专题13 备战2022高考英语阅读理解文体专项训练之观点类议论文

备战2022高考英语阅读文体专项训练

之观点类议论文（学生版）

（A）

Is Technology Moving Too fast?

Differing fundamentally from the prior technologies such as telephone, television and automobile, which are better known as lock-in, the new technologies - computers, biotechnology and nanotech (纳米技术) - are self-accelerating This means that the products of their own processes enable them to develop even more rapidly. Since they drive almost whole sectors of society,creating unstable, unpredictable and unreliable conditions, there is a growing public concern that perhaps what civilization needs is a NOT-SO-FAST button.

Supporters of technological determinism ma ke a strong case for letting self- accelerating technologies follow their own life cycle. Rapid development in computer technology, they point out, has separated robotics and the Internet to the great benefit of industry and human communications. Besides, it isn't so easy for a free society to put the brakes on technology. Even if one country decided to abandon the next technology revolution, another country would gladly take it

However, there are comforting situations in which technology may brake itself.

In the aging population of the developed world, many people are already tried of trying to keep up with the latest cool new tech. Youth-driven tech acceleration could be interpreted as simple youthful stupidity - short-sighted and short-lived. The market for change could dry up, and lock-in might again become the norm. Stress and great tiredness make powerful decelerators.

Chang that is too rapid can be deeply divisive. If only elite (精英) can keep up, the rest of us will grow increasingly puzzled about how the world works. We can understand natural biology, complex as it is, because it holds still. But how will we ever be able to understand quantum computing (量子计算) or nanotechnology if its complexity accelerating away from us?

Constant technological revolution makes planning difficult, and a society that stops planning for the future is likely to become a fragile society. It could experience violent economic unrest. It could slip into wars fought with cruel new weapons. Its widespread new technologies could fail in massive or horrible ways.All these constant, worrying small failures could weaken the whole social progress.

With so may powerful forces in play, technology could hyper-accelerate to the stars with astonishing rapidity, or it could stop completely. My expectation is that it will do both, with various technologies proceeding at various rates. The new technologies may be self-accelerating, but they are not self-determining They are the result of ever renegotiated agreement with society. Because they are so powerful, their paths may undergo wild swings, but I think the trend will be toward the dynamic middle: much slower than the optimists expect, much faster than the pessimists think humanity can bear.

1. Supporters of technology self-acceleration hold the view that           .

A the society is free to make the technology go more slowly

B. the high rate of computer tech is of great benefit to human

C robotics has developed less rapidly than computer technology

D. self-accelerating technologies promote international cooperation

2. According to the pa sage what may slow down the accelerating technology?

A A carefully planned society

B. The simple youthful stupidity

C People's stress and exhaustion

D. The rapid change of the market.

3. What's the author's purpose in writing the passage？

A To guide the new technologies for a safe acceleration

B. To confirm the public concern about new technologies

C To ex plain the threats in technological self-acceleration

D. To relieve the public fear for technology acceleration

4. Which of the following shows the development of ideas in this passage?

（B）

Eudaimonia is an Ancient Greek word, particularly stressed by the philosophers Plato and Aristotle, which deserves far more attention than it has because it corrects the shortfalls (缺失) in one of the most central, but troubling words in our modern language: happiness

When we nowadays try to clearly express the purpose of our lives, it is the word“happiness" that we commonly turn to. We tell ourselves and others that the most important principle for our jobs, our relationships and the conduct of our day-to-day lives i the pursuit of happiness. It sounds like an innocent enough idea, but too much reliance on the term means that we frequently unfairly tend to quit or, at least, heavily question a great many challenging but worthwhile situations. The Ancient Greeks did not believe that the purpose of life was to be happy; they proposed that it was to achieve Eudaimonia, a word which has been best translated as“fulfillment".

What distinguishes happiness from fulfillment is pain. It is very possible to be fulfilled and - at the same time - under pressure, suffering physically or mentally, overburdened and,quite frequently, in an irritable(易怒的) mood. This is a slight psychological difference that i hard for the word“happiness" to capture, for it's tricky to speak of being happy yet unhappy, or happy yet

suffering. However, such a combination is readily accommodated within the respected and noble-sounding idea of Eudaimonia.

The word encourages us to trust that many of life's most worthwhile projects will sometimes be in conflict with contentment, and yet will be worth pursuing. Properly exploring our professional talents, managing a household, keeping a relationship going creating a new business venture or engaging in politics...none of these goals are likely to leave us cheerful and grinning on a daily basis.They will, in fact, involve us in all manner of challenges that will deeply exhaust and weaken us, provoke (激怒) and wound us. And yet we will perhaps, at the end of our lives, still feel that the tasks were worth undertaking. Through them,well have achieved something deeper and more interesting than happiness

With the word Eudaimonia in mind, we can stop imagining that we are aiming for a pain-free existence - and then blaming ourselves unfairly for being in a bad mood. We'll know that we are trying to do something far more important than smile all the time: we' re striving to do justice to our full human potential

1. What do we know about“Eudaimonia" from the passage?

A. It was first created by two Greek philosophers.

B. It has received a lot of attention from the public.

C. It still has some shortfalls that need to be corrected.

D. It was regarded as the purpose of life in ancient Greece.

2. According to Paragraph 3, happiness          .

A. is the opposite of fulfillment

B. is free from physical or mental pain

C. stresses the psychological difference

D. serves a a respected and noble life goal

3. We an learn from the passage that         .

A. aiming for happiness may lead to wrong self-blaming

B. goals that wound and weaken us result in happiness

C. challenges leading to contentment are worth undertaking

D. feeling fulfilled means we should avoid tough situations

4. The passage encourages the readers to             .

A. find fulfillment with all efforts

B. seek for a pain-free existence

C. keep optimistic whatever happens

D. balance happiness and suffering

（C）

Science is finally beginning to embrace animals who were, for a long time, considered second-class citizens.

As Annie Pots of Canterbury University has noted, chickens distinguish among one hundred chicken faces and recognize familiar individuals even after months of separation. When given problems to solve, they reason: hens trained to pick colored buttons sometimes choose to give up an immediate food reward for a slightly later (and better) one. Healthy hens may aid friends, and mourn when those friends die.

Pigs respond meaningfully to human symbols. When a research team led by Candace Croney at Penn State University carried wooden blocks marked with X and O symbols around pigs, only the O carriers offered food to the animals. The pigs soon ignored the X carriers in favor of the O's. Then the team switched from real-life objects to T-shirts printed with X or O symbols. Still, the pigs walked only toward the O-shirted people: they had transferred their knowledge to a two- dimensional format, a not inconsiderable feat of reasoning.

I've been guilty of prejudiced expectations, myself. At the start of my career almost four decades ago, I was firmly convinced that monkeys and apes out- think and out-feel other animals. They' re other primates (灵长目动物) after all,animals from our own mammalian (哺乳动物的) class. Fairly soon, I came to see that along with our closest living relatives, whales too are masters of cultural learning, and elephants express profound joy and mourning with their social companions. Long-term studies in the wild on these mammals helped to fuel a viewpoint shift in our society: the public no longer so easily accepts monkeys made to undergo painful procedures in laboratories,s elephants forced to perform in circuses, and dolphins kept in small tanks at theme parks.

Over time, though, a I began to broaden out even further and explore the inner lives of fish, chickens, pigs, goats, and cows, I started to wonder: Will the new science of "food animals" bring an ethical (伦理的) revolution in terms of who we eat? In other words, will our ethics start to catch up with the development of our science?

Animal activists are already there, of course, committed to not eating these animals. But what about the rest of us? Can paying attention to the thinking and feeling of these animals lead us to make changes in who we eat?

1. According to Annie Pots, hens have the ability of

A. Interaction                           B. analysis

C. Creation                              D. abstraction

2. The research into pigs shows that pigs.

A. learn letters quickly

B. have a good eyesight

C. can build up a good relationship

D. can apply knowledge to new situations

3. Paragraph4 is mainly about         

A. the similarities between mammals and humans

B. the necessity of long-term studies on mammals

C. a change in people' s attitudes towards animals

D. a discovery of how animals express themselves

4. What might be the best title for the passage?

A. The Inner Lives of Food Animals

B. The Lifestyles of Food Animals

C. Science Reports on Food Animals

D. A Revolution in Food Animals

（D）

The online takeaway industry is growing in China along with the rapid development of the Internet economy. But environmental activists complain that the huge volume of plastic utensils (用具), wrapping and containers presents a great challenge to the environment, and that the heavy use of the throwaway wooden chopsticks is reducing natural resources.

On September 1, the Beijing no.4 Intermediate People's Court accepted a lawsuit filed by the Chongqing Green Volunteer League, an environmental non-government organization (NCO), against the country's three largest food delivery platforms - Baidu Waimai, Ele.me and Meituan. The NGO stated that he companies failed to provide customers with the choice to not receive throwaway plastic utensils along with their food deliveries. Meanwhile, these utensils have created large amounts of rubbish and caused serious ecological damage.

In response, both Meituan and Fle.me, which acquired Baidu Waimai in August, have promised to take measures to reduce plastic waste. Meituan announced that it would appoint a chief environmental officer to oversee environmental issues from plastic waste and upgrade its smartphone app to provide consumers with the option of ordering food without single-use chopsticks, spoons or napkins. Ele. me followed by offering a similar choice and putting forward a plan to introduce suppliers of degradable (可降解的) plastic utensils to restaurants in the long term.

Is there a possible way out? Combined efforts by delivery platforms, consumers, restaurants and government departments are required to address plastic waste pollution.

For platforms, promoting environmental protection and introducing this idea to consumers are a meaningful move. Moreover, in the future, they should also make strict rules on the use of plastic utensils. For example, no more than one plastic bag should be used to wrap soup dishes, and all plastic products should be degradable. It is a long and difficult task for them, and the recent

reactions from Ele.me and Meituan are just beginnings.

Considering most takeout food packaging is thrown into garbage bins and then taken away along with other household garbage, sorting of waste also becomes more important. Government departments could play a major role in this, and by recycling some materials, waste pollution could be reduced and resources saved. Furthermore, there have been growing calls that the government should also invest more in developing degradable plastic products or environmentally friendly alternatives.

Though consumers enjoy the convenience yet also suffer exposure to the pollution, many of them have paid little attention to the plastic waste problem. Environmental groups suggest that consumers change their habits a little by  using their own utensils and dishes and refusing unnecessary plastic containers.

1. The Chongqing Green Volunteer League accused the three food delivery platforms of           

A. causing damage to people s health

B. violating environmental standards

C using many wooden chopsticks

D. offering no utensil option

2. The author suggests the food delivery platforms         

A. raise people's aw awareness

B. research possible alternatives

C upgrade their application design

D. hire a chief environmental officer

3. Who probably plays a more important role in promoting the categorization of rubbish?

A Government departments.

B. Food delivery platforms.

C Environment groups.

D. Fast food restaurants.

4. The passage is mainly concerned with       

A. why environmental problems arise

B. who food delivery platforms affect most

C how plastic utensil pollution can be solved

D. what efforts environmental groups have made

（E）

Ownership used to be about as straightforward as writing a cheque. If you bought something you owned it If it broke, you fixed it If you no longer wanted it, you sold it or threw it away. In the digital age, however, ownership has become more slippery. Since the coming of smartphones, consumers have been forced to accept that they do not control the software in their devices; they are only licensed to use it. As a digital chain is wrapped ever more tightly around more devices, such as cars and thermostats, who owns and who controls which objects is becoming a problem. Buyers should be aware that some of their most basic property rights are under threat.

The trend i not always harmful. Manufactures seeking to restrict what owners do with increasingly complex technology have good reasons to protect their copyright, ensure that their machines do not break down, support environmental standards and prevent hacking Sometimes companies use their control over a product's software for the owners' benefit. When Hurricane Irma hit Florida this month, Tesla remotely updated the software controlling the batteries of some models to give owners more range to escape the storm.

But the more digital strings are attached to goods, the more the balance of control leans towards producers and away from owners. That can be inconvenient. Picking a car is hard enough, but harder sill if you have to dig up the instructions that tell you how use is limited and what data you must give. If the products are intentionally designed not to last long. it can also be expensive.Already, items from smartphones to washing machines have become extremely hard to fix, meaning that they are thrown away instead of being repaired.

Privacy is also at risk. Users become terrified when iRobot, a robotic vacuum cleaner, not only cleans the floor but also creates a digital map of the inside of a home that can then be sold to advertisers (though the manufacturer says it has no intention of doing so). Cases like this should remind people how jealously they ought to protect their property rights and control who uses the data that is collected.

Ownership is not about to go away, but its meaning is changing. This requires careful inspection. Devices, by and large, are sold on the basis that they enable people to do what they want. To the extent they are controlled by somebody else, that freed om is compromised.

1. What benefit does it bring to customers if companies control the ownership of products?

A. It provides them with knowledge to prevent hacking

B. It gives them the chance to be protected from danger

C. It enables them to own the copyright of the products

D. It helps them to know more about complex technology

2. The underlined words "that freedom" in the last paragraph refer to the freedom to      

A. control other people

B. share ownership

C. inspect devices at any time

D. use devices a one wishes

3. The author may agree .

A. customers should buy fewer digital devices

B. producers should control property rights

C. property rights need to be protected

D. better after sales service is required

4. Which of the following shows the development of ideas in the passage?

（F）

Sharenting

It's the holiday season, the time when we connect with family and friends. Social media sites like Twitter and Facebook are full of festive pictures, featuring parents' catching and sharing those special family moments, their child's wish list, and maybe even a cute video of their child dancing to "Jingle Bell Rock"while wearing a diaper (尿片) and Santa hat. Swelling with pride, parents can't wait to get approval with a“thumbs up" or better yet a personalized message on their treasured post.

Adults should be able to post what they want online. However, when exposing family moments online, are they sharing too much information? Do parents have the right to share those cute now, but embarrassing later moments about kids? Have children willingly given their agreement to sharing their cute but funny video online?

A recent study found that 75% of parents turn to social media for parenting- related information and social support. There is even a term used to describe the overuse of sharing too much information about kids on social media:"sharenting" . Research also finds that "sharenting” isn't going anywhere anytime soon. What's troublesome is that a typical parent has about 150Facebook friends and only a third of them are actual friends. So, that brings up good questions

Who are we really sharing our information with and why? Who knows w hen and where that photo could resurface in the future?

While there's no reliable information on how young children feel about things posted online, we do have information about how teens feel. According to a report by the Family Online Safety Institute, 76% of teens are concerned about their privacy. Many teens constantly search for new apps that allow anonymity.When names are required, they use screen names that don't reveal real information. If our teens are doing a better job of protecting themselves online, shouldn't parents take the lead and do the same? Plus, more and more college admission representatives and potential employers surfing the internet for potential candidates, we'd hate for one of our posts to change an important decision. Think about t.. online reputations are now becoming inseparable with real life ones.

Of course, we can secure our privacy settings, only allowing our friends to view pictures, posts and videos, but that doesn't stop others from uploading our pictures. Adults need to be cautious of sharing information online, especially information about children.

So, this holiday season, enjoy family time and share those special memories with family and friends. Before clicking the app to upload photos or videos, stop and think twice.

1. Which of the following behaviors is "sharenting"?

A. A girl attends a live performance online.

B. A father tells his son's story to his colleagues.

C. A mother posts her baby's pictures on Facebook.

D. A boy invites his friends to his birthday party at home.

2. What does the underlined word“anonymity" in Paragraph4 mean?

A. One' s real name

B. Using strange names

C. Unchangeable names

D. Being unknown by name

3. What's the author's attitude toward "sharenting"?

A. Sympathetic                B. Negative

C. Neutral                    D. Unconcerned

4. What is the main purpose of the passage?

A. To state an argument.

B. To support an opinion.

C. To compare different ideas.

D. To question a point of view.

（G）

Dear Sir,

There is a plan to build a new supermarket on the edge of the Whitefields housing estate (住宅区), on the land where the local library now is. I live at Whitefields, and I would like to express my concern about this plan. It is not that I am completely against the idea of building a supermarket - I just think that as a community (社区) we need to weigh up the advantages and disadvantages before committing ourselves.

It is clear that the library is under-used and in poor condition. It is also clear that there are very few shops near here and a supermarket would be a good thing to have. But the people who want to build the supermarket seem to think that no one wants the library any more, and that it isn't a must because of the Internet and so on. Is this necessarily true, especially for elderly people? What about young people who don't have the Internet at home and need to g to the library to do their homework? Where an they study if they have to share a room with a younger brother or sister?

On the other hand, there is an argument that a new supermarket would not only bring more choice of shopping and more convenience for local people, but it would also bring some much-needed jobs for younger people in the town -and this is a good point. What we need to do is consider the effect a supermarket will have on our quality of life. Certainly local people, including me, will find shopping a lot easier and more convenient. But there will also be extra traffic. In a few years from now, the roads in and around will be full of cars in the daytime and delivery lorries at night, and not only that- we will have got used to it too.Are more jobs and more convenience worth such an influence on our daily lives?Perhaps, but this is what we have to ask ourselves.

I believe that all the people of Whitefields, and the authority, need to discuss this question in an open-minded way - and I hope that by the time a decision is taken, we will have had a full and fair discussion of the issues involved, and that the local authority will have really listened to everyone's view. Is that too much to ask?

Yours faithfully,

Tom Watkins

1. The supporters of the supermarket probably think.

A. the library is no longer needed

B. the library is too poor to be rebuilt

C. the supermarket brings down goods price

D. supermarket increases local workers' income

2. What does the underlined“it”in Paragraph 3 refer to?

A. Shopping convenience.

B. Job opportunity.

C. Life quality.

D. Traffic condition.

3. What is the author's attitude toward the plan?

A. Approving.               B. Neutral.

C. Sceptical.                D. Confident.

4. Why is the letter written?

A. To promote effective public reading.

B. To call for concern over an urban project

C. To discuss ways of improving life quality.

D. To express dissatisfaction with public equipment.

（H）

We humans love to stare into our smart devices. We gaze for hours—about 10 hours and 39 minutes a day—at our smartphones, tablets and televisions. Is this staring bad for us? It might be, mainly because as we stare at our devices we are exposing ourselves to blue light.

Blue light is a type of electromagnetic(电磁的) radiation with a very short wavelength that produces a high amount of energy. While it’s true that light can damage our eyes under certain circumstances, there’s no scientific evidence suggesting that blue light is harmful to our eyes. But many people still think it is, which is why blue-light-blocking glasses are so popular. So do the glasses work?

“Everyone is very concerned that blue light may be causing damage to the eye, but there’s no evidence that it may be causing serious damage,” Dr. Rahul Khurana, clinical spokesman for the American Academy of Ophthalmology, told Business Insider.

Blue light exposure is nothing new. In fact, the sun is the largest source of blue light. Moreover, blue light is also present in LED light. But if blue light isn’t harmful, then why are we constantly rubbing our eyes when we’re looking at our screens? The answer is eye strain(眼疲劳): More than 60 percent of people experience eye problems associated with digital eye strain. And blue light, it seems, isn’t the cause. Instead, our eyes are so strained because most of us blink less when we stare at our digital devices. So if eye strain is the issue, blue-light-blocking glasses are probably of little use.

1.What do we know about blue light?

A.It is a kind of nuclear radiation.

B.It has the shortest wavelength.

C.It may come from electronic devices.

D.It consumes a great deal of energy.

2.What causes the popularity of blue-light-blocking glasses?

A.Evidence of their benefits to eyes.

B.Belief in blue light’s harmful effect.

C.Widespread use of smart devices.

D.Scientific understanding of blue light.

3.What can be inferred from Paragraph 4?

A.Blue light exposure is hardly avoidable.

B.Eye problems are not easy to deal with.

C.Blue light may connect with tired eyes.

D.Rubbing eyes makes people strained.

4.According to the test, wearing blue-light-blocking glasses may be 　　　. 

A.tiring                   B.harmful 

C.useless                   D.beneficial

（I）

We all agree, surely—memorizing poetry is a good thing, and children ought to do it. But people do object. At least, they object to the idea that children should be forced to learn poetry. They tend to be people like Michael Rosen. Rosen has more practical objections to children having to learn poetry by the government’s order. Actually, Rosen is all for learning poetry, “when it feels right”, which is, he says, “one of those vague phrases much hated by people in authority and yet it is at the heart of good teaching”.

He’s onto something about the timing, but that doesn’t mean policymakers are wrong to insist on pupils learning poetry. The problem is that some influential educationists have come to see learning by heart as a waste of time when tomorrow’s adults will want skills more than information.

Let’s come to the most important objectors—children. Their objection tends to come in the least offensive form. It comes in the question: “Why are we doing this?” It’s a worthwhile inquiry. I teach at Sherborne School, where boys do learn poetry, and luckily there’s time in our lessons to answer that question.

Here’s one of the answers I give. There’ll be one time when your good friend is going to introduce you to someone with whom he wants to spend the rest of his life. There’ll be a ceremony to honour this union, and words will be very important. You’re likely to be the one who has to stand up and say, “Let me not to the marriage of true minds/Admit impediments...” And when you do that, you’re going to be speaking for everyone in the room. Now, everybody breathes a sigh of relief.

Learning poetry and reciting poetry forces us to think of it in this public way. However mysterious and intimate poetry seems, we need to remember it’s something we also share, and offer each other. So take some, and pass it on.

1.What does the underlined word “it” in the first paragraph refer to?

A.The right timing.

B.The poetry with vague phrases.

C.The government’s order.

D.The natural way to learn poetry.

2.Which of the following would be favored by some influential educationists?

A.To guide children how to recite poetry.

B.To instruct children how to get information.

C.To teach students real life skills for the future.

D.To force children to obey the government policy.

3.As for the children’s question, the teacher should 　　　. 

A.consider it offensive

B.take it seriously

C.dismiss it as worthless

D.discuss it after class

4.What’s the writer’s attitude towards poetry learning?

A.Objective.    B.Supportive.   

C.Critical.       D.Disapproving.