第三题 阅读理解议论文-2022 年高三毕业班英语第X题满分练(天津专用)

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第三题 阅读理解之议论文


体裁
年份
话题
考点分布
D篇
议论文
2019
要成功，就要不断的学习，生活才有意义
推理判断题 2
词意猜测题 1
主旨大意题 1
议论文
2020
决定一人成功与否的决定因素--好奇心和不满足
细节理解题 1
推理判断题 3
主旨大意题 1
议论文
2021
要当一个多面手，而不是某方面专家
细节理解题 4
主旨大意题 1

例题：
（2020年天津卷）After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance curiosity and discontent. I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong together.
Together, these deep human urges（驱策力）count for much more than ambition. Galileo was not merely ambitious when he dropped objects of varying weights from the Leaning Tower at Pisa and timed their fall to the ground. Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, "Why? Why? Why?"
Fortunately, curiosity and discontent don’t have to be learned. We are born with them and need only recapture them.
"The great man," said Mencius（孟子）, "is he who does not lose his child’s heart. "Yet most of us do lose it. We stop asking questions. We stop challenging custom. We just follow the crowd. And the crowd desires only the calm and restful average. It encourages us to occupy our own little corner, to avoid foolish leaps into the dark, to be satisfied.
Most of us meet new people, and new ideas, with hesitation. But once having met and liked them, we think how terrible it would have been, had we missed the chance. We will probably have to force ourselves to waken our curiosity and discontent and keep them awake.
How should you start? Modestly, so as not to become discouraged. I think of one friend who couldn’t arrange flowers to satisfy herself. She was curious about how the experts did it. How she is one of the experts, writing books on flower arrangement.
One way to begin is to answer your own excuses. You haven’t any special ability? Most people don’t; there are only a few geniuses. You haven’t any time? That’s good, because it’s always the people with no time who get things done. Harriet Stowe, mother of six, wrote parts of Uncle Tom’s Cabin while cooking. You’re too old? Remember that Thomas Costain was 57 when he published his first novel, and that Grandma Moses showed her first pictures when she was 78.
However you start, remember there is no better time to start than right now, for you’ll never be more alive than you are at this moment.
51. In writing Paragraph 1, the author aims to ________.
A. propose a definition B. make a comparison
C. reach a conclusion D. present an argument
52. What does the example of Galileo tell us?
A. Trial and error leads to the finding of truth.
B. Scientists tend to be curious and ambitious.
C. Creativity results from challenging authority.
D. Greatness comes from a lasting desire to explore.
53. What can you do to recapture curiosity and discontent?
A. Observe the unknown around you. B. Develop a questioning mind.
C. Lead a life of adventure. D. Follow the fashion.
54. What can we learn from Paragraphs 6 and 7?
A. Gaining success helps you become an expert.
B. The genius tends to get things done creatively.
C. Lack of talent and time is no reason for taking no action.
D. You should remain modest when approaching perfection.
55. What could be the best title or the passage?
A. Curious Minds Never Feel Contented B. Reflections on Human Nature
C. The Keys to Achievement D. Never Too Late to Learn
51.【答案】D
【解析】根据第一段内容 After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance curiosity and discontent. I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong together.可知，作者经过多年对人性的观察，认为成就非凡的人和平庸的人的区别在于好奇心和不满足，而且两者是相辅相成的。由此推知，作者写第一段的目的是提出一个论点。故选D。
【考点】推理判断
52.【答案】D
【解析】根据第二段中的 Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, “Why?Why? Why?”可知，像伽利略一样，历史上所有的伟人都感到好奇，并不满地问：“为什么？为什么？为什么？”由此推知，伽利略的例子告诉我们，伟大来自于持久的探索欲望。故选D。
【考点】推理判断
53.【答案】B
【解析】根据第二段中的 Like Galileo,all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent,“Why?Why? Why?”及第四段中的“The great man,” said Mencius (孟子),“is he who does not lose his child's heart." Yet most of us do lose it. We stop asking questions. We stop challenging custom.We just follow the crowd.可知，历史上所有的伟人都感到好奇，并不满地问：“为什么？为什么？为什么？”孟子认为“不失去孩子的心，就是伟大的人。”然而，我们大多数人确实失去了它。我们不再问问题。我们不再挑战习俗。我们只是随大流。由此可知，你可以通过培养了一个善于提问的头脑，来重新获得好奇心和不满。故选B。
【考点】细节理解
54.【答案】C
【解析】根据第六段中的 How she is one of the experts, writing books on flower arrangement.及第七段中的You haven't any special ability? Most people don't; there are only a few geniuses. You haven't any time? That's good, because it's always the people with no time who get things done.以及列举了 Thomas Costain在57岁时出版了他的第一部小说，Grandma Moses在78岁时展示了她的第一批照片。由此可知，这两段想告诉我们“缺乏天赋和时间不是不采取行动的理由”。故选C。
【考点】推理判断
55.【答案】C
【解析】根据第一段内容 After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance curiosity and discontent. I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong together.及下文论述可知，本文主要论述了获得成就的两个关键因素—一好奇心和不满足。由此可知，C项The Keys to Achievement (成就的关键)适合做本文最佳标题。故选C。
【考点】主旨大意

（一）、 When people have positive feelings for one another then they are able to sit down and talk about what really matters, that is, the true purpose and meaning of life. When envy and jealousy flee, truth has a rich soil to grow and ripen.
In order to really talk, people have to be willing to admit their weakness, and open up. But if there is anger, envy, jealousy or feelings of superiority, truth cannot exist because everyone is measuring what they are saying, trying to avoid making themselves vulnerable in any way.
Perhaps the biggest truth-killers of all are envy and jealousy. Envy is desiring what someone else has, while jealousy is feeling unhappy that someone has something that you would like.
The objects of envy and jealousy can be material possessions such as jewelry and houses, and other intangibles such as popularity and respect.
Most of us hold back when we think about being envious or jealous. But do we really understand how these feelings express themselves? It`s not always so obvious—unless we slow down and examine ourselves, we may miss the signs.
We think to ourselves: That person who just won that award/contract/position doesn’t deserve it. She thinks her child’s so great but he’s not very good and is really a mediocre guy. Who does he think he is—he doesn’t know anything about that subject.
We may not in truth want what the other person has, but we don’t want them to have it either. This is what we call “Dead-end Envy”. It’s the feeling of dissatisfaction that occurs when someone else owns/achieves something and you aren’t happy about it. If you turn envy or “Dead-end Envy” inside out, you get schadenfreude (幸灾乐祸), taking pleasure in someone else`s misfortune. In an earlier study, “neural correlates (神经关联) of envy and schadenfreude were tied together, with the magnitude (量级) of one predicting the strength of the other,” says researcher Matthew D．Lieberman who specializes in respect and how people get along.
Can envy ever be positive? In terms of motivating people to push themselves to succeed—yes. But in terms of personal relationships? That’s harder to prove a positive. Once you accept that someone is your superior in one aspect or another, or has been blessed with a unique talent or quality, and they become a role model, envy may turn into something else, respect.
1．The author intends to tell us that when people talk with others, ________.
A．envy and jealousy are unavoidable B．people don’t need to be open up
C．people should measure what they are saying D．positive feelings help talk deeply.
2．About envy and jealousy, the author thinks that ________.
A．there is no difference between them B．most people are willing to accept them
C．they have a bad influence on truth D．they are easy to understand and recognize
3．What does the underlined word “mediocre” mean?
A．Ordinary. B．Useless. C．Outstanding. D．Unique.
4．What can we conclude from Paragraph 7?
A．Envy is the opposite of schadenfreude.
B．“Dead-end Envy” can lead to schadenfreude.
C．People with envy or jealousy have no sympathy.
D．People always want what others have.
5．What is the best title of the passage?
A．Envy and Jealousy, the Power of Success
B．The Harmfulness of Envy and Jealousy
C．How to Overcome Envy and Jealousy Successfully
D．Envy and Jealousy and Their Effects
【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．B 5．D
【解析】本文是一篇议论文，主要讲的是羡慕和嫉妒及它们的影响。
1．推理判断题。根据第二段的“In order to really talk, people have to be willing to admit their weakness, and open up.(要想真正交谈，人们必须愿意承认自己的弱点，并敞开心扉。)”可知，作者想告诉我们，当人们与他人交谈时，积极的情绪有助于深入交谈。故选D。
2．推理判断题。根据第二段的“But if there is anger, envy, jealousy or feelings of superiority, truth cannot exist because everyone is measuring what they are saying, trying to avoid making themselves vulnerable in any way.(但如果存在愤怒、羡慕、嫉妒或优越感，真理就不可能存在，因为每个人都在衡量他们所说的话，试图避免以任何方式让自己变得脆弱。)”可知，关于羡慕和嫉妒，作者认为它们对真理有不良的影响，故选C。
3．词句猜测题。根据倒数第三段的“he’s not very good(他不是很好)”可知，她认为自己的孩子好，别的孩子不好，也就是别的孩子很普通，因此划线词“mediocre”意为“普通的”，和ordinary意思相近，故选A。
4．细节理解题。根据第七段的“If you turn envy or “Dead-end Envy” inside out, you get schadenfreude (幸灾乐祸)(如果你把羡慕或“陷入死胡同的嫉妒”从里到外表现出来，你就会幸灾乐祸)”可知，从第7段我们可以得出“陷入死胡同的嫉妒”会导致幸灾乐祸。故选B。
5．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段的“In order to really talk, people have to be willing to admit their weakness, and open up. But if there is anger, envy, jealousy or feelings of superiority, truth cannot exist(但如果存在愤怒、羡慕、嫉妒或优越感，真理就不可能存在)”和第三段的“Perhaps the biggest truth-killers of all are envy and jealousy.(也许最大的真相杀手是羡慕和嫉妒。)”可知，本文主要讲的是羡慕和嫉妒，并列举了它们的影响，因此D选项“Envy and Jealousy and Their Effects(羡慕和嫉妒及它们的影响)”是最好的题目，故选D。
（二）、 Richard is a very a successful businessman. It is common for him to work hard with a non-stop. He wasn’t aware that he might wear himself out or die an early death until he overslept one morning, which was a sort of alarm. And then what happened? He had a week’s leave during which time he read novels, listened to music and walked with his wife on a beach, which has enabled Richard to return to work again.
In our modern life, we have lost the rhythm between action and rest. Amazingly, within this world there is a universal but silly saying: “I am so busy.”
We say this to one another as if our tireless efforts were a talent by nature and an ability to successfully deal with stress. The busier we are, the more important we seem to ourselves and, we imagine, to others. To be unavailable to our friends and family, and to be unable to find time to relax—— this has become the model of a successful life.
Because we do not rest, we lose our way. We miss the guide telling us where to go, the food providing is with strength, the quiet giving us wisdom.
How have we allowed this to happen? I believe it is this: we have forgotten the Sabbath, the day of the week—— for followers of some religions—— for rest and praying. It is a day when we are not supposed to work, a time when we devote ourselves to enjoying and celebrating what is beautiful. It is a good time to bless our children and loved ones, give thanks, share meals, walk and sleep. It is a time for us to take a rest, to put our work aside, trusting that there are larger forces at work taking care of the world.
Rest is s spiritual and biological need; however, in our strong ambition to be successful and care for our many responsibilities, we may feel terribly guilty when we take time to rest. The Sabbath gives us permission to stop work. In fact, “Remember the Sabbath” is more than simply permission to rest; it is a rule to obey and a principle to follow.
6．What’s the function of the paragraph1?
A．To tell us that Richard lives a healthy life.
B．To bring up the topic of the passage.
C．To give us a brief introduction of Richard
D．To tell Richard is a successful businessman.
7．The “alarm” in the first paragraph refers to “_______”.
A．a signal of stress B．a warning of danger
C．a sign of age D．a spread of disease
8．According to Paragraph 3, a successful person is one who is believed to _______.
A．be able to work without stress B．be more talented than other people
C．be more important than anyone else D．be busying working without time to rest
9．According to the passage during the Sabbath, what we should do except_____.
A．Praying for our family. B．Taking a good break.
C．Only working for two hours. D．Enjoying delicious meal.
10．What is the main idea of this passage?
A．We should balance work with rest.
B．The Sabbath gives us permission to rest.
C．It is silly for anyone to say “I am busy.”
D．We should be available to our family and friends.
【答案】6．B 7．B 8．D 9．C 10．A
【解析】这是一篇议论文。文章讲述了在现代生活中，我们已经失去了工作与休息之间的节奏，没有意识到休息是精神上和心理上的需要，我们应该平衡生活和休息，不会休息的人就不会工作。
6．推理判断题。由第一段“Richard is a very a successful businessman. It is common for him to work hard with a non-stop. He wasn’t aware that he might wear himself out or die an early death until he overslept one morning, which was a sort of alarm. And then what happened? He had a week’s leave during which time he read novels, listened to music and walked with his wife on a beach, which has enabled Richard to return to work again. (理查德是一位非常成功的商人。他经常不停地努力工作。直到有一天早上睡过头，他才意识到自己可能会精疲力竭或早逝，这是一种警钟。然后发生了什么？他请了一周假，其间他读小说、听音乐，并和妻子在海滩上散步，这使理查德得以再次回到工作岗位)”可知，第一段讲述了一个成功的商人理查德不间断地工作直到累到早晨没有按时醒来，才意识到自己的问题，于是离开工作去休假，结合第二段中的“In our modern life, we have lost the rhythm between action and rest. (在现代生活中，我们已经失去了行动和休息之间的节奏)”提出了本文的主题：人们只工作，不会休息，因此推断第一段的作用是引出文章的话题。故选B项。
7．词句猜测题。由第一段中的“He wasn’t aware that he might wear himself out or die an early death until he overslept one morning, which was a sort of alarm. And then what happened? He had a week’s leave during which time he read novels, listened to music and walked with his wife on a beach, which has enabled Richard to return to work again. (直到有一天早上睡过头，他才意识到自己可能会精疲力竭或早逝，这是一种alarm。然后发生了什么？他请了一周假，其间他读小说、听音乐，并和妻子在海滩上散步，这使理查德得以再次回到工作岗位)”可知，理查德没有意识到自己会疲惫，或者会早逝，直到有一天睡过了头，which指代上文的内容，因此推断这次睡过头是一个危险的警告，提醒了理查德应该去休假，alarm指的是“危险的警告”。故选B项。
8．细节理解题。由第三段中的“The busier we are, the more important we seem to ourselves and, we imagine, to others. To be unavailable to our friends and family, and to be unable to find time to relax—— this has become the model of a successful life. (我们越忙，我们自己看来似乎我们就越重要，我们认为，对别人也一样。没有时间陪朋友和家人，没有时间放松——这已经成为成功生活的典范)”可知，一个成功的人被认为是一个忙于工作没时间休息的人。故选D项。
9．细节理解题。由倒徵第二段中的“It is a day when we are not supposed to work, a time when we devote ourselves to enjoying and celebrating what is beautiful. It is a good time to bless our children and loved ones, give thanks, share meals, walk and sleep. It is a time for us to take a rest, to put our work aside, trusting that there are larger forces at work taking care of the world. (这是一个我们不应该工作的日子，一个我们全神贯注于享受和庆祝美好事物的日子。这是一个祝福我们的孩子和亲人、感恩、分享食物、散步和睡觉的好时机。这是我们休息的时候，把我们的工作放在一边，相信有更大的力量在工作，照顾世界)”可知，在休息日，我们应该为家人祈祷，好好休息，享受美食，不应该工作，C项“只工作两小时”不应该做。故选C项。
10．主旨大意题。由第四段“Because we do not rest, we lose our way. We miss the guide telling us where to go, the food providing is with strength, the quiet giving us wisdom. (因为我们不休息，我们就会迷失方向。我们想念导游告诉我们该去哪里，食物给我们力量，安静给我们智慧)”和最后一段中的“Rest is s spiritual and biological need (休息是精神和生理上的需要)”及“In fact, “Remember the Sabbath” is more than simply permission to rest; it is a rule to obey and a principle to follow. (事实上，“记住安息日”不仅仅是允许你休息；它是要遵守的规则，是要遵循的原则)”以及全文内容可知，本文主要讲述了不要只是记住工作，也要学会休息，要平衡工作和休息。故选A项。
（三）、 The French author Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin once wrote, “Tell me what you eat, and I will tell you what you are.” Put more simply, this means “You are what you eat.” Most people today relate this saying to healthy eating. However, Brillat-savarin was actually referring to our personality, character, and culture.
Certainly, in many ways this seems to be true. Chinese cuisine is a case in point. Prior to coining to China, my only experience with Chinese cooking was in America, with Chinese food that had been changed to suit American tastes. For example, America’s most popular Chinese dish is General Tso’s chicken, which consists of fried chicken covered in a sweet sauce, favoured with hot red peppers. This is probably not an authentic Chinese recipe, however, so it cannot tell us much about the Chinese. On the other hand, it does tell us a lot about Americans. It tells us, for example, that Americans love bold (敢于冒险的), simple favours.
Later, I had a chance to experience authentic Chinese food by coming to China. When my family and I had just arrived in Shandong Province in the eastern part of North China, we went looking for a good place to eat. My favourite dish there was boiled dumplings served with vinegar. I observed that family is important to the people there. It has become a favourite traditional dish of the people in North China, where making dumplings has always been a family affair with everyone—from the youngest to the oldest—joining in to help. Later, I leamt that the most famous food in Shandong is pancake mils stuffed with sliced Chinese green onions.
Our travels then took us to South China, and then on to central China. In each place we went, we experienced wonderful local dishes, from Guangdong’s elegant dim sum—small servings of food in bamboo steamers—to the exceptional stewed noodles in Henan. Everywhere, the food was as varied as the people. However, one thing is always true: Through food, Chinese people everywhere show friendship and kindness.
At a minimum, the kinds of food local people consume tell us what they grow in their region, what kinds of lives they lead, and what they like and do not like. Could we also say, for example, that those who like bold flavours are bold themselves? Or, that those who like spicy food tend to have a hot temper? Maybe. Maybe not. What we can say, however, is that culture and cuisine go hand in hand, and if you do not experience one, you can never really know the other.
11．Why does the author mention “you are what you eat” in Paragraph 1?
A．To introduce the theme of the article. B．To persuade people to eat healthy food.
C．To show the impact of food on health. D．To prove culture has little to do with cuisine.
12．What does the author find from eating dumplings in Shandong?
A．Dumplings have to be eaten with vinegar. B．Dumplings are the most popular in Shandong.
C．Everyone in Shandong can make dumplings. D．Making dumplings is a family gathering.
13．What does the author find different people in China have in common?
A．They are all particular about food. B．They are all good at making food.
C．They all show friendship and kindness. D．They are all proud of their food and culture.
14．What is the author’s opinion about culture and cuisine?
A．Cuisine has nothing to do with culture.
B．The foods a person eats can reflect his personality vividly.
C．Culture and cuisine are closely related to each other.
D．Cuisine only shows what people grow or raise in their region.
【答案】11．A 12．D 13．C 14．C
【解析】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文，主要讲的是饮食和文化之间的关系。
11．推理判断题。根据第一段的“Most people today relate this saying to healthy eating. However, Brillat-savarin was actually referring to our personality, character, and culture.(今天大多数人把这句话和健康饮食联系起来。然而，布里亚特·萨瓦兰实际上指的是我们的个性、性格和文化。)”和后文讲的饮食和文化之间的关系可知，作者在第一段提到“you are what you eat”的目的是介绍文章的主题，即饮食和文化之间的关系，故选A。
12．推理判断题。根据第三段的“I observed that family is important to the people there. It has become a favourite traditional dish of the people in North China, where making dumplings has always been a family affair with everyone—from the youngest to the oldest—joining in to help.(我注意到家庭对那里的人很重要。在中国北方，包饺子已经成为一种深受人们喜爱的传统食物。在那里，包饺子一直是一项家庭活动，从最小的到最大的，每个人都要来帮忙。)”可知，作者在山东吃饺子发现包饺子是家庭聚会的一种方式。故选D。
13．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的“Everywhere, the food was as varied as the people. However, one thing is always true: Through food, Chinese people everywhere show friendship and kindness.(各地的食物和人一样多样。然而，有一件事是永远正确的：通过食物，到处都是中国人的友谊和友好。)”可知，作者发现中国不同的人的共同之处在于他们都表现出友谊和善良。故选C。
14．推理判断题。根据最后一段的“What we can say, however, is that culture and cuisine go hand in hand, and if you do not experience one, you can never really know the other.(然而，我们可以说，文化和美食是密不可分的，如果你没有体验过其中一种，你就永远无法真正了解另一种。)”可知，作者对文化和美食的看法是文化和饮食是密切相关的。故选C。
（四）、 Many years ago, I bumped into an old friend of mine. He had devoted his life to acting but had never been quite successful. In his middle age, he seemed defeated and sad.
I thought of his dogged (顽强的) perseverance. Was it smart or foolish? What could he have achieved? Had he quit his dream of acting and moved on? Our culture does not look kindly upon quitting. Failure is perfectly acceptable as long as it eventually results in success.
We chant (反复喊着) “Winners never quit” and “If at first you don’t succeed, try again. ” We lap up (欣然接受) stories of persistence, of the author who submitted stories for years before her novels were published or of the athlete who trained since childhood to win gold at the Olympics.
Persistence pays off when it is rewarded with success, but it does not reward every person. For every JK Rowling, there are thousands of aspiring writers who will never get published. For every Olympic athlete, there are innumerable (无数的) others who trained every day of their lives and never made the cut.
We all agree that doing the same things and expecting a different result is unwise. So why do we believe that persevering through failure after failure is a good idea? We consider quitting in the face of failure to be weak. We believe that perseverance is the key to success. Perseverance is only one part of success. You need talent or skill, as well as passion and drive. Luck and timing are also key to any great success.
Our society believes that anything is possible, as long as you “believe”. But not everyone can make it. Quitting when you’ re not ahead is sometimes the smartest thing to do. Obviously, if you enjoy a pursuit, regardless of its outcome, you should continue. If you knew your novel would never be published, would you want to write? If you could never be a champion swimmer, would you still train? Sometimes, it is wise to put your energy into something else.
Failure is not always the path to success. Sometimes, failure is the door to something new.
15．What do we know about the author’s old friend?
A．He was dissatisfied with his acting performance.
B．He switched his dream of acting to something else.
C．He failed in acting because of a lack of persistence.
D．He failed in all attempts to become a successful actor.
16．The author mentioned JK Rowling mainly to ______.
A．explain how she achieved success in writing
B．show that success doesn’t happen to everyone
C．prove that success favors those who are perseverant
D．encourage readers to hold onto their dream until they succeed
17．What is the meaning of the underlined phrase in paragraph 4?
A．Made out of their dreams.
B．Met the required standard.
C．Improved their performances.
D．Promised to be good players.
18．What does the author advise us to do if we’ve failed many times?
A．Make an effort to try new things.
B．Stick to your goal until we succeed.
C．Wait for the right time and good luck.
D．Ask friends or family members for help.
19．What is the author’s attitude toward perseverance?
A．It makes anything possible.
B．It is not necessary for success.
C．It is not the only part of success.
D．It works well regards of outcome.
【答案】15．D 16．B 17．B 18．A 19．C
【解析】本文是一篇议论文，主要论述的是当屡试屡败的时候放弃，转向其他事物也是明智的。
15．细节理解题。根据第一段的“He had devoted his life to acting but had never been quite successful. In his middle age, he seemed defeated and sad.(他把一生都献给了表演，但从未获得过成功。在他的中年，他似乎失败和悲伤。)”可知，作者的老朋友想成为一名成功的演员的一切努力都失败了。故选D。
16．推理判断题。根据第四段的“Persistence pays off when it is rewarded with success, but it does not reward every person. For every JK Rowling, there are thousands of aspiring writers who will never get published.(坚持会得到成功的回报，但这并不会回报每一个人。对于每一个JK罗琳来说，都有成千上万的有抱负的作家永远无法出版自己的作品。)”可知，作者提到JK罗琳主要是表明成功是不会发生在每个人身上的，故选B。
17．词句猜测题。根据第四段的“Persistence pays off when it is rewarded with success, but it does not reward every person.(坚持会得到成功的回报，但这并不会回报每一个人。)”和“For every Olympic athlete, there are innumerable (无数的) others who trained every day of their lives and never(对于每一个奥林匹克运动员来说，都有无数的人每天训练，却从不)”可知，本段主要讲的是不是每个人都会成功，因此划线短语所在句子的意思是“虽然无数的奥林匹克运动员每天训练，但是却不成功”，也就是不一定会达到奥会员的标准，划线短语的意思是“符合要求的标准”，即Met the required standard，故选B。
18．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的“Quitting when you’ re not ahead is sometimes the smartest thing to do.(当你没有领先的时候放弃有时候是最聪明的做法。)”和“Sometimes, it is wise to put your energy into something else.(有时候，把你的精力放在其他事情上是明智的。)”可知，如果我们失败了很多次，作者建议我们努力尝试新事物。故选A。
19．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段的“Perseverance is only one part of success. You need talent or skill, as well as passion and drive. Luck and timing are also key to any great success.(坚持不懈只是成功的一部分。你需要天赋或技能，以及激情和动力。运气和时机也是任何伟大成功的关键。)”可知，作者对坚持不懈的态度是坚持不懈不是成功的唯一的一部分，还需要天赋或技能，激情和动力以及运气和时机，故选C。
（五）、 Why does social media trigger feelings of loneliness and inadequacy? Because instead of being real life, it is, for the most part, impression management, a way of marketing yourself, carefully choosing and filtering the picture and words to put your best face forward.
Online “friends” made through social media do not follow the normal psychological progression of a interpersonal relationship. You share neither physical time nor emotional conversations over the Internet. You simply communicate photographs and catchy posts to a diverse group of people whom you have “friended” or “followed” based on an accidental interaction. This is not to say that your social media friends can't be real friends. They absolutely can, but the two are not the same. Generally speaking, there are no unfiltered comments and casually taken photos on our social media pages. And, rightfully so, because it wouldn't feel safe to be completely authentic and vulnerable with some of our “friends” whom we don't actually know or with whom trust has yet to be built.
Social media can certainly be an escape from the daily routines, but we must be cautioned against the negative effects, such as addiction, on a person's overall psychological well-being.
As humans，we are eager for social connection. Scrolling (滚动) through pages of pictures and comments, however, does not provide the same degree of fulfillment as face to face interactions do. Also, we tend to idealize others' lives and compare our downfalls to their greatest accomplishments, ending in feelings of loneliness and inadequacy.
Social media can lead people on the unhealthy quest for perfection. Some people begin to attend certain events or travel to different places so that they can snap that “perfect” photo. They begin to seek validation through the number of people who “like” their posts. In order for it to play a psychologically healthy role in your social life, social media should supplement an already healthy social network. Pictures and posts should be byproducts of life's treasured moments and fun times, not the planned and calculated image that one is putting out into cyberspace in an attempt to fill insecurities or unmet needs.
Ultimately, social media has increased our ability to connect with various types of people all over the globe. It has opened doors for business and allowed us to stay connected to people whom we may not otherwise get to follow. However, social media should feel like a fun experience, not one that contributes to negative thoughts and feelings. If the latter is the case, increasing face to face time with trusted friends, and minimizing time scrolling online, will prove to be a reminder that your social network is much more rewarding than any “like”, “follow” or “share” can be.
20．What does the author imply social media may do to our life?
A．It may facilitate our interpersonal relationships.
B．It may filter our negative impressions of others.
C．It may make us feel isolated and incompetent.
D．It may render us vulnerable and inauthentic.
21．Why do people post comments selectively on social media?
A．They do not find all their online friends trustworthy.
B．They do not want to lose their followers.
C．They want to avoid offending any of their audience.
D．They are eager to boost their popularity.
22．What are humans inclined to do according to the passage?
A．Exaggerate their life's accomplishments.
B．Strive for perfection regardless of the cost.
C．Paint a rosy picture of other people's lives.
D．Learn lessons from other people's downfalls.
23．What does the author advise people to do when they find their online experience unconstructive?
A．Use social media to increase their ability to connect with various types of people.
B．Stay connected to those whom they may not otherwise get to know and befriend.
C．Try to prevent negative thoughts and feelings from getting into the online pages.
D．Strengthen ties with real-life friends instead of caring about their online image.
【答案】20．C 21．A 22．C 23．D
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章讲述社交媒体扩大了我们的人际关系范围，但会引发孤独感和不自信。我们应该加强与现实生活中朋友的联系。
20．推理判断题。根据第一段“Why does social media trigger feelings of loneliness and inadequacy? Because instead of being real life, it is, for the most part, impression management, a way of marketing yourself, carefully choosing and filtering the picture and words to put your best face forward. （为什么社交媒体会引发孤独感和不自信?因为在大多数情况下，它不是真实的生活，而是印象管理，一种自我营销的方式，仔细地选择和过滤图片和文字，把你最好的一面展现出来。）”由此可推断作者暗示社交媒体让我们感到孤立和无能，故选C。
21．推理判断题。根据第二段“Generally speaking, there are no unfiltered comments and casually taken photos on our social media pages. And, rightfully so, because it wouldn't feel safe to be completely authentic and vulnerable with some of our “friends” whom we don't actually know or with whom trust has yet to be built.（一般来说，我们的社交媒体页面上没有未经过滤的评论和随意拍摄的照片。而且，这是有道理的，因为在一些我们不认识的“朋友”面前表现得完全真实和脆弱会让人感到不安全，或者我们还没有建立起信任。）”由此可知，人们在社交媒体上有选择性地发表评论，原因是他们对不了解和不信任的网友设防，故选A。
22．细节理解题。根据第四段“Also, we tend to idealize others' lives and compare our downfalls to their greatest accomplishments, ending in feelings of loneliness and inadequacy. （同时，我们也倾向于将他人的生活理想化，并将自己的失败与他人的伟大成就相比较，最终会感到孤独和不足。）”由此可知，人们往往认为他人的生活很美好，故选C。
23．细节理解题。根据最后一段“However, social media should feel like a fun experience, not one that contributes to negative thoughts and feelings. If the latter is the case, increasing face to face time with trusted friends, and minimizing time scrolling online, will prove to be a reminder that your social network is much more rewarding than any “like”, “follow” or “share” can be. （然而，社交媒体应该是一种有趣的体验，而不是一种消极的想法和感觉。如果是后者，增加与信任的朋友面对面的时间，减少在线滚动的时间，将被证明是一个提醒，你的社交网络比任何“点赞”，“关注”或“分享”更有价值。）”可知当社交媒体让人产生了消极的感受，作者建议人们增加朋友面对面的交流时间，故选D。
（六）、 Everywhere I look outside my home I see people busy on their high-tech devices, while driving, walking, shopping, even sitting in toilets. When connected electronically, they are away from physical reality.
People have been influenced to become technology addicted. One survey reported that “addicted” was the word most commonly used by people to describe their relationship to iPad and similar devices. One study found that people had a harder time fighting against the allure of social media than they did for sleep, cigarettes and alcohol.
The main goal of technology companies is to get people to spend more money and time on their products, not to actually improve our quality of life. They have successfully created a cultural disease. Consumers willingly give up their freedom, money and time to catch up on the latest information, to keep pace with their peers or to appear modern.
I see people trapped in a pathological (病态的) relationship with time-sucking technology, where they serve technology more than technology serves them. I call this technology servitude. I am referring to a loss of personal freedom and independence because of uncontrolled consumption of many kinds of devices that eat up time and money.
What is a healthy use of technology devices? That is the vital question. Who is really in charge of my life? That is what people need to ask themselves if we are to have any chance of breaking up false beliefs about their use of technology. When we can live happily without using so much technology for a day or a week, then we can regain control and personal freedom, become the master of technology and discover what there is to enjoy in life free of technology. Mae West is famous for the wisdom that “too much of a good thing is wonderful.” But it’s time to discover that it does not work for technology.
Richard Fernandez, an executive coach at Google acknowledged that “we can be swept away by our technologies.” To break the grand digital connection people must consider how life long ago could be fantastic without today’s overused technology.
24．From the passage, technology companies aim to ______.
A．attract people to buy their products B．provide the latest information
C．improve people’s quality of life D．deal with cultural diseases
25．It can be inferred from this passage that people ______.
A．consider too much technology wonderful
B．have realized the harm of high-tech devices
C．can regain freedom without high-tech devices
D．may enjoy life better without overused technology
26．What’s the author’s attitude towards the overusing of high-tech devices?
A．Neutral. B．Skeptical. C．Disapproving. D．Sympathetic.
27．What does the text mainly talk about?
A．the impact high-tech devices have on people
B．the relationship between modern people and high-tech devices
C．the reason why people are obsessed with high-tech devices
D．how fantastic the life could be without high-tech devices
【答案】24．A 25．D 26．C 27．A
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了人们受到的高科技的影响。
24．细节理解题。根据第三段“The main goal of technology companies is to get people to spend more money and time on their products, not to actually improve our quality of life.(科技公司的主要目的是要让人们花更多的钱和时间在它们的产品上，而不是真的要提高我们的生活质量)”可知，科技公司的目的是吸引人们买它们的产品。故选A。
25．推理判断题。根据第五段“When we can live happily without using so much technology for a day or a week, then we can regain control and personal freedom, become the master of technology and discover what there is to enjoy in life free of technology.(当我们可以在一天或一周内不用使用那么多科技而快乐地生活时，我们就可以重新获得控制和个人自由，成为科技的主人，并发现在没有科技的生活中有什么可以享受)”可知，在作者看来，如果人们不过度使用科技的话，可以更加享受生活。故选D。
26．推理判断题。根据第五段“When we can live happily without using so much technology for a day or a week, then we can regain control and personal freedom, become the master of technology and discover what there is to enjoy in life free of technology.(当我们可以在一天或一周内不用使用那么多科技而快乐地生活时，我们就可以重新获得控制和个人自由，成为科技的主人，并发现在没有科技的生活中有什么可以享受)”可知，作者对过度使用高科技是持反对的态度的。故选C。
27．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Everywhere I look outside my home I see people busy on their high-tech devices, while driving, walking, shopping, even sitting in toilets. When connected electronically, they are away from physical reality.(我看到，在我家外面的每个角落都有人在使用他们的高科技设备，开车，散步，购物，甚至坐在厕所里。当被跟电子连接在一起时，他们远离了现实)”可知，这篇文章主要讲述了人们受到的高科技的影响。故选A。
（七）、 There should be no doubt in anyone’s mind that the influence of media is growing stronger and stronger as time passes. If you have noticed, the speed at which news travels around the world has become faster with the development and advancement in technology Media are actually influencing people in different ways.
Whether you admit it or not, watching movies and programs on the television or our laptop. ipad and other mobile devices as we relax takes us away into this different kingdom—that is, there are parts in our being that feels we are the ones in the movie and sometimes we even feel what they are feeling as we get caught in the emotional excitement. The effect of media does not stop when the movie or program ends. And this effect might just be the cause of behavioral changes in people.
With action films, children tend to follow the movie hero, engaging them to violent acts thinking that it is acceptable because his hero became successful in the end. There are cartoon programs that show acts of violence and dishonest acts against others. In return, children tend to copy the characters and think that cheating other people is a way to deal with their problems. They learn to transfer these ill behaviors to friends.
There are some television shows and movies that attempt to create an atmosphere to change the view of people towards social issues such as racial discrimination. In the minds of other people, the effect can be for the better, but some unfortunately for the worse.
There had been instances in the past that young people drunk driving imitating their favorite actress. There was also a case where somebody set a subway ticket booth on fire because he saw it in his favorite film. These are just a few examples of the disturbing influence of media on people’s behavior.
An explanation to these bad acts is that these people could not distinguish fantasy from reality. They get caught up in the kingdom of what they had been watching and the images and scenes become deeply rooted in their minds.
So the media is largely responsible for giving people false ideas and unhealthy pictures, which lead to misbehavior against other people, and can create a dangerous cycle among individuals as they attempt to do the same or even worse things to others. The sad reality is, no one is tuning off their televisions or disconnecting from these influences. The only way programming of this sort will change is when people no longer buy into it, demand it, and watch it.
28．What does the author want to tell us in Paragraph 2?
A．What it is that changes our emotion.
B．How media affect people's behavior.
C．Why we are attracted by movies and programs.
D．Whether people feel being taken away from the reality.
29．According to the author, some people act badly because________.
A．they are just the violent people
B．they hope to solve social problems
C．they actually can’t tell fantasy from reality
D．they want to change people’s attitudes towards media
30．What’s the author’s attitude towards media?
A．Sympathetic. B．Critical. C．Supportive. D．Cautious.
31．The author supports his ideas mainly by________.
A．making contrasts and giving examples
B．listing facts and giving research results
C．raising problems and providing solutions
D．showing facts and presenting explanations
【答案】28．B 29．C 30．B 31．D
【解析】本文是一篇议论文，讲述了随着科技的发展，媒体正在各个方面影响着人们。文中列举了好多人们因为媒体而产生的一些不利于社会的行为，并给出了解释，因为媒体影响，人们无法区分幻想与现实，唯一的解决方式就是人们不再看电视，不再接触媒体。
28．主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“The effect of media does not stop when the movie or program ends. And this effect might just be the cause of behavioral changes in people.（当电影或者节目结束时，媒体的效应也没有停止。并且这种效应也就是人们行为发生变化的原因。）”可知，本句放在段末，总结上文媒体对人类的影响的释，故本段主要讲人们看电视时所产生的媒体效应，这种效应也改变了人们的行为，故B项“媒体是如何影响人们行为”符合本段大意，故选B。
29．细节理解题。根据文章第6段“An explanation to these bad acts is that these people could not distinguish fantasy from reality.（产生这些不良行为的解释之一就是，这些人无法区分幻想与现实。）”可知，一些人行为恶劣，是因为他们无法区分幻想与现实，故选C。
30．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“So the media is largely responsible for giving people false ideas and unhealthy pictures, which lead to misbehavior against other people, and can create a dangerous cycle among individuals as they attempt to do the same or even worse things to others. The sad reality is, no one is tuning off their televisions or disconnecting from these influences.（因此，媒体在很大程度上要为给人们错误的想法和不健康的图片负责，这导致了对他人的不当行为，并可能在个人之间创造一个危险的循环，因为他们试图对别人做同样的事情，甚至更糟糕的事情。可悲的现实是，没有人关掉电视或脱离这些影响。）”可知，作者认为媒体带来了人们不正当的行为，创造了危险的社会环境，故他对媒体的态度是批评的，故选B。
31．推理判断题。根据文章第3、段列举了“With action films, children tend to follow the movie hero, engaging them to violent acts thinking that it is acceptable because his hero became successful in the end. (在动作片中，孩子们倾向于追随电影中的英雄，结果他们参与暴力行为，认为这是可以接受的，因为他的英雄最终成功了。)”一些孩子们模仿电视里面的暴力行为并改变了对于社会问题的态度，和第5段“There had been instances in the past that young people drunk driving imitating their favorite actress.（曾经有一些例子，年轻人模仿他们最喜欢的演员酒驾。）；There was also a case…(曾经有一个案例……); These are just a few examples…(有几个例子……)”以及第6段“An explanation to these bad acts is that these people could not distinguish fantasy from reality.（产生这些坏行为的解释之一就是，这些人无法分清幻想与现实。）”可知，文章作者是通过“列事实和解释”来支撑他的观点的。故选D。
（八）、 A recent Stanford study found that America's students are shockingly bad at telling fact from fiction in this digital age. It's apparent that something has to change in the nation's classrooms. That something, according to Professor Sam Wineburg, one of those Stanford researchers, is “practice.”
“How do they become prepared to make the choices about what to believe, what to forward, what to post to their friends，” Wineburg asked on NPR's All Things Considered, “when teachers give no practice to them？”
Patricia Hunt, an experienced teacher at Wakefield High School in Arlington, Va., is doing something she has never done before: helping to pilot a new, digital course called the checkology virtual classroom. It comes from the nonprofit The News Literacy Project.
Hunt's students, most of them seniors, work in threes or fours. They're presented with a series of stories that are rapidly and broadly spread via the Internet. Some are false information. Some are ads. And some are pure fact.
“We don't know which is which at this point，” laughs student Kahder Smith. “We actually have to sit down, take our time, and actually read them. And probably Google some stuff to see if it's real or not.”
A post claims that more than a dozen people died after receiving the flu vaccine (疫苗) in Italy and that the CDC (Centers for Disease Control) is now telling people not to get a flu shot.
“I mean, I've heard many unconfirmed reports that the flu shot's bad for you，” student Autumn Cooper says. But instinct (直觉) tells her the story's wrong. “It just doesn't look like a reliable source. It looks like this is off Facebook and someone shared it.” Cooper labels the story “fiction”. And she's right.
Instead of teaching students the fundamentals(基本) of fact­checking, many schools simply ignore the problem, blocking social media sites on school computers.
“It's like teaching students to drive in the parking lot and then sending them out on the highway and saying ‘Good luck！’” says Audrey Church, president of the American Association of School Librarians.
32．What does the underlined word “they” in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A．Stanford researchers. B．Media people.
C．Teachers. D．Students.
33．How does Hunt run the digital course?
A．By letting students identify factual information in groups.
B．By taking students to a news organization regularly.
C．By asking students to go on the Internet together.
D．By inviting experts to give students lectures.
34．According to Church, what should schools do?
A．Help students improve driving skills.
B．Teach students how to spot false news.
C．Allow students to drive on the highway.
D．Ask students to avoid using social media.
35．What does the text mainly discuss?
A．An educational issue in the digital age.
B．The findings of a recent Stanford study.
C．The influence of a widely spread post.
D．An experienced high school teacher.
【答案】32．D 33．A 34．B 35．A
【解析】本文是议论文。美国的一些学校开设了教学生如何鉴别网络消息真假的课程，很多专家学者表示赞同。
32．词义猜测题。第二段划线单词所在句子是问当老师没有给他们任何练习的时候，他们怎样才能做好准备选择相信、传递、发布哪些消息呢？根据第一段“America's students are shockingly bad at telling fact from fiction in this digital age”可知，在电子时代，美国的学生缺乏辨别真假消息的能力。由此可推测“they”指的是“America's students”。故选D项。
33．细节理解题。根据第四段“Hunt's students, most of them seniors, work in threes…some are pure fact. (Hunt的学生大多是高年级学生，他们分成三人或四人小组工作。给他们呈现一系列通过互联网迅速广泛传播的故事。有些是虚假信息。有些是广告。有些是纯粹的事实。)”可知，Hunt让她的学生三四人一组鉴别真假消息。故选A项。
34．推理判断题。根据最后两段“Instead of teaching students the fundamentals…president of the American Association of School Librarians.(许多学校没有教给学生事实核查的基本知识，而是简单地忽略了这个问题，屏蔽了学校电脑上的社交媒体网站。美国学校图书馆员协会主席丘奇说：“这就像在停车场教学生开车，然后把他们送到高速公路上，并说‘祝你好运！’”。)”可知，Church认为学校屏蔽社交媒体的做法就像是在停车场教会学生们开车后让他们直接上高速，这样做无疑风险很大。由此可推测他反对学校只是简单地屏蔽社交媒体的做法，而是希望学校能够教孩子们如何识别假新闻。故选B项。
35．主旨大意题。文章开头就表明在电子时代，美国的学生缺乏辨别真假消息的能力。接下来介绍了在电子时代，一些老师在帮助学生们学会鉴别网络消息的真假上的行为及建议。所以本文主要讨论的是在电子时代如何帮助学生辨别真假消息这一教育问题。故选A项。
（九）、 History is full of cases where dreams have been a pathway to creativity and discovery. A striking example is provided by Dr. Otto Loewi, a pharmacologist and winner of a Nobel Prize. Loewi had spent years studying the chemical transmission of nerve impulses (脉搏). A great breakthrough in his research came when he dreamed of an experiment three nights in a row. The first two nights he woke up and wrote down the experiment quickly and untidily on paper. But the next morning, he couldn’t tell what the notes meant. On the third night, he got up after having the dream. This time, instead of making notes he went straight to his laboratory and performed the important experiment. Loewi later said that if the experiment had occurred to him while awake he would have rejected it.
Loewi’s experiment gives some insight into using dreams to produce creative solutions. Nervous feelings are reduced while you are dreaming, which may be especially useful in solving problems that require a fresh point of view.
Being able to take advantage of dreams for solving is improved if you “set” yourself before retiring. Before you go to bed, try to think intently about a problem you wish to solve. Bury yourself in the problem by stating it clearly and reviewing all relevant information. Then use the suggestions listed in the previous section to catch your dreams. Although this method is not guaranteed to produce a novel solution or a new insight, it is certain to be an adventure. About half of a group of college students using the method for a week recalled a dream that helped them solve a personal problem.
36．The main idea of this passage is that ________.
A．very little is really known about the meaning of dreams
B．it is possible to “catch” one’s dreams by planning before going to sleep
C．dreams can be useful in producing creative solutions to one’s problems
D．Loewi’s experiment helped in the study of transmission of nerve impulses
37．The first paragraph is mainly organized by ________.
A．classifying types of experiments
B．summarizing the work of one researcher
C．comparing and exploring historical cases
D．telling in time order about one man’s research
38．If Loewi had thought of the experiment while awake, he would have ________.
A．taken it seriously B．thought it was a ridiculous idea
C．tested it D．doubted it
39．The author probably thinks that ________.
A．dreaming is a better way than taking notes in scientific research
B．if we want to be creative, we must make use of our dreams
C．nervous feelings may stop someone thinking of useful ideas
D．dreaming is surely a good way to produce a new solution.
40．The underlined word “retiring” in the third paragraph most probably means ________.
A．going to sleep B．giving up your job C．having a break D．thinking of a solution
【答案】36．C 37．D 38．B 39．C 40．A
【解析】这是一篇议论文。文章讲述了历史上有很多例子表明，梦是通向创造力和发现的途径。
36．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“History is full of cases where dreams have been a pathway to creativity and discovery.(历史上有很多例子表明，梦是通向创造力和发现的途径。)”可知，文章主要讲述了梦可以为一个人的问题提供创造性的解决方案。故选C。
37．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“The first two nights”、“the next morning”和“On the third night”可知，本段以时间顺序为线索，详细介绍了Dr. Otto Loewi在做研究时因三次梦境而成功解决了问题。故选D。
38．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Loewi later said that if the experiment had occurred to him while awake he would have rejected it.(洛伊后来说，如果他在醒着的时候想到这个实验，他会拒绝的。)”可知，如果洛伊是在醒着的时候想到这个实验的，他会认为这是一个可笑的想法。故选B。
39．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Nervous feelings are reduced while you are dreaming, which may be especially useful in solving problems that require a fresh point of view.( 当你做梦时，紧张的感觉会减少，这在解决需要新鲜观点的问题时可能特别有用。)”可推知，作者可能认为紧张的感觉可能会阻止人们思考有用的想法。故选C。
40．词句猜测题。根据下文“Before you go to bed, try to think intently about a problem you wish to solve.(在你上床睡觉之前，试着专注地思考一个你想要解决的问题。)”可知，如果你在睡觉前把自己“定下来”，那么利用梦想解决问题的能力就会提高。retiring意为“睡觉”。故选A。
（十）、 Several years ago, Jason Box, a scientist from Ohio, flew 31 giant rolls of white plastic to a glacier (冰川) in Greenland. He and his team spread them across 10,000 feet of ice, then left. His idea was that the white blanket would reflect back the rays of the sun, keeping the ice cool below. When he came back to check the results, he found it worked. Exposed ice had melted faster than covered ice. He had not only saved two feet of glacier in a short time. No coal plants were shut down, no jobs were lost, and nobody was taxed or fired. Just the sort of fix we’re looking for.
“Thank you, but no thank you.” says Ralph King, a climate scientist. He told Grey Childs. author and commentator, that people think technology can save the planet, “but there are other things we need to deal with, like consumption. They burned $50,000 just for the helicopter” to bring the plastic to the glacier. This experiment, quote-unquote, gives people false hope that climate change can be fixed without changing human behavior. It can’t. Technology won’t give us a free ride.
Individuals respond to climate change differently. Climatologist Kelly Smith is hardly alone in her prediction that someday soon we won’t be climate victims, we will be climate Choosers. More scientists agree with her that if the human race survives. The engineers will get smarter, the tools will get better, and one day we will control the climate. but that then? “Just the mention of us controlling the climate sent a small shiver down my back, Grey writes.” “Something sounded wrong about stopping ice by our own will,” he says.
Me? I like it better when the earth takes care of itself, I guess one day we will have to run the place, but for the moment, sitting at my desk, looking out at the trees bending wildly and the wind howling, I’m happy not to be in charge.
41．Why does the author mention Jason Box’s experiment in the first paragraph?
A．To introduce a possible solution to climate change.
B．To describe a misleading attempt to fix the climate.
C．To report on a successful experiment on saving the glacier.
D．To arouse people’s attention to the problem of global warming.
42．Which statement would Ralph King most probably agree with?
A．The fight against climate change will not succeed.
B．Technology is not the final solution, let alone its high cost.
C．It’s best to deal with climate change without changing our behavior.
D．Jason’s experiment plays a significant role in fixing climate change.
43．What is Grey Childs’s attitude to human’s controlling the climate?
A．Favorable B．Tolerant C．Doubtful. D．Unclear.
44．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?
A．But should we fix the climate?
B．Is climate change a real problem?
C．How can we take care of the earth?
D．What if all the glaciers disappeared?
【答案】41．B 42．B 43．C 44．A
【解析】本文是一篇议论文，主要讲的是几位科学家对控制气候变化的论述。
41．推理判断题。根据第一段的“Several years ago,Jason Box,a scientist from Ohio,flew 31 giant rolls of white plasticto a glacier (I) in Greenland.He and his team spread them across 10, 000 feet of ice,then left.His idea was thatthe white blanket would reflect back the rays of the sun,keeping the ice cool below. (几年前,来自俄俄州的科学家贾森·博克斯将31卷巨大的白色塑料空运到了格陵兰鸟的一座冰川上。他和他的团队把它们铺在一万英尺的冰面上,然后离开。他的想法是,白色的塑料会反射太阳光,保持下面的冰凉爽。)”和第二段的“This experiment,quote-unquote,gives people false hope thatclimate change can be fixed without changing human behavior.It can't.Technology won't give us a free ride. (这个实验给了人们错误的希望,认为气候变化可以在不改变人类行为的情况下得到解决。它不能。科技不会让我们搭便车。)”可知,第一段介绍了一个名叫Jason Box的科学家做了一个试验,尝试用白色塑料覆盖冰川,以达到保护冰川的目的。从而引出后文对人类干预气候的可行性的探讨,因此作者在第一段提到Jason Box的实验，是为了描述一种具有误导性的试图解决气候问题的尝试。故选B。
42．推理判断题。根据第二段的“They burned $50,000 just for the helicopter” to bring the plastic to the glacier. This experiment, quote-unquote, gives people false hope that climate change can be fixed without changing human behavior. It can’t. Technology won’t give us a free ride.(他们花了5万美元买了一架“把塑料运到冰川”的直升机。这个实验给了人们错误的希望，认为气候变化可以在不改变人类行为的情况下得到解决。它不能。科技不会让我们搭便车。)”可知，拉尔夫·金最可能同意技术并不是最终的解决方案，更不用说其高昂的成本了。故选B。
43．推理判断题。根据第三段最后 一句“Something sounded wrong about stopping ice by our own will (按照我们自己的意愿阻止结冰，听起来有些不对劲。)”可知Grey Childs对人类控制气候的态度是怀疑的，故选C。
44．主旨大意题。第一段的“Several years ago, Jason Box, a scientist from Ohio, flew 31 giant rolls of white plastic to a glacier (冰川) in Greenland. He and his team spread them across 10,000 feet of ice, then left. (几年前，来自俄亥俄州的科学家贾森·博克斯(Jason Box)将31卷巨大的白色塑料飞到了格陵兰岛的一座冰川上。他和他的团队把它们铺在一万英尺的冰面上，然后离开。)”引出控制气候变化的极端例子，之后列举不同的科学家对于控制气候的观点，最后一段“Me? I like it better when the earth takes care of itself, I guess one day we will have to run the place, but for the moment, sitting at my desk, looking out at the trees bending wildly and the wind howling, I’m happy not to be in charge. (我吗?我更喜欢地球自己照顾自己的时候，我想有一天我们将不得不管理这个地方，但此刻，坐在我的办公桌前，看着树木疯狂地弯曲，风咆哮着，我很高兴自己不再是负责人。)”作者提出更喜欢地球自己照料自己，也即反对人类控制气候，因此本文主要讲的是人类是否应该控制气候，因此A选项“But should we fix the climate? (但是我们应该解决气候问题吗？)”可概括本文主要内容，可作为最好的题目，故选A。
（十一）、 A few years ago, Charles Barkley got into a lot of trouble for making the observation that sports figures didn’t need to be role models. Thousands of fans and professional journalists were cross at this attack on the fundamental principle that the person who jumps highest must aim highest and the person who handles the running back must also be able to deal with life’s problems with grace as well.
The problem is not that we look to these people for perfection when they take off their uniforms. It’s that we expect anyone to be our representatives for perfection. That’s stupid and it makes the rest of us down here lazy.
I get the importance of having heroes, the people who inspire us to cultivate the best potential within us and nurture our better angels. I personally have many heroes. from my mother, Lucy, to my favorite law professor, Howard. But these are personal contacts, people who have actually touched my hand and my heart, and who occupy a pedestal(基座)built of my own experiences and aspirations. To look at an athlete or an actress with high salary and demand that he or she match our dreams is not only a waste of time, but it’s dangerous. The danger comes in how this type of hero worship dehumanizes both the object of affection and the person who blindly adores. That was Barkley’s point, not that we should give public figures a pass for being faulty but that we shouldn’t abandon our own moral compasses and look to them for true north.
Recently on a television program I participated in, the discussion turned to Kathleen Kane. Someone suggested that the fact that the first female attorney general (首席检察官) in Pennsylvania was really messing things up could have unfortunate consequences for women seeking elected office. I offered the opinion that Kane was unquestionably criticized and that it was not hatred towards woman but incompetence at the root of the attacks. After the show aired, I had people emailing to tell me that I was either a traitor (叛徒) for publicly attacking a fellow female when we need to stand together behind this “role model”, or a fool for not going a step further to say that this incompetent lawyer had made it harder for all women to move to the next level.
How depressing! Why should the inferior performance of one woman lead to such diverse but passionate views in people? The answer is obvious: Kane has stopped being an attorney general but has instead become The First Female Attorney General. She can’t just make a mistake and pay the normal consequences.
If we stopped trying to live our lives through the accomplishments of public figures, many of whom look and sound like us, we’d learn how to recognize the heroic character of those we might actually know, and the heroic potential within ourselves. Or, perhaps, the honesty to accept our ordinary humanity.
45．Many people were angry with Charles Barkley mainly because ________.
A．he was not good enough to be a role model
B．he broke fundamental principles in life
C．he doubted the perfection of some sports figures
D．he thought sports figures could have weaknesses
46．According to Barkley, why is it dangerous to take public figures as heroes?
A．Because we shouldn’t waste time imitating public figures.
B．Because an athlete or actress cannot match our dreams.
C．Because we blindly admire public figures for their faults.
D．Because we may let go of our own moral standards.
47．From the passage we can infer that Kathleen Kane was ________.
A．unfairly criticized due to being female
B．the first female attorney general in the US
C．less qualified than the public had expected
D．a role model for women seeking elected office
48．Which of the following statements is true?
A．It’s foolish for us to expect anyone to be our representatives for perfection.
B．It is a waste of time having heroes.
C．Kathleen Kane had to resign office because of messing things up.
D．Public figures have the heroic character that ordinary people don’t have.
49．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?
A．Be Our Representatives for Perfection
B．Exploration of Our Own Heroic Potential
C．Our Unrealistic Expectation of Public Figures
D．Our Conventional Views of Female Politician
【答案】45．B 46．D 47．C 48．A 49．C
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章作者主要讨论了公众人物的影响，并让我们对公众人物不要有不切实际的期望。
45．细节理解题。细节理解题。根据文章第一段“A few years ago, Charles Barkley got into a lot of trouble for making the observation that sports figures didn’t need to be role models. Thousands of fans and professional journalists were cross at this attack on the fundamental principle   (几年前，查尔斯·巴克利因为提出体育人物不需要成为榜样的观点而惹上了很多麻烦。成千上万的球迷和专业记者对这一基本原则的攻击感到愤怒 )”可知，许多人对查尔斯·巴克利感到愤怒，主要是因为他的言论违背了生活中的基本原则。故选B项。
46．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“The danger comes in how this type of hero worship dehumanizes both the object of affection and the person who blindly adores. That was Barkley’s point, not that we should give public figures a pass for being faulty but that we shouldn’t abandon our own moral compasses and look to them for true north. (这种英雄崇拜的危险在于，它使被崇拜的对象和盲目崇拜的人都失去了人性。这就是巴克利的观点，并不是说我们应该给公众人物错误的通行证，而是说我们不应该放弃自己的道德指南针，并通过它们寻找真正的北方。)”可推知，巴克利认为把公众人物当作英雄是危险的，因为我们可能会放弃自己的道德标准。故选D项。
47．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“Recently on a television program I participated in, the discussion turned to Kathleen Kane. Someone suggested that the fact that the first female attorney general (首席检察官) in Pennsylvania was really messing things up could have unfortunate consequences for women seeking elected office. (最近在我参加的一个电视节目中，讨论转向了凯瑟琳·凯恩。有人认为，宾夕法尼亚州第一位女性司法部长真的把事情搞砸了，这可能会给寻求当选公职的女性带来不幸的后果。)”可推知，凯思琳·凯恩作为第一位女性司法部长没有公众预期的那么合格。故选C项。
48．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The problem is not that we look to these people for perfection when they take off their uniforms. It’s that we expect anyone to be our representatives for perfection. That’s stupid and it makes the rest of us down here lazy.(问题不在于我们指望这些人在脱下制服后能做到完美。而是我们希望任何人能成为我们完美的代表。这太蠢了，而且这会让我们其它人变得懒惰)”可知，指望任何人能成为我们完美的代表是愚蠢的。故选A项。
49．主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“If we stopped trying to live our lives through the accomplishments of public figures, many of whom look and sound like us, we’d learn how to recognize the heroic character of those we might actually know, and the heroic potential within ourselves. Or, perhaps, the honesty to accept our ordinary humanity. (如果我们不再试图通过许多人看起来和听起来都跟我们一样的公众人物的成就来生活，我们就能学会如何识别那些我们可能真正了解的人的英雄性格，以及我们自己的英雄潜力。或者，也许，诚实地接受我们平凡的人性。)”及全文可知，文章作者主要讨论了公众人物的影响，并让我们对公众人物不要有不切实际的期望。所以“Our Unrealistic Expectation of Public Figures (我们对公众人物不切实际的期望)”作为文章标题最为合适。故选C项。
（十二）、 Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.
In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus it began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out.
Though the belief in the merit of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18th century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War II. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea; clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far?
Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children of touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist(免疫学家), encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter position is gaining some ground.
50．The kings of France and England in the 16th century closed bath houses because________.
A．they lived healthily in a dirty environment.
B．they thought bath houses were too dirty to stay in
C．they believed disease could be spread in public baths
D．they considered bathing as the cause of skin disease
51．Which of the following best describes Henry IV’s attitude to bathing?
A．Afraid B．Curious C．Approving D．Uninterested
52．What does the underlined word “merit” in paragraph 3 mean?
A．effect B．advantage C．damage D．attitude
53．How does the passage mainly develop?
A．By providing examples. B．By making comparisons.
C．By following the order of time. D．By following the order of importance.
54．What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage?
A．To stress the role of dirt.
B．To introduce the history of dirt.
C．To call attention to the danger of dirt.
D．To present the change of views on dirt.
【答案】50．C 51．A 52．B 53．C 54．D
【解析】这是一篇议论文。本文主要讲述的是在历史的发展过程中，人们对于灰尘的看法在不停的发生变化。
50．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths.(医学观点认为，用热水洗去污垢会打开皮肤，让疾病进入。人们认为公共澡堂里的危险特别大)”可知，16世纪的法国和英国国王关闭了澡堂，因为他们认为疾病会在公共澡堂传播。故选C。
51．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out.(法国国王亨利四世的脏是出名的。听说一个贵族洗了澡，国王下令，为了避免疾病的侵袭，贵族不能外出)”可知，Henry IV对洗澡的态度是害怕的。故选A。
52．词句猜测题。根据上文“In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in.(在16世纪早期，人们认为皮肤上的污垢是一种阻挡疾病的手段，正如医学观点认为用热水洗去污垢会打开皮肤，让疾病进入)”和下文“dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18th century.(但从18世纪开始，污垢就不再被视为好邻居)”可知，此处表示“对污垢有益的信仰由来已久”，merit意为“优点”。故选B。
53．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“In the early 16th century(在16世纪早期)”、“By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546.(到1538年，法国国王关闭了他王国的浴室。1546年的英格兰国王也是如此)”以及文章第三段“Though the belief in the merit of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18th century.(尽管对污垢有益的信仰由来已久，但从18世纪开始，污垢就不再被视为好邻居)”和最后一段“Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays.（如今，人们对污垢的态度仍然大相径庭）”可知，文章是按照时间顺序来组织全文的。故选C。
54．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.( 在大多数人看来，清除污垢是一件好事。然而，人们对泥土的态度并不是一成不变的)”可知，文章主要是为了呈现对污垢看法的变化。故选D。