专题04 备战2022高考阅读理解文体专项精讲精练之说明文

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2022高考英语阅读文体专项讲解之说明文（教师版）
目录
内容
Section A
高考真题练手
Section B
解题技巧及步骤梳理
Section C
例题练习及讲解
Section D
课堂限时训练
Section E
课后练习巩固


（一）
Paul Beer, head of rhino section at Port Lympne, said: “Obviously we're all absolutely delighted to welcome another calf to our black rhino family. She's healthy, strong and already eager to play and explore. Her mother, Solio, is a first-time mum and she is doing a fantastic job. It's still a little too cold for them to go out into the open, but as soon as the weather warms up, I have no doubt that the little one will be out and about exploring and playing every day.”
1：What does Paul Beer say about the new-born rhino?
A. She loves staying with her mother. B. She dislikes outdoor activities.
C. She is in good condition D. She is sensitive to heat.
【解析】
根据选段“She's healthy, strong and already eager to play and explore. (她很健康，很强壮，已经渴望玩耍和探索了)”可知，Paul Beer认为新生的犀牛身体状况很好。故选C项。
（二）
When almost everyone has a mobile phone, why are more than half of Australian homes still paying for a landline（座机）?
These days you’d be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesn’t own a mobile phone. In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket. Practically everyone can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime.
Still, 55 percent of Australians have a landline phone at home and only just over a quarter （29%） rely only on their smartphones according to a survey （调查）. Of those Australians who still have a landline, a third concede that it’s not really necessary and they’re keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies. I think my home falls into that category.
2：What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us about mobile phones?
A. Their target users. B. Their wide popularity.
C. Their major functions. D. Their complex design.
【解析】
根据文章第二段“These days you'd be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesn't own a mobile phone. In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket. Practically everyone can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime. (现在你很难在澳大利亚找到15岁以上的没有手机的人。事实上，很多年幼的孩子口袋里都有手机。几乎每个人都可以随时随地拨打和接听电话)”可推知，本段主要说明手机在澳大利亚广受欢迎。故选B项。
（三）
You’ve heard that plastic is polluting the oceans — between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.
3：What are Von Wong’s artworks intended for?
A. Beautifying the city he lives in.
B. Introducing eco-friendly products.
C. Drawing public attention to plastic waste.
D. Reducing garbage on the beach.
【解析】
3.D　根据选段中的“But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.(但一根塑料吸管或一个塑料杯真有什么区别吗？艺术家本杰明·冯·王（Benjamin Von Wong）想让你知道，它确实如此。他用塑料垃圾建造巨大的雕塑，迫使观众重新审视他们与一次性塑料产品的关系。)”可知，Von Wong用塑料垃圾制作的雕塑想让人们重新审视与一次性塑料制品的关系，由此可知他做这个雕塑的目的是为了引起公众对塑料垃圾的关注。故选C项。
（四）
During an interview for one of my books, my interviewer said something I still think about often. Annoyed by the level of distraction（干扰）in his open office, he said, “That’s why I have a membership at the coworking space across the street — so I can focus”. His comment struck me as strange. After all, coworking spaces also typically use an open office layout（布局）. But I recently came across a study that shows why his approach works.
4：Why does the interviewer prefer a coworking space?
A. It helps him concentrate.
B. It blocks out background noise.
C. It has a pleasant atmosphere.
D. It encourages face-to-face interactions.
【解析】
4. C　根据选段中“That’s why I have a membership at the coworking space across the street - so I can focus.（这就是为什么我在街对面的公用办公空间有会员资格——这样我就可以集中精力了。）”可知，采访者喜欢共享办公空间的原因是那里可以帮助他集中精力。故选A项。


一、知识梳理
说明文是以说明为主要表达方式用来说明事物，阐明事理的一种文体。它通过揭示概念来说明事物的特征、本质及其规律性，给人准确的科学知识或正确思想。一般可分为实体事物说明和抽象事物说明两大类，词典、教材、论文、实验报告、产品说明书、广告、解说词及科学小品等都属于说明文。
阅读说明文体裁的文章时应首先抓住下面的重要信息：

A. 说明的对象
B. 说明对象的特征
C. 说明的方法（例证法；定义法；分类法；因果关系法；比较对照法；过程分析法）
二、高中英语说明文的说明方法
（1）例证法
这是用具体例子来说明人或事物的特征、本质及其规律的方法,所用例子必须有代表性、典型性,能体现人或事物的本质特征。这是用特殊来说明一般的方法。通常在主题句后,用 For example 或 For instance 等短语引导出具体的例子。
（2）定义法
下定义就是给说明对象一个明确概念。这是科学而严密的说明方法。它既能揭示事物的本质特征,勾勒其大概,描绘其轮廓,同时也能确定事物的范围和界限。下定义是多方面的,可以给人、事物、思想等下定义。
（3）分类法
分类法是对同属不同类或同类而不同种的人或事物,根据不同性质进行分门别类地说明的方法。分类是人类认识客观世界的重要手段之一。分类必须遵守分类规则,使分类对象具有统一属性,依据同一分类标准,并使分类的子项相互排斥,不互相包蕴。
（4）因果关系法
事物变化的原因和结果是紧密相关的。如果某个现象的存在必然引起另一个现象的发生,那么,这两个现象之间就具有因果关系。因果关系包括由果推因(由结果去推测原因)和由因推果(由原因去推测结果)两种情况。因果关系符合人们的日常思维逻辑,因而在写作中得到广泛应用,常用 because, as, since, so, now that, if...then, the reason is that...等表示因果关系。
（5）比较对照法
有意识地把两种相反、相对的事物或同一事物相反、相对的两个方面放在一起,用比较的方法加以描述或说明,指出其相同点,这种写法叫做比较;指出其不同点,叫做对照。比较和对照各有不同的侧重,但两种方法经常结合使用。
（6）过程分析法
过程分析法就是把事物发展过程分为若干步骤,然后逐一加以分析说明。这种写法在说明文中使用得相当广泛。过程分析与叙事和因果关系等写法有密切关系,但彼此又有明显区别:叙事研究的对象是What happens;因果关系研究的对象是Why it happens,而过程分析研究的对象是How it happens。
三、解题技巧讲解
先看题目：
1. 若看到有What can we infer from Paragraph 1? 之类，在第一段处做个标记，看完第一段就可以选出正确答案，以免被后面的内容干扰。
2. 若需要为文章选择标题，先看四个选项中的标题，猜想其可能对应的文章内容，会发现其实它们截然不同，再看文章时便要留心归纳各段主旨大意，特别留意文章开头与结尾，按这样排除掉两个后，剩下两个可能存在情感倾向不同，中心内容着重点不同，标题主语不同等区别，运用比喻手法的那个选项容易不敢选，这时再次通览文章，揣摩作者写作意图，再对剩下两个选项进行比较。
3. 看题目时对题目关键词形成大概印象，再看文章时便能在茫茫词海中一眼找出有用的信息。（意识具有自觉选择性）
再看文章：
1.英语阅读有时就像文言文，每个字都认识，但就是不知道它想表达什么。所以，除非是非常简单的应用文的事实细节题，否则一律默翻成中文。提到翻译，可能大家会有抵制情绪，越是难的文章，越不愿意翻译，而倾向于找到关键词(甚至只是跟题目有相同单词短语的某个句子)就草草了事，这就容易掉坑。
2. 遇到难懂的文章，要稍微概括段落大意，否则看了恍若没看。
3. 边看边划关键信息点，可以对所划内容加深印象，做题时更容易在原文找到对应内容。


例题1：
When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl ( 水 禽 ) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat.
1：What was a cause of the waterfowl population decline in North America?
A. Loss of wetlands. B. Popularity of water sports.
C. Pollution of rivers. D. Arrival of other wild animals.
解析：根据选段“Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat.”可知，上百万公顷的湿地被抽干用作农地或者修建住房，极大地减少了水禽的栖息地，故可知，栖息地的减少导致了水禽数量的下降，故选A。
例题2：
Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional (情感的) intellingence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person's makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and “people skills.” Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence.
2：What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence?
A. It can be measured by an IQ test. B. It helps to exercise a person’s mind.
C. It includes a set of emotional skills. D. It refers to a person’s positive qualities.
解析：
通过文章选段“Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities (研究表明，情商技巧可能有助于这些品质的形成)”可知，情商指的并不是一个人的积极品质。故选D项。
例题3：
Researchers trained a group of 11 dogs to distinguish between images(图像)of the same person making either a happy or an angry face. During the training stage, each dog was shown only the upper half or the lower half of the person's face. The researchers then tested the dogs' ability to distinguish between human facial expressions by showing them the other half of the person's face on images totally different from the ones used in training. The researchers found that the dogs were able to pick the angry or happy face by touching a picture of it with their noses more often than one would expect by random chance.
3： The new study focused on whether dogs can_________.
A. distinguish shapes B. make sense of human faces
C. feel happy or angry D. communicate with each other
解析：C　根据选段中的“Researchers trained a group of 11 dogs to distinguish between images of the same person making either a happy or an angry face.(研究人员训练了11只狗来区分同一个人脸上的表情是高兴还是愤怒)”可知，该新研究的关注点是狗是否能够区分人的面部表情。故选B。


（A）
At the start of the 20th century, an American engineer named John Elfreth Watkins made predictions about life today. His predictions about slowing population growth, mobile phones and increasing height were close to the mark. But he was wrong in one prediction: that everybody would walk 10 miles a day.
Today, in Australia, most children on average fall 2, 000 steps short of the physical activity they need to avoid being overweight. In the early 1970s, 40 per cent of children walked to school, while in 2010, it was as low as 15 per cent.
The decline is not because we have all become lazy. Families are pressed for time, many with both parents working to pay for their house, often working hours not of their choosing, living in car-dependent neighborhoods with limited public transport.
The other side of the coin is equally a deprivation: for health and well-being, as well as lost opportunities（机会）for children to get to know their local surroundings. And for parents there are lost opportunities to walk and talk with their young scholar about their day.
Most parents will have eagerly asked their child about their day, only to meet with a “good”, quickly followed by "I'm hungry". This is also my experience as a mother. But somewhere over the daily walk more about my son's day comes out. I hear him making sense of friendship and its limits. This is the unexpected and rare parental opportunity to hear more.
Many primary schools support walking school-bus routes（路线）, with days of regular, parent-accompanied walks. Doing just one of these a few times a week is better than nothing. It can be tough to begin and takes a little planning-running shoes by the front door, lunches made the night before, umbrellas on rainy days and hats on hot ones-but it's certainly worth trying.
1．Why does the author mention Watkins' predictions in the first paragraph?
A．To make comparisons. B．To introduce the topic.
C．To support her argument. D．To provide examples.
2．What has caused the decrease in Australian children's physical activity?
A．Plain laziness. B．Health problems.
C．Lack of time. D．Security concerns.
3．Why does the author find walking with her son worthwhile?
A．She can get relaxed after work. B．She can keep physically fit.
C．She can help with her son's study. D．She can know her son better.
解析：
1。通过文章第二段“Today: in Australia: most children on average fall 2: 000 steps short of the physical activity they need to avoid being overweight. In the early 1970s, 40 percent of children walked to school while in 2010, it was as low as15 percent.(今天：在澳大利亚：大多数孩子平均比避免超重所需的体力活动少了2000步。在上世纪70年代初，40%的孩子步行上学，而在2010年，这一比例降至15%)”说明作者根据沃特金斯的预言做了相关调查，并且写下了这篇文章。通读全文得知作者在第一段提到沃特金斯的预言，是为了介绍文章主题。故选B项。
2。通过文章第三段中“Families are pressed for time: many with both parents working to pay for their house, often working hours not of their choosing, living in car-dependent neighborhoods with limited public transport.(家庭时间紧迫：许多家庭的父母都在为房子买单而工作，工作时间往往不是他们自己选择的，他们住在公共交通有限的依赖汽车的社区)”可知，导致澳大利亚儿童体育活动的减少的原因是时间不够。故选C项。
3。通过文章倒数第二段中“But somewhere over the daily walk more about my son’s day comes out. I hear him making sense of friendship and its limits. This is the unexpected and rare parental opportunity to hear more.(但是，在每天散步的某个地方，更多关于我儿子日常的事情出现了。我听到他在理解友谊及其局限性。这是一个意想不到的难得的机会，家长听到更多)”说明作者觉得和儿子一起散步能让她更了解她的儿子。故选D项。
（B）
Best inventions
Band Aid
One in four U.S.kids don’t get enough exercise.One in four kids around the world don’t get enough food.UNICEF’s Kid Power Band tackles both problems.The app encourages kids to get active by awarding points for step goals.The points earn food packages that UNICEF sends to hungry children.Users have already walked over 7 million miles to feed more than 30,000 children.The Kid Power Band is priced at $40.
Playing with Your Head
To enjoy the latest virtual reality (VR) technology,people typically have to spend thousands of dollars.That’s not just for a headset.They also need a computer that’s powerful enough to support the headset.Sony’s PlayStation VR headset is designed to work with a console (操纵台) that millions of people already own:the PlayStation 4.Sony engineer Richard Marks says it delivers “the most intense,most extreme” action.The PlayStation VR headset is priced at $400.Sony has promised 50 games will support the system.
Out of This World
China’s space station Tiangong-2 is more than 34 feet long and nearly 14 feet wide.It includes exercise and medical-experiment areas.The station is tiny compared with the International Space Station (ISS),which is the size of a football field.But Tiangong-2 is still remarkable.China built it on its own;15 nations,including Russia and the U.S.,worked together on the ISS.
A Special Potato
In sub-Saharan Africa,more than 43 million children under the age of 6 don’t get enough vitamin A,making them more likely to go blind and get sick.Plant scientists from HarvestPlus and the International Potato Center are helping countries grow their own solution,in the form of a better sweet potato.Drought-resistant,vitamin A-rich potatoes could help save lives.
1.What does the underlined word “tackles” in Paragraph 1 mean?
A.Solves. B.Raises. C.Causes. D.Faces.
2.What do we know about Sony’s PlayStation VR headset?
A.It has many millions of sales.
B.It costs users thousands of dollars.
C.It enables users to experience VR gaming.
D.It encourages users to take more exercise.
3.How is Tiangong-2 different from the ISS?
A.It is rather small. B.It is quite weighty.
C.It is more user-friendly. D.It is more complicated.
4.What is special about the potatoes?
A.They grow in dry areas.
B.They can cure kids’ illnesses.
C.They can produce a large harvest.
D.They are abundant in vitamin A.
解析：
1.A　由Band Aid介绍内容中的“The app encourages kids to get active...The points earn food packages that UNICEF sends to hungry children.”可知,联合国儿童基金会的Kid Power Band可以帮助解决这两个问题。
2.C由Playing with Your Head介绍内容中的“To enjoy the latest virtual reality (VR) technology...it delivers ‘the most intense,most extreme’ action.”和“Sony has promised 50 games will support the system.”可知,索尼公司研发的这款头戴式耳机可以让用户体验虚拟现实游戏。
3.A由Out of This World介绍内容中的“China’s space station Tiangong-2...34 feet long and nearly 14 feet wide”和“The station is tiny compared with the International Space Station (ISS),which is the size of a football field.”可知,与国际空间站相比,中国的天宫二号相当小。
4.D　由A Special Potato介绍内容中的“Drought-resistant,vitamin A-rich potatoes could help save lives.”可知,这种土豆能抗旱,而且含有丰富的维生素A,能帮助撒哈拉以南非洲的儿童摄取足够的维生素A。


（A）
The news that researchers have used cloning to make human embryos for the purpose of producing stem cells may have some people wondering if it would ever be possible to clone a person.Although it would be immoral,experts say it is likely biologically possible to clone a human being.Since the 1950s when researchers cloned a frog,scientists have cloned dozens of animal species,including mice,cats,sheep,pigs and cows.
With mice,researchers are able to use thousands of eggs,and conduct many experiments,to work out these problems.“It’s a numbers game,” said Dr.Robert Lanza,the chief scientific officer at a biotech company.“But with primates (灵长类动物),eggs are very precious,and it is not easy to get them to conduct experiments.”
In addition,researchers can’t simply apply what they’ve learned from cloning mice or cows to cloning people.Cloning an animal requires that researchers remove proteins that are necessary to help cells divide.In mice,this isn’t a problem,because the embryo that is created is able to make these proteins again.But primates aren’t able to do this,and researchers think it may be one reason that attempts to clone monkeys have failed.
What’s more,cloned animals often have different kinds of abnormalities.These abnormalities are common because cloned embryos have just one parent rather than two,which means that a process known as “imprinting (印记)” does not occur properly in cloned embryos.
“Problems with imprinting can result in extremely large embryos,which leads to problems with blood flow for the baby,” Lanza said.“The extremely high rate of death and the developmental abnormalities from cloning make cloning people immoral.It’s like sending your baby up in a rocket knowing there’s a 50-50 chance that it’s going to explode.”
1.What can we learn from Paragraph 1?　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
A.Animal cloning is illegal.
B.Human cloning is possible.
C.Human embryos may have new functions.
D.Animal embryos can be used for medicine.
2.How were the experiments on cloning monkeys?
A.They have solved the problem with proteins.
B.They have been applied to human cloning.
C.They were successful.
D.They were in trouble.
3.How does Lanza feel about human cloning?
A.It is risky. B.It is practical.
C.It is beneficial. D.It is promising.
参考解析
1.B　根据第一段中的“experts say it is likely biologically possible to clone a human being”可知,人体克隆具有可能性。
2.D　根据第三段中的“primates aren’t able to do this,and researchers think it may be one reason that attempts to clone monkeys have failed”可推断,对猴子进行的实验遇到了困境。
3.A　根据末段中的“It’s like sending your baby up in a rocket knowing there’s a 50-50 chance that it’s going to explode.”可推断,人体克隆有很大的风险。
（B）
The island of Cuba is no bigger than Pennsylvania.Yet when it comes to nature,the island is one of the most important places on the planet.That is the message of ¡Cuba!,an exhibit that opened in November at the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH),in New York City.
“The biodiversity (生物多样性) of Cuba is part of Cuban identity,” Ana Luz Porzecanski says.She is the director of the Center for Biodiversity and Conservation at AMNH and one of the two curators (a person in charge of a museum exhibit) of the exhibit.
Detailed recreations of four habitats transport typical parts of Cuba’s landscapes and seascapes to New York.They include ancient caves and a network of reefs.One area features live anole lizards,a Cuban tree frog,and a Cuban boa.
Cuba boasts more than 6,500 species of plants,161 kinds of reptiles,65 types of amphibians,42 species of mammals,and 367 bird species.One of those is the bee hummingbird.Weighing far less than an ounce (about 28 grams),it is the smallest bird on Earth.
Much of the wildlife found in Cuba exists only there.That gives scientists a unique opportunity to study how plants and animals develop and survive.
“Cuba is a very exciting place for us to look at all these different processes,” says Christopher Raxworthy.He is in charge of one department of the museum and a cocurator of the exhibit.“But that also creates great challenges for conservation.”
Climate change is threatening Cuba’s wildlife.Some species may even disappear.The country is taking steps to protect its plants and animals.But AMNH hopes ¡Cuba! will show how important the country’s natural world is to everyone.
1.What can be known about ¡Cuba!?　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
A.It shows Cuba’s rich biodiversity.
B.It compares the islands on the planet.
C.It features Cuba’s social development.
D.It opens in a museum in Pennsylvania.
2.What does the underlined word “boasts” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?
A.Increases. B.Needs. C.Has. D.Expects.
3.What does Christopher find challenging?
A.To organize the exhibition.
B.To observe plants and animals.
C.To study the unique species of Cuba.
D.To protect the native wildlife of Cuba.
4.What is the best title for the text?
A.Cuba fights climate change
B.Travel from Cuba to America
C.Wildlife conservation faces threat
D.AMNH’s Cuba exhibit explores biodiversity
参考解析：
1.A　由第一段中的“when it comes to nature,the island is one of the most important places on the planet.That is the message of¡Cuba!”以及第二段中的“The biodiversity of Cuba is part of Cuban identity”可知,¡Cuba!是在纽约的美国自然历史博物馆举办的一次展览,主要展示了古巴丰富的生物多样性。
2.C　由划线词后的“6,500 species of plants,161 kinds of reptiles,65 types of amphibians,42 species of mammals,and 367 bird species”可知,古巴拥有6500种植物、161种爬行动物、65种两栖动物、42种哺乳动物和367种鸟类,这也照应了上文中提到的古巴丰富的生物多样性。
3.D　由倒数第二段中的“But that also creates great challenges for conservation”可知,保护古巴的野生动植物是一大挑战。
4.D　通读全文可知,本文主要讲述了在纽约的美国自然历史博物馆举办的展览¡Cuba!展示了古巴丰富的生物多样性。D项作标题符合文章主旨
（C）
Climate change,not human hunting,may have wiped out the thylacine (袋狼),according to a new study based on DNA from thylacine bones.
The meat-eating marsupials (有袋动物) died out on mainland Australia a few thousand years ago,but survived in Tasmania,an island of southeast Australia separated from the mainland,until the 1930s.Until now,scientists had believed the cause of this mainland extinction was increased activity from native Australians and dingoes (Australian wild dogs).
Scientists behind the University of Adelaide study,which was published in the Journal of Biogeography on Thursday,collected 51 new thylacine DNA samples from fossil bones and museum skins — the largest data set of thylacine DNA to date.The paper concluded that climate change starting about 4,000 years ago — in particular drier seasons caused by the weather systems known as El Nino-Southern Oscillation — was likely the main cause of the mainland extinction.
The ancient DNA showed that the mainland extinction of thylacines was rapid,and not the result of loss of genetic diversity.There was also evidence of a population crash in thylacines in Tasmania at the same period of time,reducing their numbers and genetic diversity.
Associate Professor Jeremy Austin,deputy director of the University’s Australian Centre for Ancient DNA,said Tasmania would have been protected from mainland Australia’s warmer,drier climate due to its higher rainfall.He argued that climate change was “the only thing that could have caused,or at least started,an extinction on the mainland and caused a population crash in Tasmania.”
“They both occurred at about the same time,and the other two things that have been talked about in the past that may have driven thylacines to extinction on the mainland were dingoes and humans.So the only explanation that’s left is climate change.And because that population crash happened at the same time that the species went extinct on the mainland,our argument is there’s a common theme there and the only common theme that’s there is this change in climate.”
1.What happened to thylacines in the 1930s?
A.They died out on mainland Australia.
B.They were hunted in large numbers.
C.They survived in Tasmania.
D.They were no longer seen.
2.What did scientists believe before the University of Adelaide study?
A.Marsupials were all meat-eating animals.
B.Dingoes should be removed from Australia.
C.Thylacines had no enemies on mainland Australia.
D.Native people were responsible for the extinction of thylacines.
3.What’s the difference between mainland Australia and Tasmania?
A.Tasmania has more dingoes.
B.Tasmania has more wet days.
C.Tasmania has a higher temperature.
D.Tasmania has more native Australians.
4.What’s the best title for the text?
A.DNA is playing an important role
B.Climate change led to thylacines’ disappearance
C.Australian animals are facing a population crash
D.Native Australians and dingoes were misunderstood
参考解析
1.D　由第二段中的“The meat-eating marsupials...until the 1930s.”可知,到二十世纪三十年代,袋狼彻底绝种了。
2.D　由第二段中的“Until now,scientists had believed...native Australians and dingoes (Australian wild dogs)”可知,在这项研究发布之前,科学家们一直认为是土著人和澳大利亚野狗造成了袋狼的灭绝。
3.B　由第五段中的“Tasmania would have been protected from mainland Australia’s warmer,drier climate due to its higher rainfall.”可知,塔斯马尼亚降雨量大,气候潮湿。
4.B 文章首段即点明中心——袋狼的灭绝是由气候变化造成的,文末又对这一观点进行了呼应。B项做标题最能概括文意。
（D）
One exBiorobotics is a field within robotic science that is based on the movements of living things.The most famous biorobots look and move a lot like humans.However,there are several robots that have been made to mimic (模仿) animals.While many companies develop such robots as toys,some are used for practical purposes.
ample of a biorobot is a flying robot that is based on the movements of bees.The robot,named “Carlton”,was developed by the German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence.Built to be both light and powerful,it can hover like a bee in tight spaces and also change direction without losing speed.This robot’s abilities make it very useful for military and police search and rescue missions.For example,Carlton can hide behind a tall wall,rise up to quickly look at what is on the other side,and then hide again.It can also send video images of what it sees to soldiers in a safe location far away.
“Modsnake” is a robot that was modeled on snakes.This robot was developed by the Carnegie Mellon University Biorobotics Lab.It is made to move like a snake,so it can pass through narrow spaces,move over all sorts of obstacles,climb poles,and even swim.The way Modsnake moves makes it useful for a variety of tasks such as checking for survivors in fallen buildings,finding damaged areas inside of pipes and cleaning up oil spills in lakes and rivers.
A third robot,based on cockroaches,also has several uses.“Sprawl” was designed by a research team at Stanford University to take videos and recover small objects.Like many six-legged robots,Sprawl was made to move like an insect.However,Sprawl is uncommonly fast and strong for its size,just like a real cockroach.These characteristics make it particularly useful for military situations in which an enemy might try to disable it.It is very difficult to shoot because it moves quickly and is relatively small.Even if an enemy shoots Sprawl,it can usually keep functioning.
1.What is the text mainly about?　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
A. Biorobots’ military uses. B.Biorobots based on animals.
C.Biorobots’ flying abilities. D.Biorobots that work like humans.
2.What’s the characteristic of Carlton?
A.Unbreakable. B.Changeable. C.Weighty. D.Swift.
3.What does the author suggest about Modsnake?
A.It has six legs. B.It can be dangerous.
C.It is multi-functional. D.It moves like an insect.
4.Which of the following is true about Sprawl?
A.It is small but very tough.
B.It is smaller than a cockroach.
C.It was developed by a German research team.
D.It was originally built to destroy small objects.
参考解析
1.B　由第一段中的“there are several robots that have been made to mimic animals”以及文中对Carlton,Modsnake和Sprawl的描述可知,本文主要介绍了三款模仿动物而研发的机器人。
2.D　由第二段中的“Built to be both light and powerful...change direction without losing speed”和“Carlton can hide behind a tall wall,rise up to quickly look at what is on the other side,and then hide again”可知,Carlton很轻便,可以像蜜蜂一样在狭小的空间盘旋,而且动作很敏捷。
3.C　由第三段中的“it can pass through narrow spaces,move over all sorts of obstacles,climb poles,and even swim”和“useful for a variety of tasks...cleaning up oil spills in lakes and rivers”可知,Modsnake可以通过狭窄的空间,翻越各种障碍物,攀爬电线杆,甚至可以游泳,它的行动方式使得它可以参与很多任务,由此可推断,Modsnake用途广泛。
4.A　由最后一段中的“Sprawl is uncommonly fast and strong for its size”和“it moves quickly and is relatively small”可知,Sprawl虽然小,但是非常坚固。