专题05 备战2022高考阅读理解文体专项精讲精练之议论文

2022高考英语阅读文体专项讲解之议论文（学生版）

（一）

A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender(性别)are “really, really smart.” Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief: Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are “really, really smart.” Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up? It doesn't take a genius to know the answer: absolutely not.

1：What can we infer about girls from the study in Science?

A. They think themselves smart.

B. They look up to great thinkers.

C. They see gender differences earlier than boys.

D. They are likely to be influenced by social beliefs

（二）

Society pushes us to specialize, to become experts. This requires commitment to a particular occupation, branch of study or research. The drawback to being specialists is we often come to know more and more about less and less. There is a great deal of pressure to master one's field. You may pursue training, degrees, or increasing levels of responsibility at work. Then you discover the pressure of having to keep up.

2：To become a specialist, one may have to_____.

A．narrow his range of knowledge

B．avoid responsibilities at work

C．know more about the society

D．broaden his perspective on life

（三）

 Things are connected. Let your expertise in one field fuel your passions in all related areas. Some of your interests may not appear to be connected but, once you explore their depths, you discover that they are. My editor Toni, who is also a writer, has edited several history books. She has decided to study Chinese history. Fascinated by the structural beauty of the Forbidden City as a painter, she is equally interested to learn more about Chinese philosophy. "I don't know where it will lead, but I'm excited I'm on this pursuit."

3：What does the author intend to show with the example of Toni?

A．Passion alone does not ensure a person's success.

B．In-depth exploration makes discoveries possible.

C．Everyone has a chance to succeed in their pursuit.

D．Seemingly unrelated interests are in a way connected.

（四）

Tommy, a 26-year-old chimp(猩猩),lives in a small cage in a used truck sales lot in New York. Retired from movie work and whatever else once occupied him, he has no chimp friends to keep him company — just a TV. He is worlds away from the rainforest of Western Africa, where chimps spend most of their lives in trees, hunting, and socializing together.

4：What can we know about Tommy?

A．He is living a very lonely life.

B．He dislikes living in the rainforest.

C．He likes watching movies very much,

D．He was illegally bought by Pat Lavery.

一、知识梳理

议论文是英语中的重要文体，在每年的高考阅读理解中占有一定的比例。相对于其它文体，议论文阅读要难一些，因此要多加重视。

议论文就是说理性的文章，-般由论点、论据和论证过程组成。议论文都要提出论题、观点、提供充分的证据，使用一定的逻辑方法证明观点或得出结论。

二、高中英语议论文的解题步骤

第一，抓论点、寻论据

阅读议论文我们要抓住论题，即作者提出的观点、给出的例证及最后得出的结论。抓住了论题，我们就把握了中心。

第二，注重文章结构，理清文章脉络。

把握文章结构，有利于对文章大意的理解。从论证方法上讲，常见的议论文结构有以下两类:

1. Put forward a question -→Analyze the question -→Solve the question这就是“提出问题、分析问题、解决问题”的过程。

2. Argument/Idea →Evidence - + Conclusion/Restating the idea 这就是“由论点到论据到结论或者强调论点”的过程。

第三，体会文章语言特点，把握作者写作态度，准确进行推理判断。

能否正确把握作者的观点和态度是体现阅读能力的重要方面。一般来说，对作者的总的态度和倾向，必须在通读全文，掌握了论点和论据后，方能做出判断。在判断作者观点态度时，我们应注意，有时候作者的观点和态度并不是明确地表达出来的，需要我们认真体察。做推理判断时，--定要遵循逻辑规律，以事实为依据进行合理的推理。

三、解题技巧讲解

解答此类试题，可以从以下几个方面着手考虑:

作者在开始叙述一个现象，然后对现象进行解释。这类文章的主题是文中最重要的解释或作:者所强调的解释，阅读时要注意作者给出的原因，所以又被称为原因一结果 (Cause & Effect) 型。还有一种比较常见的是问题一-答案型，作者在一开始或一段末以问句提出一个问题(相当于一个现象),然后给出该问题的答案(相当于解释)。针对文中问题给出的主要答案就是这种文章的中心。这里强调一点:答 题时优先考虑正面答题(直接从文章内容得出答案)， 然后从中心、态度或利用解的特征等其他角度对选项进行检验;如果从文章内容中直接无法解决，则从中心和态度方面考虑;次之从解的特征方面考虑。

考生往往最怕此类体裁。山穷水尽时，记住:首先从整体，上把握文章中心和作者所持的态度，靠近中，心的就是答案

例题1：

For much of human history and in many places, girls were considered property, or required to obey their fathers until the day they had to start obeying their husbands. In most of the world that vision of girlhood now seems not merely old-fashioned but unimaginably remote. In field after field girls have caught up with boys. Globally, young women now outnumber (数量超过) young men at university. Girl babies are more wanted than ever before. Even in places, such as China, where the sex-selective abortion of girls has been common, it is becoming less so. Girls are also less likely to be married off in childhood. In 1995 almost six in ten girls in South Asia were married before reaching 18; that has fallen by half.

1：What's the main idea of the first paragraph?

A．Girls suffer a lot in human history.

B．Girls' situation has improved a lot globally.

C．Girl babies are more welcomed than ever before.

D．Girls do much better than boys in many fields.

例题2：

I feel like “getting engaged( 参 与 )” is always a big part of my advice for parents on just about everything. How can you make sure your children are being successful if you have no idea what they’re doing? How can you be sure they’re doing it right if you don’t know what is the correct answer? What do they need? You should be in touch with their teachers, have a sense of where the lessons are going, what kinds of tasks are being given and what success looks like in the classroom.

Knowing all of that is key to your child’s success, especially when matched with some encouraging praise and helpful tips on how he can keep going. Thinking about how your child is best motivated(激励) by other things and using those methods here reasonably isn’t a bad idea.

2：While parents engaged in their children’s homework, they________.

A．must be better at all the lessons

B．needn’t make sure that their children are being successful

C．can teach their children by themselves

D．should know as much as possible about it

例题3：

For instance, the additives and preservatives in plant-based meat highlighted in one ad sure sound scary. Who wants something called titanium dioxide(二氧化钛)in their meal? But the truth is that additives such as those listed in the ads are regularly used in all sorts of packaged foods. And if methylcellulose, a food thickener, sounds unpleasant, it's really nothing compared with salmonella(沙门菌)poisoning you can get from regular meat.

Also, the ad campaign misses the bigger point. Choosing an Impossible or Beyond burger isn't just about healthy eating Burgers, whether they are made from processed pea protein or processed meat, will never be as healthy as organic raw vegetables.

3：What do we know about additives and preservatives in plant-based burgers?

A．Their use is within the normal range.

B．They are likely to cause poisoning.

C．They are used to ensure burgers taste good

D．Some have not been used in hamburgers.

（A）

Squirrels aren’t natural city dwellers (居民).In 1856 the sight of one in a tree near New York’s city hall so surprised passers-by that a newspaper published a report about the “unusual visitor”.

Around that time,the tree-dwelling animals were being set free in America’s urban areas to “create pockets of peace and calm like the countryside,” says University of Pennsylvania historian Etienne Benson,who studied our relationship to squirrels over the course of five years.

First they were introduced to Philadelphia,then to New Haven,Boston,and New York City.Park visitors were encouraged to feed them,and security guards ensured their safety.In the 1910s a leader of the Boy Scouts of America (an organization teaching boys practical skills) said that teaching children to feed squirrels could show the rewards of treating a weaker creature with sympathy,says Benson.

By the early 20th century,though,America began to regret the friendliness it had shown squirrels.Cities had once been filled with animals — from horses pulling goods to dairy cows.By the 1950s those working animals had been moved to the countryside.Pets and wild animals such as birds and squirrels were all that remained of the urban animal kingdom.

Before long,people’s enthusiasm for squirrels wore off,and they started to see them as annoyances (讨厌的东西).By the 1970s many parks banned feeding the creatures.Today,it is rare to find kids with their parents offering food to squirrels under a tree.And,unfortunately,with more and more buildings being constructed in the city,fewer inhabitable areas are left for the little tree-dwelling animals.

What would be lost if the last of these city dwellers were forced to leave? “I think there’s something constructive to have other living creatures in the city that are not humans and not pets but share the land with us,” says Benson.“It’s a good thing to live in a landscape where you see other creatures going around making lunch.It’s good for the soul.”

1.Why were squirrels introduced to Philadelphia?　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

A.To entertain park visitors.

B.To keep the natural balance.

C.To encourage kids to protect animals.

D.To make the urban life more peaceful.

2.What was the Boy Scout leader’s attitude towards feeding squirrels?

A.Disagreeable.    B.Doubtful.     C.Supportive.   D.Uncaring.

3.What might have happened to squirrels in cities around the 1960s?

A.They might have inhabited more homes.

B.They might have begun to go out of favor.

C.They might have been introduced to more cities.

D.They might have been moved to the countryside.

4.What does Benson suggest in the last paragraph?

A.Squirrels living in cities are annoying.

B.Feeding squirrels should be discouraged.

C.Squirrels should be allowed to live in cities.

D.It is possible for people to keep squirrels as pets.

 （B）

“You know,the soft subjects,” says the boy in maths,“the easy ones:the stupid girls at the bottom take them.Like dance.It shouldn’t even be a subject.” We’re choosing subjects for our A-level taster day at school.I see the raised eyebrows when I explain two of my GCSE (General Certificate of Secondary Education) choices are dance and drama.

I was told by advisers that dance and drama wouldn’t help me to get a suitable career.My friends told me I’d get bored of dance and switch to science within the first month.

But taking GCSE dance was the best decision I ever made.Dance gives me something to pour my head and heart into.It gives me a feeling of belonging,creativity,security and freedom.

The education secretary Nicky Morgan has put emphasis on science,technology,engineering and maths (STEM),saying that students who focus on the arts risk their careers.Stopping young people from expressing themselves at such a young age is not doing them any favours.Perhaps Nicky Morgan has forgotten to open the door of having a drive to study that subject day in,day out.It shouldn’t matter what that subject is.

I don’t doubt the influence that STEM subjects can have on the people that love them.But to force children into one field is cruel.As much as I try,I’m not good at and don’t love physics,biology or maths.I don’t want a career in these areas.

There has been a decrease in the number of state schools offering arts subjects taught by specialist teachers.I can’t even imagine how it feels to be told that you don’t teach a “real subject” by an 8-year-old boy.

To the teachers,the parents,the government I say:Let children make their own decisions.Let them live in the present.Let them have a real,unlimited education.

1.How does the boy in maths feel about dance?　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

A.Useless. B.Difficult.            C.Beautiful. D.Important.

2.After the author took GCSE dance,she 　　　. 

A.lost interest in it

B.kept her mind on it

C.turned to other subjects

D.struggled with her lessons

3.What do we know about Nicky Morgan?

A.She encourages students to learn soft subjects.

B.She suggests students take a risk in their careers.

C.She underlines the importance of STEM subjects.

D.She allows students to express themselves freely.

4.What’s the present situation of arts subjects?

A.They attract much attention worldwide.

B.They are taught by non-professionals.

C.They are considered less important.

D.They have made great progress.

（A）

Children can spend hours a day looking at computer screens and other digital devices.Some eye doctors say this leads to an increase in “computer vision syndrome(电脑视力综合征)”.

Nathan Bonilla-Warford is an optometrist(验光师)in Tampa,Florida.He has seen an increase in problems in children.“A lot more children come into the office either because their parents have noticed that they have headaches or red or watery eyes or discomfort,or because their nearsightedness appears to be increasing and they’re worried,”he says.

Dr.Bonilla-Warford says part of the problem is that children may be more likely to pay no attention to early warning signs than adults.“Even if their eyes start to feel uncomfortable or they start to get a headache,they’re less likely to tell their parents,because they don’t want to have the game or the computer or whatever taken away,”he explains.

He says another part of the problem is that people blink(眨眼) less often when they use digital devices.He says,“A person who uses an electronic device blinks about one third as much as we normally do in everyday life.And that can result in the front part of the eye drying and not staying protected like normal.”

Eye doctors offer suggestions like the following which is known as the 20/20/20 rule.That means every twenty minutes looking away twenty feet or more for at least twenty seconds from whatever device you’re using.

Other suggestions include putting more distance between you and the device and using good lighting.Of course,another way is to spend less time looking at screens.Many experts say children should spend no more than two hours a day using digital devices—with no screen time for children under two.

But not all eye doctors have noticed an increase in problems in children.Dr.David Hunter,from Boston Children’s Hospital,has not seen an increase in his practice.“While it is possible to develop fatigue looking at screens for a long period of time,there’s certainly no proof that it actually causes any damage to the eyes,”he says.

1.Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

A.Dr.Bonilla-Warford thinks using computers causes nearsightedness.

B.People keep their eyes protected against drying by blinking normally.

C.Children under two can watch TV for less than two hours a day.

D.Dr.David Hunter says headaches cause an increase in eye problems.

2.The syndrome in children is more likely serious than in adults because 　　　. 

A.adults are cleverer than children

B.adults ignore taking care of children

C.children always overlook early warning signs

D.children always forget their parents’ words

3.What does the underlined word “fatigue” mean?

A.Interest.　　　B.Ability.      C.Tiredness.    D.Difficulty.

4.What can be the best title for the passage?

A.Looking at Screens:Two Hours or More

B.How Can Children Use Their Eyes Properly

C.Using Digital Devices:Advantages and Disadvantages

D.How Much Screen Time Is Proper for Children

（B）

Those driving forward the movement of paying college athletes are forgetting the reason one goes to college:to get an education.

In an era struggling for competitive balance, how would the National Collegiate Athletic Association(NCAA)keep from giving schools like Kentucky and Alabama even more of a competitive advantage than schools like Valparaiso and Florida Gulf Coast? The issue gets complicated when taking into consideration how the salary difference between different teams gets decided.

Even worse, imagine athletes just coming to college for money. We call college athletes amateurs. Oxford's definition of a amateur is “a person who engages in a pursuit, especially a sport, on an unpaid basis”. The keyword is unpaid. The history of the word “amateur” dates back to the French word “amator”, which means lover. Essentially, college athletes should be playing their sports for the love of the game, not the money that would be given to them.

Rules should not be made for the minority, and in this instance only two percent of athletes play professional sports. The expected career span of that two percent is 10 years, and three and a half years in the National Football League(NFL). An astonishing 80 percent of retired NFL players go broke within three years of retirement, 60 percent in the NBA within five years. This is why the NCAA and its member institutions should apply a “stay and learn” rule.

This rule should state that if athletes choose to come to college, they will get paid in scholarships that last for the entire educational process and the athletes must stay in school until they earn a degree in the area of study they choose. That money from going professional is going to run out sometime, but the degree will always be there.

Look at college athletics for what it is and should always be, a high-pressure learning environment and an avenue to earn an education. A much more fun extension of the classroom if you will. After all, they are called student-athletes.

1.How can the salary difference influence college teams?

A.It is likely to promote cooperation.       B.It can increase their independence.

C.It can lead to more communication.       D.It will probably cause more imbalance.

2.Why does the author give explanations to the word “amateur”?

A.To give an individual comment.           B.To confirm the origin of the word.

C.To make the point more authoritative.       D.To provide an example for the argument.

3.How will college athletes benefit from the “stay and learn” rule?

A.Increase their earnings.                    B.Get trained for scholarships.

C.Ensure themselves to get a degree.           D.Continue their professional careers.

4.What does the author mainly argue about in the text?

A.For money or for career?                   B.A college education or not?

C.Going professional or being amateur?         D.Paying college athletes or not?

（C）

Based on a true story,the novel Safe as Houses by Eric Walters is an amazing book.It is about a 13-year-old girl named Elizabeth Hardy who babysits the McBride children David and Suzie.One rainy,stormy evening they walk home from school.When they arrive home,water floods the backyard,cuts the power and floods roads,which stops Mr.and Mrs McBride from coming home.Soon the flooding begins to invade the McBrides’ home and Elizabeth,David,Suzie and their dog Daisy try very hard to escape and survive the flood.

My favorite character is David because I find him very funny and brave,and although he can be stubborn and rude at times,he is still a nice and friendly person.As much as I want to be like David I could never be like him.At least,I don’t think I could ever do something as brave as he does.

I think Eric Walters does a great job in describing the characters and telling the story.I really feel like this all just happened in front of my eyes.Ever since I started reading Safe as Houses I never wanted to put the book down,and considering I was not a big fan of reading that did not happen very often.Safe as Houses changed my opinion in regard to reading and now I enjoy reading very much.

Eric Walters’ writing career all started in 1993 when Eric was teaching a grade 5 class.His students were not good readers and did not like reading,so Eric created a book called Stand Your Ground for his students and used some of the students’ names to create the story.Ever since Eric published that book he has become a big time writer and has published many amazing different books like Camp X,Tiger Trap,Camp 30,We All Fall Down and Flyboy.

1.What happened on that particular evening?　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

A.A 13-year-old got lost.

B.A terrible rainstorm broke out.

C.Three children were trapped on the way home.

D.The McBrides’ home was completely destroyed by floods.

2.What does the author like about David?

A.His creativity.           B.His great skill.

C.His personality.          D.His good behavior.

3.What can we infer about the author?

A.He is a man full of courage.

B.He used to enjoy reading very much.

C.He is very like David in Safe as Houses.

D.He has been greatly affected by Safe as Houses

（D）

It’s tough to see or hear of a friend in crisis.One idea to keep in mind is that it is healthy for the distressed person to feel what he or she feels in the moment.When a person in crisis feels understood,he or she feels less alone and connected to the person who understands.

A person,who experiences empathy(同理心)from a friend who can “go there” for a few minutes in order to authentically understand while still maintaining a strong and supportive attitude,may be relieved and healed.While a friend is telling you about the circumstance,the first and most important step is to listen for feelings,not ways to solve the problem.

For example,a friend is terribly upset because her husband is threatening to leave her.After fully honouring the feelings,it is important to ask the friend what would help.Maybe it is a good cry and some ice cream.Perhaps it’s a glass of wine and a walk.Everyone has different ways of dealing.Be respectful and ask the friend what she needs or wants,not what you prescribe.

Take a second example,saying a close friend is being misrepresented by other friends.The friends are gossiping about her.During a conversation with her,listen for feelings.Honour her hurt and shock.The same equation is useful with a partner.

Helping a friend or partner in crisis not only helps the person,but creates closeness and trust in the relationship,making opening up in the probable future.In addition,the person who is empathizing feels positive because he or she was able to help.When a person is truly able to comfort and reassure a loved one,he or she feels vital and useful,strengthening the relationship.

1.What should we do first when we know a friend is in crisis?

A.Keep away from him/her.

B.Buy him/her a glass of wine.

C.Understand how he/she feels.

D.Show him/her ways to solve the problem.

2.What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 3 refer to?

A.A way to solve the crisis.

B.A way to relieve a bad mood.

C.A way to listen for feelings.

D.A way to honour the feelings.

3.How does the author prove his/her idea?

A.By listing data. B.By quoting sayings.

C.By giving examples. D.By conducting surveys.

4.What does the text mainly talk about?

A.How to keep a loved one.

B.How to make new friends.

C.How to work with your partner.

D.How to help a friend in trouble.

（E）

Teenage life is quite dramatic but that doesn’t mean you cannot enjoy your life in these years.Even with your daily troubles,your life is not very hard if you know how to deal with them.

I know exactly how you feel.Teenage life can be hard.You are not a kid anymore,because you are smart enough to observe and analyse your surroundings.However,you are still not an adult because there are still lots of experiences that you need to have and lessons that you need to learn from these experiences.To top it all,the hormonal(荷尔蒙的) imbalance in your body can really mess you up.I have been there.I was in it for six years exploring what life is about!

As a teenager,I had a major problem with completing my chores on time.And at that time,all that I needed to do was to finish my assignments,study for the upcoming tests and clean my room.Now,I have much more things to do:cooking,cleaning and working while striking a balance between all my relationships related to work,family and friends.That really is a lot of work.So,I will just give you one golden tip,quoting from Benjamin Franklin,“Never leave that till tomorrow which you can do today.”

Life becomes much easier now because I finish all my work on time and I have enough time to let my hair down.Half the problems of a teenager appear because we hate doing things.We’d rather go and have fun than sit down and take on our responsibilities.That is why you have so much trouble in your life;your parents won’t let you go out with friends because you haven’t cleaned your room or your teacher is always criticizing you because you haven’t finished your assignments.

1.What does the writer mainly want to tell us in Paragraph 1?

A.Teenage life is tough.                   B.Teenagers can’t enjoy life.

C.Teenage life is changeable.               D.Teenagers should learn more.

2.What plays a key role in making teenage life hard according to the writer?

A.The adolescent changes.                B.The lack of life experience.

C.The failure of concentration.            D.The unfamiliar surroundings.

3.How did the writer feel about her teenage life?

A.It was difficult.         B.It was simple.

C.It was enjoyable.         D.It was boring.

4.What does the writer advise teenagers to do?

A.Abandon their friends.                 B.Go and have fun.

C.Complete their homework.              D.Shoulder the burden