2021版英语全能大一轮复习人教版讲义：语法精讲强化系列七定语从句

温馨提示：    此套题为Word版，请按住Ctrl,滑动鼠标滚轴，调节合适的观看比例，答案解析附后。关闭Word文档返回原板块。语法精讲强化系列七、定语从句考纲解读定语从句是高考的热点, 主要考查关系代词和关系副词的正确运用, 特别是它们在非限制性定语从句中的运用。主要考点有: 1. 关系代词which引导的非限制性定语从句; 2. 关系副词where引导的定语从句(近三年来常考查先行词是表示抽象空间概念的名词的情况); 3. “介词+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句; 4. as引导的非限制性定语从句。考题链接Ⅰ. 单句语法填空1. (2019·天津6月高考)A study shows the students who are engaged in after-school activities are happier than those who are not.  2. (2019·浙江6月高考)On the edge of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth which/that gives off light in the dark. 3. (2018·天津高考)Kate, whose sister I shared a room with when we were at college,  has gone to work in Australia. 4. (2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that/which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes. 5. (2018·全国卷Ⅱ)The government started a soil-testing program that/which gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers. Ⅱ. 单句改错6. (2018·全国卷Ⅰ)They also had a small pond which they raised fish.  (which前加介词in或将which改为where)7. (2017·全国卷Ⅰ)In their spare time,  they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden,  that is on the rooftop of their house.               (that改为which)解题思路1. 首先, 要准确地判断出是不是定语从句。判断的依据就是看从句中是否缺少成分(主语, 定语, 宾语, 表语或者状语), 因为缺少成分是定语从句的特征。2. 其次, 找出先行词(即定语从句所要修饰的词), 先行词和从句中所缺少的词是同一个。从句中缺少什么成分, 先行词在从句中就做什么成分。将先行词代入定语从句, 观察还原后的句子是否完整或是否还需添加适当的介词或副词。3. 再次, 判断出该词是人还是物体, 就此选定关系词的范围。先行词是人, 可以考虑who,  whom,  that,  whose; 先行词是物, 可以考虑that,  which, whose。最后, 观察一下先行词是否是特殊的词, 对关系词是否有要求。考点清单考点1 5组易混关系代词的用法辨析1. 只用that不用which的情况(1)先行词是all,  much,  little,  something,  everything,  anything,  nothing,  none等不定代词时。*All that you need to do is focus on one thing. (2)先行词被the only,  any,  few,  no,  very等修饰时。*Australia is the only country that is also a continent. (3)先行词是形容词的最高级或序数词或被形容词最高级、序数词修饰时。*This is the most interesting film that I’ve ever seen. (4)先行词为人、物并用时。*Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?  (5)主句的主语是疑问词who或which时。*Which is the bike that you lost?  (6)先行词在主句中作表语,  而关系代词也在从句中作表语时。*Shandong is no longer the province that it used to be. 2. 只用which不用that的情况(1)关系代词前有介词时。*Is this the house in which Shakespeare was born?  (2)引导非限制性定语从句时。*Before people retire,  they usually plan to do a lot of great things,  which they never have time to do while working. (3)先行词为that/those时。*What’s that which was put in the car?  (4)which用作定语时。*He may be late,  in which case we ought to wait for him. 3. the same. . . as与the same. . . thatthe same. . . as表示相似或同类的东西;  the same. . . that表示同一人或物。*This is the same book as he lent me last week. *This is the same book that he lent me last week. 4. such/so. . . as与such/so. . . thatsuch/so. . . as(定语从句)像……那样(as在从句中作主语、宾语等);  such/so. . . that(状语从句)如此……以至于(that在从句中不作任何成分)。*This is such an easy question as I can answer. *This is such an easy question that I can answer it. 5. as与which(1)as引导的非限制性定语从句既可以放在主句前,  也可以放在主句后,  有时还可插入主句中。which引导的非限制性定语从句通常放在主句之后。(2)as意为“正如……”,  后面的谓语动词多用see,  know,  expect,  say,  mention,  report等;  which意为“这一点”或“这件事”等。*Need for Speed is a very successful film,  as is known to all. *The sports meeting was put off,  which astonished us. 用适当的关系词填空(2019·天津高考 )I could only have left it on the G9 bus, ______ was now speeding in the dark to some unknown station.  解题关键: 根据语境可知, 此处为非限制性定语从句, 应用关系代词which作主语, 代指前面的the G9 bus。答案判定: which考点2 关系代词who, whom, whose1. who和whom的用法(1)先行词为one,  ones,  anyone,  those指代人时或表示人的名词时。*The person I want to talk about with you is Tu Youyou,  the one who won the Nobel Prize for medicine in 2015. (2)在there be结构中,  修饰主语的定语从句宜用关系代词who指代人。*There’s a gentleman who wants to see you. (3)一个句子中带有两个修饰人的定语从句,  其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that,  另一个宜用who以避免重复。*The student that was praised at yesterday’s meeting is the monitor who is very modest and works very hard. (4)当关系代词前面有介词时,  只能用whom,  whom在定语从句中作介词的宾语时,  介词可放在后面,  也可提前构成介词+whom(先行词指人)结构。*The settlement is home to nearly 1,  000 people,  many of whom left their village homes for a better life in the city. 2. whose的用法whose指人或物,  作定语,  表示“……的”,  可转换为“of +关系代词”,  指人时可用of whom;  指物时可用of which。*The prize will go to the writer whose story/of whom the story shows the most imagination. 【点津】关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,  从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。*Tom is the only one of the engineers who has come up with the solution. 用适当的关系词填空(2019·全国卷III)They were well trained by their masters ______had great experience with caring for these animals.  解题关键: 根据语境可知, 此处为定语从句修饰先行词masters , 应用关系代词who作定语从句的主语。答案判定: who考点3 关系副词when,  where,  why1. when的用法先行词为“时间名词”,  可用when引导定语从句,  when在定语从句中作状语,  也可用“介词+which”结构代替。*The days are gone when physical strength was all you needed to make a living. 2. where的用法(1)先行词是“地点名词”,  定语从句可用where引导,  where在从句中作状语,  也可用“介词+which”结构代替。*The upper floor is a quiet zone with over a thousand places for silent reading,  and places where you can sit and work with your own computer. (2)如果定语从句修饰point,  situation,  position,  condition和case等表示抽象意义的词,  常用where引导,  意思是“到了某种地步,  在某种境况下”(前提是从句中缺少状语)。*You reach a point where medicine can’t help. 3. why的用法先行词是表示原因的名词reason时,  可以用why引导定语从句,  why在定语从句中作原因状语,  也可用for which替代。可以把此时的句子牢记为一个固定句型,  即The reason why. . . is/was that. . . ,  意为“……的原因是……”。*The reason why/for which he didn’t attend the meeting was that he was ill. 【点津】(1)选择关系代词或关系副词的原则:  在选择关系词时,  最重要的是分析定语从句中所缺的成分。若从句中缺主语、宾语、定语或表语,  必须用关系代词;  若从句中不缺主语、宾语、定语或表语,  必须用关系副词。*This is the mountain village that/which I visited last year. (关系词在从句中作visited的宾语)*I will never forget the day when my father returned from America. (关系词在从句中作状语)(2)当way表示方法、方式作先行词,  且后面的定语从句缺方式状语时, 可以用that或in which引导,  也可以省略关系词。如果后面定语从句中缺少宾语,  要用that或which引导,  也可以省略关系词。*I don’t like the way that/in which/不填 he speaks to his mother. 用适当的关系词填空(2019·江苏高考)We have entered into an age ______dreams have the best chance of coming true.  解题关键: 根据语境可知, 句中先行词为an age(一个时代), 且先行词在从句中做时间状语, 应用关系副词when。答案判定: when考点4 介词+关系代词的5个考查点1. 考查定语从句中动词与介词的搭配习惯*Wind power is an ancient source of energy to which we may return in the near future. 2. 考查定语从句中形容词与介词的搭配习惯*He referred me to some reference books with which I am not very familiar. 3. 考查根据句意或者先行词与介词的搭配习惯确定介词*I am looking for my glasses,  without which I can’t watch TV clearly. 4.  考查表示所属关系的of which/whom*She showed the visitors around the museum,  the construction of which/whose construction had taken more than three years. 注意:  the+n. +of which(whom)可与whose+n. 互换。5. 考查表示整体与部分关系的of which/whom*The buses,  most of which were already full,  were surrounded by the angry crowd. 【点津】选择介词的3个原则:  ①根据句子意思表达的需要;  ②根据从句中动词或形容词与介词的搭配习惯;  ③根据先行词和介词的搭配习惯。【辨析】定语从句与几种句式和从句的区别与同位语从句的区别 ①定语从句对先行词起修饰、限定作用;  而同位语从句对其前面的名词起解释、说明作用;  ②引导词that在从句中的作用不同:  在定语从句中,  that既起连接作用,  又在从句中充当句子成分,  如主语、宾语等;  而在同位语从句中,  that只起连接作用,  不充当句子成分*The news (that) they told me made me excited. (定语从句)*The news that our team won the match made me excited. (同位语从句)与状语从句的区别 状语从句前面通常没有名词,  整个从句在复合句中作时间、地点或原因等状语,  而定语从句是对先行词起修饰、限定作用的 与并列句的区别 如果两个句子之间是分号,  或有and,  but,  so等连接词,  则这两个句子为并列句;  如果两个句子之间是逗号,  且没有上述的连接词,  则这两个句子之间就是主从关系,  须有一个引导词引导定语从句 与强调句型的区别 判断强调句型的关键在于把强调结构“It is/was. . . that/who. . . ”去掉后, 句子的意思和结构仍是完整的 单句语法填空(2019·天津3月高考)The course normally attracts about 100 students per year, of ______up to half will be from abroad.  解题关键: 根据语境可知, 此处为“介词+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句修饰先行词 students, 应用关系代词whom。答案判定: whomⅠ. 用适当的词填空1. This is youth,  which is indeed an endless cycle from familiarity to strangeness and from strangeness to familiarity. 2. There was a time when there were no radios,  telephones or TV sets here. 3. The arch was first used for bridges by the Roman Empire,  some of which still stand today. 4. While the movie’s conclusion is not difficult to predict,  anyone whose heart is not warmed by it may wish to consult with an therapist(心理治疗师). 5. They offered to buy me flowers or give me something,  which I of course refused. Ⅱ. 单句改错6. Now there are about 3, 000 students in our school,  most of who are living and having meals at school. (who改为whom)7. I think friends are those people can help you when you are in trouble.  (people后加who或that)8. In the square there many senior citizens were dancing,  I found several elders buried in feeding birds. (there改为where)9. As a 17-year-old boy,  which loves animals very much,  I’ve been dreaming of being devoted to animal protection. (which改为who)基础题组Ⅰ. 单句语法填空1. The city extends along the river,  which runs through it from the west to the east and forms fantastic and amazing scenery. 2. Therefore,  it’s a great place for a relaxing Thai massage,  during which you’ll have your limbs stretched in a variety of directions. 3. And so,  the day after Thanksgiving when companies go “into the black” and make a profit,  became Black Friday. 4. She believed that she could do everything that she wanted because she was so beautiful,  but she lost friends one by one. 5. This “wall of kindness” invited passers-by to leave their spare warm clothes and encourages those who are in need to take them. 6. From practice we can learn much that cannot be learned from books. 7. I always remember the days when I was taken good care of in the hospital. 8. As is known to everybody,  the moon travels round the earth once every month. 9. At present teenagers would rather go to the net bar, where,  as is known to some of them,  they can chat with their friends or play games. 10. Whenever I meet with difficulty in my English study,  Mr Lee is the person to whom I turn for help.  Ⅱ.  单句改错1. The moment when I saw the message in our school,  I decide to apply to be a volunteer for the Hope Primary School,  to teach English there.               (去掉when)2. On October 1st, I went to Tian’anmen Square with my parents, there we watched the flag-raising ceremony.               (there改为where)3. I shall never forget those years which I lived in the farm which you visited last week.                (第一个which改为when)4. They talked for about an hour of things and persons who they remembered in the school.                (who改为that)5. I have bought the same dress which she is wearing.   (which改为as)6. In the police station I saw the man from which room the thief had stolen the TV set.                (which改为whose)7. The result of the experiment was very good, as we hadn’t expected.  (as改为which)8. Is this the reason why he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work.                (why改为that)9. Don’t leave the medicine bottle on the table which the little boy can reach it.               (which改为where)10. He built a transparent wall through that he could observe what was going on.               (that改为which)语篇题组Ⅰ. 语法填空　　阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。What would you do if you had an incurable illness?  What if your son or daughter had no hope of 1. __________(have)a normal life due to a life-threatening condition?  In the U. K. ,  the question of assisted suicide(自杀)is 2. _________(extreme)controversial;  euthanasia(安乐死)is 3. __________(legal)in Britain,  as is the act of helping a person to kill himself.  However,  a 13-year-old English girl won the right 4. __________(refuse) medical treatment after a hospital forced her to have a heart transplant.  Hannah Jones,  5. __________ had spent eight years in and out of hospital,  6. __________(tell)child protection officers she wanted to die with dignity rather than face the 7. __________(operate).  Despite initial efforts by her local health authority,  experts said that a child of her age was able 8. __________(make)an informed decision to refuse treatment. “Hannah’s decision was made entirely 9. __________ her own,  even though she was only 13 at the time, ” said Andrew Jones.  The headmaster of Hannah’s school described her as intelligent and capable of making her own decisions.  “Her presence is 10. __________source of inspiration to us all through the courage and dignity that she displays, ” he said.  【文章大意】在英国, 选择安乐死是违法的。然而现在, 只要是自己做出安乐死的选择, 也是能够被社会接受的。1. 【解析】having。考查非谓语动词。句意: 如果你的儿子或女儿由于致命的状况而没有希望过上正常生活, 那怎么办呢? hope of doing sth. 为固定搭配, 意为“做某事的希望”。故填having。2. 【解析】extremely。考查词性转换。句意: 在英国, 协助自杀的问题是极其有争议的; 安乐死在英国是违法的, 它是帮助一个人杀死他自己的行为。controversial是形容词, 此处应用副词来修饰。故填extremely。3. 【解析】illegal。考查词形转换。句意参见上一题解析。设空处在句中作系动词is的表语, 应用形容词; 根据句意可知, 此处指安乐死是违法的, 因此, 应用legal的反义词。故填illegal。4. 【解析】to refuse。考查非谓语动词。本句说这个女孩获得了拒绝药物治疗的权利, 此处为不定式作定语。5. 【解析】who。考查定语从句。句意: 汉娜·琼斯在八年间屡次进出医院, 她告诉儿童保护官员说她想要有尊严地死去, 而不是去面对手术。该空后有谓语had spent, 第6空有提示词tell, 因此, 设空处引导定语从句, 先行词为Hannah Jones, 指人, 且在从句中作主语。故填who。6. 【解析】told。考查动词的时态。句意参见上一题解析。Hannah Jones是主语, 该空在句中作谓语。本句是叙述过去发生的事情, 应用一般过去时。故填told。7. 【解析】operation。考查词性转换。设空前为face the, 其后应用名词作宾语。故填operation。8. 【解析】to make。考查非谓语动词。句意: 虽然当地健康机构早期作出了努力, 但专家们说在她这个年纪的孩子能够作出有根据的决定来拒绝治疗。be able to do sth. 为固定搭配, 意为“有能力做某事”。故填to make。9. 【解析】on。考查固定短语。句意: 安德鲁·琼斯说: “汉娜的决定完全是由她自己作出的, 尽管当时她只有13岁。” on one’s own是固定短语, 意为“独自地; 独立地”。故填on。10. 【解析】a/the。考查冠词。句意: 他说: “通过她展现的勇气和尊严, 她的存在对我们而言是鼓舞的来源。”source是可数名词, 其前用a, 表示泛指; 也可用the, 特指“这种来源”。Ⅱ.  短文改错Nowadays Senior 3 students are general faced with a lot of pressure, which is rather common.  To reduce it,  the followed suggestions may help. First of all,  know exactly what lead to your pressure,  and then you can take measures to deal with it. Secondly, set up a goal what is not too high.  In another words,  don’t put too much pressure on yourself.  Thirdly,  find a way to relax you occasionally.  For example,  you can listen to music,  go swim or just simply go walking. Eventually,  make friend with others,  for example,  your classmates,  your teachers,  your parents. They will understand you and come to your help when you are really in the trouble. In a word,  never get yourself stuck in the pressure for “impossible is nothing”. 答案: 1. 【解析】第一句general改为generally。考查副词。句意: 现在高三的学生一般面临着很多压力, 这些压力很常见。修饰动词短语be faced with应用副词。故general改为generally。2. 【解析】第二句followed改为following。考查形容词。句意: 为了减少压力, 下面的建议可能有帮助。形容词following作名词suggestions的定语, 意思是“下面的”。故followed改为following。3. 【解析】第三句lead改为leads。考查主谓一致和时态。句意: 首先, 准确地知道是什么导致你的压力。根据前后句动词时态可知应用一般现在时; 主语是what, 故谓语动词用单数形式。故lead改为leads。4. 【解析】第四句what改为that或which。考查定语从句。“__________is not too high”为定语从句, 修饰名词goal, 从句中缺主语, 指物, 故应用that或which。 5. 【解析】第五句another改为other。考查固定短语。in other words换句话说。6. 【解析】第六句you改为yourself。考查代词。句意: 第三, 找个方法使你自己放松。relax oneself放松某人自己。故应用反身代词yourself。7. 【解析】第七句swim改为swimming。考查固定短语。go swimming去游泳, 应用动名词swimming。8. 【解析】第八句friend改为 friends。考查名词单复数。句意: 最后, 和其他人交朋友。make friends with与……交朋友。故friend改为 friends。9. 【解析】第八句teachers后加入and或or。考查并列连词。your classmates,  your teachers,  your parents为并列关系, 应在最后两个短语之间加入and或or起连接作用。10. 【解析】第九句去掉the。考查冠词。in trouble陷入麻烦, 中间没有冠词。故去掉the。 关闭Word文档返回原板块