2021版高三英语人教版一轮复习讲义：语法数词和主谓一致语法精讲

数词和主谓一致

一、数词

考点一　基数词

1.注意几个不规则的基数词的写法。如:eleven,twelve,thirteen,fifteen,twenty,thirty,forty,fifty 等。

2.英语中的数量以三位为一个单位,一般对应阿拉伯数字的写法每三位加一个逗号,分别是thousand,million和 billion。如:ten thousand=10,000;one hundred million=100,000,000。

3.数词 hundred,thousand,million,billion,dozen,score 表示确切数目时不加-s,但若表示不确切数目时,要用复数形式,与of构成短语。如:一万:ten thousand;成千上万的: tens of thousands of;两打鸡蛋:two dozen eggs;许多鸡蛋:dozens of eggs。

We got two hundred story-books.

我们弄到了两百本故事书。

There are hundreds of people in the hall.

大厅里有好几百人。

4.年代及年龄表达法

表示“某人几十岁”时,用“in one’s+逢十的基数词复数”,而“十几岁”不可表示为tens,而要说成teens;表示“……世纪……年代”时,用“in the+逢十的年数后加s或’s”。如:

in his twenties 在他20多岁时

in the 1990s∕1990’s 在20世纪90年代

考点二　序数词

1.序数词前面一般加the,多数序数词由基数词加-th构成。如:the fifteenth;以y结尾的基数词变化时,先把y改成i,再加-eth。如:twentieth。注意几个不规则的序数词的写法。如:first,second,third,fifth,eighth,ninth,twelfth等。

2.序数词常可缩写,其形式为阿拉伯数字加序数词的最后两个字母。如:1st,2nd,3rd,4th,21st,22nd,23rd,24th。

3.小数

小数点用point表示,小数点后的数用个位基数词表示。如:0.567—zero point five six seven。

4.分数

分子用基数词,分母用序数词,如果分子大于1,分母需加-s。

如:1∕5—one fifth∕one-fifth;3∕4—three fourths∕three- fourths。

5.百分数

百分号用percent (per cent)或 % 表示。如:

19.56 %—nineteen point five six percent。

二、主谓一致

考点一　谓语动词用单数的情况

1.单数名词或代词、不可数名词、动词不定式或动词-ing形式或单个从句等作主语时。

Swimming is helpful in shaping your body.

游泳有助于塑形。

To teach the three children is my job this afternoon.

教这三个孩子是我今天下午的工作。

Whatever was left was taken away.

任何剩下的东西都被拿走了。

what引导的名词性从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式;若表语是复数形式,则谓语动词用复数形式。

2.由and连接的并列成分如果指同一概念作主语时,谓语动词用单数,此时,第二个名词前没有定冠词。如果两个名词主语前面都有定冠词,则指两个不同的概念,谓语动词要用复数形式。

The singer and dancer is his friend.

那个歌手兼舞蹈家是他的朋友。

The singer and the dancer are both from Shanghai.

歌手和舞蹈家都来自上海。

3.由and连接的并列单数主语前有every,each,no,many a时。

Every man and every woman has a good reason to be proud of the work done by their fathers.

每一个人都很有理由为他们的父亲所从事的职业感到骄傲。

4.“More than one+单数名词”作主语,尽管从意义上是复数,但谓语动词用单数形式。

More than one student was chosen to compete in the contest.

不止一个学生被选中去参加竞赛。

5.each,everyone,everybody,everything,someone,somebody,something,anyone,anybody,anything,no one,nobody,nothing等不定代词作主语时。

Everyone has his own interest.每个人都有自己的兴趣。

Nothing is impossible for a willing heart.

世上无难事,只怕有心人。

6.“one∕each∕every one∕any one∕either∕each one∕the number+of+复数名词”作主语时。

Each of the students has a book.

每个学生都有一本书。

7.“the+形容词”表示一类抽象的事物时。

The new is sure to replace the old.

新事物总会取代旧事物。

考点二　谓语动词用复数的情况

1.由and,both...and连接的并列成分表示两个不同的概念作主语时。

What he says and what he does do not agree.

他言行不一。

Both bread and butter are sold out.

面包和黄油都卖完了。

2.people,police,cattle等有生命的集体名词作主语时。

People read for pleasure during their spare time.

人们闲暇之余的阅读是为了消遣。

3.“the+形容词或分词”表示一类人或物时。

The old are living a happy life now.

老年人现在过着幸福的生活。

4.“(large) quantities∕amounts of+名词”作主语时。

In the past,quantities of waste water were sent into this river.在过去,大量的废水被排放到这条河中。

5.clothes,trousers,shorts,jeans,glasses,scissors,compasses等只有复数形式的名词作主语时。

My trousers have been washed already.

我的裤子已经洗了。

若这类名词前有pair of等修饰时,其谓语动词的单复数取决于pair等的单复数形式。

考点三　其他情况

1.集体名词class,family,army,team,club,population,enemy,party,crowd,crew,audience,public,government,majority,group等作主语,强调整体时用单数,强调个体成员时用复数。

The population in China is very large and about 50% of the population live in rural areas.

中国人口很多,其中约50%的人住在农村。

The whole family are discussing how to spend this weekend.

全家人在讨论如何度过这个周末。

2.单复数同形的名词作主语时,谓语形式要根据其具体含义而定,这类词有:means,deer,fish,sheep等。

Every means has been tried to solve the problem,but none is effective.

为解决这个问题,每种方法都试过了,但没有一个有效。

There are various means of communicating with a stranger.同陌生人交流有很多方法。

3.当主语后面有as well as,along with,with,together with,no less than,except,but,rather than 等词(组)时,谓语动词与这些词(组)前的主语保持一致。

The teacher together with all the students is planting trees on the mountain.

老师和学生们都在山上植树。

4.“kind,sort,type+of+名词”作主语,以kind,sort,type本身的单复数而定。

The kind of paper is made from straw.

这种纸是由稻草制成的。

Some kinds of animals are dying out.

一些种类的动物要灭绝了。

5.all,some,any,most等不定代词作主语时,谓语动词的单复数根据其指代的内容而定。

All is going on very well.

一切进展顺利。(指事用单数)

All are present besides the professor.

包括教授在内大家都在。(指人用复数)

6.half,part,the rest作主语时,谓语动词根据其所指意义决定单复数。

The rest of the story was dull and all the students were bored.故事的其余部分很枯燥,学生们都厌烦了。

“The (only) one of+复数名词+定语从句”中定语从句的谓语动词用单数。

He is the (only) one of the students who has passed the exam.他是学生们中唯一一个通过考试的。

“one of+复数名词+定语从句”中定语从句的谓语动词用复数。

He is one of the students who have passed the exam.

他是通过了考试的学生之一。

7.or,either...or...,neither...nor...,not only...but also...,not...but...等连接两个并列主语时,谓语动词常与最近的主语在单复数上保持一致。

Either you or one of your students is to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.

你或者你的一名学生要出席定于明天的会议。

Am neither you nor I fit for the job?

你和我都不适合这份工作吗?

1.Of the nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations,three are declining,six 　　　　 (be)stable,one is increasing,and nine lack enough data.(2019全国Ⅰ) 

2.Amy,as well as her brothers,　　　　 (give) a warm welcome when returning to the village last week.(2019天津) 

3.Caffeine 　　　　 (be) in your first Coke.(2018年11月浙江) 

4.This isn’t as hard as it 　　　　 (sound).(2017年11月浙江) 

5.Everyone 　　　　 (have)better access to health care than they used to,and they’re living longer as a result.(2017北京改编) 

答案及剖析:

1.are　考查时态和主谓一致。此处陈述客观事实,应用一般现在时。主语为six,指代six polar bear subpopulations,因此系动词用are。

2.was given　考查时态和主谓一致。A as well as B,谓语动词的单复数由A,也就是本题中的Amy决定;由last week可知give表示的动作发生在过去,且Amy与give是被动关系,故填was given。

3.is/was　考查主谓一致。主语是Caffeine,所以谓语动词用单数,同时语意表示一般状况,故用is或was。

4.sounds　此题考查动词的时态以及主谓一致。在本句中,所填单词作状语从句的谓语动词,其主语是it,因此,用动词的第三人称单数形式。

5.has　考查动词时态。句意:相比以前,每个人(现在)能得到更好的医疗保健,因此他们的寿命更长一些。根据题干中的than they used to可知,句中在比较过去和现在的医疗状况,所以设空处应用一般现在时。此处,动词的主语是everyone,所以用单数形式has。