2021高三统考外研英语一轮（经典版）学案：专题6　名词和冠词


专题六　名词和冠词


1.(2018·江苏高考，32)Try to understand what's actually happening instead of acting on the ________ (assume) you've made.
答案：assumption　由空前的定冠词the和空后的made可知，这里应填入名词作made的宾语，故答案为assumption。
2．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ，66)This switch has decreased ________ (pollute) in the country's major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.
答案：pollution　谓语动词has decreased后应接名词作宾语，故填pollution。
3．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ，66)I'm a ________ (science) who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.
答案：scientist　不定冠词a后应跟单数名词，故填scientist。
4．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ，69)This development was only possible with the ________ (introduce) of electric­powered engines and lifts.
答案：introduction　由空格前的定冠词the可知，其后应接名词作介词with的宾语。
5．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ，66)She is determined to carry on with her ________ (educate)．
答案：education　形容词性物主代词通常在名词前作定语。由此可知，her后面的空格处应为名词education。
6．(2017·浙江高考，56) Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small ________ (carrot) and was about to throw them away.
答案：carrots　由空格前面的修饰语a handful of “一把……；少量的”可知，后面的名词carrot应用复数形式carrots。
7．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ，短文改错)I wish to have a chain of cafes in many different city.
__________________________________________________________________
答案：city→cities　many修饰可数名词复数。
8．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ，短文改错)Since I was a kid, I've considered different job I would like to do.
__________________________________________________________________
答案：job→jobs　形容词different后跟名词的复数形式。

可数名词的数
可数名词有单数和复数之分。
(一)名词复数的规则变化
变化规则
例词
1.一般情况加­s
map—maps; girl—girls; house—houses; mouth—mouths
2.以­s, ­x, ­sh, ­ch结尾的加­es
class—classes; box—boxes; brush—brushes; match—matches
但是，stomach (胃) 的复数是stomachs; ox (公牛)的复数是oxen
3.“辅音字母＋y”结尾的变y为i加­es
city—cities; country—countries; party—parties; factory—factories
但是，以元音字母＋y结尾的则直接加­s，如boy—boys; toy—toys
4.以­o结尾的名词许多加­es
tomato—tomatoes; potato—potatoes; zero—zeroes/zeros; hero—heroes; Negro—Negroes; mango—mangoes; volcano—volcanoes/volcanos
但是，注意以下这些以­o结尾的名词复数直接加­s：radio—radios; zoo—zoos; bamboo—bamboos; piano—pianos; kilo—kilos; photo—photos
续表
变化规则
例词
5.以­f, ­fe 结尾的名词，通常变f或fe为v再加­es
half—halves; leaf—leaves; shelf—shelves; thief—thieves; wolf—wolves; wife—wives; life—lives; knife—knives
但是也有的直接加­s，如roof—roofs; handkerchief—handkerchiefs/handkerchieves; chief—chiefs
6.合成名词构成复数时，通常只将里面所含的主体名词变成复数，如果没有主体名词，则将最后一部分变成复数
sons­in­law女婿； passers­by过路人； story­tellers讲故事的人； go­betweens中间人；grown­ups成年人
(二)名词复数的不规则变化
变化情况
例词
1.特殊变化
child—children; foot—feet; tooth—teeth; mouse—mice; man—men; woman—women
注意：由man或woman构成的合成词，其复数形式是­men或­women，如an Englishman—two Englishmen；但German不是合成词， 故复数形式为Germans
2.单复数同形
deer, sheep, fish, Chinese, Japanese, means, species
3.集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实际为复数
people, police, cattle
4.有些名词的单复数有不同的拼写方法
细菌bacterium (单数)—bacteria (复数)
资料、数据datum (单数)—data (复数)
现象phenomenon (单数)—phenomena (复数)
不可数名词
不可数名词包括专有名词、物质名词和抽象名词，一般没有单复数之分。
1．常考的不可数名词
advice 建议
equipment 装备
experience 经验(注：作“经历”讲时可数)
exercise 锻炼(注：作“练习；体操”讲时可数)
fun 开心、快乐的事
furniture 家具
news/information/word 消息，新闻
baggage/luggage 行李
progress 进步
strength 力量
2．抽象名词具体化
抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常见的和常考的有：
单词
抽象名词意义
具体化名词意义
comfort
安慰；慰藉
令人感到安慰的人或事物
success
成功
成功的人或事
failure
失败
失败的人或事
honor
荣幸
令人荣幸的事情
单词
抽象名词意义
具体化名词意义
pride
骄傲
令人骄傲的事情
shock
震惊
令人震惊的事情
pleasure
乐趣
令人高兴的事情
3．物质名词的复数现象
(1)有些物质名词用复数形式表示与原来不同的事物。
paper (纸)—papers (证件，论文)
custom (风俗习惯)—customs (海关)
arm (胳膊)—arms (武器，装备)
(2)有一些物质名词用复数形式，表示由大量该物质组成的事物。
sand (沙子)—sands (沙滩，沙漠)
water (水)—waters (水域，水体)
time (时间)—times (时代)
wood (木头，木材)—woods (树林)
(3)有些物质名词用复数形式表示不同的种类，如food, wine, metal, fish, fruit等。
The wines of France are among the best in the world.
名词的所有格
1．有生命的名词，其所有格一般在名词后加­'s。
his father's boss 他爸爸的老板
2．表示时间、城市、地域、团体、机构等非生命的事物后也可加­'s表示其所有格。
today's paper 今天的报纸
England's shore 英国的海岸
the car's design 这辆车的设计
We accepted the invitation without a moment's hesitation.
我们毫不犹豫地接受了邀请。
3．在某些习惯用语中，所有格也需要加­'s。
for friendship's sake 为了友情
a stone's throw 一箭之遥
at arm's length 保持距离；在伸手可及处
at one's wits' end 黔驴技穷
4．无生命的名词，借用of表示所属关系。
the window of the room 这个房间的窗户
5．如果一样东西为两个人共有，则只在后一个名词后加­'s，如果不是共有的则两个名词后都要加­'s。
Jane and Mary's mother 简和玛丽的妈妈(共有，暗示简和玛丽是姐妹关系)
Jane's and Mary's mothers 简的妈妈和玛丽的妈妈(不是共有，分别指两位妈妈)
6．双重所有格：“a/two/some ...＋名词＋of＋名词's/名词性物主代词”构成双重所有格，“of＋名词所有格”中的名词必须表示人，不能表示事物。
a friend of her mother's 她妈妈的一个朋友
two photos of hers 她的两张照片

Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2019·广东省深圳市高三月考)At any________ (discuss) of a job offer, money can be a deal breaker.
答案：discussion　根据前面的介词at和后面的介词of可知，空格处应该是名词，故填discussion。
2．Though I said I wasn't going to do it, my ________ (foot) carried me toward the pool.
答案：feet　foot是可数名词，且没有被冠词修饰，故用其复数形式feet。
3．This was the first time I had left ________ (England) shore.
答案：England's　表示无生命的名词后也可以加's，表示其所有格。
4．It's still a useful and pleasant form of ________ (communicate)．
答案：communication　介词of之后要用名词， a form of communication “一种沟通方式”。

5．We had better keep them at ________ (arm) length.
答案：arm's　at arm's length “保持距离”。
6．(2019·安徽省合肥市高三调研性检测)We make a lot of ________ (guess) about almost everything.
答案：guesses　a lot of修饰可数名词复数或者不可数名词，而此处guess是可数名词，故填guesses。
7．There is no need to tell me your answer now. Give it some ________ (think) and then let me know.
答案：thought　句意：现在没必要告诉我你的答案。认真考虑，然后告诉我。some后应跟名词，thought作“深思，考虑”讲时为不可数名词，故填thought。
8．Only a few dollars can help to fill a ________ (child) hungry stomach.
答案：child's　此处表示“仅仅几美元就能帮助一个孩子不挨饿”，空后是名词stomach，提示词是child，空前是不定冠词a，故用child的所有格形式。
9．Vitamin A is found in liver and yellow ________ (fruit)．
答案：fruits　这里表示水果的种类，故用复数。
10．There are some iron ________ (work) near the river.
答案：works　work在这里表示“工厂”，是可数名词，故用其复数形式works。
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．“Reading for pleasure” plays a more important role in one's grow than one's family background.
__________________________________________________________________
答案：grow→growth　由后文的one's family background可知前面的one's后应是名词growth。
2. As a witness, he gave the police a vivid descriptions of the accident.
__________________________________________________________________
答案：descriptions→description　description “描述，描写”，give (sb.) a description of为固定短语，意为“(向某人)描述……”。
3．You can't legally take possessions of the property until three weeks after the contract is signed.
__________________________________________________________________
答案：possessions→possession　take possession of “拥有，占有”，固定搭配。
4. The students with hobbies left school with many extra skill.
__________________________________________________________________
答案：skill→skills　由many修饰可数名词复数可知应用skills。
5．Several friends of me together with me will visit our former teachers before the Double Ninth Festival.
__________________________________________________________________
答案：第一个me→mine　此处表示“我的几个朋友”，应用“n.＋of＋名词性物主代词”结构。


1.(2019·浙江高考，57)Everybody wears ________ same style of clothes.
答案：the　此处特指衣服的款式相同，the same ... “相同的……”。
2．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ，62)Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over ________ past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent.
答案：the　此处特指“过去的25年”，应用定冠词the。
3．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ，62)Unexpectedly, I'm face­to­face with the gorilla, who begins screaming at ________ top of her lungs.
答案：the　at the top of one's lungs意为“声嘶力竭”，此处表示大猩猩声嘶力竭地发出吼叫声。故填the。
4．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ，65)As ________ result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.
答案：a　as a result是固定搭配，意为“结果”。
5．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ，64)This included digging up the road, laying the track and then building a strong roof over ________ top.
答案：the　此处特指“顶部”，故用定冠词the。
6．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ，短文改错)During my last winter holiday, I went to countryside with my father to visit my grandparents.
__________________________________________________________________
答案：第一个to后加the　countryside常与定冠词the搭配，意为“乡下，乡村”。
7．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ，短文改错)Each of my cafes will have a different theme and an unique style.
__________________________________________________________________
答案：an→a　unique是读音以辅音音素开头的单词，其前用a，不用an。
8．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ， 短文改错)As the kid, I loved to watch cartoons.
__________________________________________________________________
答案：the→a　此处指“作为一个孩子”，表泛指，应用不定冠词a。

不定冠词的基本用法
不定冠词a/an

使用场合
例子
1
具有泛指的概念，表示“一类”或“其中的一个”
A horse is a useful animal.
2
初次提到某人或某物
I need a notebook.
3
在速度、比率、价格等前面
You can buy second­hand books at a low price in one of our school societies.
4
用在某些物质名词前，该物质名词便具体化了
Would you like a coffee or a tea?
5
用在某些抽象名词前，该抽象名词便具体化了
He has a good knowledge of chemistry.
6
用在专有名词前，表示类似的一个或某一个
He is a Jiao Yulu.
7
表示“同一个”的意思
The two boys are of an age.
8
表示独一无二的名词前有形容词修饰时，其前加不定冠词
I could see a rising sun then.
9
不定冠词的特殊位置：how/so/as/too＋形容词＋不定冠词＋名词
Never will you meet so kind a teacher(＝ such a kind teacher) like him.
10
名词前冠词a或an的使用应根据单词的发音而不是其首字母决定
a university; a European country; an hour; an honest man
11
表示季节、星期、三餐名称的名词前有形容词修饰时，其前需用不定冠词
a cold winter; a rainy Monday; a delicious supper
12
用在序数词前表示“再一”，“又一”
She thanked him a second time.
[拓展]　常见带有不定冠词的短语：
a handful of 一把，少量　　in a hurry 匆忙
a length of 一根，一段 in a word 总之
a variety of 种种 in a low voice 低声地
a waste of time 浪费时间 a world of silence 无声的世界
a total of 总共 all of a sudden 突然
an average of 平均 as a matter of fact 事实上
80 km an hour 每小时80公里
have a good time 玩得开心
three times a day 一天三次 　make a fire 生火
at a time 一次，每次 　pay a visit to 拜访
an hour and a half 一个半小时
do sb. a favor 帮某人一个忙
定冠词the的主要用法
种类
用法
例子
表示类别
用在单数可数名词前，表示一类人或事物
The horse is a useful animal.
用在一些形容词前，表示一类人或事物
the rich, the poor, the elderly, the young, the wounded, the beautiful
用在某些关于国家和民族的形容词前，泛指这个国家和民族的全体人员
the Chinese, the French, the English, the Welsh
表示特指
特指上文已提到的人或物
The teacher told us a story. The story is interesting.
特指说话双方都知道或能意会到的人或物
①Please send the papers to the teacher.
②Open the window, please.
用在带有后置定语的名词前，表示特定的人或物
①The man who wrote the novel is a famous writer.
②Pass the dictionary on the desk to me.
用在比较级前，特指两个被比较的人或物中的一个
He is the taller of the two children in his family.
其他用法
表示世界上独一无二的事物
Which is the biggest, the sun, the earth or the moon？
用在序数词、形容词最高级前面
He took part in the English Speech Contest held in our school and won the first prize.
用在表示方向或方位的名词前
Go straight, and turn to the left at the crossing.
用在姓氏的复数前，表示该夫妇俩或全家人
Hearing their son was admitted to Beijing University, the Greens jumped with joy.
用于固定结构“动词＋sb.＋介词＋the＋身体部位”中
①She patted the dog on the head.
②The stone hit him on the nose.
用在江河海洋、山脉、群岛、海峡、沙漠等地理名词前
The Yangtze River is what I want to visit most.
乐器、通讯设备前一定要加定冠词
Peter likes playing football while I am fond of playing the piano.
[拓展]　固定搭配
by the hour按小时计算
in the 1990s在二十世纪九十年代
at the age of在……岁时
at the beginning of在……的开始
at the foot of在……的脚下
at the mercy of任凭……的摆布
in the distance在远处
in the distant future在遥远的将来
on the one hand ... on the other hand ... 一方面……另一方面……
on (the) top of在……顶上
on the phone在电话里
on (the) air正在广播/播放
on the contrary正相反
break the law违法
form the habit of养成……的习惯
in the habit of有……的习惯
不用冠词的几种情况

使用场合
例句
1
季节、节日(用day表示的节日前)、星期、三餐(前面没有修饰词时)等之前，一般不加冠词。the Spring Festival (Festival表示的节日前加the)
There are a lot of activities at the beach in summer.
2
名词前有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词、名词所有格等限定词修饰时，一般不加冠词
Please give another example to illustrate your point.
3
专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前，一般不加冠词
Air, water and light are all matter.
4
球类、棋类、学科等名称前，一般不加冠词
I have been learning English for 8 years.
5
称呼、头衔、职务等表示抽象性质的名词前，不加冠词
He was elected monitor of our class.
6
在与by连用的交通工具名称前不加冠词
At two o'clock in the afternoon, we'll gather at the school gate, after which we'll set out for the destination by bus.
7
turn(变成，成为)后面的名词前不加冠词。但become后面的名词前一定要加冠词
My dream was to become a teacher when I grew up, but I turned writer 20 years later.
8
在一个以“普通名词＋as”所引导的让步状语从句中，该普通名词前不加冠词
Child as he is, he knows a lot.＝ Although he is a child, he knows a lot.
9
泛指复数名词前不用冠词
Optional courses enable students to engage in what they are really interested in and what they are willing to devote to.
10
school, church, prison, hospital前不加冠词，表示抽象的概念
Our school is quite close to our home, so we can go to school together by bike.
11
绝对不可数名词，如fun, news, information, word(消息), advice, nature前不用不定冠词
We not only gain a well­balanced life through going in for sports, but also get more chances to make more friends and stay closer to nature.
[拓展]　固定搭配
deeply/heavily in debt 负债累累
in good health 身体安康
in good condition性能良好
in great demand 急需
in great need of 急需……
in danger有危险
in office就职
in honor of为了纪念……
in trouble陷入麻烦
in favor of赞同
with anger怒气冲天
in/within sight 在视野之内
in (out of) order 秩序井然(无序)
on business 出差
on holiday 度假
on leave 休假
on watch 值班
on fire 着火
heart and soul 全心全意
knife and fork 刀叉
husband and wife 夫妇
brother and sister 兄弟姐妹
from morning till night 从早到晚
on horseback 骑着马
at sea 在海上(尤指乘船)；不知所措
特殊情况
有无冠词意义不同

无冠词
有冠词
1
out of problem不成问题
out of the problem不可能
2
take place发生；举行
take the place of代替……
3
in hospital住院
in the hospital在医院里
4
at table在吃饭
at the table在餐桌旁
5
in front of在……前方
in the front of在……前部
6
three of us我们中的三个人
the three of us我们三个人
7
on earth究竟
on the earth在地球上
8
go to school上学
go to the school去学校
9
in charge of负责……
in the charge of由……负责
10
in control of控制……
in the control of由……控制
11
in possession of拥有……
in the possession of
由……拥有

用定冠词不定冠词意义不同

不定冠词
定冠词
1
a number of许多
the number of ……的数量
2
the second第二个
a second又一，再一

Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2019·中央民大附中月考)Besides, you can just put the contents of the basket into your suitcase if you are in ________ hurry to leave for the airport.
答案：a　in a hurry固定短语，意为“急于做某事”。句意：此外，如果你急于动身去机场，你可以把篮子中的东西放进你的行李箱。
2．(2020·石家庄市重点高中高三毕业班摸底考试)It also publishes literary works, but mainly short stories and poems, as well as humorous sketches (小品) and its unique style of ________ New Yorker cartoons.
答案：The　The New Yorker(《纽约客》)为报刊杂志类，前面加定冠词the。
3．(2019·广东省肇庆市蓝精灵中学高三月考)If you are interested in ________ certain article or you think it of great importance, you can download and store it for future use.
答案：a　设空处后面的certain表示“某种，某一”，通常与不定冠词a连用，构成a certain修饰后面的名词。
4．(2019·河南省巩义市高三模拟考试)To ease the worldwide communication among nations, we should create ________ common language and provide courses of it.
答案：a　此处表示泛指“一种共同的语言”，故使用a。
5．Now, years later, this river is one of ________ most outstanding examples of environmental clean­up.
答案：the　“one of＋the＋可数名词的复数形式”结构，表示“……之一”。
6．Instead of winning the gold medal as had been expected, this world record holder only came ________ fifth in the game.
答案：/　句意：没有像人们预料的那样赢得金牌，这个世界纪录保持者仅在比赛中屈居第五。come fifth意为“位列第五”，序数词作状语时，其前不用冠词。
7．(2019·广东省高三“六校联盟”第一次联考)To her amazement, her son was grateful for her willingness to call and offered ________ apology of his own.
答案：an　此处apology为可数名词，且其发音是以元音音素开头，故使用an。
8．Researchers have not found ________ cure, but they are developing a better understanding of the disease.
答案：a　句意：研究人员们还没有找到治疗方法，但他们对那种疾病有了更好的了解。cure意为“治疗方法”时是可数名词。
9．How beautifully she sings! I've never heard ________ better voice.
答案：a　句意：她唱得多么动听啊！我从来没听过比这更动听的声音。“否定词＋不定冠词＋比较级＋名词”，表示最高级意义。
10．Sam has been appointed ________ manager of the engineering department to take ________ place of George.
答案：/; the　句意：萨姆接替乔治被任命为工程部经理。表示职位、头衔的名词作表语、主语补足语、宾语补足语或同位语时，前面不用冠词；take the place of意为“代替……，取代……，接替……的位置”，为固定短语。
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．To be a honest person is the most important wealth in our life.
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答案：a→an　honest的读音是以元音音素开头的，此处表示“一个诚实的人”，用an honest person。
2．(2019·青海省西宁市四中高三一模)Weighing too much can damage your health, and obesity is the growing problem for both kids and adults around the world.
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答案：第一个the→a　此处表示泛指，意思是“一个日益严重的问题”，故使用不定冠词a。
3．I can't tell you the way to the Wilson's because we don't have Wilson here in the village.
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答案：第二个Wilson前加a　人名前用不定冠词表示“某一”。句意：我无法告诉你去威尔逊家的路，因为我们这个村没有叫威尔逊的人。
4．I asked Mom to stay in the sitting room and I cooked in kitchen.
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答案：kitchen前加the　这个句子变为直接引语为“Mom, you stay in the sitting room, and I cook in the kitchen.”，此处表示谈话双方都知道的事物，故用定冠词the。
5．It was a sunny day in the spring. The sun shone brightly.
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答案：去掉spring前的the　表示季节的名词spring, summer, autumn, winter前没有形容词修饰时，一般不用冠词。