2021版高三英语人教版一轮复习讲义：语法特殊句式及结构语法精讲

特殊句式及结构

考点一　倒装

(一)完全倒装

1.表示方向、地点和时间的副词、介词短语置于句首用完全倒装。常见的有:there,here,in,out,away,up,down,from,off,back,over,then,now,in the room,on the wall 等。

Here comes the bus.车来了。

In rushed the angry man.

那个生气的男人冲了进来。

Now is your turn.现在轮到你了。

In front of the school gate is a big beautiful garden.

学校门前是一个漂亮的大花园。

①主语为代词时不倒装。

Out they rushed.他们冲了出去。

②此类倒装结构一般只适用于一般现在时和一般过去时态。

2.表语+连系动词+主语(表语是形容词、介词短语、动词-ing形式、过去分词等)

Present at the meeting were Professor White,Professor Smith and many other guests.出席会议的有怀特教授、史密斯教授,还有许多其他客人。

Such are the facts; no one can deny them.

这些就是事实,没有人可以否认。

(二)部分倒装

1.“only+状语(副词、介词短语或状语从句)”置于句首时,句子或者主句要用部分倒装。

Only then did he realize that he had lost his way.

直到那时他才意识到自己迷路了。

Only when he returned did we find out the truth.

唯有他回来,我们才能弄明白事实。

2.句首为否定或半否定的词语,如 no,not,never,neither,seldom,rarely,little,hardly,scarcely,barely,at no time,in no way,under no circumstances,no sooner...than,not until,hardly ... when,not only ... but also,by no means等时,要用部分倒装结构。

Seldom had he seen a child with so much talent.

他以前很少见过如此有天赋的孩子。

By no means shall we give up.我们绝对不会放弃。

否定词不包括由否定前缀构成的形容词。

3.在以下几个固定句式结构中,句子使用部分倒装。

(1)so+be∕助动词∕情态动词+主语

We love having lots of friends.So do those with disabilities.

我们喜欢拥有许多朋友,残疾人也是如此。

so表示“是的,确实”,重复上文,表示赞同对方的观点时,主谓语不倒装。

—It is too hot.——天太热了。

—So it is.——是啊,的确很热。

(2)neither∕nor+be∕助动词∕情态动词+主语

I don’t know who he is,nor do I want to know.

我不知道他是谁,我也不想知道。

(3)在such∕so...that ...结构中,“so∕such+被修饰词”位于句首时,主句用部分倒装。

So fast did he run that he was far ahead of others.

他跑得很快,远远领先于其他人。

(4)neither...nor...结构位于两个分句的句首时,用部分倒装。

Neither do I know it,nor do I care about it.

我不知道这件事,我也不在乎。

(5)在not only ...but (also)...结构中,not only位于句首时,第一个分句用部分倒装。

Not only do I like painting,but I (also) take a course.

我不但喜欢画画,而且还上了绘画课。

此结构连接主语时不倒装。

Not only he but also his parents are sick.

不但他而且他父母也病了。

(6)not until ...位于句首时,句子或主句用部分倒装。

Not until my son had entered the university did he realize the importance of time.

直到我儿子上了大学他才意识到时间的重要性。

(7)在hardly...when...∕no sooner...than...结构中,hardly∕no sooner位于句首时,主句用部分倒装。

Hardly had she sat down when she heard someone knocking at the door.

她刚坐下就听到有人敲门。

No sooner had she stepped out of the house than it began to rain.

她刚踏出家门天就下起雨来。

这两个结构都要求主句谓语用过去完成时。

(8)as∕though引导的让步状语从句可以将句中状语、表语、动词原形提到句首构成部分倒装。

Pretty as∕though she is,she is not proud.

尽管她很漂亮,但她一点也不自负。

Try as he would,he might fail again.

尽管他还会尝试,但可能还会失败。

单数可数名词表语提前时,省略其前的不定冠词。

Child as he is,he knows a lot.

虽然他还是个孩子,但他懂得很多。

(9)虚拟条件句若有had,were,should时,可省略if,从句用部分倒装。

Were I you,I would take his advice.

如果我是你,我会接受他的建议。

Should it rain tomorrow,the sports meeting would be put off.

如果明天下雨,运动会将会被推迟。

考点二　状语从句的省略

1.在when,while,whenever,till,as soon as,if,unless,as if,though,as等引导的状语从句中,若谓语部分含有be动词,而从句的主语又与主句的主语一致或从句的主语是it 时,从句的主语和be动词常被省略。

While (we were) walking,we met our old friend Jack.

我们散步时碰到了老朋友杰克。

2.if so,if any,if possible,if necessary,if not 已看作固定搭配。

If (it is) necessary,ask Mr.Wang to help you.

如果有必要,找王先生帮你。

Errors,if (there are) any,should be corrected.

如果有什么错误,就应该改正。

考点三　强调句型

1.强调句的基本句型是“It is∕was+被强调的部分+that∕who+其他部分”。被强调的部分可以是主语、宾语、状语等。

It is only children who will make such stupid mistakes.

只有孩子才会犯这样愚蠢的错误。

2.强调句型的一般疑问句只需将is∕was提前,特殊疑问句的结构是“疑问词+is∕was+it+that+其他部分”。

Was it in this market that you bought the TV?

你是在这个市场买的电视吗?

Where was it that he got the information?

他是从哪里得到这条信息的?

强调句型不能强调谓语动词。如果需要强调谓语动词,用“助动词do,does或did+动词原形”,意为“的确;真的;务必”。

Do sit down.务必请坐。

He did say that he would help me.

他的确说过他会帮我的。

考点四　there be结构

1.there be结构的谓语形式

there be结构中的谓语动词be有时可用seem to be,happen to be,be likely to be 或remain,stand,lie,go,exist,follow,live,come,occur 等替换。

There seems to be something wrong with the machine.

机器好像出了点问题。

There is likely to be an important meeting tomorrow.

明天很可能会有一个重要的会议。

Once upon a time there lived an old monk in the temple.从前,那座庙里住着一个老和尚。

2.there be结构的非谓语形式

What is the chance of there being an election this year?

今年举行选举的可能性有多大?

(there be的动词-ing形式作介词 of的宾语)

I expect there to be many chances for him to get a job.

我希望他有很多机会能找到工作。

(there be的动词不定式结构作动词expect的复合宾语)　

考点五　感叹句

感叹句常用来表示惊叹、赞美、喜悦等语气。

1.what 引导的感叹句

What+a∕an+adj.+可数名词单数+主语+谓语!

What+adj.+可数名词复数∕不可数名词+主语+谓语!

What a strange plant!I’ve never seen it before.

这种植物真奇怪!我以前从未见过。

What lovely children they are!

他们是多么可爱的孩子啊!

2.how 引导的感叹句

How+adj.+a∕an+可数名词单数+主语+谓语!

How+adj.∕adv.+主语+谓语!

How+主语+谓语!

How interesting a story it is!

=What an interesting story it is!

这是多么有趣的一个故事啊!

How time flies!时间过得真快啊!

1.It was only when the car pulled up in front of our house 　　　　 we saw Lily in the passenger seat.(2018天津改编) 

2.It was when I got back to my apartment 　　　　 I first came across my new neighbors.(2017天津改编) 

3.　　　　 (be) it not for the support of the teachers,the student could not overcome her difficulty.(2017江苏改编) 

4.You are waiting at a wrong place.It is at the hotel 　　　　 the coach picks up tourists.(2016天津) 

5.Not until recently 　　　　 they encourage the development of tourist-related activities in the rural areas.(2016江苏) 

答案及剖析:

1.that　直到汽车停在了我们的房子前面的时候,我们才看到莉莉坐在乘客座上。此处是强调句型“It is(was)+被强调部分+that+其余部分”,本句强调的是时间状语从句。

2.that　正是当我回到公寓的时候,我第一次偶然遇见了我的新邻居们。此处为强调句型it’s...that...,被强调的是句中的时间状语从句。

3.Were　如果没有老师的支持,这名学生不可能克服她的困难。该句是省略if的虚拟条件句,if省略后需要将were提前构成倒装。

4.that　考查强调句。句意:你等错地方了。长途汽车是在宾馆接的游客。要判断本题是不是强调句型:It is∕was+被强调部分+that∕who+其他。首先将本句中的It is 和空处去掉,剩下的部分仍为完整的句子,故本句为强调句,因强调的部分是地点,故填that。

5.did　考查倒装句。句意:直到近期,他们才鼓励农村地区发展与旅游有关的活动。not until 位于句首时,句子需用部分倒装,此处指过去所发生的动作,需用一般过去时,故答案为did。