所属成套资源:2021高三统考外研版英语一轮复习学案()
2021高三统考外研英语一轮(经典版)学案:专题13 构词法
展开专题十三 构词法1.(2019·全国卷Ⅰ,62)It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been ________ (poor) studied.答案:poorly 修饰谓语动词has been studied应用形容词poor的副词形式poorly。2.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ,68)To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to ________ (strength) your leg muscles (肌肉), avoid hills and get good running shoes.答案:strengthen 在不定式符号to后面用动词原形。3.(2018·浙江高考,62)The obvious one is money; eating out once or twice a week may be ________ (afford) but doing this most days adds up.答案:affordable be动词后接形容词作表语。affordable “付得起的”。4.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ,43)And, even if I weren't ________ (excite) enough about free credits, news about our instructor was appealing enough to me.答案:excited be动词后面应用形容词,此处修饰人,故填excited。5.(2018·全国卷Ⅱ,55)________ (fortunate), after a brief stay in hospital, Ben was well enough to be allowed to leave and later the family met up for dinner.答案:Fortunately 副词作状语修饰整个句子,故用Fortunately。6.(2018·全国卷Ⅱ,59)I still can't believe what a ________ (coincident) it was.答案:coincidence 此处不定冠词a后面应接名词,故填coincidence。7.(2018·全国卷Ⅲ,48)In her ________ (excited), she didn't seem to realize that she was sharing the baby's photos with a complete stranger.答案:excitement 介词In后应接名词,故填excitement。8.(2017·全国卷Ⅰ,69)However, be ________ (care) not to go to extremes.答案:careful 名词加后缀ful变成形容词,作表语或定语。此句用于be careful (not) to do sth.结构。9.(2017·全国卷Ⅲ,70)It is ________ (certain) fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal.答案:certainly 此处应用副词修饰形容词fun, certain加后缀ly构成其副词形式。10.(2017·江苏高考,29,改编)Only five years after Steve Jobs' death, smartphones defeated ________ (convention) PCs in sales.答案:conventional 此处应用形容词修饰名词PCs。名词加后缀al变成形容词,故填conventional。常用的英语构词法名词加后缀构成形容词常见形容词后缀例词lycostly 昂贵的 friendly 友好的 fatherly 父亲般的lovely 可爱的 brotherly 兄弟般的 orderly 有条理的;整齐的manly 男子气概的 monthly 每月的 yearly 每年的fulcareful 小心谨慎的 hopeful 有希望的 useful 有用的 graceful 优雅的ticathletic 运动的energetic 充满活力的;精力充沛的;积极的enthusiastic 热情的;热心的 optimistic 乐观(主义)的able favourable 有利的 fashionable 时髦的;流行的changeable 可改变的 comfortable 舒服的;安逸的;舒服自在的reasonable 合情理的;讲道理的;公道的 valuable 贵重的;有价值的ible accessible 可接近的;可进入的;可使用的 horrible 可怕的;恐怖的sensible 明智的responsible 有责任的;负责的 续表常见形容词后缀例词ydusty 积满灰尘的 greedy 贪吃的;贪婪的;贪心的guilty 犯罪的;有罪的;内疚的 handy 方便的;有用的messy 凌乱的;脏的 wealthy 富裕的al agricultural 农业的;农艺的classical 古典的;古典文艺的logical 逻辑的;合情理的 magical 巫术的;魔术的;有魔力的personal 私人的;个人的;亲自的 cultural 文化的ous ambitious 有雄心的;有野心的 nervous 神经紧张的courageous 勇敢的;有胆量的 dangerous 危险的humorous 幽默的;诙谐的 religious 宗教上的;信奉宗教的;虔诚的 iveactive 积极的;活跃的 alternative 供选择的;替代的effective 有效的 expensive 昂贵的sensitive 敏感的;易受伤害的;灵敏的less breathless 喘不过气来的;屏息的 careless 粗心的;漫不经心的endless 无穷的;无止境的 homeless 无家的;无家可归的hopeless 没有希望的;绝望的selfless无私的;忘我的ualspiritual 精神的 actual 实际的;真正的factual 事实的 sexual 性的;性别的动词加后缀构成形容词ingamazing 令人吃惊的 astonishing 令人感到惊讶的 convincing 令人信服的exciting 令人激动的 encouraging 鼓舞人心的 fascinating 迷人的;吸引人的edinterested 感兴趣的 complicated 复杂的;难懂的 distinguished 著名的determined 坚定的 disabled 伤残的 educated 受过教育的;有教养的 ouscontinuous 持续的;连续的 various 各种各样的 poisonous 有毒的动词加后缀构成名词常见名词后缀例词sionconclusion 结论;结束 discussion 讨论 expression 词语;表达;表情permission 许可;允许 impression 印象;感想 possession (尤作复数)所有;财产ingopening (出入的)通路;开口;开端 surrounding (pl.) 周围的事物;环境 reading 阅读;读物hearing 听力;听觉 bowling 保龄球 shopping 购物;采购mentsettlement 定居;解决 achievement 成就;功绩 adjustment 调整;调节amusement 消遣;娱乐(活动) appointment 约会;任命 argument争论;争辩;争吵 tion addition 加;增加;加法 affection 喜爱;爱;感情 application 应用;用途;申请association 社团;联系;联想 attraction 有吸引力的事物;吸引 celebration 庆祝;庆贺 ation adaptation 适应(性);改编本 consideration 考虑;体谅 combination 结合;组合expectation 预料;期待;期望 imagination 想象(力);创造力;幻想物续表常见名词后缀例词ance acquaintance 相识;了解;熟人 appearance 外观;外貌;出现 assistance 协助;援助endurance 忍耐力 performance 表演;表现 insurance 保险er announcer 广播员;播音员;节目主持人 designer 设计师 diver潜水员invader 侵略者 writer 作家 employer 雇主 worker 工人or competitor 竞争者 editor 编辑 educator 教育工作者;教育家operator (电脑)操作员;接线员sailor 水手;海员;船员survivor 幸存者;生还者;残存物ure/ture departure 出发,离开 enclosure 围地, 围场 failure 失败pressure 压力;挤压;压迫(感) mixture 混合物 pleasure 高兴,乐趣ence competence 能力;胜利;本领 existence 生存;存在 preference 喜爱;偏爱ity prosperity 繁荣;昌盛 equality 均等;平等alarrival 到来;到达;到达者 survival 幸存;幸存者 approval赞成;认可th growth 成长,生长 warmth 温暖名词加后缀构成相应意义的抽象名词hood childhood 儿童时代;童年 boyhood少年时代neighbourhood 街区;四邻 brotherhood 手足情意;兄弟关系ship championship 冠军称号 citizenship 公民身份;公民权利 friendship友谊;友情 relationship 关系;血缘关系;交往scholarship奖学金;学问;学术研究 leadership 领导地位;领导权形容词加后缀构成副词ly actually 实际上;事实上 entirely 完全地;全然地;整个地 exactly 确实如此;恰好;确切地frequently 常常;频繁地 gradually 逐渐地;逐步地 personally 就个人而言;亲自地selflessly 无私地;忘我地sincerely真诚地;真挚地 unfortunately不幸地形容词加后缀构成名词nessbrightness 明亮;亮度;聪颖 darkness 黑暗;漆黑 fitness 健康happiness 幸福;快乐 illness 疾病 kindness 仁慈;好意sadness 悲哀;悲伤 seasickness 晕船sickness 疾病;恶心形容词加后缀构成动词(一)en blacken 使变黑 brighten 使更明亮;使更有希望 ripen 使成熟;成熟shorten 缩短;使变短 deepen 使……加深;变深 sharpen 使变得锋利weaken (对某事的决心)动摇;减弱;(使)变弱 harden 变硬;硬化 widen 拓宽izemodernize 使现代化 realize 实现 ifysimplify 简化 diversify 使……多样化形容词加前缀构成动词(二)en前缀,表示“使得……,使成为……”enlarge 扩大 enable 使能够 enrich 使富裕;充实;改善常见的表示特定含义的前缀re(重复,再) rearrange 重新整理 reappear 再现 rebuild 重建reconfirm 再证实 recount 重新计算 recover 重新获得anti(反,抗拒)antiwar 反战的 antipollution 防止环境污染的 antisocial 反社会的bi(二,双)bilingual 双语的 bilateral 双边的ex(以前的)expresident 前总统 exhusband 前夫 exserviceman 退役军人表示“人”的名词后缀ist archaeologist 考古学家 artist 艺术家 chemist 药剂师;化学家cyclist 骑自行车的人 dentist 牙科医生 journalist 记者;新闻工作者novelist 小说家 pianist 钢琴家;钢琴演奏者scientist 科学家tourist 旅行者;观光者 typist 打字员 violinist 小提琴演奏者an/ianAmerican 美国人 Australian 澳大利亚人 European 欧洲人Russian 俄国人 Asian 亚洲人 musician 音乐家politician 政治家librarian 图书管理员 historian 历史学家常用的否定前缀un(不,非)+形容词unable 不能的;不会的 unbearable 难以忍受的;不能容忍的uncertain 不确切的;无把握的 uncomfortable 不舒服的;不舒适的unfair不公正的;不公平的 unusual 不同寻常的;独特的disdislike 不喜欢 disagree 不同意 disbelief 不信;怀疑disorder 失调;紊乱 disappearance 消失 disagreement 分歧;不一致il, im, in, irillegal 违法的 illiterate 不通顺的;文盲 immoral 不道德的impossible 不可能的 inaccurate 不准确的 incorrect 不正确的irregular 不规则的 irresistible 不可抵抗的non否定前缀nonstop 中途不停的;直达的 nonviolent 非暴力的nonsmoker 不吸烟的人 nonprofit 非营利的Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.(2020·南昌市重点中学高三年级段考试题)________ (consequent), power walking, in addition to a healthy diet, helps manage your weight.答案:Consequently 分析句子成分可知,设空处放在句首,修饰整个句子,作状语,应用其副词形式。2.Speech is the fastest method of ________ (communicate) between people.答案:communication 介词of之后要用名词形式communication作宾语。3.(2019·四川省成都外国语学校学期初考试)A new habit is not about performance; it's about ________ (consistent) taking action.答案:consistently 修饰后面的动词短语taking action,使用副词作状语,故填consistently。4.Chinese scientists ________ (recent) had a chance to study a wild female panda with a newborn baby.答案:recently 修饰谓语动词应用副词形式。形容词recent+ly构成副词。5.The college years are supposed to be a time for important ________ (grow) in autonomy (自主性) and the development of adult identity.答案:growth 前面有形容词important修饰,此处应填名词growth和后面的development构成并列关系。6.She went through a period of emotional ________ (adjust) after her marriage broke up.答案:adjustment 空格前有形容词emotional修饰,故应填名词。7.As a volunteer of environmental protection, I am writing to raise your ________ (aware) of protecting the environment.答案:awareness 在形容词性物主代词your后面,用名词形式。句意:作为环保志愿者,我书面倡议大家提高环保意识。8.(2019·四川省眉山一中办学共同体月考)Travelers can see these ________ (amaze) natural structures from the air or underwater.答案:amazing 应用形容词修饰后面的natural structures,作定语,指令人惊叹的自然风景。amazing “令人惊叹的”。9.(2019·山东省烟台一中高三质量检测)It's a chance for you to learn more about traditional Chinese culture. I am sure it will ________ (broad) your horizons.答案:broaden 句意:这是一个让你更多地学习中国传统文化的机会。我确信它会扩大你的视野。根据空格前面的will可知,后面应该使用动词,而broad是一个形容词,故填broaden。10.(2019·深圳耀华实验学校高三第一次月考)Life is just a blank cloth—you can paint a beautiful scene, or you can paint black ghosts (鬼) and ________(danger) people.答案:dangerous 修饰后面的名词people,使用形容词作定语,指“危险的人们”,故填dangerous。Ⅱ.单句改错1.In the laboratory, chimps don't naturally share food either. Human children, on the other hand are extremely cooperate.__________________________________________________________________答案:cooperate→cooperative 此处用形容词作表语。由派生构词法可知,v.+ive构成形容词。2.The fruits are small in size, but juicy and taste.__________________________________________________________________答案:taste→tasty 形容词small, juicy和句子最后一个词为并列表语,故句末的词应改为其形容词形式。由派生构词法可知,v.+y构成形容词。3.Let's make joint efforts to create a green and harmony environment. Your cooperation would be much appreciated.__________________________________________________________________答案:harmony→harmonious 修饰后面的名词environment,用形容词形式。4.Now let's express our thanks to James for his great contribute to the success of the project.__________________________________________________________________答案:contribute→contribution 在形容词性物主代词his后面,用名词形式。5.Although he could understand few words, he was still amazing to see the colorful costumes and the unique way of performing.__________________________________________________________________答案:amazing→amazed 说明人的感受,用amazed。