。可以说，概写的每一句话几乎都是围绕全文中心词进行的，抓住中心词可以有效地避免离题或跑题。
任务二是，明确原文段与段之间的逻辑关系，这有助于理清概写句与句之间的逻辑关系，确保正确使用连接副词，从而使概写各要点之间意义连贯，衔接紧密。但如果上下句之间的意义连贯，也不一定每一句前要加上连接副词。如下图所示，第一步要解决两个问题∶
第二步：细读原文，划出各段的主题句与关键词，关键词以动词与名词为主，涵盖段落全部要点。
如何提取原文的主题句与关键词句（段落要点）?这是问得最多的问题。如果原文各段落有明显的主题句，问题不是很大，因为对主题句进行转述就可以了，漏点的可能性不大。但有时我们会遇到某-段落主题句不是很明显，或者根本就没有主题句，怎么办?
我们可以通过逆向思维来处理这个问题。我们知道，一篇概写一般由四、五个较长的句子组成，那么一个句子由什么组成呢?这一点我们可能借鉴语文的缩句教学，无非是"某人或什么，做了什么?是什么?为什么做? 怎么做?为了什么做?在何时何地做?"不是每一句话都含有这些要素，但可以根据段落内容按照这个思路来提取要点，合成句子。自然而然，关键词常常以动词、名词以及形容词等实词为主。
第三步：根据所划内容，结合理解，理清句内逻辑关系，然后转述或合成句子。可用中文概括出段落大意，然后用一句话翻译出来(合理利用原词)。
所划内容可能是多个动词或者名词，因此，在整合句子时，要理清这些词在句内的逻辑关系，用对用好连词或介词等逻辑关系词，写出合乎逻辑的句子。我们还可以利用这些关键词用中文概括出段落大意，用一句话翻译出来，看看是否涵盖了所有划出的要点与次要点，同时，要确保正确表达，没有语法错误。
下表是概写中经常用到的句内逻辑关系词，主要以作修饰成分的状语为主。状语与句子的逻辑关系是说明句子的方式、地点、时间、条件、原因、目的、结果、程度、让步和伴随等。可见，句内的逻辑关系主要通过状语来说明的。在实践中，你会用到状语从句以及介词所构成的介词短语在句中作状语，当然，还会用到非谓语动词作状语等。
四个有代表性的并列连词在合成句子时分别说明前后分句的转折关系（but）、同等关系（and）因果关系（s）以及选择关系（s）。总之，在转述或合并句子时，要先理清句内的逻辑关系，选择正确的句法手段，写出正确的句子。
第三步其实是草稿阶段，建议尽可能快地打好草稿。先不要过多地考虑字数或用词等问题，只要考虑所概括的句子是否覆盖全部要点，是否准确概括了整段大意。
第四步：通读修改。
要考虑句首连接词的使用、高级词汇的替换、句式的多样、语法是否正确以及字数的多少等。
完成草稿以后，修改是一个重要环节，一般会花较长时间。要考虑句首连接词的使用、高级词汇的替换、句式的多样、语法是否正确以及字数的多少等。修改时有几点值得注意∶
● 在用词上，能简则简，能用一个词，就不用两个词。不要用There is n dubt that…;It is bvius that.;last but nt least 这一类的句型或短语，你完全可以用 undubtedly，bviusly，lastly来替换;
● 找不到合适的替换词时，可以合理利用上一段或下一段的词汇，避免在同一段概括时使用原词;
● 除了在用词上要避免重复以外，要注意句式的多样。某个句型用过一次，就不要用第二次;
● 同义转述不能解决概写的所有问题，一定要学会通过句法变化用自己的语言进行转述。
第五步：用衡水体抄到试卷上，力求清楚美观。
衡水体有两个基本笔划∶一是会写一个有一定倾斜度的（/）;二是会一个圈（），可以说所有的字母都是由这两个基本笔划组成的。学习衡水体可分三个阶段∶先学会准确书写字母与单词;再学习句子书写与整体排版;最后，练习书写速度，做到又快又好。在练习书写以后，书写有了质的变化。从评卷中可以看出，高分考生往往是书写很好的同学，同样内容的书面表达，书写会拉开分数差距。
Part5：概要写作逆向写作实战
一、概写原题
Mst f the new diseases we humans have faced in the past several decades have cme frm animals. The mre we cme int cntact with wild animals, the mre we risk a s-clled disease"spillver"frm animals t humans.
"As peple mve and wildlife mve in respnse t a changing envirnment, humans and wildlife and animals will cme in cntact mre regularly,"said Jeanne Fair frm the Ls Alams Natinal Labratry in New Mexic. Fair argues that by shifting animal habitats, climate change will als make the pprtunities fr disease spillver mre frequent."Everything is srt f shifting and will shift int the future as the envirnment changes thrugh climate change," Fair said.
Scientists, including climatlgists and epidemilgists n Fair's team at Ls Alams, are beginning t mdel hw changes t the climate will impact the spread f infectius diseases. It's early days fr this kind f research, but previus studies suggest that extreme weather has already played a rle in at least ne utbreak. Scientists say drught and defrestatin have cmbined t frce bats ut f rainfrests and int rchards（果园）in Malaysia t find fd. Thse bats，a cmmn disease reservir, then passed the Nipah virus thrugh pigs t humans fr the first time in the late 1990s."We're ging by the past data t really predict what's ging t happen in the future," Fair said,"And s,anytime yu increase that wildlife-human interface（界面），the disease ht spt is just increasing as we g frward."
Jeffrey Shaman, head f the climate and health prgram at Clumbia University, argues we dn't yet knw whether climate change will cause a net increase in infectius disease rates thrughut the wrld.Fr example, msquites carry disease that affects millins f peple acrss the wrld every year.As their habitats expand in sme parts f the wrld, they might cntract diseases elsewhere.Shaman says what we knw fr certain abut climate change is that it will make it harder t predict where disease utbreaks will pp up（突然出现）。
三、分段概括
关键词句已在原文标出，结合理解，用中文概括出一句话并译成英文。
❶ 经常接触动物会增加疾病外溢的风险，从而迫使人类与新的疾病作斗争。
Regular expsure t animals increases the risks f disease spillver, thus frcing humans t fight new diseases.
❷一位科学家指出，由于气候和环境的变化，人类与动物会有更多的接触，这使得疾病外溢不可避免。
One scientist pints ut that, due t climate and envirnment changes, humans will have mre cntact with animals, which makes disease spillver unavidable.
❸ 此外，早期的研究表明，极端天气影响动物栖息地，确实会引发风险。
Besides, earlier research demnstrates that extreme weather, which affects animal habitats, des trigger the risks.
❹ 然而，另一位科学家认为，气候变化是否会加速传染病的发病率还有待观察。
Hwever, anther scientist hlds that it remains t be seen whether climate change accelerates infectius disease rates.
`
参考范文：
With increasing expsure t animals lately, human's risk f develping nvel diseases has greatly bsted. Owing t climate change, viruses frm animals have easier access t humans with their living habitats change. Actually, frmer researches reveal that sme eruptins have been impacted greatly by unusual climate, thus whenever the cntact with wildlife is inreased, the dangerus disease areas will be enlarged. While it is uncertain whether climate change will lead t glbal disease spillver, it is tugher t fretellits eruptin.【78字】
Part6：高考真题汇总
高考真题1：2019年6月浙江卷
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Parents everywhere praise their kids. Jenn Berman, authr f The A t Z Guide t Raising Happy and Cnfident Kids, says, "We've gne t the ppsite extreme f a few decades ag when parents tended t be mre strict." By giving kids a lt f praise, parents think they're building their children's cnfidence, when, in fact, it may be just the ppsite. T much praise can backfire and, when given in a way that's insincere, make kids afraid t try new things r take a risk fr fear f nt being able t stay n tp where their parents' praise has put them.
Still, dn't g t far in the ther directin. Nt giving enugh praise can be just as damaging as giving t much. Kids will feel like they're nt gd enugh r that yu dn't care and, as a result, may see n pint in trying hard fr their accmplishments.
S what is the right amunt f praise? Experts say that the quality f praise is mre imprtant than the quantity. If praise is sincere and fcused n the effrt nt the utcme, yu can give it as ften as yur child des smething that deserves a verbal reward. "We shuld especially recgnize ur children's effrts t push themselves and wrk hard t achieve a gal, " says Dnahue, authr f Parenting Withut Fear: Letting G f Wrry and Fcusing n What Really Matters. "One thing t remember is that it's the prcess nt the end prduct that matters."
Yur sn may nt be the best basketball player n his team. But if he's ut there every day and playing hard, yu shuld praise his effrt regardless f whether his team wins r lses. Praising the effrt and nt the utcme can als mean recgnizing yur child when she has wrked hard t clean the yard, ck dinner, r finish a bk reprt. But whatever it is, praise shuld be given n a case-by-case basis and be prprtinate （相称的）t the amunt f effrt yur child has put int it.
参考答案：
Nwadays, parents tend t ffer cnsiderate praise t their children, hping t bst their cnfidence, but it may prduce the ppsite effect. Hwever, n praise frm parents als des harm t their self-cnfidence. Therefre, experts claim that sincere praise shuld be given fr the prcess nt fr the result. Meanwhile, kids d deserve praise if they strive t d their duty. Anyway, the amunt f praise yu have depends n hw hard they wrk.
解析：
明确文章的主旨思想，通过给出的具体事例进行提炼，本篇文章主要表达亲子关系中，赞美的重要性，通过事例对比，得出我们需要重视赞美，表达对孩子的认可。
高考真题2：2018年11月浙江卷
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
It's a really gd idea t visit clleges befre yu apply because their websites can all start t lk and sund the same. Nthing will give yu the sense f what it will actually be like t live n a cllege campus （校园） like visiting and seeing fr yurself the drms, classrms and athletic equipment and, f curse, the students. It seems a little crazy nce senir year hits t find the time t visit cllege campuses, and it can als be pricey if the schls yu are applying t happen t be mre than a car ride away. But keep in mind that yu are making a decisin abut the next fur years f yur life, and d all the research yu can t make sure yu are making the right ne.
There's n excuse nt t visit the schls in yur lcal area. In fact, a lt f cllege applicatins even ask if yu have visited campus, and bviusly, if yu live acrss the cuntry that wn't be as much f a pssibility, but if yu live nearby, g check it ut!
If campus visits aren't ging t happen befre yu apply, at the very least yu shuld find sme time between applying and getting yur acceptance letters t visit the schls yu'd like t attend. It can save yu a lt f headache if yu rule ut nw the things that yu dn't like abut certain campuses, things that yu wuldn't knw unless yu actually visit.
Nw, if time and mney are making it impssible, then check ut the nline cllege fairs at Cllege WeekLive. It's a chance t chat nline with admissins fficers, students, and cllege cunselrs （顾问）, and it wn't cst yu a penny! Yu can register fr its nline cllege fair at cllegeweeklive. cm. While visiting an nline cllege fair can't take the place f an actual campus visit, it can be a very useful tl that alng with all yur ther research will help yu make an infrmed decisin abut which clleges r universities yu'd like t attend.
参考答案
It's really wrthwhile t pay a visit t their desired clleges persnally befre applying. Undubtedly, students shuld visit their lcal clleges, which may be included in applicatins. At least, they shuld visit the schl and figure ut its real cnditins in advance. Fr students wh are shrt f mney and time, registering nline is a gd alternative t help them better understand schls.
档次
描述
第五档
（21-25）
—理解准确，涵盖全部要点；
—能准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇；
—有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使所完成的概要结构紧凑；
—完全使用自己的语言。
第四档
（16-20）
—理解准确，涵盖绝大部分要点；
—所使用语法结构和词汇可能有些许错误，但完全不影响意义表达；
—比较有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使所完成的概要结构紧凑；
—有个别整句抄自原文。
第三档
（11-15）
—理解较为准确，涵盖大部分要点；
—所使用语法结构和词汇虽有些错误，但不影响意义表达；
—应用简单的语句间连接成分，使上下文内容连贯；
—出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象。
第二档
（6-10）
—理解有误差，仅涵盖半数要点；
—有些语法结构和词汇方面的错误，影响了意义的表达；
—较少使用语句间的连接成分，全文内容缺少连贯性；
—出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象。
第一档
（1-5）
—没有理解原文，造成概要内容与原文主题不符；
—有较多语法结构和词汇方面的错误，严重影响了意义的表达；
—缺乏语句间的连接成分，全文内容不连贯；
—多个句子抄自原文。
0
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