第三题 阅读理解说明文-2022 年高三毕业班英语第X题满分练(天津专用)

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第三题 阅读理解之说明文


体裁
年份
话题
考点分布
C篇
说明文
2019
介绍了借助食物网的数学模型和食物网的运行原则
细节理解题 3
推理判断题 2
说明文
2020
声音科技领域的发明
细节理解题 3
推理判断题 1
主旨大意题 1
说明文
2021
催眠技术可以减轻病人痛苦和焦虑
细节理解题 3
推理判断题 2

例题：
（2020年天津卷）For people, who are interested in sound, the field of sound technology is definitely making noise. In the past, sound engineers worked in the back rooms of recording studios, but many of today’s sound professionals are sharing their knowledge and experience with professionals in other fields to create new products based on the phenomenon we call sound.
Sound can be used as a weapon. Imagine that a police officer is chasing a thief. The thief tries to escape. And the officer can’t let him get away. He pulls out a special device, points it at the suspect, and switches it on. The thief drops to the ground. This new weapon is called a Long Range Acoustic Device（LRAD, 远程定向声波发射器）. It produces a deafening sound so painful that it temporarily disables a person. The noise from the LRAD is directed like a ray of light and travels only into the ears of that person, but it is not deadly.
For those who hunger for some peace and quiet, sound can now create silence. Let’s say you are at the airport, and the little boy on the seat next to you is humming（哼唱）a short commercial song. He hums it over and over again, and you are about to go crazy. Thanks to the Silence Machine, a British invention, you can get rid of the sound without upsetting the boy or his parents. One may wonder how the Silence Machine works. Well, it functions by analyzing the waves of the incoming sound and creating a second set of outgoing waves. The two sets of waves cancel each other out. Simply turn the machine on point it at the target, and your peace and quiet comes back.
Directed sound is a new technology that allows companies to use sound in much the same way spotlights（聚光灯）are used in the theater. A spotlight lights up only one section of a stage; similarly, a "spotsound" creates a circle of sound in one targeted area. This can be useful for businesses such as restaurants and stores because it offers a new way to attract customers. Restaurants can offer a choice of music along with the various food choices on the menu, allowing customers more control over the atmosphere in which they are dining. Directed sound is also beginning to appear in shopping centers and even at homes.
46. What could be inferred from Paragraph 2 about the effect of the LRAD?
A. It causes temporary hearing loss. B. It slows down a running man.
C. It makes it easy to identify a suspect. D. It keeps the suspect from hurting others.
47. The Silence Machine is a device specially designed to ________.
A. silence the people around you B. remove the sound of commercials
C. block the incoming sound waves D. stop unwanted sound from affecting you
48. What feature do spotsounds and spotlights share?
A. They travel in circles. B. They clear the atmosphere.
C. They can be transformed into energy. D. They can be directed onto a specific area.
49. Directed sound can be used for ________.
A. creative designs of restaurant menus B. ideal sound effects on the theater stage
C. different choices of music for businesses D. strict control over any suspicious customer
50. What does the passage focus on?
A. How professionals invented sound products. B. Inventions in the field of sound technology.
C. The growing interest in the study of sound. D. How sound engineers work in their studios.
46.【答案】A
【解析】根据第二段中的“It produces a deafening sound so painful that it temporarily disables a person. The noise from the LRAD is directed like a ray of light and travels only into the ears of that person, but it is not deadly.”可知它发出震耳欲聋的声音，这种声音令人如此痛苦以至于它会使人暂时丧失能力。LRAD发出的噪音像光线一样被引导，只进入那个人的耳朵，但不会致命。由此可推知，LRAD会导致暂时性听力损失。故选A。
【考点】推理判断
47.【答案】D
【解析】根据第三段中的“Well, it functions by analyzing the waves of the incoming sound and creating a second set of outgoing waves. The two sets of waves cancel each other out. Simply turn the machine on point it at the target, and your peace and quiet comes back.”可知，它的功能是通过分析传入声音的波，并产生第二组传出的波。这两组波会相互抵消。只要打开机器对准目标，你的宁静就会回来。由此可知，静音机是一种专门设计用来阻止有害声音影响你的设备。故选D。
【考点】细节理解
48.【答案】D
【解析】根据最后一段中的A spotlight lights up only one section of a stage; similarly,a “spotsound" creates a circle of sound in one targeted area.可知，聚光灯只能照亮舞台的一个部分：类似地，一个“spotsound”在一个目标区域创建一个声音圈。由此可知，spotsounds和聚光灯的共同特性是它们可以被定向到一个特定的区域，故选D。
【考点】细节理解
49.【答案】C
【解析】根据最后一段中的A spotlight lights up only one section of a stage: similarly,“spotsound" creates a circle of sound in on targeted area. This can be useful for businesses such as restaurants and stores because it offers a new way to attract customers. Restaurants can offer a choice of music along with the various food choice on the menu,allowing customers more control over the atmosphere in which they are dining.可知，聚光灯只能照亮舞台的一个部分；类似地，一个“spotsound”在一个目标区域创建一个声音圈。这对餐馆和商店等企业很有用，因为它提供了一种吸引顾客的新方式。餐厅可以提供音乐选择与菜单上的各种食物选择，让顾客更多地控制气氛，在他们用餐。由此可知，定向音响可以用于不同的商业音乐选择。故选C。
【考点】细节理解
50.【答案】B
【解析】根据第一段中的“In the past, sound engineers worked in the back rooms of recording studios, but many of today's sound professionals are sharing their knowledge and experience with professionals in other fields to create new products based on the phenomenon we call sound.”可知，在过去，音响工程师在录音室的后室工作，但今天的许多音响专业人士正在与其他领域的专业人士分享他们的知识和经验，以我们所谓的声音现象为基础创造新产品。结合下文具体内容可知，本文着重论述了声音技术领域的发明创造。故选B。
【考点】主旨大意

（一）、 It is generally believed that we are getting cleaned when we step under a shower. We are, but we’re also giving a home to lots of tiny little creatures we didn’t even know about. A showerhead carries thousands of bacteria called Mycobacterium (分支杆菌). These can cause problems like coughs and tiredness, and a general feeling of poorliness (身体不舒服). When you turn on the water, the bacteria go from the showerhead onto and into your body.
This is a finding of Norman R. Pace and his team at the University of Colorado, in the US. The scientists investigated bacteria in all kinds of human environment, including showers. Pace’s team looked at 45 showerheads in nine American cities. They discovered that 30 percent of them had large amounts of flying Mycobacterium.
But Pace said that they pose few threats to the health. Only those with a weak immune system might need to worry. He told the New York Times that the bacteria are not as unpleasant as might be thought. He said that having a shower is no more dangerous than anything else we do in the morning.
But for those who feel sick about the idea of all those microorganisms (微生物), he had some advice. Let the water run for 30 seconds before getting into the shower. Why? The number of bacteria is smaller than that when the water is just turned on. If that seems like a waste of water, he added that you could also change your showerhead every few months.
However, Pace had good news too. He has also been testing the air in US subways. Apart from iron particles (粒子), which are ground off the track by the wheels of trains, subway air is fresh. The reason is that a train’s movement pumps fresh outdoor air into the tunnels.
Pace explained that he wanted to understand the natural microbial environments of public places. This kind of knowledge might help discover the microbes (微生物) to be used in a bioterrorist (生物恐怖分子) attack.
1．From the finding of Norman R. Pace, after taking a shower, we might cough or feel tired because ______.
A．it’s easy to get a cold when taking a bath B．the showerhead carries many bacteria causing illness
C．we don’t get cleaned while showering D．we don’t get a weak immune system
2．According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?
A．Hot water could kill most of bacteria in showerheads.
B．Of 45 showerheads surveyed in nine cities, 30 carried large amounts of Mycobacterium.
C．Changing showerheads is the only way to avoid microorganisms.
D．Shower water contains much less bacteria after being left to run for 30 seconds.
3．We can learn from the third paragraph that ______.
A．having a shower in the morning is more dangerous than at other time
B．the bacteria always threat people’s health
C．there is no reason to fear microorganisms for people with strong immune system
D．it is better to do some exercise in the morning than have a shower
4．The underlined word “pose” in the third paragraph probably means “______”.
A．cause B．avoid C．describe D．promise
5．What contributes to fresh air in US subways?
A．The train’s movement. B．Iron particles.
C．Train wheels. D．Air conditioners on the trains.
（二）、 In the past few decades, great progress has been made in the field of space exploration, which has enabled mankind to have a deeper understanding of the solar system, our place in it and in the universe. “We sent probes(探测仪)to every planet in the solar system. This is by far the best one,” said Clayton, vice president of Blue Origin. “Let’s focus right now on protecting the Earth environment, and then we’ll go from here. Space science and technology should be people-centric and application-centric, and focus on improving human life. We need to have a strong footing on the Earth, learn to solve the day-to-day problems of the society.”
“Space technology can help achieve the 17 sustainable development goals to be achieved by 2030 set by the United Nations. Satellite monitoring can really help with agriculture.” said Victoria, CEO of a company working on sustainable development. “Through Global Navigation Satellite System, animals’ movement information recorded on self-recharging devices can be transmitted to the company’s server. Farmers can be alerted in real time if anomalies(反常现象)are detected. We can use it to ensure the traceability of the entire meat chain. As a result, it enables consumers to know that the beef they are eating does not come from protected areas or the cattle don’t contribute to deforestation.”
As early as 2007, Michael Griffin, former Administrator of NASA, put forward the concept of the “space economy” in a speech. He is very optimistic about the market prospect of commercial space and said, “According to the latest data, the global space industry could reach $1 trillion in 2040, up from $378 billion currently. I believe more business models and space activities will be created in the future to achieve the economic scale of $1 trillion.”
As an entrepreneur(创业者)herself, Victoria thinks the thriving space market will bring countless opportunities for entrepreneurs. She mentioned future settlements on Mars or on the Moon. “If we are going to develop a new society outside the Earth, we will need all types of applications and all types of startups. But coming back to the Earth, there are so many problems that need to be solved, and space technology can really help with that.”
6．What does the underlined word “This” in Paragraph 1 refer to?
A．A probe sent to other planets. B．The planet people are living on now.
C．A successful space exploration. D．The solar system people are exploring.
7．In Clayton’s opinion, what should be the first concern about space technology?
A．Improving people’s life on Earth. B．Providing more financial support.
C．Sending more probes into the universe. D．The development of related technology.
8．How does Victoria support her statement about satellite monitoring in Paragraph 2?
A．By making reasoning. B．By illustrating it from different aspects.
C．By making comparison. D．By providing accurate figures.
9．What is Victoria’s attitude to the prospect of the space market?
A．Optimistic. B．Skeptical.
C．Indifferent. D．Wait-and-see.
10．What does the text mainly talk about?
A．The necessity of space exploration.
B．Breakthroughs in space exploration.
C．Controversial issues about space technology.
D．The possible application of space technology.
（三）、 A star athlete at the college where I work recently stopped by my office. After committing a few unforced errors during a weekend match, she suffered severely by self-criticism.
This student, like many I teach, strongly believes she should be able to control the outcomes of her life by virtue of her hard work. In her mind, nothing can stop me but myself. So when these students fall short of what they imagine they should accomplish, they are filled with self-blame, reasoning. If my accomplishments are mine to control, my failures must be entirely my faults, too, which makes it extremely difficult for them to move on.
We often owe young adults struggling with failure to their parents’ over protection of them from discomfort. But there is another factor at play — a message transmitted by indulging parents who have falsely promised them that they can achieve anything if they are willing to work for it. However, the cruel reality of life is that you can do everything in your power-and still fail. Then what should be done to help?
Psychologists Luthar and Kumar urge parents and teachers to spend time helping students find purpose, or goals they genuinely love to pursue and that make an impact on the world, which may help them gain greater life satisfaction and become more psychologically mature. Besides, instead of allowing our kids to beat themselves up when things don’t go their way, we might all question a culture where one is considered lazy without full devotion. The point is to remind them that life has a way of sucker — punching us when we least expect it. It’s often the people who learn to say “stuff happens” who get up the fastest.
11．What does the underlined phrase “by virtue of” in paragraph 2 mean?
A．in addition to B．by means of C．in spite of D．for fear of
12．The author believes that young adults find it hard to struggle with failure because _____.
A．they are not taught how to deal with difficulties
B．they are short of the ability to handle failure
C．they are misled by their parents’ false message
D．they are under the protection of their parents
13．What did psychologists Luthar and Kumar urge parents and teachers to do?
A．To teach students how to avoid faults. B．To lead students to set their truly loved goals.
C．To help students to discover a path to success. D．To allow kids to blame themselves.
14．What can be inferred from the passage?
A．Students with positive attitudes can move on more easily.
B．Students are sure to succeed if they try their best.
C．Students should bear all the failures on their own.
D．Students don’t care about failure at all.
15．What does the passage mainly talk about?
A．Students are afraid of failure because their parents will criticize them.
B．It is students’ laziness that leads to their failure, so they should work harder.
C．Parents should be to blame for students’ self-criticism for failure and help them solve it.
D．It is teachers and parents’ responsibility to help students succeed.
（四）、 The Jishou Art Museum is located at the center of an old town in the city of Jishou. A river called Wanrong runs through the old town, adding a touch of serenity to the historical site. The architects decided to build the museum on top of the river in the shape of a bridge. By making the museum into a bridge, they hoped that people in Jishou would encounter art on their way to work, school, or shops, instead of only seeing it on a special trip.
Typical contemporary cultural institutions, such as museums and grand theaters, are treated as freestanding monuments, far away from the communities. The Jishou Art Museum, however, is integrated into the existing urban framework and well-connected with shops, restaurants, and small hotels, often with owners living upstairs.
Covered bridge (廊桥) has a long tradition in this mountainous region of China. It is used not only for crossing a river but also as a public space where travelers can rest and vendors (小贩) can set up stands. As a modern interpretation of this building type, the Jishou Art Museum has introduced art as a new addition to the covered bridge.
The art museum is composed of two bridges, one on the top of the other. The lower level is an open steel structure that looks like a roofed street for passersby and allows the flow of crowds; the upper level is a concrete arch with a small gallery inside. In between the two bridges is the art museum’s main hall for temporary exhibitions. The entrance hall, administrative office, souvenir shop, and tearoom are situated at either end of the bridge.
The Jishou Art Museum Project was initiated and supported by Huang Yongyu, a contemporary Chinese artist. The museum was completed in 2019 and had its grand opening in the summer of 2021.
16．Why was the art museum built in the shape of a bridge?
A．To help it stand on the river. B．To reduce special trips to museums.
C．To make it the center of the old town. D．To let people see art more conveniently.
17．What distinguishes the art museum from typical cultural institutions?
A．It contains shops and hotels. B．It is located in the city center.
C．It is a freestanding monument. D．It is easily accessible from communities.
18．What does Paragraph 4 mainly talk about regarding the art museum?
A．Its origin. B．Its structure. C．Its exhibitions. D．Its significance.
19．In which column of a magazine may the text appear?
A．History. B．Science. C．Architecture. D．Entertainment.
（五）、 Mobile phones have become a must-have in our modern society. They have become a central technology in a variety of aspects, not just regular conversations.
The reason behind the growth of mobile phones is that they have changed the way communication has been perceived by humans. The mobile devices permit rapid communication in all forms and they have truly made the world a smaller place. It is possible to use a mobile device to send locations, pictures, and videos now. Most crucially, they have become flexible in usage, with something for everyone.
The modern society has accepted mobile phones in a big way but it has come at a cost. Today, there’s great dependence on mobile devices even for basic actions like knowing the time. The addiction to mobile phones has become such a huge problem that people tend to be glued to their devices even when communication is not taking place. This is because mobile phones have become the hub (中心) for receiving entertainment at any time of the day.
A few years ago, “The World Unplugged” study was carried out to analyze the risk of mobile devices in our day-to-day lives. An experiment was conducted to see how long an individual can go without mobile devices. Participants were asked to stay away from their mobile phones for 24 hours and they ended up developing plenty of psychological symptoms, while some even displayed physical problems.
The mobile devices have indeed made our lives much more convenient, but they have also brought about plenty of health issues. In some cases, the mobile devices may have improved the quality of life, but we cannot deny the fact that they have become the medium through which anxiety, depression, nervousness, and loneliness spread around us. It is of great importance to use them with caution to avoid developing too much of an attachment to them.
20．Why do mobile phones become a central technology in our daily lives?
A．They allow diverse forms of communication.
B．They make the planet we live on smaller in size.
C．They make regular conversations faster and easier.
D．They have changed how humans perceive themselves.
21．What is Paragraph 3 mainly about?
A．The cost of mobile phones.
B．The problem with mobile phone usage.
C．The entertaining aspect of mobile phones.
D．The wide acceptance toward mobile phones.
22．What conclusion can we draw from the experiment in Paragraph 4?
A．Mobile device usage has few risks.
B．Our daily lives depend on mobile devices.
C．Mobile devices will cause physical problems.
D．The participants were addicted to mobile devices.
23．Which of the following will the author most probably agree with?
A．We should limit our mobile phone usage.
B．We should stay away from mobile phones.
C．Mobile phones can help with health issues.
D．Mobile phones are the source of negative emotions.
（六）、In March 2020, when I stood alone in the middle of the main road to the Lake District, it felt like the end of the world. As a local farmer, I’ve grown used to the heavy traffic. But suddenly, everything changed. The lockdown brought quietness to the area, and I did feel a sense of relief to be done with the noise for a while.
Just off the main road is Matterdale, where I live with my family. We own a farm and our work focuses on tending farm animals. Like many who live in tourist attractions, we have been annoyed by some visitors. My farming would have been significantly easier without people parking in gateways, walking through the fields of lambs with loose dogs scaring them, or abandoning their tents along the river.
Despite my complaints, however, I would never reject visitors’ presence. I do understand their need for rest after months of urban life. In fact, I think I need them too. Of course, communities like ours rely on the income that tourism creates. But to me, there is something more personal. I once took my kids to the lake. Near the shore, we saw boys and girls playing together. A young dad was holding his kid’s hand as she tiptoed through the shallows. An elderly couple were sitting in the shade, admiring the view. I found myself content knowing that I was sharing this landscape with others.
As lockdown restrictions have relaxed and visitors started to come back, I wonder how we can coexist happily. For those who are reading this, I hope that my words can encourage you to respect the communities you visit, and understand the responsibilities that come with visiting those places. Our love can coexist, even if it sometimes makes life a little crowded.
24．What did the author think about the visitor-free Lake District?
A．Boring. B．Peaceful. C．Interesting. D．Disappointing.
25．Why was the author annoyed by some visitors?
A．They polluted the water. B．They scared his dogs away.
C．They caused damage to his farm. D．They brought inconvenience to his work.
26．What is the main reason that the author never rejected visitors?
A．To earn more money. B．To meet new people in his life.
C．To share the beauty of the land. D．To let more people love his farm.
27．What is the main purpose of the text?
A．To advocate for responsible traveling.
B．To complain about tourism and travelers.
C．To suggest ways of supporting local communities.
D．To show the relationship between farmers and tourists.
（七）、As parents, we want our children to reach their full academic potential. We read to them, encourage their special talents, and support them when they have problems. If they choose to participate in music or sports, we also help them reach their potential in those areas. These are all good goals.
There is, however, an even more important goal. It is a goal more difficult than excellence in arithmetic or soccer or the violin. Parents are responsible for providing their children with a moral compass. They need to nurture and treasure goodness in their children. Every child has the capacity to become a good, decent human being. To fulfill this capacity, children need the guidance and support of parents and other adults. Raising good, moral children is the most important job we will have.
What is a good, decent human being? While we may differ on some details, most would agree that respect for others, kindness and caring, honesty and honor, and a reverence (尊重) for life are key. Good, decent human beings are people with a firm sense of direction and purpose—a moral compass—to guide their lives. Children need our help to develop these characteristics and values.
While most people try to act with honor and kindness, doing so consistently is difficult and requires lifelong effort. Goodness is not easy for an adult and it is even more difficult for a child. They do not have the knowledge, experiences, or cognitive skills to understand the impact and consequences of their actions.
Reinforcement is sometimes an efficient approach to building positive behavior. The child behaves in a desired way and the parents provide reinforcement. The behavior then typically increases in frequency. This approach works for teaching “Please” and “Thank you”. The new behavior is maintained, because it helps the child get along in the world.
Loving, everyday interactions are the beginning of raising moral children. The child who falls and receives adult concern learns how to treat others kindly when they stumble (绊倒). The child who makes a mistake and is encouraged to try again learns how to support others. When parents intercede (调解) graciously for their child, the child can see the basis for friendship. When we treat children with respect and care, we provide a positive model of how to behave. These early experiences establish patterns for their treatment of others.
28．What are adults supposed to do to make children become good, decent human beings?
A．To encourage their children to learn more about sports or music.
B．To help their children to develop their special talents.
C．To support their children when they have problems.
D．To reinforce positive behavior through everyday interactions.
29．Why is it difficult for a child to act with honor and kindness?
A．Because it is difficult for adults to do so.
B．Because a child is not mature enough to do so.
C．Because a child does not understand the abstract concept of “goodness”.
D．Because a child does not have a model to follow.
30．The author talks about teaching “Please” and “Thank you” to demonstrate that ________.
A．saying “Please” and “Thank you” is a good habit
B．politeness is the nature of a moral compass
C．politeness helps the child get along in the world
D．reinforcement is an efficient approach to building positive behavior
31．What is the purpose of the last paragraph?
A．To emphasize the importance of adults’ concern when a child falls.
B．To show how to guide children to develop friendship.
C．To explain why adults should treat children with respect and care.
D．To show how love and everyday interactions work in molding a moral child.
（八）、 When birds’ habitat is destroyed, some species don’t make it while others survive. But what happens at the very beginning of the process, just as a bird’s habitat starts to change? Research in Argentina’s Monte Desert has provided some answers. There are lots of trees, bushes, grasses and flowering plants in the protected parts of the desert. With so many options, most seed-eating birds choose to focus on large grass seeds. The birds can get all the energy and nutrients they need with minimal effort.
But when cattle show up to graze the desert’s natural landscape, birds face changes in food supply. Some birds are happy to change their diets in response. But others, not so much. And it’s the ones set in their ways that are at the highest risk. Understanding how birds react to grazing can help researchers solve the problem of those species.
Ecologists from the Argentine Arid Zones Research Institute compared soil samples from the desert’s Nacunan biosphere reserve to samples from two neighboring cattle farms. It was discovered that grass seeds — the birds’ favorites — were just one-quarter as likely to be found on the farms compared with the reserve. Next, they caught birds to see what they were eating. The Common Diuca-Finch and the Rufous-Collared Sparrow had adjusted their diets, choosing to eat their less preferred options on the farms, even while they still focused on large grass seeds in the reserve.
Meanwhile, the Many-Colored Chaco Finch and the Ringed Warbling-Finch were apparently unable to change their diets. Even on the farms, they worked hard to find the few grass seeds available. If they burn more energy searching for food than they get from the few grass seeds they find, they could starve. At best, their inflexible dietary could limit their ability to reproduce or to care for their young.
Studies like this can help predict which species are at higher risk and help farmers protect these poor species, even while allowing their livestock to graze. For example, the farmers can plant new species for their cattle that will also be more delicious and nutritious for local seed-eating birds. The cows won’t care about the menu change — but the birds sure will.
32．Why can some seed-eating birds easily get their food in the protected parts of the desert?
A．Because of plant diversity. B．Because there are fewer birds.
C．Because there are many small grass seeds. D．Because of their long-distance flying ability.
33．Researchers study how birds react to grazing so as to ________.
A．make birds and cattle live in peace B．help birds change their diets
C．make cattle leave the desert D．help birds most in danger
34．What did ecologists from the research institute find?
A．Birds only ate large grass seeds on the farms.
B．Some birds changed their diets in the reserve.
C．There were more birds’ favorite seeds on the farms than in the reserve.
D．Some birds chose their favorites in the reserve but other food on the farms.
35．It can be inferred that grazing cattle can __________.
A．drive most birds off the farms B．change the menu of some birds
C．make birds like other seeds best D．have little effect on birds’ food chains
36．Which proverb can best describe the method of farmers’ planting new species?
A．Every coin has two sides. B．Kill two birds with one stone.
C．Birds of a feather flock together. D．There is no garden without weeds.
（九）、 “You’re going to the United States to live? How wonderful! You’re really lucky!”
Does this sound familiar? Perhaps your family and friends said similar things to you when you left home. But does it seem true all the time? Is your life in this new country always wonderful and exciting? A great many facts show that it’s not easy for newcomers to adjust to life in a new culture. They have to experience culture shock.
What causes culture shock? Maybe the weather is unpleasant. Perhaps the customs are different. Perhaps the public service systems such as the telephone, post office, or transportation are difficult to figure out and you make mistakes. The simplest things seem difficult. The language may be difficult. The food may seem strange to you. If you don’t look similar to the natives, you may feel strange. You may feel as if everyone is watching you. In fact, you are always watching yourself.
Everyone experiences culture shock in some form or another. But culture shock comes as a surprise to most people. A lot of the time, the people with the worst culture shock are the people who never had any difficulties in their own countries.
They were active and successful in their community. They had hobbies or pastimes which they enjoyed. When they come to a new country, they do not have the same positions or hobbies as they already had in their countries. They find themselves without a role, almost without an identity. They have to build a new self-image.
Culture shock produces a feeling of disorientation (迷惘), which may be homesickness, imagined illness, or even paranoia (妄想). When people feel the disorientation of culture shock, they sometimes feel like staying inside all the time. They want to protect themselves from the unfamiliar environment. They want to create an escape within their room to give themselves a sense of security. This escape does solve the problem of culture shock for the short term, but it does nothing to familiarize the person more with the culture. Familiarity and experience are the long-term ways to settle the problem of culture shock.
37．Who is the passage mainly for?
A．The family and friends of those who came to the US.
B．Those who have got rid of culture shock.
C．People who have just moved to a foreign country.
D．People who can easily adjust their life in the US.
38．The underlined part “you are always watching yourself” (in Paragraph 3) means ________.
A．you are always feeling homesick
B．you are always worried too much about yourself
C．you are always looking at yourself in the mirror
D．you are always nervous about meeting other people
39．Which of the following would be a case of culture shock for newcomers?
A．They have trouble using public telephones.
B．Their positions or hobbies stay the same.
C．They are active and successful in the new community.
D．They have got used to the life in the new country.
40．Which of the following may cause newcomers to lack a sense of security?
A．A new identity. B．Local food.
C．A new self-image. D．Strange environment.
41．The best way for the newcomers to overcome culture shock is ________.
A．to stay inside to protect themselves
B．to make a study of new hobbies
C．to adapt themselves to the new environment
D．to ask people for help when having difficulties
（十）、 The Ostrich Pillow was created by a European designer, who wanted to find a creative way to provide people with the health and productivity benefits commonly associated with power napping (小憩). Power napping is as important as normal sleep. Only when you’re done with a power nap, are you expected to actually work better.
When you wake up from a normal nap, it’s completely OK to glance around the room, confirm that John Hodgman riding a unicorn (独角兽) was just an amazing dream, and then roll over to fall back asleep.
But the Ostrich Pillow is specifically designed for those shorter periods of rest-the power naps-and the creators say that their invention allows you to sleep anytime, anywhere by creating a “little private space within a public one, to relax and rest.”
Perhaps this says a lot about people’s attitudes toward napping and the importance of taking a little nap during the busy workday. The advertisement for the Ostrich Pillow even claims that a 20-minute power nap can increase productivity by 37％.
Amazing! I can only dream of all the things I would get done at the office if I actually worked at 37％ productivity. And to think, all I need is a quick nap as soon as I get to my desk!
In general, the Ostrich Pillow seems like a great idea. It’s convenient. It’s comfortable. It has a place for your hands. But the big question is whether people will actually wear it in public.
Nevertheless, I’m still hoping to get my hands on one of these to give it a proper test drive. But, until then, if you need me, I’ll be sleeping buried on my desk!
42．According to the passage, we can learn that ________.
A．the Ostrich Pillow can help people sleep longer
B．power napping can help people work better
C．people from a normal nap usually dream about a unicorn
D．John Hodgman invented the Ostrich Pillow
43．What does the writer think about the advertisement?
A．He feels bored. B．He doubts it. C．He believes it. D．He dislikes it.
44．Which of the following best describes the Ostrich Pillow?
A．Comfortable and cheap. B．Productive and relaxing.
C．Convenient and comfortable. D．Special and attractive.
45．What can we learn from the last paragraph?
A．The writer has got an Ostrich Pillow.
B．The writer is willing to have a drive test.
C．The writer will be sleeping on his desk without that.
D．The writer expects to own an Ostrich Pillow.
46．What might be the author’s purpose of writing the text?
A．To introduce an invention for power napping.
B．To advertise a new invention — the Ostrich Pillow.
C．To inform people the importance of power napping.
D．To tell people a better way of keeping power napping.
（十一）、 Most of Florida is a flat peninsula(半岛) with water on three sides and houses built as close to the shoreline as possible. For one thing we are more frequently the target of hurricanes than any other state; for another, our geography makes us more easily to be hurt by rising seas.
A news story about climate change in Florida popped up. Historically, scientists believed mangroves(红树林) didn’t live farther north than Cedar Key, in the middle of Florida’s Big Bend. But that’s not the case anymore. Samantha Chapman, a biology professor who’s been studying how Florida’s mangroves have been migrating(迁移), found them up near the St Mary’s River, which forms the border between Florida and Georgia. It seems that they soon be marching through Georgia and becoming a thriving new component of coastal habitats.
But a coastal biologist named Blair Witherington took issue on the matter. The mangroves weren’t spreading into a new territory, he pointed out. They were entering areas that had been classified as saltmarsh(盐沼), where the landscape was dominated by cordgrass. Saltmarsh and mangrove create very different habitats that attract a very different set of animals. “When one community replaces the other, this diversity is lost,” Witherington remarked. Changing the animals’ habitat has the potential to influence the whole food chain, making a widespread difference.
What was driving this? “Mangroves can survive a short freeze, but not a prolonged, hard freeze. By combing through the weather records kept by the state’s orange juice industry, biologists have been able to document that Florida is having fewer prolonged hard freezes than it used to. Then the mangroves have adapted by expanding their range.” Samantha explained.
“They’ve adapted in another way, too. Not only are the mangroves spreading into areas that once were unfriendly to them, but they have also changed their life cycle to speed things up. Normally it takes them about 15 years of growth before they start making seeds. Now, as they get into these marshes, they’re producing seeds when they’ re only a couple of years old,” Samantha said.
The problem with having too many mangroves by the sea is that climate change may overwhelm them. A study by the US Geological Survey said sea level rise could wipe out mangroves all along the Florida coast. So, here’s the question we humans have to consider: Nature is finding ways to adapt to how we’ve changed the climate. What are we doing to adapt to it? Or at least slow it down?
47．What can we learn about the state of Florida?
A．It could be affected by high tides easily.
B．Its geography fuels shipbuilding industry.
C．Its houses are built in a high-lying but flat area.
D．It is often hit by tornadoes and suffers huge losses.
48．What is the news story about Florida’s mangroves?
A．They migrate to warmer regions.
B．They are marching into a new habitat.
C．They form the border between Florida and Georgia.
D．They are introduced into Florida to prevent flooding.
49．Which of the following would Blair Witherington agree with?
A．Saltmarsh is fragile and requires urgent protection.
B．Florida includes a rich diversity of natural habitats.
C．The benefits of the mangroves outweigh their troubles.
D．Everything in the ecosystem is connected complicatedly.
50．What are the 4th and 5th paragraphs mainly about?
A．What mangroves had to face in their habitats.
B．Whether mangroves had influence on other plants.
C．How mangroves adapted to the changing environment.
D．Why mangroves had a different life cycle in marshes.
51．What can we infer from the last paragraph?
A．Human beings are supposed to worship nature.
B．It is urgent to grow more mangroves along coastlines.
C．Measures against mangroves’ migration are far from enough.
D．What we should do to stop the climate change is still up in the air.
（十二）、 While most people don’t think much about garbage, trash (垃圾) is beloved by archaeologist (考古学家). A favorite site for study is a midden (贝丘), an old trash or garbage heap (堆). A midden might contain damaged stone or metal items, which tell us about the weapons and tools people used. Softer materials such as wood, cloth, leather, and baskets are sometimes preserved. They may tell us what people wore, how they carried things, or the kind of toys used by children. Historic household trash heaps often contain broken pottery pieces and even traces of the food they once held.
Most people no longer keep a trash heap by the kitchen door. Instead, garbage is hauled off to landfills (垃圾填埋池). These landfills can still attract archaeologists. The Garbage Project collected information from landfills from 1987 to 1995. Student archaeologists measured tons of garbage from 15 landfills across the United States and Canada. This garbology, the study of garbage, research led to a better understanding of how people have changed what they consume during this period of time. The findings also led to a better awareness of how quickly various items rot. This helped with city planning for garbage disposal and recycling efforts.
Some found objects that may clearly be of archaeological interest, such as arrowheads and spear points. It is typically against the law to collect these on public lands, so they should be left in place. If you take a photo and note the location, you can notify the state archaeologist or the government branch that is in charge of the land, such as the National Park Service or the Bureau of Land Management.
Everyone is responsible for protecting archaeological resources, which is a concept known as “archaeological stewardship.” Sometimes this even means protecting old garbage.
52．Why is old trash important according to archaeologists?
A．It can teach us about the past.
B．It might help us locate metal mines.
C．It can contribute to modern material industry.
D．It might encourage us to protect our environment.
53．What did the student archaeologists mentioned in Paragraph 2 do?
A．They conducted a study on modern trash.
B．They recycled waste from some landfills.
C．They offered some creative city planning ideas.
D．They compared ancient trash heaps with modern landfills.
54．What should you do if you find a potential historic item?
A．Donate it to public collections.
B．Take it to proper authorities.
C．Leave it in a safe place.
D．Mark the place of it.
55．What is the best title for the text?
A．Past or Future? B．Trash or Treasure?
C．Protection of Damage? D．Problem or Resource?