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高中英语上外版（2020）必修 第二册Unit 1 Nature精练
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这是一份高中英语上外版（2020）必修 第二册Unit 1 Nature精练，文件包含Unit1Nature-基础版教师版docx、Unit1Nature-基础版学生版docx等2份试卷配套教学资源，其中试卷共51页， 欢迎下载使用。
引入：
D yu knw the reasn_____________ Tm didn’t cme yesterday?
A. Which B. why C. wh D. that
2. After living in Paris fr fifty years he returned t the small twn ______ he grew up as a child.
A. which B. where C. that D. when
3. Is this the reasn__________ she gave fr nt finishing her hmewrk yesterday?
A. why B. fr which C. that D. t which
4. After the war, a new schl was put up ______ there had nce been a theatre.
A. that B. which C. when D. where
5. D yu knw the reasn ______ she gt s angry yesterday?
A. why B. that C. which D. whm
6. D yu believe the reasn ______ he gave fr his being late?
A. why B. fr which C. which D. it
7. He has gt himself int a dangerus situatin ______ he is likely t lse cntrl ver the plane.
A. where B. which C. while D. when
8. I dn’t like the way _____ yu speak t her.
A. which B. / C. f which D. by which
9. The ld man tld us _____ the days ______ he was pr were gne.
A. that, when B. what, when C. when, that D. smething, that
10. I shall never frget the day ____ Shenzhu V was launched, ____ has a great effect n my life.
A. when; which B. that; which C. which; that D. when; that
【答案】1-5 BBCDA 6-10 CABAA
知识点一、词汇与词组
【知识梳理】
creature /ˈkriːtʃə/
n. Yu can refer t any living thing that is nt a plant as a creature, especially when it is f an unknwn r unfamiliar kind. Peple als refer t imaginary animals and beings as creatures. (尤指不明的或想像中的) 生物; 动物
【同根词】
1. creative adj 有创造力的 2. creativity n. 创造力
2. paradise /ˈpærəˌdaɪs/
n . Accrding t sme religins, paradise is a wnderful place where peple g after they die, if they have led gd lives. 天堂
3. wither/ˈwɪðə/
1） vi . If smene r smething withers, they becme very weak. 变虚弱
【短语】 wither away 变虚弱
2） vi. If a flwer r plant withers, it dries up and dies. (花朵或植物) 枯萎
4. replace /rɪˈpleɪs/
1） vt. If ne thing r persn replaces anther, the first is used r acts instead f the secnd. 代替; 取代
2） vt. If yu replace ne thing r persn with anther, yu put smething r smene else in their place t d their jb. 用…代替; 用…替换
近义词：
substitute /ˈsʌbstɪˌtjuːt/
n/v. If yu substitute ne thing fr anther, r if ne thing substitutes fr anther, it takes the place r perfrms the functin f the ther thing. 替代品/ 以…代替; 代替
【固定搭配】
replace A with B 用B替换A
substitute A fr B 用A 代替B
注意二者的区别！
5. thery /ˈθɪərɪ/
n. A thery is a frmal idea r set f ideas that is intended t explain smething. 理论
【短语】 in thery 从理论上讲
6. reward /rɪˈwɔːd/
1）n. A reward is smething that yu are given, fr example because yu have behaved well, wrked hard, r prvided a service t the cmmunity. 奖励
2）n. A reward is a sum f mney ffered t anyne wh can give infrmatin abut lst r stlen prperty, a missing persn, r smene wh is wanted by the plice. 赏金
3）vt. If yu d smething and are rewarded with a particular benefit, yu receive that benefit as a result f ding that thing. 回报
4）n. The rewards f smething are the benefits that yu receive as a result f ding r having that thing. 回报
【近义词辨析】
reward, award
这组词都有“难予奖励”的意思，其区别是：
reward 指对品德高尚和勤劳的人所给予的奖励。也可指为某事付酬金。
award 侧重指官方或经正式研究裁决后对有功者或竞赛优胜者所给予的奖励。
7. slutin /səˈluːʃən/
1）n. A slutin t a prblem r difficult situatin is a way f dealing with it s that the difficulty is remved. 解决办法
2） n. The slutin t a puzzle is the answer t it. 谜底
【固定搭配】 slutin t… …的解决方案/谜底
8. ignre /ɪɡˈnɔː/
1）vt. If yu ignre smene r smething, yu pay n attentin t them. 不理睬
2）vt. If yu say that an argument r thery ignres an imprtant aspect f a situatin, yu are criticizing it because it fails t cnsider that aspect r t take it int accunt. (某论断或理论) 忽视
9. restre /rɪˈstɔː/
1）vt. T restre a situatin r practice means t cause it t exist again. 恢复
2） restratin n. 恢复
3） vt. T restre smene r smething t a previus cnditin r place means t cause them t be in that cnditin r place nce again. 使复原
4）vt. When smene restres smething such as an ld building, painting, r piece f furniture, they repair and clean it, s that it lks like it did when it was new. 修复
5） vt. If smething that was lst r stlen is restred t its wner, it is returned t them. 归还
【短语】 backup and restre 备份与还原
10. destry /dɪˈstrɔɪ/
1） vt. T destry smething means t cause s much damage t it that it is cmpletely ruined r des nt exist any mre. 摧毁
2）vt. T destry smene means t ruin their life r t make their situatin impssible t bear. 毁掉
3） vt. If an animal is destryed, it is killed, either because it is ill r because it is dangerus. 宰杀
【近义词辨析】
destry, break, wreck, ruin, spil, damage
这组词都有“破坏，损坏”的意思，其区别是：
1）destry 多指彻底地、毁灭性地破坏，含导致无用，不能或很难再修复的意味。
2）ruin 多指因外部原因而受到严重破坏或毁灭，侧重破坏的彻底性，也可用于引申意义。
3）spil 强调不仅会削弱力量、精力或价值，而且会导致不可避免的毁灭。
4）damage 多指对无生命物体的损害，造成降低价值、破坏功能等后果。
11. flurish /ˈflʌrɪʃ/
1）vi If smething flurishes, it is successful, active, r cmmn, and develping quickly and strngly. 繁荣; 兴旺
2）adj. flurishing 繁荣的; 兴旺的
3） vi. If a plant r animal flurishes, it grws well r is healthy because the cnditins are right fr it. (动植物因环境适宜而) 旺盛
4） vt. If yu flurish an bject, yu wave it abut in a way that makes peple ntice it. 挥舞
5）n. Flurish is als a nun. 挥动
【短语】 in full flurish 在全盛时，盛极一时
12. balance /ˈbæləns/
1）v. If yu balance smething smewhere, r if it balances there, it remains steady and des nt fall. 使平衡; 平衡 2）n. Balance is the ability t remain steady when yu are standing up. 平衡能力
【短语】
balance between …之间的平衡
in/n balance adv. 总而言之，总的来说
in the balance 悬而未决；在危急状态中
balance sheet 资产负债表
13. delicate /ˈdɛlɪkɪt/
1) adj. If smething is delicate, it is easy t harm, damage, r break, and needs t be handled r treated carefully. 易碎的; 脆弱的
2). adj. Smething that is delicate is small and beautifully shaped. 精巧的; 精美的
3). adj. Smething that is delicate has a clur, taste, r smell which is pleasant and nt strng r intense. 柔和的 (颜色); 清淡可口的 (味道)
4) adj Yu use delicate t describe a situatin, prblem, matter, r discussin that needs t be dealt with carefully and sensitively in rder t avid upsetting things r ffending peple. 微妙的
【例题精讲】
1.Althugh the cral lks hard, it is very______(易碎的) .
【答案】delicate
例2.
1. Althugh he has sught t find a peaceful_______ , he is facing pressure t use greater military frce.
2.One species f tree _______ anther as a frest ages.
3. The firm last night ffered a $10,000_______ fr infrmatin leading t the cnvictin f the killer.
4. Bali is ne f the wrld's great natural _______.
5. Alaskan Eskims believe that every living _______ pssesses a spirit.
6. She said her husband________ her.
7. When he went int retirement, he visibly _______.
8.Marx prduced a new_______ abut histrical change based upn cnflict between cmpeting grups.
9. The army has recently been brught in t_______ rder.
【答案】
1-5:slutin;replaces;reward ;paradises; creature
6-9:ignred; withered; thery; restre;
【巩固练习】
你现在吃的药可能会影响你的平衡能力。(balance)
这种植物在较为恶劣一点的气候中长得特别茂盛。(flurish)
要是我年轻点儿或幼稚点儿，这批评可能已经把我毁了。（destry）
我们会让她恢复健康，但这或许需要时间。(restre)
此类争论忽视了最终责任何在的问题。(ignre)
【答案】
The medicines yu are currently taking culd be affecting yur balance.
The plant flurishes particularly well in slightly harsher climes.
If I was yunger r mre naive, the criticism wuld have destryed me.
We will restre her t health but it may take time.
Such arguments ignre the questin f where ultimate respnsibility lay.
知识点二、定语从句专题梳理
【知识梳理】
语法知识归纳
基本概念：
（一） 定语从句在复合句中作定语，修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
（二） 先行词被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。一般情况下，定语从句紧跟先行词。但也有因各种原因定语从句与先行词被分割的现象。
（三）关系代词和关系副词
定语从句的引导词。与先行词关系密切，因此紧跟先行词，并在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系代词有：wh, whm, which, that和whse, 另外，as也可充当关系代词。关系代词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语。关系副词有：when, where和why。在定语从句中充当状语。
二、关系代词的用法
（一）基本用法
根据先行词的不同，和在从句中所充当的成分不同，选用不同的关系代词。
如下表：
例如：（注意关系代词在定语从句中所充当的成分）
① D yu knw the prfessr wh/that will give us a speech next week? （作主语）
② I read a reprt abut his new nvel that/ which will sn be published. （作主语）
③ The plan that/which they argued abut was settled at last. （作宾语）
④ This is the new secretary (wh/whm/that) I wuld like t intrduce t yu. （作宾语）
⑤ The sldier whse legs were badly wunded was perated n withut delay. （作定语）
注意：关系代词在定语从句中充当宾语时可以省略，充当主语时则不能。（见上例③④）
（二）关系代词that代替which的一些情况
which, that 在代替物时，一般可以通用。
但在有些情况下，只用 that。
先行词是最高级形容词或它的前面有最高级形容词修饰时。
例如：
① This is the best that has been used against pllutin.
② English is the mst difficult subject that yu will learn during these years.
⑵ 先行词是序数词，或它前面有一个序数词时。例如：
① This is the last place (that) I want t visit.
② It is the first American mvie f this kind that I’ve ever seen.
⑶ 先行词是 all, much, little, smething, everything, anything, nthing, nne等代词时。
例如：① Yu shuld hand in all that yu have.
② We haven’t gt much that we can ffer yu.
⑷ 先行词前面有the nly, the very, any, few, little, n, all, much, every等修饰时。
例如：① The nly thing that we can d is t give yu sme mney.
② The little mney (that) he had was stlen.
（三）宜用wh, 而不用that的一些情况
⑴ 先行词是ne, nes, anyne时。
例如：① One wh has nthing t fear fr neself dares t tell the truth.
② Dn’t tell anyne abut the news wh ughtn’t t knw it.
⑵先行词是thse时。
例如：① Thse wh were nt fit fr their wrk culd nt see the beautiful clthes made f the magic clth.
（四）其它情况
⑴ 先行词既有人又有物时。例如：
① D yu knw the things and persns that they are talking abut?
② The bike and its rider that had run ver an ld man were taken t the plice statin.
⑵ 主句已有疑问词wh 或which时。
例如：① Which is the bike that yu lst?② Wh is the wman that was praised at the meeting?
（五）与whse有关的问题
⑴ whse是代词的所有格，它既可以代人也可以代物。
例如：① I saw a wman whse bag was stlen.
② Please shw me the bk whse cver is red.
⑵ 当whse表示物与物的所有格关系时，亦可用f which的形式。
例如：
① The building whse rf yu can see frm here is a new restaurant.
→ The building, the rf f which yu can see frm here, is a new restaurant.或
→ The building, f which the rf yu can see frm here is a new restaurant.
三、介词前提的问题
关系代词在定语从句中充当介词宾语时，介词可以前提至关系代词前。
例如：
Have yu seen the pen (which) I wrte the nte with just nw? （which作介词with的宾语）
→Have yu seen the pen with which I wrte the nte just nw?
但是，要注意的是：
⑴ 介词前提后，先行词是人或物，关系代词分别只能用whm和which，而不再用that或wh。
⑵ 介词前提后，关系代词不再能省略。
⑶ 有些含有介词的短语动词中的介词不能前提，如：lk fr, lk after, take care f等。例如：
错误：Wh is the ld man t that yu were talking t?
正确：Wh is the ld man t whm yu were talking ? 或 Wh is the ld man (that/ whm) yu were talking t?
错误：These are the sheep f which the by tk care.
正确：These are the sheep (which/that) the by tk care f.
四、关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句中的主谓一致
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词在人称和数上应与先行词一致。例如：
Wh is the guy that is reading ver there?
The number f peple that are ging t the exhibitin is expected t be ver 25,000.
All that needs t be dne has been dne.
He is ne f the students wh use cmputer a lt fr study.
Timmy is the nly ne f the pupils that has failed the exam.
例③中的all意为“一切”，作单数。例⑤中没通过考试的学生事实上只有一人，因此谓语动词也用单数。
五、如何选择关系代词，关系副词
先把主句和定语从句分开，再找出定语从句所修饰的名词/代词（即先行词），然后放入定语从句中，看看这两者的搭配情况。
1）如果定语从句和该先行词可以直接相连，且在从句中充当主语/宾语/表语的话，则用关系代词。
因为关系代词也属于代词，而代词功能同名词，在句子中一般充当语/宾语/表语。
如：This is the city (which/that) yu visited last year.
定语从句所修饰的先行词是the city，放入定语从句yu visited last year中，则它直接充当visited的宾语，变成：yu visited the city last year.
2）如果定语从句和该先行词无法直接相连，必须另外多加上介词，并在定语从句中充当状语时，则使用关系副词。
如：This is the city where yu stayed last year.
定语从句所修饰的先行词也是the city，将其放入定语从句中不能直接作成分，必须加上介词in，一起做从句的地点状语，即定语从句变为：yu stayed in the city last year.
六、定语从句改错考点
定语从句的改错主要涉及关系代词、 关系副词的运用以及定语从句中的主谓一致问题。
1． 判断关系代词及关系副词的使用是否正确。
2． 判断先行词与定语从句的谓语动词的数是否一致。
3． 检查关系代词的格的使用是否正确， 尤其是在关系代词作主语和介词前置时。
4． 检查有无关系副词与介词重复使用的情况。
5． 检查有无漏掉作主语的关系代词的情况。
6． 检查非限制性定语从句的关系代词使用是否正确。
7． 检查定语从句中除了关系代词或关系副词外， 是否还有多余的代词或副词。
【例题精讲】
例1. On the train I saw a student _____ I thught was yur sister.
【答案】wh
例2.
1.他挥手从腋下取出帽子，拉低帽檐盖住眼睛。（flurish）
【答案】 He tk his cap frm under his arm with a flurish and pulled it lw ver his eyes.
2. 那是一个摧毁经济、制造混乱的注定因素。（destry）
【答案】That's a sure recipe fr destrying the ecnmy and creating chas.
【巩固练习】
1. China is the cuntry _____ he spent the best part f his life.
2. Have yu gt anything _____ belngs t me?
3. This is the magazine _____ I cpied the paragraph.
4. I didn’t like the way _____ she treated children.
5. He is the nly ne f the three _____ gt the new idea.
6. The bss _____ department Ms King wrked ten years ag lk dwn upn wmen.
7. Alec asked the pliceman _____ he wrked t cntact him whenever there was an accident.
8. It was at ur cllege library _____ I brrwed the nvel.
【答案】
1.where 2.that 3.frm which 4. that 5.wh has 6.in whse 7.with whm 8.that
知识点三、专题阅读
【例题精讲】
例1.
SpaceX will sn have a whle fleet f shiny silver Starship prttypes(原型), if all ges accrding t the plan. Eln Musk gave his annual update abut Starship and Super Heavy, the reusable spaceship and rcket, respectively, that the cmpany is building t help clnize Mars. The presentatin tk place at SpaceX s Suth Texas site and featured the 165-ft-tall Starship Mkl- the first full-size Starship prttype, whse assembly(组装) was cmpleted just days befre Musk's talk.
SpaceX aims t launch the stainless-steel Mk1 n an uncrewed, 12- mile- high test flight in the next mnth r tw, Musk said. And a much mre ambitius jurney shuld fllw in relatively shrt rder. “I mean, this is ging t sund ttally unrealistic, but I think we want t try t reach rbit in less than six mnths.” But the Mk1 wn't make that milestne flight. That hnur will be likely t g t Mk4 r Mk5 Starship versin, Musk added.
Starship Mk2 is already under cnstructin and shuld be finished within the next cuple f mnths at mst. SpaceX plans t begin building the Mk3 at Bca Chica in abut a mnth, and that prttype will likely be ready t fly abut three mnths frm nw. The Mk4 will take shape in Flrida shrtly after that- and it culd end up being the first Starship vehicle t circle Earth.
Like mst f Musk' s plans, these cnstructin schedules are quite ambitius. SpaceX spent a lt f time n the Mk1, after all; cnstructin wrk n that vehicle ges all the way back t at least December 2018. But the cmpany has learned a lt during the time, s getting a Starship t rbit by the spring f 2020 shuld be achievable, Must said.
The Mk1 and Mk2 Starships are equipped with three f SpaceX’s next- generatin Raptr engines. Versins starting with Mk3, hwever, will be pwered by six Raptrs, just like the final, peratinal Starship, which Musk has said will be capable f carrying up t 100 passengers.
At present SpaceX is building ne Raptr every eight t ten days but shuld pick up the pace bviusly in the cming mnths. The recrd will skyrcket when SpaceX starts building the Super Heavy, which wn't happen until Starship Mk4 is dne. The gal is t get t ne Raptr per day by early 2020 at the latest.
The final Starship culd take t the skies very sn, if the testing campaign cntinues t g well. And Japanese billinaire Yusaku Maezawa has bked a crewed flight arund the mn abard the system, with a target launch date f 2023.
1. What can we learn abut the Starship Mk1?
A. It is an imaginary passenger-carrying vehicle.
B. It is an unmanned reusable large spaceship.
C. It is a scaled-dwn versin f Super Heavy.
D. It is a stainless-steel spaceship under cnstructin.
2. Hw will Mk5 be pwered accrding t the text?
A. By three f SpaceX's next generatin Raptr engines.
B. By fur f SpaceX' s next- generatin Raptr engines.
C. By five f SpaceX's next- generatin Raptr engines.
D. By six f SpaceX s next- generatin Raptr engines.
3. Which f the fllwing is true abut Mk4 cmpared with the frmer Starships?
A. It will take up t 100 passengers t space.
B. It is the first t make a test flight rbiting Mars.
C. It has been under cnstructin fr abut ne year.
D. It is expected t g int Earth's rbit befre lng.
4. Why is Yusaku Maezawa mentined in the last paragraph?
A. The prject f SpaceX is prmising.
B. Space explratin has caught n wrldwide.
C. SpaceX takes the lead in the aerspace field.
D. Mre financial supprt is desperately needed.
【答案】BDDA
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了SpaceX很快就会拥有一整支闪亮的银色星际飞船原型舰队，Eln Musk在他的年度报告中分别介绍了该公司为帮助开拓火星而建造的星际飞船和超重型，以及可重复使用的宇宙飞船和火箭。文章详细介绍了星际飞船系列飞船的计划和配置情况。
1.细节理解题。根据第一段中Eln Musk gave his annual update abut Starship and Super Heavy, the reusable spaceship and rcket, respectively, that the cmpany is building t help clnize Mars. The presentatin tk place at SpaceX s Suth Texas site and featured the 165-ft-tall Starship Mkl- the first full-size Starship prttype, whse assembly was cmpleted just days befre Musk's talk.可知Eln Musk在他的年度报告中分别介绍了该公司为帮助开拓火星而建造星际飞船和超重型，以及可重复使用的宇宙飞船和火箭。发布会在SpaceX公司的南德克萨斯基地举行，展示了165英尺高的星际飞船Mkl，这是第一艘全尺寸的星际飞船原型，它的组装工作在马斯克演讲前几天完成。以及第二段中SpaceX aims t launch the stainless-steel Mk1 n an uncrewed, 12- mile- high test flight in the next mnth r tw, Musk said.可知马斯克表示，SpaceX的目标是在未来一两个月里，在无人驾驶的12英里高空试飞不锈钢Mk1。由此可知，星际飞船Mk1是一艘无人驾驶可重复使用的大型宇宙飞船。故选B。
2.细节理解题。根据倒数第三段中Versins starting with Mk3, hwever, will be pwered by six Raptrs, just like the final, peratinal Starship, which Musk has said will be capable f carrying up t 100 passengers.可知然而，从Mk3开始之后的版本，将由6架猛禽提供动力，就像最后一艘投入使用的星际飞船一样。马斯克曾表示，这艘飞船最多可以搭载100名乘客。由此可知，SpaceX公司的下一代猛禽发动机为Mk5提供动力。故选D。
3.细节理解题。根据第三段中The Mk4 will take shape in Flrida shrtly after that- and it culd end up being the first Starship vehicle t circle Earth.可知在那之后不久，Mk4将在佛罗里达州成形——它可能最终成为第一艘环绕地球的星际飞船。由此可知，与以前的星际飞船相比，Mk4不久就会进入地球轨道。故选D。
4.推理判断题。根据最后一段中The final Starship culd take t the skies very sn, if the testing campaign cntinues t g well.可知如果测试活动继续顺利进行，最终的星际飞船可能很快升空。由此可推知，最后一段提到Yusaku Maezawa的目的是为了表明SpaceX的项目是很有希望的。故选A。
【巩固练习】
（A）
Slar pwer is helping bring abut a future f cleaner energy, but there are limits t where rigid slar panels (刚性太阳能电池板)can g. A new kind f slar cell made with a mineral called pervskite (钙钛矿)can g almst anywhere, says physicist Olga Malinkiewicz. We can use pervskite cells n the surfaces f the building, n the rfs f the buildings, n the rfs f the cars and n the electrnic devices. We can use it n the sails. We can use it in the balls, tents and unlimited applicatins. Malinkiewicz says pervskite has becme a favrite amng slar panel researchers. Because it can be printed, everyne can use it n every surface.
Malinkiewicz develped a way t print pervskite panels like an inkjet printer. She c-funded a cmpany t prduce them, called Sleil Technlgies, after the Baltic sun gddess. Cnstructin cmpany Skanska is testing the panels at their Warsaw headquarters. Adam Targwski is sustainable (可持续的)develpment manager fr Skanska. They wrk perfectly, even when they are nt well expsed t sunlight. S we can use them in all surfaces f the building. Sleil calculates that abut ne square meter f panel can supply a day’s wrth f pwer fr ne wrker’s cmputer and lights. And they keep getting better as research cntinues, says the cmpany’s scientific directr Knrad Wjciechwski.
Fr ther technlgies, it tk decades t really enter markets. Pervskite has been arund nly fr few years in scientific research, s there is still a lt t be dne, but ptential is basically pretty much unlimited, I think. There are still durability and ther prblems t wrk ut, but several cmpanies expect t have pervskite panels n the market this year.
1. What d we knw abut pervskite slar cell frm the first paragraph?
A. It’s delicate.B. It’s cmplex.C. It’s flexible.D. It’s expensive.
2. What des the underlined wrd “they” in the secnd paragraph refer t?
A. Skanska and Adam Targwski.
B. Malinkiewicz and Skanska.
C. Sleil Technlgies.
D. Pervskite panels.
3. What can we infer frm the last paragraph?
A. It needs years t put pervskite panels int markets.
B. Scientists think pervskite panels are ready fr markets.
C. Pervskite has been studied fr decades.
D. Pervskite panels will sn be seen in the market.
4. What is the main purpse f the passage?
A. T explain hw t use pervskite panels.
B. T intrduce pervskite panels.
C. T advertise a new slar pwer cell.
D. T prpse scientists t further study pervskiet cells.
【答案】CDDB
【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了一种新型太阳能电池——钙钛矿电池板的优点和前景。
1.细节理解题。根据第一段中的“A new kind f slar cell made with a mineral called pervskite can g almst anywhere”可知，钙钛矿太阳能电池没有安装位置的限制，由此可知它具有灵活性，故C项正确。
2.词义猜测题。根据第二段第一句“Malinkiewicz develped a way t print pervskite panels like an inkjet printer.”可知，Malinkiewicz发明了一种打印钙钛矿电池板的方法，就像喷墨打印机一样，这类钙钛矿电池板特别好用，不管是否完全暴置于日光下都很好用，由此可知they指代的就是前面提到的钙钛矿电池板，故D项正确。
3.推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“but several cmpanies expect t have pervskite panels n the market this year.”可知，一些公司已经打算今年在市场上出售钙钛矿电池板了，由此可知，很快就能在市场上看到钙钛矿电池板，故D项正确。
4.主旨大意题。通读全文，特别是根据第一段中的“A new kind f slar cell made with a mineral called pervskite (钙钛矿)can g almst anywhere”可知，本文主要介绍了一种新型太阳能电池——钙钛矿电池板的优点和前景，由此可知本文的目的就是介绍钙钛矿电池板，故B项正确。
(B)
Wandering the British Museum, yu can see sme f the finest bjects ever created by human hands. But sme f ur mst precius bjects are things that were nce thrwn away. Tday, they have becme invaluable tls fr learning abut the past.
On display in Rm 3, Dispsable? exhibits a grup f bjects: finds frm Staple Hwe, a settlement smetime between 700 BC and 450 BC. These pt pieces, animal bnes, and tls were cast aside when they were n lnger useful. Thusands f years later they allw us t study the peple wh made, used, and threw them away. Frm Staple Hwe’s rubbish we knw that its inhabitants were very resurceful: a brken pt was recycled t make a spindle whrl, and a razr has been heavily sharpened t lengthen its life.
The secnd half f the Dispsable? displays the human impact f mdem waste in the Pacific Island natins. Single-use prducts made frm plastic are ften thrwn away prly. This has led t almst eight millin metric tns f plastic entering ur ceans every year.
A simple yet technically beautiful yellw fishing basket made by Guam artist Guerrer highlights the plastic waste prblem in the Pacific. Fr centuries, fishing baskets in Guam were made f ccnut leaves but here Guerrer used plastic wrapping fund n his lcal beach. While the basket is made using traditinal techniques, the plastic wrapping is mre durable than plant fibers. Guerrer has fund a creative and practical way t give this single-use material a secnd life.
Cmmunities acrss the Pacific are wrking tgether t fight the prblem thrugh re-purpsing thrwn — away items and banning sme single-use plastic items. Hwever, these lcal respnses can by n means reduce the scale f the prblem. The plastic crisis cannt be left t individuals r cmmunities and will take a cncerted internatinal effrt by gvernments acrss the glbe.
If the rubbish frm Staple Hwe can help us build stries and details f peple living in ancient Britain, what can tday’s plastic rubbish tell us abut urselves?
1. Why are the deserted bjects in Staple Hwe valuable?
A. They were created by hand.B. They were beautifully decrated.
C. They cnsist f precius materials.D. They bear infrmatin f life in the past.
2. In which way did Guerrer change the traditinal fishing basket?
A. Material.B. Technique.
C. Clr.D. Wrapping.
3. The exhibitin, Dispsable? ________.
A. is displayed in tw rms
B. is held by Pacific cmmunities
C. displays bth ancient and mdem items
D. shws Staple Hwe’s influence n Pacific cmmunities
4. What des the writer suggest abut the plastic crisis?
A. Leaving it t individuals.
B. Hlding internatinal cncerts.
C. Lcal respnses frm Staple Hwe.
D. A united effrt by glbal gvernments.
【答案】DACD
【解析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了大英博物馆3号房间的一次性？展览所展示的展品及其意义和反映的问题。
1.细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Frm Staple Hwe’s rubbish we knw that its inhabitants were very resurceful: a brken pt was recycled t make a spindle whrl, and a razr has been heavily sharpened t lengthen its life.”可知，从斯特普尔豪斯的废弃物中我们了解到它的居民是充满智慧的：一个破碎的罐子被回收用来制作一个纺锤轮，一把剃刀被磨快来延长它的使用寿命，由此可知，斯特普尔豪斯被遗弃的物品有价值是因为它们承载了过去生活的信息（从它们我们能够了解过去人们生活的一些情况），故D项正确。
2.细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Fr centuries, fishing baskets in Guam were made f ccnut leaves but here Guerrer used plastic wrapping fund n his lcal beach.”可知，几个世纪以来，关岛的捕鱼篮都是用椰叶做的，但格雷罗在这里使用的是当地海滩上发现的塑料包装，也就是说格雷罗通过改变制作材料改变了传统的捕鱼篮，故A项正确。
3.细节理解题。根据第二段中的“On display in Rm 3, Dispsable? exhibits a grup f bjects: finds frm Staple Hwe, a settlement smetime between 700 BC and 450 BC.”可知，一次性？展览展出了在斯特普尔豪斯发现的、公元前700年到公元前450年之间的人类定居点的一组废弃物品；再根据第三段中的“The secnd half f the Dispsable? displays the human impact f mdem waste in the Pacific Island natins.”可知，一次性？展览的后半部分展示现代垃圾对太平洋岛国居民的影响，由此可知，一次性？展览展示了古代和现代物品，故C项正确。
4.细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“The plastic crisis cannt be left t individuals r cmmunities and will take a cncerted internatinal effrt by gvernments acrss the glbe.”可知，作者认为解决塑料危机不能只靠个人和社区，需要全球各国政府共同努力，故D项正确。
课堂训练：
练习1
1.The place _______interested me mst was the Children's Palace.
A. Which B. where C. what D. in which
2.D yu knw the man _______?
A. whm I spke B. t wh spke C. I spke t D. that I spke
3.This is the htel _______last mnth.
A. which they stayed B. at that they stayed
C. where they stayed at D. where they stayed
4.D yu knw the year ______the Chinese Cmmunist Party was funded?
A. which B. that C. when D. n which
5.That is the day ______I'll never frget.
A. which B. n which C. in which D. when
6.The factry ______we'll visit next week is nt far frm here.
A. where B. t which C. which D. in which
7.Great changes have taken place in the factry ____we are wrking since then.
A. where B. that C. which D. there
8.This is ne f the best films _______.
A. that have been shwn this year B. that have shwn
C. that has been shwn this year D. that yu talked
9.Can yu lend me the bk ______the ther day?
A. abut which yu talked B. which yu talked
C. abut that yu talked D. that yu talked
10.The pen ______he is writing is mine.
A.with which B.in which C.n which D.by which
11.They arrived at a farmhuse, in frnt f ______sat a small by.
A. whm B. wh C. which D. that
12.The engineer ______my father wrks is abut 50 years ld.
A.t whm B.n whm C.with which D. with whm
13.It there anyne in yur class ______family is in the cuntry?
A. wh B. wh's C. which D. whse
14.I'm interested in ______yu have said.
A. all that B.all what C. that D. which
15.I want t use the same dictinary ______was used yesterday.
A. which B. wh C. what D. as
16.He isn't such a man ______he used t be.
A. wh B. whm C. that D. as
17.He is gd at English, ______we all knw.
A. that B. as C. whm D. what
18.Li Ming, ______t the cncert enjyed it very much.
A. I went with B. with whm I went
C. with wh I went D.I went with him
19.I dn't like ______ as yu read.
A. the nvels B. the such nvels
C. such nvels D. same nvels
20.He talked a lt abut things and persns _______they remembered in the schl.
A. which B. that C. whm D. what
【答案】1-5 ACDCA 6-10 CAAAA 11-15 CDDAD 16-20 DBBCB
练习2
Recently, researchers at the University f Trnt figured ut a way with a quick vide selfie t accurately measure bld pressure with yur smartphne’s camera by develping a technlgy knwn as transdermal ptical imaging (TOI)(透皮光学成像).
Cameras n smartphnes can catch red light reflected frm hemglbin (血红素）under ur skin, which permits TOI t visualize and measure bld flw changes. Researchers measured the bld pressure f 1,328 Canadian and Chinese adults by getting tw-minute vides f their faces n an iPhne. “Frm the vide gt by the technlgy, yu can see hw the bld flws in different parts f the face and thrugh this flw, yu can get a lt f infrmatin,” said Kang Lee, lead authr f the study.
Lee als helped create an app called Anura, which allws peple t try ut the TOI sftware fr themselves, giving them the ability t recrd a 30-secnd vide f their face and receive measurements fr stress levels and resting heart rate. Lee said mre research was needed t make sure that the measurements were as accurate as pssible, explaining that the study didn’t test peple with very dark r very fair skin.
“In rder t imprve ur app t make it usable, particularly fr peple with hypertensin (高血压)，we need t cllect a lt f data frm them, which is very hard because a lt f them are already taking medicine,” Lee explained. “We cannt tell them nt t take medicine, but frm time t time, we get participants wh dn’t take medicine s we can get hypertensive peple this way.”
The scientists said there were many ptential applicatins f the technlgy, including prviding health services fr thse wh lived in remte areas.
1. What is mainly talked abut in Paragraph 2？
A. Infrmatin ffered by TOI.B. New findings n hypertensin.
C. Hw TOI is put int smart phnes.D. Hw the TOI technlgy wrks.
2. What might peple benefit frm the new technlgy mentined abve?
A. Living a life free frm stress.B. Imprving the heart functin gradually.
C. Accessing health services fr free.D. Knwing abnrmal bld pressure earlier.
3. What can be dne fr a better Anura?
A. Equipping phnes with better cameras.
B. Allwing phnes t recrd lnger vides.
C. Cllecting data frm mre diverse samples.
D. Persuading participants nt t take medicine.
4. Why des the authr write this text?
A. T predict future applicatins f TOI.
B. T intrduce TOI and an app related.
C. T describe functins f cameras n phnes.
D. T evaluate the quality f an app called Anura.
【答案】DDCB
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种新科技。多伦多大学的研究人员想出了一种快速视频自拍的方法，通过开发一种称为透皮光学成像的技术，用智能手机的相机准确地测量血压。文章还介绍了与之相关的手机应用软件。
1.主旨大意题。根据第二段首句Cameras n smartphnes can catch red light reflected frm hemglbin (血红素）under ur skin, which permits TOI t visualize and measure bld flw changes. 可知，智能手机上的相机可以捕捉从我们皮肤下的血红蛋白反射的红光，这允许透皮光学成像可视化和测量血流变化。因此推断本段主要讲述TOI科技如何起作用的。故选D。
2.推理判断题。根据第二段的Frm the vide gt by the technlgy, yu can see hw the bld flws in different parts f the face and thrugh this flw, yu can get a lt f infrmatin（从技术获得的视频中，你可以看到血液是如何在面部的不同部位流动的，通过这种流动，你可以得到很多信息）和第三段的giving them the ability t recrd a 30-secnd vide f their face and receive measurements fr stress levels and resting heart rate.（让他们能够记录30秒的面部视频，并收到压力水平和静息心率的测量。）可推断，这项新技术可以让人们较早知道不正常的血压。故选D。
3.细节理解题。根据第三段的Lee said mre research was needed t make sure that the measurements were as accurate as pssible, explaining that the study didn’t test peple with very dark r very fair skin.（李说，需要更多的研究来确保测量尽可能准确，解释说这项研究没有测试皮肤非常暗或非常白皙的人。）可知，需要收集更多不同的样本才能改进Anura。故选C。
4.推理判断题。根据第一段内容可知，文章主要介绍了一种新科技 TOI ，研究人员想出了一种快速视频自拍的方法，通过开发一种称为透皮光学成像的技术，用智能手机的相机准确地测量血压。接下来介绍了应用这项科技研发出的手机应用。因此推断本文的写作目的是介绍TOI和相关应用程序。故选B。
练习3
I am in my 40s,but tday I lk mre like a teenage girl. Nt because I'm wearing the latest fashin r having a wild hair day. It's because I have a pimple(青春痘) that lks like a vlcan getting ready t erupt n my chin.
“Mm, what is that?” my 8-year-ld daughter Lucy exclaimed, pinting at the ugly bump n my face.
My in-laws were visiting and brught me a bx f chclates-ne f my favrite fds. Eating prperly seemed like a gd idea until I was alne with that bx f chclates! I enjyed them greatly, and my pimple prved my enthusiasm clearly.
Fd can be a large blck fr me. Brccli(西蓝花)seldm appeals t me, but baked gds with sugar r crispy chips certainly d. I have n prblem dipping a large spn int a jar f peanut butter r frsting t satisfy my desires. But yu wn't catch me tasting a spnful f cttage cheese fr a late-night snack.
Please dn't misunderstand me. There is certainly a place fr celebratin fds such as cake and ice cream. But a regular serving f daily junk fd rbs me f the nutritin ffered in the fds I eat.
I knw I feel better after eating an apple than I d after eating a candy bar. It's s easy in ur sciety t eat prcessed fd ut f bxes, bags, and at the drive-thru. But that ease cmes at a cst: We suffer physically. Our taste buds may be very, lack nutritin, which pens the dr t diseases, I'm trying t ask myself a few questins befre reaching fr a snack r making a meal: Is this really fd?
Is there smething Gd made in it? Am I really hungry? Will I feel satisfied, but ur bdies better after eating this?
1. What made the authr feel she lked like a teenage girl?
A. Her wild hair.B. Her ugly face.
C. Her facial features.D. Her fashinable clthes.
2. What can be inferred frm Paragraph 3?
A. The authr eats chclates as fd.
B. Chclates may cause her pimples.
C. The authr's parents-in-law ften visit her.
D. The authr eats chclates t cure pimples.
3. What d yu think f the authr's eating habit?
A. It lacks prtein.B. It isn't delicius.
C. It makes her healthy.D. It isn't a balanced diet.
4. What is the authr's attitude twards prcessed fd?
A. Favrable.B. Optimistic.
C. Psitive.D. Critical.
【答案】CBDD
【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。本文由巧克力导致的痘痘展开，主要讲述了作者的饮食习惯。
1. 细节理解题。根据第一段中It's because I have a pimple(青春痘) that lks like a vlcan getting ready t erupt n my chin.可知那是因为我的下巴上长了个青春痘，看起来就像一座即将喷发的火山。由此可知，作者的下巴上长了青春痘，这种面部特征使她看上去像十几岁的小姑娘。故选C。
2. 推理判断题。根据每三段中I enjyed them greatly, and my pimple prved my enthusiasm clearly.可知我非常喜欢它们，我的痘痘清楚地证明了我的热情。由此可推知，巧克力会引起青春痘。故选B。
3. 细节理解题。根据第五段中But a regular serving f daily junk fd rbs me f the nutritin ffered in the fds I eat.可知但是每天定期吃垃圾食品会使我失去我所吃的食物所提供的营养。由此可知，作者吃的垃圾食品没有营养, 其饮食习惯不是一个均衡的饮食。故选D。
4. 推理判断题。根据第六段中But that ease cmes at a cst: We suffer physically. Our taste buds may be very, lack nutritin, which pens the dr t diseases.可知但这种放松是有代价的：我们身体上承受着痛苦。我们的味蕾可能非常缺乏营养，这为疾病打开了大门。由此可推知，作者对加工过的食品持批评态度。故选D。
巩固复习：
做好知识点的温习。A. ignre B.slutin C. reward E.paradise F.thery G.destry
H.creature I.wither J.restre K.replace
关系词
先行词
从句成分
例句
备注
关系代词
wh
人
主语，宾语
D yu knw the man wh is talking with yur mther?
whm, which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用that
whm
人
宾语
Mr. Smith is the persn with whm I am wrking
The by (whm) she lved died in the war.
whse
人，物
定语
I like thse bks whse tpics are abut histry.
The by whse father wrks abrad is my classmate.
that
人，物
主语，宾语
A plane is a machine that can fly.
She is the pp star (that) I want t see very much.
which
物
主语，宾语
The bk (which) I gave yu was wrth $10.
The picture which was abut the accident was terrible.
as
人，物
主语，宾语
He is such a persn as is respected by all f us.
This is the same pen as I lst yesterday.
as做宾语一般不省略
引入：
D yu knw the reasn_____________ Tm didn’t cme yesterday?
A. Which B. why C. wh D. that
2. After living in Paris fr fifty years he returned t the small twn ______ he grew up as a child.
A. which B. where C. that D. when
3. Is this the reasn__________ she gave fr nt finishing her hmewrk yesterday?
A. why B. fr which C. that D. t which
4. After the war, a new schl was put up ______ there had nce been a theatre.
A. that B. which C. when D. where
5. D yu knw the reasn ______ she gt s angry yesterday?
A. why B. that C. which D. whm
6. D yu believe the reasn ______ he gave fr his being late?
A. why B. fr which C. which D. it
7. He has gt himself int a dangerus situatin ______ he is likely t lse cntrl ver the plane.
A. where B. which C. while D. when
8. I dn’t like the way _____ yu speak t her.
A. which B. / C. f which D. by which
9. The ld man tld us _____ the days ______ he was pr were gne.
A. that, when B. what, when C. when, that D. smething, that
10. I shall never frget the day ____ Shenzhu V was launched, ____ has a great effect n my life.
A. when; which B. that; which C. which; that D. when; that
【答案】1-5 BBCDA 6-10 CABAA
知识点一、词汇与词组
【知识梳理】
creature /ˈkriːtʃə/
n. Yu can refer t any living thing that is nt a plant as a creature, especially when it is f an unknwn r unfamiliar kind. Peple als refer t imaginary animals and beings as creatures. (尤指不明的或想像中的) 生物; 动物
【同根词】
1. creative adj 有创造力的 2. creativity n. 创造力
2. paradise /ˈpærəˌdaɪs/
n . Accrding t sme religins, paradise is a wnderful place where peple g after they die, if they have led gd lives. 天堂
3. wither/ˈwɪðə/
1） vi . If smene r smething withers, they becme very weak. 变虚弱
【短语】 wither away 变虚弱
2） vi. If a flwer r plant withers, it dries up and dies. (花朵或植物) 枯萎
4. replace /rɪˈpleɪs/
1） vt. If ne thing r persn replaces anther, the first is used r acts instead f the secnd. 代替; 取代
2） vt. If yu replace ne thing r persn with anther, yu put smething r smene else in their place t d their jb. 用…代替; 用…替换
近义词：
substitute /ˈsʌbstɪˌtjuːt/
n/v. If yu substitute ne thing fr anther, r if ne thing substitutes fr anther, it takes the place r perfrms the functin f the ther thing. 替代品/ 以…代替; 代替
【固定搭配】
replace A with B 用B替换A
substitute A fr B 用A 代替B
注意二者的区别！
5. thery /ˈθɪərɪ/
n. A thery is a frmal idea r set f ideas that is intended t explain smething. 理论
【短语】 in thery 从理论上讲
6. reward /rɪˈwɔːd/
1）n. A reward is smething that yu are given, fr example because yu have behaved well, wrked hard, r prvided a service t the cmmunity. 奖励
2）n. A reward is a sum f mney ffered t anyne wh can give infrmatin abut lst r stlen prperty, a missing persn, r smene wh is wanted by the plice. 赏金
3）vt. If yu d smething and are rewarded with a particular benefit, yu receive that benefit as a result f ding that thing. 回报
4）n. The rewards f smething are the benefits that yu receive as a result f ding r having that thing. 回报
【近义词辨析】
reward, award
这组词都有“难予奖励”的意思，其区别是：
reward 指对品德高尚和勤劳的人所给予的奖励。也可指为某事付酬金。
award 侧重指官方或经正式研究裁决后对有功者或竞赛优胜者所给予的奖励。
7. slutin /səˈluːʃən/
1）n. A slutin t a prblem r difficult situatin is a way f dealing with it s that the difficulty is remved. 解决办法
2） n. The slutin t a puzzle is the answer t it. 谜底
【固定搭配】 slutin t… …的解决方案/谜底
8. ignre /ɪɡˈnɔː/
1）vt. If yu ignre smene r smething, yu pay n attentin t them. 不理睬
2）vt. If yu say that an argument r thery ignres an imprtant aspect f a situatin, yu are criticizing it because it fails t cnsider that aspect r t take it int accunt. (某论断或理论) 忽视
9. restre /rɪˈstɔː/
1）vt. T restre a situatin r practice means t cause it t exist again. 恢复
2） restratin n. 恢复
3） vt. T restre smene r smething t a previus cnditin r place means t cause them t be in that cnditin r place nce again. 使复原
4）vt. When smene restres smething such as an ld building, painting, r piece f furniture, they repair and clean it, s that it lks like it did when it was new. 修复
5） vt. If smething that was lst r stlen is restred t its wner, it is returned t them. 归还
【短语】 backup and restre 备份与还原
10. destry /dɪˈstrɔɪ/
1） vt. T destry smething means t cause s much damage t it that it is cmpletely ruined r des nt exist any mre. 摧毁
2）vt. T destry smene means t ruin their life r t make their situatin impssible t bear. 毁掉
3） vt. If an animal is destryed, it is killed, either because it is ill r because it is dangerus. 宰杀
【近义词辨析】
destry, break, wreck, ruin, spil, damage
这组词都有“破坏，损坏”的意思，其区别是：
1）destry 多指彻底地、毁灭性地破坏，含导致无用，不能或很难再修复的意味。
2）ruin 多指因外部原因而受到严重破坏或毁灭，侧重破坏的彻底性，也可用于引申意义。
3）spil 强调不仅会削弱力量、精力或价值，而且会导致不可避免的毁灭。
4）damage 多指对无生命物体的损害，造成降低价值、破坏功能等后果。
11. flurish /ˈflʌrɪʃ/
1）vi If smething flurishes, it is successful, active, r cmmn, and develping quickly and strngly. 繁荣; 兴旺
2）adj. flurishing 繁荣的; 兴旺的
3） vi. If a plant r animal flurishes, it grws well r is healthy because the cnditins are right fr it. (动植物因环境适宜而) 旺盛
4） vt. If yu flurish an bject, yu wave it abut in a way that makes peple ntice it. 挥舞
5）n. Flurish is als a nun. 挥动
【短语】 in full flurish 在全盛时，盛极一时
12. balance /ˈbæləns/
1）v. If yu balance smething smewhere, r if it balances there, it remains steady and des nt fall. 使平衡; 平衡 2）n. Balance is the ability t remain steady when yu are standing up. 平衡能力
【短语】
balance between …之间的平衡
in/n balance adv. 总而言之，总的来说
in the balance 悬而未决；在危急状态中
balance sheet 资产负债表
13. delicate /ˈdɛlɪkɪt/
1) adj. If smething is delicate, it is easy t harm, damage, r break, and needs t be handled r treated carefully. 易碎的; 脆弱的
2). adj. Smething that is delicate is small and beautifully shaped. 精巧的; 精美的
3). adj. Smething that is delicate has a clur, taste, r smell which is pleasant and nt strng r intense. 柔和的 (颜色); 清淡可口的 (味道)
4) adj Yu use delicate t describe a situatin, prblem, matter, r discussin that needs t be dealt with carefully and sensitively in rder t avid upsetting things r ffending peple. 微妙的
【例题精讲】
1.Althugh the cral lks hard, it is very______(易碎的) .
【答案】delicate
例2.
1. Althugh he has sught t find a peaceful_______ , he is facing pressure t use greater military frce.
2.One species f tree _______ anther as a frest ages.
3. The firm last night ffered a $10,000_______ fr infrmatin leading t the cnvictin f the killer.
4. Bali is ne f the wrld's great natural _______.
5. Alaskan Eskims believe that every living _______ pssesses a spirit.
6. She said her husband________ her.
7. When he went int retirement, he visibly _______.
8.Marx prduced a new_______ abut histrical change based upn cnflict between cmpeting grups.
9. The army has recently been brught in t_______ rder.
【答案】
1-5:slutin;replaces;reward ;paradises; creature
6-9:ignred; withered; thery; restre;
【巩固练习】
你现在吃的药可能会影响你的平衡能力。(balance)
这种植物在较为恶劣一点的气候中长得特别茂盛。(flurish)
要是我年轻点儿或幼稚点儿，这批评可能已经把我毁了。（destry）
我们会让她恢复健康，但这或许需要时间。(restre)
此类争论忽视了最终责任何在的问题。(ignre)
【答案】
The medicines yu are currently taking culd be affecting yur balance.
The plant flurishes particularly well in slightly harsher climes.
If I was yunger r mre naive, the criticism wuld have destryed me.
We will restre her t health but it may take time.
Such arguments ignre the questin f where ultimate respnsibility lay.
知识点二、定语从句专题梳理
【知识梳理】
语法知识归纳
基本概念：
（一） 定语从句在复合句中作定语，修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
（二） 先行词被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。一般情况下，定语从句紧跟先行词。但也有因各种原因定语从句与先行词被分割的现象。
（三）关系代词和关系副词
定语从句的引导词。与先行词关系密切，因此紧跟先行词，并在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系代词有：wh, whm, which, that和whse, 另外，as也可充当关系代词。关系代词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语。关系副词有：when, where和why。在定语从句中充当状语。
二、关系代词的用法
（一）基本用法
根据先行词的不同，和在从句中所充当的成分不同，选用不同的关系代词。
如下表：
例如：（注意关系代词在定语从句中所充当的成分）
① D yu knw the prfessr wh/that will give us a speech next week? （作主语）
② I read a reprt abut his new nvel that/ which will sn be published. （作主语）
③ The plan that/which they argued abut was settled at last. （作宾语）
④ This is the new secretary (wh/whm/that) I wuld like t intrduce t yu. （作宾语）
⑤ The sldier whse legs were badly wunded was perated n withut delay. （作定语）
注意：关系代词在定语从句中充当宾语时可以省略，充当主语时则不能。（见上例③④）
（二）关系代词that代替which的一些情况
which, that 在代替物时，一般可以通用。
但在有些情况下，只用 that。
先行词是最高级形容词或它的前面有最高级形容词修饰时。
例如：
① This is the best that has been used against pllutin.
② English is the mst difficult subject that yu will learn during these years.
⑵ 先行词是序数词，或它前面有一个序数词时。例如：
① This is the last place (that) I want t visit.
② It is the first American mvie f this kind that I’ve ever seen.
⑶ 先行词是 all, much, little, smething, everything, anything, nthing, nne等代词时。
例如：① Yu shuld hand in all that yu have.
② We haven’t gt much that we can ffer yu.
⑷ 先行词前面有the nly, the very, any, few, little, n, all, much, every等修饰时。
例如：① The nly thing that we can d is t give yu sme mney.
② The little mney (that) he had was stlen.
（三）宜用wh, 而不用that的一些情况
⑴ 先行词是ne, nes, anyne时。
例如：① One wh has nthing t fear fr neself dares t tell the truth.
② Dn’t tell anyne abut the news wh ughtn’t t knw it.
⑵先行词是thse时。
例如：① Thse wh were nt fit fr their wrk culd nt see the beautiful clthes made f the magic clth.
（四）其它情况
⑴ 先行词既有人又有物时。例如：
① D yu knw the things and persns that they are talking abut?
② The bike and its rider that had run ver an ld man were taken t the plice statin.
⑵ 主句已有疑问词wh 或which时。
例如：① Which is the bike that yu lst?② Wh is the wman that was praised at the meeting?
（五）与whse有关的问题
⑴ whse是代词的所有格，它既可以代人也可以代物。
例如：① I saw a wman whse bag was stlen.
② Please shw me the bk whse cver is red.
⑵ 当whse表示物与物的所有格关系时，亦可用f which的形式。
例如：
① The building whse rf yu can see frm here is a new restaurant.
→ The building, the rf f which yu can see frm here, is a new restaurant.或
→ The building, f which the rf yu can see frm here is a new restaurant.
三、介词前提的问题
关系代词在定语从句中充当介词宾语时，介词可以前提至关系代词前。
例如：
Have yu seen the pen (which) I wrte the nte with just nw? （which作介词with的宾语）
→Have yu seen the pen with which I wrte the nte just nw?
但是，要注意的是：
⑴ 介词前提后，先行词是人或物，关系代词分别只能用whm和which，而不再用that或wh。
⑵ 介词前提后，关系代词不再能省略。
⑶ 有些含有介词的短语动词中的介词不能前提，如：lk fr, lk after, take care f等。例如：
错误：Wh is the ld man t that yu were talking t?
正确：Wh is the ld man t whm yu were talking ? 或 Wh is the ld man (that/ whm) yu were talking t?
错误：These are the sheep f which the by tk care.
正确：These are the sheep (which/that) the by tk care f.
四、关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句中的主谓一致
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词在人称和数上应与先行词一致。例如：
Wh is the guy that is reading ver there?
The number f peple that are ging t the exhibitin is expected t be ver 25,000.
All that needs t be dne has been dne.
He is ne f the students wh use cmputer a lt fr study.
Timmy is the nly ne f the pupils that has failed the exam.
例③中的all意为“一切”，作单数。例⑤中没通过考试的学生事实上只有一人，因此谓语动词也用单数。
五、如何选择关系代词，关系副词
先把主句和定语从句分开，再找出定语从句所修饰的名词/代词（即先行词），然后放入定语从句中，看看这两者的搭配情况。
1）如果定语从句和该先行词可以直接相连，且在从句中充当主语/宾语/表语的话，则用关系代词。
因为关系代词也属于代词，而代词功能同名词，在句子中一般充当语/宾语/表语。
如：This is the city (which/that) yu visited last year.
定语从句所修饰的先行词是the city，放入定语从句yu visited last year中，则它直接充当visited的宾语，变成：yu visited the city last year.
2）如果定语从句和该先行词无法直接相连，必须另外多加上介词，并在定语从句中充当状语时，则使用关系副词。
如：This is the city where yu stayed last year.
定语从句所修饰的先行词也是the city，将其放入定语从句中不能直接作成分，必须加上介词in，一起做从句的地点状语，即定语从句变为：yu stayed in the city last year.
六、定语从句改错考点
定语从句的改错主要涉及关系代词、 关系副词的运用以及定语从句中的主谓一致问题。
1． 判断关系代词及关系副词的使用是否正确。
2． 判断先行词与定语从句的谓语动词的数是否一致。
3． 检查关系代词的格的使用是否正确， 尤其是在关系代词作主语和介词前置时。
4． 检查有无关系副词与介词重复使用的情况。
5． 检查有无漏掉作主语的关系代词的情况。
6． 检查非限制性定语从句的关系代词使用是否正确。
7． 检查定语从句中除了关系代词或关系副词外， 是否还有多余的代词或副词。
【例题精讲】
例1. On the train I saw a student _____ I thught was yur sister.
【答案】wh
例2.
1.他挥手从腋下取出帽子，拉低帽檐盖住眼睛。（flurish）
【答案】 He tk his cap frm under his arm with a flurish and pulled it lw ver his eyes.
2. 那是一个摧毁经济、制造混乱的注定因素。（destry）
【答案】That's a sure recipe fr destrying the ecnmy and creating chas.
【巩固练习】
1. China is the cuntry _____ he spent the best part f his life.
2. Have yu gt anything _____ belngs t me?
3. This is the magazine _____ I cpied the paragraph.
4. I didn’t like the way _____ she treated children.
5. He is the nly ne f the three _____ gt the new idea.
6. The bss _____ department Ms King wrked ten years ag lk dwn upn wmen.
7. Alec asked the pliceman _____ he wrked t cntact him whenever there was an accident.
8. It was at ur cllege library _____ I brrwed the nvel.
【答案】
1.where 2.that 3.frm which 4. that 5.wh has 6.in whse 7.with whm 8.that
知识点三、专题阅读
【例题精讲】
例1.
SpaceX will sn have a whle fleet f shiny silver Starship prttypes(原型), if all ges accrding t the plan. Eln Musk gave his annual update abut Starship and Super Heavy, the reusable spaceship and rcket, respectively, that the cmpany is building t help clnize Mars. The presentatin tk place at SpaceX s Suth Texas site and featured the 165-ft-tall Starship Mkl- the first full-size Starship prttype, whse assembly(组装) was cmpleted just days befre Musk's talk.
SpaceX aims t launch the stainless-steel Mk1 n an uncrewed, 12- mile- high test flight in the next mnth r tw, Musk said. And a much mre ambitius jurney shuld fllw in relatively shrt rder. “I mean, this is ging t sund ttally unrealistic, but I think we want t try t reach rbit in less than six mnths.” But the Mk1 wn't make that milestne flight. That hnur will be likely t g t Mk4 r Mk5 Starship versin, Musk added.
Starship Mk2 is already under cnstructin and shuld be finished within the next cuple f mnths at mst. SpaceX plans t begin building the Mk3 at Bca Chica in abut a mnth, and that prttype will likely be ready t fly abut three mnths frm nw. The Mk4 will take shape in Flrida shrtly after that- and it culd end up being the first Starship vehicle t circle Earth.
Like mst f Musk' s plans, these cnstructin schedules are quite ambitius. SpaceX spent a lt f time n the Mk1, after all; cnstructin wrk n that vehicle ges all the way back t at least December 2018. But the cmpany has learned a lt during the time, s getting a Starship t rbit by the spring f 2020 shuld be achievable, Must said.
The Mk1 and Mk2 Starships are equipped with three f SpaceX’s next- generatin Raptr engines. Versins starting with Mk3, hwever, will be pwered by six Raptrs, just like the final, peratinal Starship, which Musk has said will be capable f carrying up t 100 passengers.
At present SpaceX is building ne Raptr every eight t ten days but shuld pick up the pace bviusly in the cming mnths. The recrd will skyrcket when SpaceX starts building the Super Heavy, which wn't happen until Starship Mk4 is dne. The gal is t get t ne Raptr per day by early 2020 at the latest.
The final Starship culd take t the skies very sn, if the testing campaign cntinues t g well. And Japanese billinaire Yusaku Maezawa has bked a crewed flight arund the mn abard the system, with a target launch date f 2023.
1. What can we learn abut the Starship Mk1?
A. It is an imaginary passenger-carrying vehicle.
B. It is an unmanned reusable large spaceship.
C. It is a scaled-dwn versin f Super Heavy.
D. It is a stainless-steel spaceship under cnstructin.
2. Hw will Mk5 be pwered accrding t the text?
A. By three f SpaceX's next generatin Raptr engines.
B. By fur f SpaceX' s next- generatin Raptr engines.
C. By five f SpaceX's next- generatin Raptr engines.
D. By six f SpaceX s next- generatin Raptr engines.
3. Which f the fllwing is true abut Mk4 cmpared with the frmer Starships?
A. It will take up t 100 passengers t space.
B. It is the first t make a test flight rbiting Mars.
C. It has been under cnstructin fr abut ne year.
D. It is expected t g int Earth's rbit befre lng.
4. Why is Yusaku Maezawa mentined in the last paragraph?
A. The prject f SpaceX is prmising.
B. Space explratin has caught n wrldwide.
C. SpaceX takes the lead in the aerspace field.
D. Mre financial supprt is desperately needed.
【答案】BDDA
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了SpaceX很快就会拥有一整支闪亮的银色星际飞船原型舰队，Eln Musk在他的年度报告中分别介绍了该公司为帮助开拓火星而建造的星际飞船和超重型，以及可重复使用的宇宙飞船和火箭。文章详细介绍了星际飞船系列飞船的计划和配置情况。
1.细节理解题。根据第一段中Eln Musk gave his annual update abut Starship and Super Heavy, the reusable spaceship and rcket, respectively, that the cmpany is building t help clnize Mars. The presentatin tk place at SpaceX s Suth Texas site and featured the 165-ft-tall Starship Mkl- the first full-size Starship prttype, whse assembly was cmpleted just days befre Musk's talk.可知Eln Musk在他的年度报告中分别介绍了该公司为帮助开拓火星而建造星际飞船和超重型，以及可重复使用的宇宙飞船和火箭。发布会在SpaceX公司的南德克萨斯基地举行，展示了165英尺高的星际飞船Mkl，这是第一艘全尺寸的星际飞船原型，它的组装工作在马斯克演讲前几天完成。以及第二段中SpaceX aims t launch the stainless-steel Mk1 n an uncrewed, 12- mile- high test flight in the next mnth r tw, Musk said.可知马斯克表示，SpaceX的目标是在未来一两个月里，在无人驾驶的12英里高空试飞不锈钢Mk1。由此可知，星际飞船Mk1是一艘无人驾驶可重复使用的大型宇宙飞船。故选B。
2.细节理解题。根据倒数第三段中Versins starting with Mk3, hwever, will be pwered by six Raptrs, just like the final, peratinal Starship, which Musk has said will be capable f carrying up t 100 passengers.可知然而，从Mk3开始之后的版本，将由6架猛禽提供动力，就像最后一艘投入使用的星际飞船一样。马斯克曾表示，这艘飞船最多可以搭载100名乘客。由此可知，SpaceX公司的下一代猛禽发动机为Mk5提供动力。故选D。
3.细节理解题。根据第三段中The Mk4 will take shape in Flrida shrtly after that- and it culd end up being the first Starship vehicle t circle Earth.可知在那之后不久，Mk4将在佛罗里达州成形——它可能最终成为第一艘环绕地球的星际飞船。由此可知，与以前的星际飞船相比，Mk4不久就会进入地球轨道。故选D。
4.推理判断题。根据最后一段中The final Starship culd take t the skies very sn, if the testing campaign cntinues t g well.可知如果测试活动继续顺利进行，最终的星际飞船可能很快升空。由此可推知，最后一段提到Yusaku Maezawa的目的是为了表明SpaceX的项目是很有希望的。故选A。
【巩固练习】
（A）
Slar pwer is helping bring abut a future f cleaner energy, but there are limits t where rigid slar panels (刚性太阳能电池板)can g. A new kind f slar cell made with a mineral called pervskite (钙钛矿)can g almst anywhere, says physicist Olga Malinkiewicz. We can use pervskite cells n the surfaces f the building, n the rfs f the buildings, n the rfs f the cars and n the electrnic devices. We can use it n the sails. We can use it in the balls, tents and unlimited applicatins. Malinkiewicz says pervskite has becme a favrite amng slar panel researchers. Because it can be printed, everyne can use it n every surface.
Malinkiewicz develped a way t print pervskite panels like an inkjet printer. She c-funded a cmpany t prduce them, called Sleil Technlgies, after the Baltic sun gddess. Cnstructin cmpany Skanska is testing the panels at their Warsaw headquarters. Adam Targwski is sustainable (可持续的)develpment manager fr Skanska. They wrk perfectly, even when they are nt well expsed t sunlight. S we can use them in all surfaces f the building. Sleil calculates that abut ne square meter f panel can supply a day’s wrth f pwer fr ne wrker’s cmputer and lights. And they keep getting better as research cntinues, says the cmpany’s scientific directr Knrad Wjciechwski.
Fr ther technlgies, it tk decades t really enter markets. Pervskite has been arund nly fr few years in scientific research, s there is still a lt t be dne, but ptential is basically pretty much unlimited, I think. There are still durability and ther prblems t wrk ut, but several cmpanies expect t have pervskite panels n the market this year.
1. What d we knw abut pervskite slar cell frm the first paragraph?
A. It’s delicate.B. It’s cmplex.C. It’s flexible.D. It’s expensive.
2. What des the underlined wrd “they” in the secnd paragraph refer t?
A. Skanska and Adam Targwski.
B. Malinkiewicz and Skanska.
C. Sleil Technlgies.
D. Pervskite panels.
3. What can we infer frm the last paragraph?
A. It needs years t put pervskite panels int markets.
B. Scientists think pervskite panels are ready fr markets.
C. Pervskite has been studied fr decades.
D. Pervskite panels will sn be seen in the market.
4. What is the main purpse f the passage?
A. T explain hw t use pervskite panels.
B. T intrduce pervskite panels.
C. T advertise a new slar pwer cell.
D. T prpse scientists t further study pervskiet cells.
【答案】CDDB
【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了一种新型太阳能电池——钙钛矿电池板的优点和前景。
1.细节理解题。根据第一段中的“A new kind f slar cell made with a mineral called pervskite can g almst anywhere”可知，钙钛矿太阳能电池没有安装位置的限制，由此可知它具有灵活性，故C项正确。
2.词义猜测题。根据第二段第一句“Malinkiewicz develped a way t print pervskite panels like an inkjet printer.”可知，Malinkiewicz发明了一种打印钙钛矿电池板的方法，就像喷墨打印机一样，这类钙钛矿电池板特别好用，不管是否完全暴置于日光下都很好用，由此可知they指代的就是前面提到的钙钛矿电池板，故D项正确。
3.推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“but several cmpanies expect t have pervskite panels n the market this year.”可知，一些公司已经打算今年在市场上出售钙钛矿电池板了，由此可知，很快就能在市场上看到钙钛矿电池板，故D项正确。
4.主旨大意题。通读全文，特别是根据第一段中的“A new kind f slar cell made with a mineral called pervskite (钙钛矿)can g almst anywhere”可知，本文主要介绍了一种新型太阳能电池——钙钛矿电池板的优点和前景，由此可知本文的目的就是介绍钙钛矿电池板，故B项正确。
(B)
Wandering the British Museum, yu can see sme f the finest bjects ever created by human hands. But sme f ur mst precius bjects are things that were nce thrwn away. Tday, they have becme invaluable tls fr learning abut the past.
On display in Rm 3, Dispsable? exhibits a grup f bjects: finds frm Staple Hwe, a settlement smetime between 700 BC and 450 BC. These pt pieces, animal bnes, and tls were cast aside when they were n lnger useful. Thusands f years later they allw us t study the peple wh made, used, and threw them away. Frm Staple Hwe’s rubbish we knw that its inhabitants were very resurceful: a brken pt was recycled t make a spindle whrl, and a razr has been heavily sharpened t lengthen its life.
The secnd half f the Dispsable? displays the human impact f mdem waste in the Pacific Island natins. Single-use prducts made frm plastic are ften thrwn away prly. This has led t almst eight millin metric tns f plastic entering ur ceans every year.
A simple yet technically beautiful yellw fishing basket made by Guam artist Guerrer highlights the plastic waste prblem in the Pacific. Fr centuries, fishing baskets in Guam were made f ccnut leaves but here Guerrer used plastic wrapping fund n his lcal beach. While the basket is made using traditinal techniques, the plastic wrapping is mre durable than plant fibers. Guerrer has fund a creative and practical way t give this single-use material a secnd life.
Cmmunities acrss the Pacific are wrking tgether t fight the prblem thrugh re-purpsing thrwn — away items and banning sme single-use plastic items. Hwever, these lcal respnses can by n means reduce the scale f the prblem. The plastic crisis cannt be left t individuals r cmmunities and will take a cncerted internatinal effrt by gvernments acrss the glbe.
If the rubbish frm Staple Hwe can help us build stries and details f peple living in ancient Britain, what can tday’s plastic rubbish tell us abut urselves?
1. Why are the deserted bjects in Staple Hwe valuable?
A. They were created by hand.B. They were beautifully decrated.
C. They cnsist f precius materials.D. They bear infrmatin f life in the past.
2. In which way did Guerrer change the traditinal fishing basket?
A. Material.B. Technique.
C. Clr.D. Wrapping.
3. The exhibitin, Dispsable? ________.
A. is displayed in tw rms
B. is held by Pacific cmmunities
C. displays bth ancient and mdem items
D. shws Staple Hwe’s influence n Pacific cmmunities
4. What des the writer suggest abut the plastic crisis?
A. Leaving it t individuals.
B. Hlding internatinal cncerts.
C. Lcal respnses frm Staple Hwe.
D. A united effrt by glbal gvernments.
【答案】DACD
【解析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了大英博物馆3号房间的一次性？展览所展示的展品及其意义和反映的问题。
1.细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Frm Staple Hwe’s rubbish we knw that its inhabitants were very resurceful: a brken pt was recycled t make a spindle whrl, and a razr has been heavily sharpened t lengthen its life.”可知，从斯特普尔豪斯的废弃物中我们了解到它的居民是充满智慧的：一个破碎的罐子被回收用来制作一个纺锤轮，一把剃刀被磨快来延长它的使用寿命，由此可知，斯特普尔豪斯被遗弃的物品有价值是因为它们承载了过去生活的信息（从它们我们能够了解过去人们生活的一些情况），故D项正确。
2.细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Fr centuries, fishing baskets in Guam were made f ccnut leaves but here Guerrer used plastic wrapping fund n his lcal beach.”可知，几个世纪以来，关岛的捕鱼篮都是用椰叶做的，但格雷罗在这里使用的是当地海滩上发现的塑料包装，也就是说格雷罗通过改变制作材料改变了传统的捕鱼篮，故A项正确。
3.细节理解题。根据第二段中的“On display in Rm 3, Dispsable? exhibits a grup f bjects: finds frm Staple Hwe, a settlement smetime between 700 BC and 450 BC.”可知，一次性？展览展出了在斯特普尔豪斯发现的、公元前700年到公元前450年之间的人类定居点的一组废弃物品；再根据第三段中的“The secnd half f the Dispsable? displays the human impact f mdem waste in the Pacific Island natins.”可知，一次性？展览的后半部分展示现代垃圾对太平洋岛国居民的影响，由此可知，一次性？展览展示了古代和现代物品，故C项正确。
4.细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“The plastic crisis cannt be left t individuals r cmmunities and will take a cncerted internatinal effrt by gvernments acrss the glbe.”可知，作者认为解决塑料危机不能只靠个人和社区，需要全球各国政府共同努力，故D项正确。
课堂训练：
练习1
1.The place _______interested me mst was the Children's Palace.
A. Which B. where C. what D. in which
2.D yu knw the man _______?
A. whm I spke B. t wh spke C. I spke t D. that I spke
3.This is the htel _______last mnth.
A. which they stayed B. at that they stayed
C. where they stayed at D. where they stayed
4.D yu knw the year ______the Chinese Cmmunist Party was funded?
A. which B. that C. when D. n which
5.That is the day ______I'll never frget.
A. which B. n which C. in which D. when
6.The factry ______we'll visit next week is nt far frm here.
A. where B. t which C. which D. in which
7.Great changes have taken place in the factry ____we are wrking since then.
A. where B. that C. which D. there
8.This is ne f the best films _______.
A. that have been shwn this year B. that have shwn
C. that has been shwn this year D. that yu talked
9.Can yu lend me the bk ______the ther day?
A. abut which yu talked B. which yu talked
C. abut that yu talked D. that yu talked
10.The pen ______he is writing is mine.
A.with which B.in which C.n which D.by which
11.They arrived at a farmhuse, in frnt f ______sat a small by.
A. whm B. wh C. which D. that
12.The engineer ______my father wrks is abut 50 years ld.
A.t whm B.n whm C.with which D. with whm
13.It there anyne in yur class ______family is in the cuntry?
A. wh B. wh's C. which D. whse
14.I'm interested in ______yu have said.
A. all that B.all what C. that D. which
15.I want t use the same dictinary ______was used yesterday.
A. which B. wh C. what D. as
16.He isn't such a man ______he used t be.
A. wh B. whm C. that D. as
17.He is gd at English, ______we all knw.
A. that B. as C. whm D. what
18.Li Ming, ______t the cncert enjyed it very much.
A. I went with B. with whm I went
C. with wh I went D.I went with him
19.I dn't like ______ as yu read.
A. the nvels B. the such nvels
C. such nvels D. same nvels
20.He talked a lt abut things and persns _______they remembered in the schl.
A. which B. that C. whm D. what
【答案】1-5 ACDCA 6-10 CAAAA 11-15 CDDAD 16-20 DBBCB
练习2
Recently, researchers at the University f Trnt figured ut a way with a quick vide selfie t accurately measure bld pressure with yur smartphne’s camera by develping a technlgy knwn as transdermal ptical imaging (TOI)(透皮光学成像).
Cameras n smartphnes can catch red light reflected frm hemglbin (血红素）under ur skin, which permits TOI t visualize and measure bld flw changes. Researchers measured the bld pressure f 1,328 Canadian and Chinese adults by getting tw-minute vides f their faces n an iPhne. “Frm the vide gt by the technlgy, yu can see hw the bld flws in different parts f the face and thrugh this flw, yu can get a lt f infrmatin,” said Kang Lee, lead authr f the study.
Lee als helped create an app called Anura, which allws peple t try ut the TOI sftware fr themselves, giving them the ability t recrd a 30-secnd vide f their face and receive measurements fr stress levels and resting heart rate. Lee said mre research was needed t make sure that the measurements were as accurate as pssible, explaining that the study didn’t test peple with very dark r very fair skin.
“In rder t imprve ur app t make it usable, particularly fr peple with hypertensin (高血压)，we need t cllect a lt f data frm them, which is very hard because a lt f them are already taking medicine,” Lee explained. “We cannt tell them nt t take medicine, but frm time t time, we get participants wh dn’t take medicine s we can get hypertensive peple this way.”
The scientists said there were many ptential applicatins f the technlgy, including prviding health services fr thse wh lived in remte areas.
1. What is mainly talked abut in Paragraph 2？
A. Infrmatin ffered by TOI.B. New findings n hypertensin.
C. Hw TOI is put int smart phnes.D. Hw the TOI technlgy wrks.
2. What might peple benefit frm the new technlgy mentined abve?
A. Living a life free frm stress.B. Imprving the heart functin gradually.
C. Accessing health services fr free.D. Knwing abnrmal bld pressure earlier.
3. What can be dne fr a better Anura?
A. Equipping phnes with better cameras.
B. Allwing phnes t recrd lnger vides.
C. Cllecting data frm mre diverse samples.
D. Persuading participants nt t take medicine.
4. Why des the authr write this text?
A. T predict future applicatins f TOI.
B. T intrduce TOI and an app related.
C. T describe functins f cameras n phnes.
D. T evaluate the quality f an app called Anura.
【答案】DDCB
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种新科技。多伦多大学的研究人员想出了一种快速视频自拍的方法，通过开发一种称为透皮光学成像的技术，用智能手机的相机准确地测量血压。文章还介绍了与之相关的手机应用软件。
1.主旨大意题。根据第二段首句Cameras n smartphnes can catch red light reflected frm hemglbin (血红素）under ur skin, which permits TOI t visualize and measure bld flw changes. 可知，智能手机上的相机可以捕捉从我们皮肤下的血红蛋白反射的红光，这允许透皮光学成像可视化和测量血流变化。因此推断本段主要讲述TOI科技如何起作用的。故选D。
2.推理判断题。根据第二段的Frm the vide gt by the technlgy, yu can see hw the bld flws in different parts f the face and thrugh this flw, yu can get a lt f infrmatin（从技术获得的视频中，你可以看到血液是如何在面部的不同部位流动的，通过这种流动，你可以得到很多信息）和第三段的giving them the ability t recrd a 30-secnd vide f their face and receive measurements fr stress levels and resting heart rate.（让他们能够记录30秒的面部视频，并收到压力水平和静息心率的测量。）可推断，这项新技术可以让人们较早知道不正常的血压。故选D。
3.细节理解题。根据第三段的Lee said mre research was needed t make sure that the measurements were as accurate as pssible, explaining that the study didn’t test peple with very dark r very fair skin.（李说，需要更多的研究来确保测量尽可能准确，解释说这项研究没有测试皮肤非常暗或非常白皙的人。）可知，需要收集更多不同的样本才能改进Anura。故选C。
4.推理判断题。根据第一段内容可知，文章主要介绍了一种新科技 TOI ，研究人员想出了一种快速视频自拍的方法，通过开发一种称为透皮光学成像的技术，用智能手机的相机准确地测量血压。接下来介绍了应用这项科技研发出的手机应用。因此推断本文的写作目的是介绍TOI和相关应用程序。故选B。
练习3
I am in my 40s,but tday I lk mre like a teenage girl. Nt because I'm wearing the latest fashin r having a wild hair day. It's because I have a pimple(青春痘) that lks like a vlcan getting ready t erupt n my chin.
“Mm, what is that?” my 8-year-ld daughter Lucy exclaimed, pinting at the ugly bump n my face.
My in-laws were visiting and brught me a bx f chclates-ne f my favrite fds. Eating prperly seemed like a gd idea until I was alne with that bx f chclates! I enjyed them greatly, and my pimple prved my enthusiasm clearly.
Fd can be a large blck fr me. Brccli(西蓝花)seldm appeals t me, but baked gds with sugar r crispy chips certainly d. I have n prblem dipping a large spn int a jar f peanut butter r frsting t satisfy my desires. But yu wn't catch me tasting a spnful f cttage cheese fr a late-night snack.
Please dn't misunderstand me. There is certainly a place fr celebratin fds such as cake and ice cream. But a regular serving f daily junk fd rbs me f the nutritin ffered in the fds I eat.
I knw I feel better after eating an apple than I d after eating a candy bar. It's s easy in ur sciety t eat prcessed fd ut f bxes, bags, and at the drive-thru. But that ease cmes at a cst: We suffer physically. Our taste buds may be very, lack nutritin, which pens the dr t diseases, I'm trying t ask myself a few questins befre reaching fr a snack r making a meal: Is this really fd?
Is there smething Gd made in it? Am I really hungry? Will I feel satisfied, but ur bdies better after eating this?
1. What made the authr feel she lked like a teenage girl?
A. Her wild hair.B. Her ugly face.
C. Her facial features.D. Her fashinable clthes.
2. What can be inferred frm Paragraph 3?
A. The authr eats chclates as fd.
B. Chclates may cause her pimples.
C. The authr's parents-in-law ften visit her.
D. The authr eats chclates t cure pimples.
3. What d yu think f the authr's eating habit?
A. It lacks prtein.B. It isn't delicius.
C. It makes her healthy.D. It isn't a balanced diet.
4. What is the authr's attitude twards prcessed fd?
A. Favrable.B. Optimistic.
C. Psitive.D. Critical.
【答案】CBDD
【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。本文由巧克力导致的痘痘展开，主要讲述了作者的饮食习惯。
1. 细节理解题。根据第一段中It's because I have a pimple(青春痘) that lks like a vlcan getting ready t erupt n my chin.可知那是因为我的下巴上长了个青春痘，看起来就像一座即将喷发的火山。由此可知，作者的下巴上长了青春痘，这种面部特征使她看上去像十几岁的小姑娘。故选C。
2. 推理判断题。根据每三段中I enjyed them greatly, and my pimple prved my enthusiasm clearly.可知我非常喜欢它们，我的痘痘清楚地证明了我的热情。由此可推知，巧克力会引起青春痘。故选B。
3. 细节理解题。根据第五段中But a regular serving f daily junk fd rbs me f the nutritin ffered in the fds I eat.可知但是每天定期吃垃圾食品会使我失去我所吃的食物所提供的营养。由此可知，作者吃的垃圾食品没有营养, 其饮食习惯不是一个均衡的饮食。故选D。
4. 推理判断题。根据第六段中But that ease cmes at a cst: We suffer physically. Our taste buds may be very, lack nutritin, which pens the dr t diseases.可知但这种放松是有代价的：我们身体上承受着痛苦。我们的味蕾可能非常缺乏营养，这为疾病打开了大门。由此可推知，作者对加工过的食品持批评态度。故选D。
巩固复习：
做好知识点的温习。A. ignre B.slutin C. reward E.paradise F.thery G.destry
H.creature I.wither J.restre K.replace
关系词
先行词
从句成分
例句
备注
关系代词
wh
人
主语，宾语
D yu knw the man wh is talking with yur mther?
whm, which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用that
whm
人
宾语
Mr. Smith is the persn with whm I am wrking
The by (whm) she lved died in the war.
whse
人，物
定语
I like thse bks whse tpics are abut histry.
The by whse father wrks abrad is my classmate.
that
人，物
主语，宾语
A plane is a machine that can fly.
She is the pp star (that) I want t see very much.
which
物
主语，宾语
The bk (which) I gave yu was wrth $10.
The picture which was abut the accident was terrible.
as
人，物
主语，宾语
He is such a persn as is respected by all f us.
This is the same pen as I lst yesterday.
as做宾语一般不省略
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