2021版高三英语人教版一轮复习讲义：语法定语从句语法精讲

定语从句

考点一　关系代词who,whom,whose引导的定语从句

1.who指人,在定语从句中作主语。

The little boy who is singing there can recite quite a number of poems.

正在那儿唱歌的那个小男孩能背诵很多首诗。

2.whom指人,在定语从句中充当宾语,可省略。

The author (whom) you criticized has written a letter in reply.

你批评的那位作者写了一封回信。

3.whose通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中作定语。

Many children,whose parents are away working in big cities,are taken good care of in the village.很多父母去大城市工作的孩子,在村里得到了很好的照顾。

The building whose roof is red is a post office.

红顶的那幢大楼是邮政局。

考点二　关系代词that和which的区别

There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world.

世界上对他来说好像没有不可能的事。

Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?

你知道他们正在谈论的人和事吗?

My house,which I bought last year,has got a lovely garden.

我去年买的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。

The reason for which he refused the invitation is not clear.他拒绝邀请的原因不清楚。

What’s that which was put in the car?

被放入车内的是什么?

考点三　as和which引导的定语从句

1.as和which都可以在非限制性定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语,代表前面的整个句子。

He opposed the idea,as∕which could be expected.

正如所料,他反对这个想法。

They have invited me to dinner,which∕as is very kind of them.

他们真好,邀请我去参加宴会。

2.位置不同。as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前,也可放在主句之后,还可以放在主句之中,位置相当灵活,而which引导的非限制性定语从句,则只能放在主句之后。

As has been said before,grammar is not a set of dead rules.

如前所述,语法并不是一套死板的规定。(不能用which)

As anybody can see,great changes have taken place in the village.

有目共睹的是这个乡村已经发生了翻天覆地的变化。

3.使用的句子结构不同。as作关系代词还可用于the same...as,such...as等结构中,而which作关系代词不能用在上述结构中,但有时可用which引导的从句来改写。如:

Here is such a big stone as no one can lift.

=Here is a big stone which no one can lift.

这是那么大的一块石头,没人能搬得动。

She wears the same kind of clothes as her younger sister.

她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的衣服。

4.表述的意义不同。从句含有贬义色彩时只能用which。如果从句所表达的意义给主句披上一层贬义色彩,非限制性定语从句只能用which来引导,不宜用as来引导。

He married her,which was disgraceful(=shameful).

他娶了她,这真令人作呕。(不能说:He married her,as was disgraceful.)

考点四　“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句

1.简单介词+关系代词

在这种结构中,关系代词指人时只能用whom,指物时只能用which;介词的选择主要是根据与从句中相关的动词、形容词、名词的固定搭配而定;或者根据先行词与从句中动词的关系而定;或者以先行词在定语从句中的作用而定。

Is that the newspaper for which you often write articles?

那是你经常为其写文章的报社吗?(for与the newspaper搭配)　

Can you explain to me how to use these idioms about which I am not sure?

你能给我介绍一下如何使用这些我不确定的习语吗?(about与sure搭配)

1949 was the year in which our country was founded.

我们国家是在1949年成立的。(in与the year搭配)

Do you know the man to whom I spoke just now?(to与spoke搭配)

你认识我刚才和他讲话的那个人吗?

2.简单介词+关系代词+名词

Last month,part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods,from whose effects the people are still suffering.上个月东南亚局部受洪水袭击。如今,人们仍在遭受洪水的影响。

3.the+名词+of+关系代词

该结构表示所有关系,口语中常用“whose+名词”代替,非正式文体中可以用“of which the+名词”。

The man pulled out a gold watch,the hands of which were made of small diamonds.

那个人拿出一块金表,表的指针是用小钻石做成的。

The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months,of which the sailing time was 226 days.

这位老水手的这次环球旅行历时9个月,其中有226天是航行时间。

4.表示整体或部分的词语+of+关系代词

表示整体或部分的词语常见的有:不定代词all,both,none,neither,either,some,any;数词(含基数词、序数词、分数和百分数);数词+名词;the+最高级∕比较级,以及表示数目或数量的词语many,most,few,several,enough,half,a quarter等

The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors,most of which are beyond our control.

一种植物的生长速度受很多因素的影响,其中大多数的因素是我们控制不了的。

Last week,only two people came to look at the house,neither of whom wanted to buy it.

上周,只有两个人看房子,而且他俩都不想买。

考点五　关系副词when,where,why引导的定语从句

1.关系副词when引导的定语从句

先行词是表示时间的名词,从句中不缺少主语、宾语或表语,引导词常用关系副词when,when在从句中充当时间状语,也可用“介词+which”结构代替。

I still remember the day when I first came to this school.我还记得我第一次来这所学校的那天。

The book was written in 1946,since when the education system has witnessed great changes.这本书写于1946年。自那时以来,教育制度已见证了巨大的变化。

Jane is back in May,by when the new house should be finished.简五月回来,到那时,新房子应该完工了。

2.关系副词where引导的定语从句

(1)先行词是表示地点的名词时,从句中不缺少主语、宾语或表语,引导词常用关系副词where,where在从句中充当地点状语。

Jane paused in front of a counter where some attractive ties were on display.简停留在一个柜台前,一些吸引人的领带摆在那儿。

(2)有时先行词是表示抽象意义的地点名词,像activity,business,career,case,job,point,position,race,stage,situation等,当从句中缺少状语时,用关系副词where。

They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.

他们已经到了必须分手的地步。

It’s helpful to put children in a situation where they can see themselves differently.

把孩子放在一个能使他们从不同角度认识自己的处境中对他们是有帮助的。

3.关系副词why引导的定语从句

关系副词why引导定语从句时,修饰表示原因的名词。只能在定语从句中作原因状语,可用for which代替,有时也可以省略。

The reason why he didn’t pass the driving test was that he lacked practice.

因为缺少实践,他没有通过驾驶考试。

定语从句中的注意事项

①定语从句中谓语动词的单复数形式应与先行词保持一致。

I,who am your teacher,will try my best to help you.

我是你的老师,我将尽力帮助你。

The Forbidden City is one of the world-famous buildings that draw a lot of visitors.

故宫是世界著名的吸引大批游客的建筑之一。

He is the only one of the students who has been a winner of scholarships for three years.

他是唯一一位三年获得奖学金的学生。

②关系代词that∕which∕whom在从句中作宾语时,可省略。如:

There is no one else she can turn to,is there?

她没有可以寻求帮助的人,对吧?

1.On the edge of the jacket,there is a piece of cloth 　　　　 gives off light in the dark.(2019年6月浙江) 

2.Now Irene Astbury works from 9 a.m.to 5 p.m.daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield,　　　　 she opened with her late husband Les.(2019全国Ⅱ) 

3.They were well trained by their masters 　　　　 had great experience with caring for these animals.(2019全国Ⅲ) 

4.Many westerners　　　　 come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.(2018年6月浙江) 

5.The best part of the process is that there’s enough room for improvement,　　　　 means you’ll just keep getting better and better.(2017全国Ⅰ) 

答案及剖析:

1.that/which　考查定语从句。此处先行词是a piece of cloth,而且在从句中作主语,故填关系代词that/which。

2.which　考查非限制性定语从句。本空引导非限制性定语从句,the pet shop是先行词,在句中作opened的宾语,指物,故本空应填关系代词which。

3.who　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知,“　　　 had great experience with caring for these animals”为定语从句,修饰先行词their masters,masters为人,故填who。 

4.who∕that　考查定语从句。此处先行词是Many westerners,故填关系代词who∕that。

5.which　此处所缺单词引导非限制性定语从句,修饰前面的句子,因此用which。